{"articles":[{"id":561675698344,"title":"Test post","created_at":"2024-04-22T00:14:11-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is stress exactly?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStress can have multiple meanings depending on who you ask. To a psychologist, stress is a subjective mental experience. To a biologist, it is something more concrete. Stress is something that can alter nearly every aspect of your biology, including how your cells repair damaged DNA, degrade misfolded proteins, or keep cancer at bay. It even impacts the process of aging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStress is one of our most primitive emotions. It is tied to our flight-or-fight response, an instinct that evolved to protect our ancestors from predators and other dangers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen you realize you forgot an important deadline at work, the same basic circuits are being activated in your body as when you ancestor encountered a lion in the wild. A racing heart, sweaty palms, and other classic signs of stress would have prepared your ancestor to fight the lion or flee to safety. In the modern day, these biological reactions are less helpful for dealing with everyday stressors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe opposite of stress is homeostasis, also called rest-and-digest. When no danger is present, your heartrate slows, your muscles relax, and your gastrointestinal tract resumes digesting food (digestion is an energy-intensive process, so it’s paused during times of perceived danger). Periods of homeostasis are crucial for our minds and bodies to remain healthy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe world of stress hormones\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nervous system is the key regulator of stress, so let’s talk neuroanatomy. One important term is the autonomic nervous system, which arises from neurons in your spinal cord. This system controls involuntary bodily processes, such as the activities of your internal organs. The autonomic nervous system can be further divided into two categories: the sympathetic nervous system, which is active during periods of stress, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which is active during homeostasis. When you encounter a stressful trigger, the sympathetic nervous system activates almost instantaneously, flooding your body with stress hormones called epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones act quickly to prepare you for potential danger by raising your heartrate and sweat levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA few seconds later, these hormones activate a secondary stress circuit called the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or HPA axis for short. As the name implies, the HPA involves three different regions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hypothalamus is a brain region located just above the brainstem, which senses stress hormones in the bloodstream and sends a signal to the pituitary gland, a pea-sized brain structure located behind the bridge of your nose. The pituitary is sometimes called the “master gland,” as it can signal to many of the other glands in your body as well as release its own hormones.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen it has been activated, the pituitary gland relays the signal to the adrenal glands located top of the kidneys, which in turn release another hormone called cortisol into the bloodstream. Unlike epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are meant for immediate responses, cortisol helps you respond to longer-lasting stressors. For example, it increases your blood pressure and blood sugar levels, both of which prepare you for physical exertion in the face of danger. It also inhibits less crucial processes including digestion and libido.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eYour brain on stress\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hypothalamus and pituitary gland aren’t the only brain regions involved in stress. Once cortisol is released into the bloodstream, it can have widespread impacts on the rest of the brain. The hippocampus, a brain region best known for its role in memory, is particularly sensitive to cortisol. Studies have found that stress causes fewer neurons to be born in the hippocampus, and it can also alter the structure of neuronal connections. As a result, chronic stress can cause the hippocampus to become smaller over time, with some studies suggesting that memory formation can become impaired as well.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother important brain region is the prefrontal cortex, which is important for advanced brain functions like long-term planning, impulse control, and social behavior. Chronic stress can alter neuronal connections in the prefrontal cortex and lead to gradual atrophy of this region. In contrast, another brain region called the amygdala appears to become larger with repeated stress. The amygdala is important for processing negative emotions, particularly fear and anger. A hyperactivate amygdala may contribute to anxiety or aggressive behavior.\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Iryna Mosiiuk","user_id":84979679400,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2024-04-23T02:49:02-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"test-post","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561675698344"},{"id":561663410344,"title":"Omega-3 Vs. Fish Oil: Are They The Same?","created_at":"2024-04-16T22:52:56-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eIs Omega 3 the Same as Fish Oil? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega 3 and Fish Oil are not the same.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 refers to a group of fatty acids with a double bond located three carbons away from the methyl end of the molecule. Fish oil, on the other hand, is a dietary supplement derived from the tissues of fatty fish, such as salmon, mackerel, and anchovies, which are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, meaning the body cannot produce them independently. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhile Fish oil is a popular way to increase omega-3 intake, other sources of omega-3 are worth considering and will be mentioned later in this article. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHealth Benefits of Omega-3s\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids offer a wide range of health benefits. However, the specific benefits may vary depending on the type of omega-3 and its source. Here are some common benefits associated with omega-3 and fish oil consumption. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e​​\u003cb\u003eBrain health\u003c\/b\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-benefits-brain-function\"\u003eDHA, in particular, is essential for brain development \u003c\/a\u003eand cognitive function. It may also help protect against age-related cognitive decline. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSupport heart health\u003c\/b\u003e. Omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering triglycerides, reducing blood pressure, and improving cholesterol profiles.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReducing inflammation\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003eOmega-3s have anti-inflammatory properties\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and may help manage chronic inflammatory conditions like arthritis. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eEye health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. DHA is a crucial component of the retina. Sufficient intake of omega-3 may help maintain good vision and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMood and mental health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Evidence suggests that \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-omega-3-increase-serotonin\"\u003eomega-3 can help improve mood \u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand may be beneficial for people with depression and anxiety. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDifferent Sources Of Omega 3s\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFish oil is one of the many \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-foods\"\u003esources of omega-3\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e fatty acids. Here are some of the best sources of omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFatty fish\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChia seeds\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlaxseeds\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalnuts\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHemp seeds\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlgal oil \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFatty fish are one of the best sources of omega-3 since they provide a substantial amount of omega-3s. Great options include salmon, mackerel, sardines, and anchovies. When purchasing fish, make sure you opt for wild-caught over farmed-raised since it will have a higher content of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFor individuals who prefer a plant-based diet or those concerned with mercury contamination in fish, algal oil supplements offer a vegan-friendly source of EPA and DHA. Algal oil is derived from algae, which is the original source from which fish obtain their omega-3s. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIncorporating these sources of omega-3 into your diet can promote overall wellness. Remember that a balanced diet with various sources will provide the best results. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich Is Better: Fish oil or Omega 3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"algal-based omega-3 supplements\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W80P3_d304df41-e692-4031-aa89-b387a64b35af.jpg?v=1713333657\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe choice between fish oil and vegan omega-3 supplements depends on several factors, such as dietary preferences, health goals, and potential dietary restrictions. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBoth options can be a valuable addition to your diet if you aim to increase your omega-3 intake. If you have doubts, consult a health professional to determine the best choice for your needs and health goals. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWith that said, remember there are some cons when choosing fish oil supplements. They may contain a higher mercury content, and they are not very environmentally friendly. For this reason, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003ealgal-based omega-3 supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e may be a better option to help provide a high intake of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2024-04-16T23:00:38-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-16T23:27:59-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 and fish oil are not the same. Omega-3 refers to a group of essential fatty acids, while fish oil is a common source of omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3s offer several health benefits, and since our body cannot produce them independently, including them in your diet or supplement regime is a smart choice for overall health and well-being. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhen it comes to your health and well-being, you deserve the best, and that’s precisely what Tahiro’s Omega-3 supplement offers. Unlike traditional fish oil supplements, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is made from plant-based sources. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis great supplement provides all the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEPA and DHA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, without any concerns about potential contaminants in some fish oil products. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro’s Omega-3 is a responsible and sustainable choice, ensuring a pure, clean, and efficient way to boost heart and brain health. \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-3-vs-fish-oil","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561663410344","image":{"created_at":"2024-04-16T22:53:59-07:00","alt":"Omega-3 Vs. Fish Oil","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W80P1_65274b7d-216d-419a-85df-f91e41f5ea62.jpg?v=1713333240"}},{"id":561606230184,"title":"Omega-3: Pressure-Relief for Your Heart","created_at":"2024-04-02T23:48:58-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eDoes Omega-3 Reduce Blood Pressure? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eOmega-3\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e fatty acids are essential fats, meaning they must be obtained from the diet since the body cannot produce them. They have gained popularity thanks to their anti-inflammatory properties, which lower cholesterol and promote healthy blood vessels. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eResearch shows a link between omega-3 fatty acids and blood pressure regulation (1). While research is ongoing, several key findings suggest that omega-3 may indeed have a positive impact on blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBut how exactly can omega-3 fatty acids help reduce blood pressure?\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAs mentioned, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, and they seem to help promote relaxation of the blood vessels (1), reducing resistance. Ultimately, this leads to better circulation and lower blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAccording to research, these effects are mainly seen in people with high blood pressure (2). It doesn’t seem to lower blood pressure in people with normal blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eLifestyle Changes To Manage High Blood Pressure\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Ways to Manage High Blood Pressure\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W79P3.jpg?v=1712128134\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIf you wish to lower your blood pressure, consider the potential of omega-3 fatty acids along with these dietary and lifestyle changes: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eInclude cold-water fish\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Wild-caught fatty fish (mackerel, sardines, and salmon) are a great source of omega-3 fatty acids. When possible, avoid farmed raised since it may have lower levels of omega-3 and other contaminants. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePlant-based sources\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Other \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-foods\"\u003egreat sources of omega-3\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e include flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and algae. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOmega-3 supplements\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Even if you can meet the daily intake of omega-3, it is highly recommended to include a consistent daily intake of omega-3 supplements to maintain saturation of these important fatty acids at the cell level at all times.   \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExercise regularly\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Regular physical activity can complement the benefits of omega-3s in managing blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eManage stress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Including \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003estress-reduction\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e techniques, such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing, can help reduce high blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 and Blood Pressure Medication\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhile omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce blood pressure, you need to be careful when taking them, especially if you are taking blood pressure medication. Here’s what you need to know about the interaction between omega-3s and blood pressure medication (3). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEnhance blood pressure reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 supplements, combined with blood pressure medications, can intensify the results, potentially leading to better control of hypertension.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReduced medication dosages\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSome people may find the need to lower their blood pressure medication when taking omega-3 supplements, suggesting a synergistic effect between omega-3s and medication in managing blood pressure. However, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before making any adjustments to medication dosage to ensure that changes are safe and appropriate for individual health needs.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBlood thinning effect\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 may interact with blood-thinning medications like warfarin and aspirin, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding complications. It’s crucial to exercise caution when combining omega-3 supplements with these medications and consult with a healthcare provider to ensure safe coadministration.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\" data-sanitized-data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W79P4.jpg?v=1712128060\" alt=\"Omega-3 Supplements Lower Blood Pressure\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\" data-sanitized-data-mce-style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W79P4.jpg?v=1712128060\" data-sanitized-data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W79P4.jpg?v=1712128060\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan Omega-3 Supplements Lower Blood Pressure? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYES! Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce blood pressure, whether from food or supplements. Find out what is the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/recommended-dose-of-omega-3\"\u003erecommended dosage for omega-3\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. In a nutshell, findings show that consuming 3 grams per day of omega-3 may be enough to get all the health benefits (4). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eReaching 3 grams of omega-3 through food may be challenging. It would mean consuming 4 ounces of cold-water fish per day, which may put you at risk for mercury poisoning. This is why omega-3 supplements are a convenient, cost-effective, and efficient way to get a consistent daily dose of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2024-04-03T00:09:38-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-17T21:40:21-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients that have earned a reputation for several health benefits. Emerging evidence suggests their potential to lower blood pressure. While omega-3s are not a standalone solution, they can be a valuable addition to a comprehensive approach to managing high blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDiet and exercise will always be recommended to help manage high blood pressure. However, in some cases, diet alone may not provide a consistent dose of omega-3 fatty acids. In this case, omega-3 supplements present a great alternative by providing an adequate dose of omega-3 without solely relying on food. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e’s plant-based omega-3 supplement is sourced from nutrient-rich algae. This well-balanced formula with all three essential fatty acids—DHA, EPA, and DPA—offers a natural and sustainable solution to support heart health and potentially reduce blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe ingredients of Tahiro’s \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ealgae-based omega-3 supplement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e have been clinically proven to positively impact blood pressure and many other health benefits. With a 30-day money-back guarantee, get the best plant-based omega-3 directly from the source! \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"can-omega3-lower-blood-pressure","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561606230184","image":{"created_at":"2024-04-17T21:39:30-07:00","alt":"Omega 3 Lower Blood Pressure","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/K-cv1hvK.jpg?v=1713415170"}},{"id":561568055464,"title":"Omega 3 Deficiency: Signs And Symptoms Of Low Omega 3","created_at":"2024-03-25T00:00:37-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are Omega-3s: Why Do They Matter?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eare essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are essential because the body cannot produce them independently, so they must come from another source. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are many benefits to omega-3 fatty acids. Here are some of the benefits seen from these fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHeart health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Omega-3 can help reduce inflammation and triglyceride levels, improving heart health (2). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBrain function\u003c\/strong\u003e. Research shows that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-benefits-brain-function\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids (especially DHA) can be crucial for brain development\u003c\/a\u003e in children and improve cognitive function in adults (3). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEye health\u003c\/strong\u003e. Omega-3 fatty acids can help improve eye health and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (4). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMood and anxiety\u003c\/strong\u003e. Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help improve mood and reduce symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003edepression and anxiety\u003c\/a\u003e (5). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eJoint health\u003c\/strong\u003e. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, omega-3 may help reduce joint pain and stiffness. It may also help reduce symptoms of Rheumatoid arthritis (6). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are found in both animal and plant-based sources. You can get an adequate amount of omega-3 fatty acids from cold-water fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and algae (7). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Deficiency: Symptoms And Signs\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOne problem with omega-3 deficiency is that it may be difficult to determine. It can manifest in various ways, and its symptoms may be subtle, making it even more challenging to identify. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHere are some common signs and symptoms of omega-3 deficiency. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eSkin irritation and dryness\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Dry and sensitive skin is one of the first signs of omega-3 deficiency. Research shows that omega-3 can help improve the integrity of the skin barrier. This allows for less moisture to be lost (8). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMood swings\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for brain health. They have been shown to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Since \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-omega-3-increase-serotonin\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eomega-3 has been linked to improved mood\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, a lack of omega-3 may cause mood changes. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eDry eyes\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Just like in skin, omega-3 is responsible for keeping moisture in the eyes. That is why, in some cases, health professionals recommend supplementing with omega-3 to help relieve dry eyes (9). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eHair changes\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Omega-3 is also responsible for keeping moisture in the hair. So, changes in the hair’s texture, integrity, and density may indicate low levels of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eJoint pain\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. As mentioned, one of the most important health benefits of omega-3s is reduced joint pain. Low levels of omega-3 may result in increased joint pain and stiffness. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFatigue and insomnia\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Evidence suggests that low levels of omega-3 fatty acids may lead to fatigue and insomnia (10). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs There A Test I Can Take For Omega-3 Deficiency?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYes, tests are available to help determine if you have omega-3 deficiency. While these tests can provide valuable information about omega-3 levels, they are not often requested by individuals or ordered by doctors. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIf you suspect an omega-3 deficiency condition, talk to your healthcare provider. Based on your medical record, they can help you determine if you need a blood test or a plasma blood test. Once the results are in, your doctor will advice on the best course of action. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"How Can you test for omega-3 deficiency?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/FUhtHQ9d.jpg?v=1711395599\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Long Does It Take To Correct Omega-3 Deficiency?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe time required to recover from omega-3 deficiency can vary. Several factors may impact the time required to restore omega-3 levels: Dietary Sources, Severity of Deficiency, Supplement Use, Individual Metabolism, Overall Health Status, Consistency, and Lifestyle Factors.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGenerally speaking, you may start to notice improvements and reductions in signs and symptoms of omega-3 deficiency within a few weeks to a few months. However, it may take several months or even years to correct an omega-3 deficiency for some people. That being said, It is safe to say that for most individuals, it takes about 6 months to build healthy omega-3 levels in the body, but, as mentioned, this depends on how often you include food rich with omega-3 and if you take your \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003esupplements\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e daily. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDo Vegans Have Omega-3 Deficiency?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYes, vegans can be at risk of omega-3 deficiency if they don’t pay attention to their omega-3 intake and make the necessary dietary adjustments.  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe most common omega-3 sources are cold-water fish and seafood, making it challenging for vegans to obtain their daily dose. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, some plant-based omega-3 sources include algae, flaxseeds, hemp, and chia seeds. If you don’t get enough omega-3 through food, you can always add an \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ealgae-based omega-3 supplement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Do I Improve My Omega-3 Status If I Have A Deficiency?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIf you have been diagnosed with an omega-3 deficiency or need to increase your intake, here are several strategies to consider. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncrease omega-3 foods\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Add foods high in omega-3, such as cold-water fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, hemp seeds, and algae. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdd omega-3 fortified foods\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Look for\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-foods\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e foods and beverages fortified with omega-3s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, including plant-based milk, cereal, and bread. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsider diet counseling\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Consult with a health professional who can create a personalized nutrition plan tailored to your goals and needs. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003eAdd an omega-3 supplement\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Algal oil supplements are derived from microalgae and provide a vegan-friendly source of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEPA and DHA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003eLimit omega-6 fats\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Reduce the consumption of omega-6 fatty acids (found in vegetable oils and processed foods), as they compete with omega-3s for absorption. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/MO_lw3kA.jpg?v=1711385464\" alt=\"How do you fix omega-3 deficiency?\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/MO_lw3kA.jpg?v=1711385464\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2024-03-25T00:22:29-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:19:45-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are crucial for general health, yet omega-3 deficiency remains a prevalent but often underestimated issue that can negatively contribute to several health conditions. Including omega-3-rich foods in your diet can help reduce the risk of omega-3 deficiency or improve it. However, in today’s modern industrial world, diet alone is not enough, and dietary supplements are highly recommended. Tahiro’s plant-based Omega-3 is a perfect product for vegans, but not just for vegans. Most people are reluctant and compelled by the fishy smell of fish and give up on supplementing with fish oil. Tahiro Vegan Omega-3 is derived from algae oil, and once incorporated into your daily routine, you can rest assured that you have just taken the first step of reducing the risk of omega-3 deficiency. Consistency is key, and if you keep taking the recommended serving,, you are most likely to maintain healthy levels of these essential fatty acids, which contribute substantially to your overall health. With its pure and sustainable source of EPA and DHA, Tahiro Omega-3 ensures you get the essential nutrients needed for optimal health. Whether you are vegan or concerned about the environment, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/http\/\/\/tahiro.com\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/http\/\/\/tahiro.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Omega-3 has been providing a convenient and eco-friendly solution to omega-3 deficiency since 2017.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-3-deficiency","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561568055464","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-25T09:48:56-07:00","alt":"Omega-3 Deficiency","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/GhKjZu4V.jpg?v=1711385337"}},{"id":561551081640,"title":"How Does Pomegranate Affect The Brain?","created_at":"2024-03-20T00:24:32-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eThe Impact of Pomegranate on Brain Health\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePomegranates are packed with nutrients. They are rich in vitamin C, potassium, folate, magnesium, and phosphorus. They are also high in antioxidants, specifically anthocyanins, punicalagin, and tannins. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to its high antioxidant content, pomegranates help reduce inflammation, improve performance, and promote good gut health and digestion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere are some of the possible health benefits pomegranates have in the brain. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eReduce Neuroinflammation\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne of the biggest benefits of pomegranate in the brain is its effect on reducing inflammation. Since pomegranates are high in antioxidants, they can help reduce free radicals, decreasing inflammation in the brain. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch shows that pomegranates can help reduce oxidative stress (the accumulation of free radicals), decreasing the risk of neurodegenerative conditions such as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlzheimer’s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e and Parkinson’s (2). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eImproving Memory and Cognitive Function\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMemory problems increase as we age. According to research, 40% (3) of adults over 65 may experience memory and cognitive problems. While genetics play an important role, a healthy diet is important in providing important nutrients and antioxidants that serve as protective agents to brain cells. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAntioxidants are not only good for decreasing the risk of age-related cognitive decline. Evidence suggests that pomegranate juice may also help improve memory and cognitive function. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn a 2013 study (4), after four weeks of consistently taking pomegranate juice, people experienced improved cognitive function and memory. In addition, compared to the placebo, those taking the pomegranate juice improved verbal and visual memory. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEnhancing Mood\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranates may also help improve mood. According to research (5), pomegranate juice may help increase salivary testosterone levels in both men and women, improving mood. However, more research is still needed to determine the benefits of pomegranates on mood. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eImproving Sleep Quality\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFinally, pomegranates may improve sleep thanks to their high magnesium content. Research (6) shows magnesium can help relax muscles, improving sleep efficiency, time, and awakening. It may even help reduce the risk of insomnia in the elderly. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, you must be careful about the form of pomegranate you add to your diet. While pomegranate juice can be a good option if consumed moderately, its high sugar concentration may result in a sugar rush and is not recommended for diabetic individuals. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDo Pomegranates Affect Hormones?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA common concern among women is that pomegranates may affect hormones. While pomegranates are a natural adaptogen, meaning they can help regulate estrogen levels when they are too low or high, research is still inconclusive. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMost studies (7) available have several limitations. So, more research is still needed to determine the possible effects of pomegranate on hormone levels. In the meantime, you have nothing to worry about adding pomegranates to your diet. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Pomegranate supplements\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W77P3_3f4eb56d-b4e2-4f6c-827a-c94557ca1379.jpg?v=1710947879\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003ePomegranate Supplements: How To Consume Enough Omega-5?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several ways to include pomegranates in your diet. You can eat them fresh or drink them as juice. However, while both options are good, you must have them in moderation to avoid adding too many calories and carbs. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is why \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epomegranate supplements offer a bigger advantage\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. They provide all the essential nutrients from pomegranates without all the calories and carbs. But what is the best pomegranate supplement? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe answer: Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 is the best pomegranate supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe reason: nano-formulation. Ordinary omega-5 molecules are limited in their ability to reach brain cells. What separates \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Protect™ Nano Omega-5 Cinnamon\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e from traditional Omega-5 supplements is Tahiro’s innovative approach. Tahiro uses nanotechnology to create Nano-sized omega-5 molecules, allowing them to absorb better into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive tract, and, most importantly, pass the blood-brain barrier and reach our Brain.    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 was developed and researched for two years and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehas been proven to be significantly effective in laboratory and pre-clinical studies. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2024-03-20T00:27:35-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:19:20-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates offer a variety of health benefits. Thanks to their antioxidant content, they help reduce oxidative stress throughout the body, decreasing inflammation and reducing the risk of chronic illnesses. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn addition, those antioxidants can also help promote mental health. Research shows that pomegranates may help reduce neuroinflammation, improve memory and cognitive function, enhance mood, and improve sleep. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhile you can eat fresh pomegranates or drink them as juice, you must have them in moderation to avoid adding too many calories and sugars to your diet. To get the most out of pomegranates and enjoy only their benefits, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e’s Brain Protect™ is an extraordinary one-of-a-kind solution for the best pomegranate supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-does-pomegranate-do-to-your-brain","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561551081640","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-20T08:16:35-07:00","alt":"The Benefits of Pomegranate In The Brain","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W77P1.jpg?v=1710947795"}},{"id":561531355304,"title":"Can Omega 3 Help With Inflammation","created_at":"2024-03-18T06:12:53-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eDoes Omega-3 Reduce Inflammation?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003efor our health. There are three main types of omega-3: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAccording to research (2), omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory benefits, helping reduce inflammation. They earned the respectable title “essentials” since our body cannot produce them by itself, meaning we must get them through diet. Other known health benefits of omega-3 can be found in this article. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Does Omega-3 Reduce Inflammation?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are linked to reducing inflammation because they can influence the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEvidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids can lower the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and prostaglandins (3). In addition, omega-3 promotes the production of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as resolvins and protectins (4).  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese omega-3 properties can help balance the body’s inflammatory response, reducing the risk of chronic inflammation-related disease. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan Omega-3 Cause Inflammation?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids cannot cause inflammation by themselves. While omega-6 fatty acids are also considered essential, an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 can lead to inflammation and contribute to several health issues. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDue to the consumption of highly processed foods, the modern Western diet often contains an overabundance of omega-6-rich foods. On the contrary, the average diet does not contain enough omega-3 fatty acids. This imbalance \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eoften causes inflammation in humans. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTo achieve a healthy balance between the two, it is recommended that you avoid consuming foods with high omega-6 and include more\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-foods\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-foods\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eomega-3 sources\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Can Omega-3 Cause Inflammation?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/XOi4E8Mt.jpg?v=1710768093\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Much Omega-3 Should You Take to Reduce Inflammation?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe recommended daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids can vary depending on several factors, such as age, gender, dietary preferences, and specific health conditions. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, a recommended intake of 250-500 milligrams of\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e DHA and EPA can bring several health benefits\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (5). \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBut, as previously mentioned, remember that the intake of omega-3 is not the only key factor. The ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 is also crucial for overall wellness. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSpeak with a healthcare provider to determine your needs and create a dietary plan that aligns with your health goals. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"How much omega-3 fish oil should I take for inflammation?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/6_SxGEzC.jpg?v=1710768028\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/6_SxGEzC.jpg?v=1710768028\" data-mce-selected=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan Omega-3 Supplements Help Reduce Inflammation?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 supplements are a great way to help reduce inflammation. These supplements offer a convenient way to increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acids and benefit from their anti-inflammatory properties. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe supplements may help promote a healthy balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, bring a healthy balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, and help protect against neuroinflammation (brain inflammation). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2024-03-18T06:22:02-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:18:40-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids have shown promising results in helping reduce inflammation. Incorporating omega-3-rich foods into your diet can help you manage and reduce chronic inflammation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to nutrition, dietary supplements may be a great tool in helping reduce inflammation by providing a consistent amount of omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003evegan Omega-3 supplement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e is not just for vegans. It is highly recommended for anyone who wishes to reduce inflammation in the body and better control the balance between omega-3 and omega-6. The supplement is derived from pure algal oil, presenting a natural and effective way to harness the anti-inflammatory power of omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith its high-quality, plant-based ingredients, Tahiro algae omega 3 offers a convenient and sustainable solution to get the recommended daily intake and better control body and brain inflammation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSo, whether you want to support overall wellness, manage a specific inflammatory condition, or maintain a healthy balance between omega-6 and omega-3, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e’s Omega-3 is risk-free with our money-back guarantee promise. \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"can-omega-3-help-with-inflammation","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561531355304","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-18T06:21:44-07:00","alt":"omega 3 fish oil and inflammation reduction","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/n9xS1Jbv.jpg?v=1710768104"}},{"id":561517428904,"title":"ALA vs. DHA: Understand Their Differences","created_at":"2024-03-13T00:21:44-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are ALA and DHA? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAlpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is the most common \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003etype of omega-3\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. It serves as the precursor of EPA and DHA, meaning that ALA is converted into these forms within the body. However, this conversion is not very efficient, with only approximately 3.8% of ALA being converted to DHA, making it challenging to meet the recommended daily intake of DHA solely from ALA. Any ALA that is not converted into EPA or DHA is utilized as an energy source in the body or stored as fat, similar to other fats.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is particularly notable for its \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003ecrucial role in brain health\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eALA and DHA Health Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids offer different health benefits. They have important roles in the body, such as reducing inflammation and improving heart health and brain function. Here are some of the health benefits seen for both ALA and DHA. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"ALA vs. DHA health benefits\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/3.jpg?v=1710315108\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALA Health Benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eImproved heart health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan\u003e. It can decrease the risk of heart disease by reducing cholesterol levels, reducing inflammation, and increasing “good” cholesterol (2). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReduced inflammation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Research shows that \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003eomega-3 may also help reduce inflammation\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, leading to decreased joint pain and enhanced immune function (3). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImproved heart health\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEvidence shows (3) that ALA may help improve neurotransmitter function, improve mood, and reduce the risk of stroke. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDHA Health Benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003eImproved brain health\u003c\/span\u003e. DHA plays a crucial role in brain development and function in childhood. It also helps improve brain health and decrease the risk of age-related conditions, such as Alzheimer’s (4). \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSupports muscle recovery\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Strenuous exercise can lead to an increase in inflammation, which can lead to soreness. In a study, women taking DHA had a reduction in muscle soreness by 23% (5). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBetter eye health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. DHA, along with other omega-3s, can help reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (6). It may also help decrease dry eyes and retinopathy (diabetes eye disease). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eSources of ALA and DHA\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA big difference between ALA and DHA is where you can find them. Generally speaking, ALA is found in plant-based sources, while DHA is mostly found in animal sources. Here are the main sources for each omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eALA\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e: chia seeds, canola oil, flaxseeds, hemp seeds, soybean oil, walnuts, edamame, walnuts, sardines, salmon, beans, and shellfish. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDHA\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e: salmon, mackerel, sardines, tuna, herring, flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and sea bass. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat's The Difference Between ALA and DHA?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBesides its molecular structure, there are several differences between ALA and DHA. One of its differences is where you get them. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003eALA is mostly found in plant-based sources (with only a few animal sources)\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, while DHA is mostly found in animal sources. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAnother difference is that while the mechanism is highly inefficient, you can create DHA from ALA, but not vice versa. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFinally, as we’ve seen, while there are some similar health benefits, ALA may have a more positive effect on heart health, while DHA can have a greater impact on brain health. Keep in mind that there is currently more research stating the benefits of DHA than of ALA.  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDo You Need Both ALA and DHA?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYes, you need both since they are considered essential. While we’ve seen that ALA may get converted into \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003eDHA and EPA\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, the process is so inefficient it’s best to get them from food sources. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eRemember that ALA and DHA are not the only omega-3 fatty acids that must come through your diet; EPA is also considered essential. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich Omega-3 Fatty Acid Is Best? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSo, if you need to focus on one, which one should you pick? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe answer is you should focus on all three of them. They all play a crucial role in the body, making each an essential player in overall health. That is why it’s important to add different dietary sources high in omega-3 to get different versions of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIf you are struggling to add different omega-3 source, the best way to guarantee you are getting enough omega-3 daily is to supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eThe best dietary omega-3 supplement \u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eis Tahiro’s Omega-3. This supplement is made from algae, making it a great option for people who follow a traditional diet or a plant-based diet. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn addition, since it is made from algae, it contains all three essential omega-3s. So, you don’t have to worry about adding other sources to get your daily dose of ALA or DHA. You know that you get enough of both in a couple of capsules. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFinally, what makes this one of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003ethe top-notch supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is that it comes from a sustainable source, and you won’t get unwanted reflux (which is commonly seen in fish oil supplements).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Vegan omega-3 with optimal ALA and DHA ratio\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/4.jpg?v=1710315166\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2024-03-13T00:34:03-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:17:41-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential to the body. They can help reduce inflammation, promote heart health, and improve cognitive function. Two main types of omega-3 fatty acids are ALA and DHA. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBoth are essential since they mostly come from dietary sources. It is almost impossible in today’s demanding routine to achieve the recommended daily intake just from the food you eat, and it is recommended to supplement your diet with Algae omega-3 supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Algae Omega-3 is not just for vegans. It is a sustainable source free from heavy metals of all three essential fatty acids: DHA, EPA and DPA. Algae based supplements are free from fishy smell and have many other advantages over Fish based supplements that may also cause digestive issues. \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"ala-vs-dha","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561517428904","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-13T00:22:29-07:00","alt":"ALA vs. DHA","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Cr5POtJe.jpg?v=1710314549"}},{"id":561514348712,"title":"DHA vs. EPA: The Omega-3 Showdown","created_at":"2024-03-12T02:07:16-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat's The Difference Between EPA and DHA? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are long-chain omega-3 fatty acids that are normally found in certain fish and algae. They are essential for human health since the body cannot produce them on its own. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBoth EPA and DHA can be obtained through diet or \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003esupplementation\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, offering several health benefits, such as improved cognitive function and reduced inflammation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhile they are both vital for overall well-being, there are several key differences between EPA and DHA, including sources, functions, and health benefits. Here are some of the main differences. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStructure\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. The first difference is its structure. But to avoid getting too technical, the only thing you need to know is that EPA contains fewer double bonds than DHA. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSources\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. EPA is more prevalent in certain types of cold-water fish, while DHA is mainly found in fatty fish (mackerel, salmon, and trout). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHealth benefits\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Thanks to its effects on reducing inflammation, EPA has been shown to help improve heart health and joint health. On the other hand, DHA has been shown to improve brain function and eye health. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cimg alt=\"EPA and DHA Health Benefits\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/2aNiWJza.jpg?v=1710234584\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eEPA and DHA Health Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003eEPA and DHA provide a wide range of health benefits\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Here are some of the health benefits you may obtain by adding EPA and DHA into your diet. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduced inflammation\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Both EPA and DHA have anti-inflammatory properties, meaning they can help reduce inflammation (1). In addition, they can help\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003e enhance immune function\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. EPA is known for its cardiovascular benefits (2). It may help reduce triglycerides, lower blood pressure, and reduce inflammation, resulting in improved heart health. While EPA is the main contributor to heart health, DHA can also help lower triglycerides, helping lower the risk of heart disease. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain function\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. DHA is a crucial component of brain cell membranes and plays a vital role in brain development (3), especially \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-pregnancy\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-pregnancy\"\u003eduring pregnancy\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and early childhood. It seems that DHA may help support cognitive function, learning, and memory. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMood and mental health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. EPA has positive effects on mood and mental health. In fact, in some cases, it is recommended as a dietary supplement for people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003e depression or anxiety\u003c\/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e(4). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEye health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. DHA is a vital component of the retina, which helps maintain normal vision. DHA may help protect against age-related macular degeneration and other vision-related conditions (5). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eJoint health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, EPA can help reduce joint pain and stiffness in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (7). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIt’s important to understand that while both EPA and DHA have several health benefits, the specific advantages of each may vary. To achieve these benefits, include sources of omega-3 fatty acids or add an omega-3 supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, when adding a supplement, consult a health professional to determine the best dosage and ratio for your needs. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDo You Need Both EPA And DHA?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYes, you need both EPA and DHA for optimal health. While both options are essential and provide several health benefits on their own, they often work best together to support overall well-being. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre DHA and EPA From Natural Sources Better Than Supplements?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe choice between obtaining EPA and DHA from natural sources or supplements depends on several factors. Here are some things you need to consider.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eNatural Sources\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePros\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhole nutrition\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. When you get DHA and EPA from natural sources, you get other nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, minerals, and healthy fats. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLow risk of contaminants\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Whole foods, mainly those from wild-caught sources, tend to be lower in contaminants and heavy metals than some fish supplements. However, keep in mind that this is not the case with algae-based supplements. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCons\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCalories\u003c\/b\u003e. Natural sources of omega-3 tend to be high in fat, resulting in foods with a high caloric content. If you are not careful and eat them in moderation, it may result in weight gain. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVariability\u003c\/b\u003e. The omega-3 content can depend on the dietary sources. So, it can be challenging to get a consistent dose every day. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eContaminants\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Farmed-raised fish can be high in contaminants and heavy metals. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eSupplements\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePros\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003ePrecision and consistency\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Omega-3 supplements offer a precise and consistent dose of DHA and EPA. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConvenience\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Supplements can be a convenient way to ensure you get an adequate amount of DHA and EPA, especially when having dietary restrictions (vegans or allergic to seafood).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePurity\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. High-quality supplements are purified and tested for contaminants, ensuring that you are not exposed to harmful levels of toxins. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCons\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLack of nutrient synergy\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Supplements provide EPA and DHA in isolation. This means you won’t get other nutrients from the supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCost\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. High-quality omega-3 supplements can be quite expensive, especially if taken regularly over an extended period. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDigestive issues\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Some people may experience digestive issues, especially when taking fish-based supplements. This is not widely seen in algae-based supplements. \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/IaV-2jvD.jpg?v=1710235131\" alt=\"DHA vs. EPA in omega-3 supplements\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2024-03-12T02:21:04-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:18:06-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAre you looking for a convenient and sustainable way to boost your omega-3 intake? Tahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e Omega-3 supplements, derived from pure algae oil\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, offer a fantastic solution.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e plant-based omega 3 is not just for vegans. Support heart and brain health to increase overall well-being. No need to compromise on sustainability, purity, and quality. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJoin countless individuals who have switched from fish oil to Tahiro Algae Omega-3 and experience the difference. It is the eco-conscious choice that offers you a consistent and reliable source of EPA and DHA. \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"dha-vs-epa","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561514348712","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-12T02:08:48-07:00","alt":"DHA vs EPA","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/paBJF-YE.jpg?v=1710234899"}},{"id":561393959080,"title":"Omega-3 Battle: Seafood vs. Algae","created_at":"2024-02-11T03:26:01-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Fatty Acids In Seafood and Algae: An Overview\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own, necessitating their intake through dietary sources. They play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including the reduction of inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlpha-linolenic acid (ALA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids can be obtained from both plant-based and animal-based sources. This means you can get \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-foods?_ga=2.205262096.1421290883.1707735626-820198828.1707735626\u0026amp;ose=false\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids from food sources\u003c\/a\u003e such as mackerel, salmon, oysters, flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and hemp seeds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf incorporating omega-3-rich foods into your daily diet is challenging, supplements made from \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil?_ga=2.129156876.1421290883.1707735626-820198828.1707735626\" target=\"_blank\"\u003efish oil or algae oil\u003c\/a\u003e are available as an alternative option.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile both seafood and algae provide omega-3 fatty acids, they differ in the amount they provide and the composition of them. This means that you can get a different ratio of EPA, DHA, and ALA from each source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDifference Between Omega-3 From Algae and Seafood\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth algae and seafood are excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids, but what sets them apart in terms of their omega-3 content?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the most significant distinctions lies in their \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha?_ga=2.126930701.1421290883.1707735626-820198828.1707735626\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eEPA and DHA content\u003c\/a\u003e. Algae stands out as a superior source of EPA and DHA compared to seafood. This difference arises because the omega-3 found in seafood ultimately originates from algae, providing a direct source of these essential fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, research indicates that omega-3 bioavailability is notably higher in algae than in seafood, as supported by scientific studies (1). When evaluating the nutritional profiles of algae and seafood, algae emerges as the clear winner. It offers a more diverse array of nutrients while being a lower-calorie alternative to seafood.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDoes Seafood Provide The Same Amount of Omega-3s As Algae?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeafood and algae offer varying quantities of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eomega-3s\u003c\/a\u003e fatty acids. Interestingly, distinctions in omega-3 content don't just exist between algae and seafood; they also emerge within each category. In other words, different species of seafood and algae provide differing amounts of omega-3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBelow, you'll find a table comparing the omega-3 content per 4 ounces in various seafood and algae sources (2)(3).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eSource\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eOmega-3 Content (mg)\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eAnchovy\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e2,330\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eHerring\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e2,280-2,440\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eMackerel\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e2,100\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eSalmon\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e1,970-2,440\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eOyster\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e500-710\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eClam\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e320\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eShrimp\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e260-310\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eAlgae\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e100-300\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eCrab\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e190\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eTilapia\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e150\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 49.0476%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 49.0476%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eCod\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 47.9524%;\" data-mce-style=\"width: 47.9524%;\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e90-180\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNow, while some seafood sources may contain more omega-3 fatty acids than algae, keep in mind that they don’t come from sustainable sources, and the omega-3 content may vary depending on their farming.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch shows that the omega-3 content is higher in wild-caught fish than farmed raised (4). However, the omega-3 content in algae doesn’t vary significantly. This makes it a better option since you always get the same high-quality product.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre Algae-Based Omega-3 Supplements Better Than Seafood?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn short, yes, algae-based supplements surpass seafood or fish oil supplements in several aspects. But what are the reasons behind this superiority?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere are the key factors that make algae-based omega-3 supplements the preferred choice over seafood or fish oil omega-3 supplements:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOptimal EPA and DHA Ratio: Algae-based supplements offer a more balanced \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/recommended-dose-of-omega-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eratio between EPA and DHA\u003c\/a\u003e, ensuring a more effective omega-3 profile.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDirect Source: Algae-based supplements provide omega-3 fatty acids directly from the source, bypassing the need to obtain them through the marine food chain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVegan and Vegetarian-Friendly: Algae-based supplements align with vegan and vegetarian diets, accommodating diverse dietary preferences.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSustainability: Algae-based sources are considered more sustainable and environmentally friendly compared to traditional seafood sources.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeutral Taste and Smell: Algae-based supplements avoid the \"fishy\" taste and smell associated with seafood supplements and are less likely to cause digestive discomfort.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllergy-Friendly: Algae is generally more allergy-friendly than seafood, making it a safer option for individuals with seafood allergies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLow Contaminants: Algae-based supplements tend to have lower levels of contaminants, such as mercury and heavy metals, ensuring a purer product.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs you can see, there is really no doubt why algae-based supplements are better than seafood or fish oil omega-3 supplements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/kbywtMaO.jpg?v=1707651259\" alt=\"What is the best vegan omega-3 source?\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/kbywtMaO.jpg?v=1707651259\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eFinal Words\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the exact omega-3 content in seafood can vary depending on the source, making it challenging to determine the precise quantity you're receiving, it's worth noting that the freshness of seafood plays a critical role in preserving its nutrient quality, including omega-3 levels. When seafood isn't fresh or hasn't been stored properly, there can be a reduction in its overall nutritional benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, factors such as the environmental impact and suitability for various dietary preferences can further influence the choice between seafood and other omega-3 sources\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this case, algae-based supplements stand out as a superior option, serving as your strongest ally in meeting the recommended omega-3 fatty acid intake. If you're seeking a top-notch choice with added benefits, Tahiro Algae Omega-3 distinguishes itself as the finest selection available.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat sets \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e Algae Omega-3 apart is its remarkable balance of all three essential fatty acids, which includes not only EPA and DHA but also DPA (Docosapentaenoic acid). This unique composition differentiates it from many other omega-3 supplements on the market, offering a more sustainable option for those who understand the important role these fatty acids play in overall health and well-being.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTahiro Algae Omega-3 is Health Canada approved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith just two softgels per day, anyone can easily incorporate the recommended dose of these three essential fatty acids into their daily routine, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eimproving cognitive function\u003c\/a\u003e, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2024-02-14T05:04:13-08:00","updated_at":"2024-02-14T11:28:46-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids, known for their potential health benefits such as reduced inflammation, improved heart health, and enhanced cognitive function, can be sourced from various places, including both plant-based and animal-based sources.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, are all omega-3 fatty acids created equal? Is omega-3 from seafood as effective as omega-3 from algae? In this article, we'll explore the distinctions between omega-3 fatty acids sourced from seafood and algae, including their omega-3 content and which might be the optimal choice for your daily regimen.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"seafood-omega-3-or-algae","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561393959080","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-11T03:33:47-08:00","alt":"What seafoods are richest in omega-3?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/vWe_WmJN.jpg?v=1707651228"}},{"id":561326850216,"title":"Pomegranates: Friends or Foes of Medications?","created_at":"2024-01-19T06:04:13-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates Interactions with Medication: what do you need to know? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedication interactions can happen when molecules in the food, beverages, or other drugs affect the way your body processes and metabolizes a specific medication.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e These interactions may lead to a decreased drug efficacy, increased side effects, or other unexpected consequences. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates, while natural and healthy are no exception. Here are some medications that can interact with pomegranates. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eACE inhibitors. \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eACE inhibitors prescribed to help reduce blood pressure and support heart failure, may interact with pomegranates. Combining them may lead to increased levels of the medication in your bloodstream. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood thinners\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Since pomegranate is rich in vitamin K, it may counteract the effect of blood thinners (anticoagulants). If you want to include pomegranates, it’s important to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K and talk with your healthcare provider before adding pomegranates. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatins\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. These are often prescribed to help reduce cholesterol levels. Research shows that combining pomegranate with statins may cause rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle fiber) and possible kidney failure. It seems that this may be due to pomegranates blocking an enzyme in the intestines, leading to a higher absorption of the medication. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood pressure medication\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. One of the effects of pomegranates is lowering blood pressure. So, if you are already taking blood pressure medication, combining it with pomegranate juice or extract may lead to unusually low blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProton pump inhibitors\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Pomegranate may interfere with the absorption of proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole. This can result in a reduction in the effectiveness of the medication. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhat Should I Do If I Want To Take Pomegranate Supplements Safely?\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBefore you incorporate\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e pomegranate juice or extract\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e into your diet, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e They can provide personalized guidance based on your medical history and the medications you are taking. Once you have their approval, monitor your symptoms closely. If you notice any unusual symptoms or side effects, discontinue pomegranate supplementation immediately and consult your healthcare provider. Additionally, ensure you choose reputable brands known for their quality and potency, and always follow the recommended dosage.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Iryna Mosiiuk","user_id":84979679400,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2024-02-18T00:33:27-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranate is undoubtedly a nutritious and highly delicious food. While \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003epomegranate can offer several health benefits\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, you need to be mindful when considering adding it to your diet, and consult with your healthcare providor especially if you are taking chronic medications. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYour doctor may help you find the balance to enjoy the benefits of pomegranates on one hand without compromising your health, safety and well-being. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro offers a unique supplement backed by science and formulated with advanced nanoemolsuin. Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 is offed in two options to choose from: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNano Omega-5 Hemp Oil\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNano Omega-5 Cinnamon\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Each one of those variants incorporates a second neuroprotective and anti-inflematory compound, with its own unique properties to complete and contribute to the pomegranate seed oil health benefits. To read more about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/uses-and-benefits-of-cinnamon-oil?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=690f760bc\u0026amp;_ss=r\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/uses-and-benefits-of-cinnamon-oil?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=690f760bc\u0026amp;_ss=r\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCinnamon health benefits\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e or \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=53d51f5c3\u0026amp;_ss=r\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil?_pos=1\u0026amp;_sid=53d51f5c3\u0026amp;_ss=r\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHemp oil health benefits\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e click the links.    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhat makes Brain Protect™ stand out is its cutting-edge nanotechnology to ensure you get the most out of the health benefits of the pomegranate seed oil, as advanced science is used to engineer the antioxidant molecules into tiny droplets, making them more bioavailble, potent and better capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and reaching all body organs including the brain tissues.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe patent pending powerful nano-formula was found in pre-clinical studies to help improve cognitive function, reduce oxidative stress, and improve over all brain health. For optimal results it is recomended to use consistently for 3 months or more. As always it is recommended to consult your healthcare provider before consumuing any dietary supplment. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-medications-do-pomegranates-interfere-with-1","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561326850216","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-26T02:50:29-08:00","alt":"","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/image_533-transformed_0c0dadcd-1ff9-4784-8395-b0ae2ee22dea.jpg?v=1706266230"}},{"id":561309188264,"title":"Medications That May Interact With Pomegranates: What You Need to Know","created_at":"2024-01-14T23:54:22-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003ePomegranates Interactions with Medication: what do you need to know\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedication interactions can happen when molecules in the food, beverages, or other drugs affect the way your body processes and metabolizes a specific medication.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e These interactions may lead to a decreased drug efficacy, increased side effects, or other unexpected consequences. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates, while natural and healthy are no exception. Here are some medications that can interact with pomegranates. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eACE inhibitors. \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eACE inhibitors prescribed to help reduce blood pressure and support heart failure, may interact with pomegranates. Combining them may lead to increased levels of the medication in your bloodstream. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood thinners\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Since pomegranate is rich in vitamin K, it may counteract the effect of blood thinners (anticoagulants). If you want to include pomegranates, it’s important to maintain a consistent intake of vitamin K and talk with your healthcare provider before adding pomegranates. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eStatins\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. These are often prescribed to help reduce cholesterol levels. Research shows that combining pomegranate with statins may cause rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle fiber) and possible kidney failure. It seems that this may be due to pomegranates blocking an enzyme in the intestines, leading to a higher absorption of the medication. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBlood pressure medication\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. One of the effects of pomegranates is lowering blood pressure. So, if you are already taking blood pressure medication, combining it with pomegranate juice or extract may lead to unusually low blood pressure. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eProton pump inhibitors\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Pomegranate may interfere with the absorption of proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole. This can result in a reduction in the effectiveness of the medication. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W80P3.jpg?v=1705494744\" alt=\"what medication can interact with pomegranate\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Should I Do If I Want To Take Pomegranate Supplements Safely?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBefore you incorporate\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e pomegranate juice or extract\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cb\u003e into your diet, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e They can provide personalized guidance based on your medical history and the medications you are taking. Once you have their approval, monitor your symptoms closely. If you notice any unusual symptoms or side effects, discontinue pomegranate supplementation immediately and consult your healthcare provider. Additionally, ensure you choose reputable brands known for their quality and potency, and always follow the recommended dosage.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W80P4.jpg?v=1705494254\" alt=\"brain protect nano pomegranate supplements\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2024-01-15T01:53:40-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:17:14-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates are a powerhouse when it comes to nutrition. It is high in essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. As a result, it can provide several health benefits, such as reduced inflammation, improved brain health, and better gut health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, while incorporating pomegranates into your daily routine is a healthy choice, it's essential to be mindful if you're taking certain medications, as certain components in pomegranates may potentially interact with them.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn this article, we'll discuss medications that may interact with pomegranates. If you are taking any of the medications mentioned below, it's advisable to consult with your doctor before consuming significant quantities of pomegranates or using pomegranate supplements.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-medications-do-pomegranates-interfere-with","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561309188264","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-17T00:47:01-08:00","alt":"What medications does pomegranate interact with?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W80P1.jpg?v=1705481221"}},{"id":561296408744,"title":"Is Sudoku Good For Your Brain Health?","created_at":"2024-01-09T23:22:38-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eCan Sudoku stimulate your brain?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSudoku is a well-loved number puzzle game that has gained immense popularity. Not only does Beyond its entertainment value, it offers a wide range of cognitive benefits. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSudoku requires players to use deductive reasoning and critical thinking skills, which can help stimulate several brain parts. \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe main part stimulated is the prefrontal cortex (1), which is responsible for decision-making and problem-solving. By exercising these parts of your brain, you help to build up a “cognitive reserve,” which can be very helpful as your brain ages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBut, what exactly can sudoku do for your brain? Let’s talk about some of the possible health benefits of playing Sudoku. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBenefits of Playing Sudoku For Brain\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSudoku offers an array of advantages that can enhance both your mental and emotional well-being. Let's explore the ways in which Sudoku may benefit your cognitive health:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMental stimulation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Sudoku is a challenging logic puzzle that requires critical thinking, deductive reasoning, and problem-solving skills. Playing Sudoku exercises the brain, which may help to keep it sharp and mentally agile. Some research has shown that people over 50 who frequently play games like Sudoku perform better on tests of memory, attention, and reasoning (2).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproved concentration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Solving Sudoku demands focused attention and concentration. As a result, it teaches players to pay close attention to details and stay engaged in the task at hand. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Engaging in Sudoku can be a relaxing and enjoyable activity. It offers a mental escape from stressors and can provide a sense of accomplishment upon completing a puzzle, leading \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eto reduced stress levels\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnhanced memory\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Since Sudoku puzzles require players to remember numbers and their potential placements, it may help enhance and improve short-term memory. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePattern recognition\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Players develop an ability to recognize and apply patterns, which is essential for solving Sudoku puzzles efficiently. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEntertainment and mental challenge\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Sudoku provides hours of entertainment and mental stimulation. Since it’s portable (you can find it on paper or through an app), it can be enjoyed anytime and anywhere. This makes it an excellent choice for keeping the mind active during downtime. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Benefits of Playing Sudoku For Brain\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W77P3.jpg?v=1704955258\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Can I Make Playing Sudoku More Effective For Brain Training?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are several ways to enhance the effectiveness of Sudoku as a tool for brain training. Consider these strategies to make Sudoku one of the most effective tools for improving cognitive function: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsistency\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Regular practice is key to getting the most out of Sudoku regarding brain health. Try to solve a puzzle every week, then move to every other day, until you do one every day. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGradually increase the difficulty\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Start with easy puzzles. And, as you become more comfortable with easier puzzles, gradually increase the difficulty. Challenge yourself with more complex Sudoku grids to continue pushing your cognitive limits. It’s the challenge that’s important for brain health, so don’t just do puzzles that are within your comfort zone – this won’t help keep your brain sharp.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime yourself\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Set a timer to complete Sudoku. This can create a sense of urgency and help improve your problem-solving speed. Over time, try solving puzzles faster while maintaining accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariety of puzzles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Don’t stick to the traditional 9x9 Sudoku puzzle. Explore different variants, such as 4x4, 6x6, or irregular shapes. Each variant provides unique challenges and can engage different cognitive skills. Variety is one of the most important aspects for challenging the brain – make sure to keep giving your brain new things to learn, rather than sticking to what’s familiar.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrack your progress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Keep a record of your Sudoku achievements, including the difficulty, speed, and accuracy. Tracking progress can motivate and help you see how your skills improve. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSome studies have shown that puzzles and games benefit your brain health, while other studies have not shown a benefit. The key may be in the challenge and the variety. When you do similar puzzles day after day, you become good at them, and then they no longer provide your brain with the challenge that it needs to stay active and healthy. Make sure to stretch your abilities by trying harder puzzles and different types, so that you’re truly giving your brain a cognitive workout.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Frequently Should I Play Sudoku To Reach The Benefits?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe frequency at which you should play Sudoku to improve brain health can vary from person to person.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e However, there are some general guidelines to consider. Sudoku, just like any other brain-training activity, is most effective when practiced regularly. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHere are some recommendations on how frequently you should play Sudoku to improve brain function. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsistency is key\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Aim to give your brain a challenge on a consistent basis, whether it’s Sudoku or something else. Whether you choose to play daily, several times a week, or even weekly, establishing a regular practice schedule will help to ensure that you play often enough to reap the cognitive benefits. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdapt to your goals\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Your brain health goals may influence how often you play Sudoku. If you want to maintain cognitive health as you age, you could just play a few times a week. If you are looking to improve specific cognitive skills, you may want to play more frequently. You could also choose to incorporate other types of brain exercise along with Sudoku, to exercise a variety of different cognitive skills.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eListen to your brain\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Pay attention to how your brain responds to Sudoku. If you are fatigued or frustrated, it’s good to take a break or reduce the frequency. Overexertion can lead to burnout and decreased motivation. You want to stretch your abilities, but not to push yourself too hard.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsult with a professional\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. If you have specific concerns about your cognitive health or are looking for personalized brain training, consider consulting with a health professional about how often you should do the puzzles and if there are other tools or activities that would best suit your needs.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"brain health supplements by tahiro\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W77P4.jpg?v=1705494973\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2024-01-10T03:10:55-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:16:01-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe brain is by far the most complex organ in the human body. To function properly, billions of neurons must constantly coordinate and communicate with one another. Sudoku is just one of the many strategies you can incorporate to help improve cognitive health. There are several other tools and activities that contribute to maintaining a sharp mind, such as crossword puzzles, chess, strategy games, solving logic puzzles, or even learning a new language. However, it's essential to remember that achieving and sustaining optimal brain health requires a balanced lifestyle, including good nutrition, sufficient sleep, and effective stress management. In some cases, dietary supplements may also be recommended to provide additional support.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro is committed to promoting brain health through advanced science and clinically proven ingredients designed to slow down and prevent early brain degeneration, memory loss, and cognitive decline.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOptimizing your sleep with Sleep Well:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Enjoy more profound, more relaxed sleep with fewer interruptions and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eimproved sleep quality\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. formulated with clinically studied ingredients to promote relaxation, support brain health, and regulate all sleep stages for overall well-being.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFor those struggling with poor sleep, it's essential to manage stress levels throughout the day, as they can negatively affect sleeping habits.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStress relief management with Stress Relief:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Experience immediate relief. When used consistently stress level setpoint is reduced to a more balanced and healthy state. Take it on the go with its convenient packet system for a balanced mood, relaxation, and improved cognitive performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae Omega 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e: superior source of essential fatty acids. These \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eplant-based omega 3 softgels \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003epromote optimal brain health, focus, mood, and cardiovascular well-being.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Protect™: A Breakthrough in Brain Health\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e: This one-of-a-kind, patent-pending nanoformulation has been proven in preclinical trials to slow down brain degeneration and improve cognitive function. Utilizing \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eadvanced science, nanotechnology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, and a state-of-the-art delivery system, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBrain Protect™\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e features two clinically proven antioxidants, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePunicic Acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and cinnamon, which efficiently traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) while retaining their essential properties. Brain Protect reduces oxidative stress within the brain and offers a choice of additional neuroprotective benefits.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBy incorporating stimulating games such as Sudoku, adopting a healthy lifestyle, maintaining good nutrition, and smart supplementation, anyone can enhance and optimize the function and overall health of our most vital organ: the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"does-sudoku-help-your-brain","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Omega 3, Omega 5, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561296408744","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-10T22:38:18-08:00","alt":"Does Sudoku improve your brain?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/e-UC9RGG.jpg?v=1704955098"}},{"id":561279959208,"title":"Krill oil","created_at":"2024-01-04T06:14:21-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eWhat is krill oil?\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou likely have heard of algae, but Krill oil may be new.  Krill oil is a potent derivative of sea crustaceans, and algae come from freshwater lakes and aquaculture ponds. Both contain Omega-3 fatty acids,docosahexaenoic acid  (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e have been widely studied for their health benefits ranging from heart health to cognitive function and cancer protection. We will review these beneficial natural substances and the significance of their impact on your brain and physical health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eHealth benefits of krill oil\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKrill oil has multiple health benefits, and continued research will provide additional support and information about the value of krill oil.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHeart Health\u003c\/strong\u003e:  Krill oil may help reduce inflammation and is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids 1. Omega-3 fatty acids help lower triglyceride levels and reduce the risk of heart disease by improving overall cardiovascular health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBrain Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3s, especially DHA, are essential for brain development and maintenance. They may help support cognitive function and reduce the risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ecognitive decline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eJoint Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Krill oil's anti-inflammatory properties 2 could help alleviate joint pain and stiffness associated with arthritis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCholesterol Levels\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some research suggests that krill oil may help improve the balance of good and bad cholesterol levels in the body.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSkin Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to healthy skin by maintaining its elasticity and moisture. Omega-3 is also being studied for its wound healing and skin disease treatment. 3\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCognitive Health:\u003c\/strong\u003e Krill oil has a high content of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and choline. Choline is a nutrient essential for healthy brain development and function.  Krill oil also has eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been found to have a neuroprotective effect on the brain 4\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eSide Effects of Krill Oil\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKrill oil is considered safe for most people when taken in appropriate doses and monitored for any potential side effects. 5 Here are some possible side effects of krill oil:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAllergic Reactions\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some individuals may be allergic to krill or shellfish, which can cause symptoms like itching and skin rashes. More severe reactions could be difficulty breathing and anaphylaxis. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDigestive Issues\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some people might experience gastrointestinal discomfort such as indigestion, bloating, gas, or diarrhea when taking krill oil. These symptoms are usually mild and tend to subside over time.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBlood Thinning\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3 fatty acids in krill oil have blood-thinning properties,6 which can be beneficial for heart health but might pose a risk for individuals who are already taking blood-thinning medications (like warfarin) or have bleeding disorders.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eElevated Blood Sugar Levels\u003c\/strong\u003e: Krill oil might influence blood sugar levels. Individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes should monitor their blood sugar levels if considering krill oil supplementation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Adam Genshaft","user_id":84823933096,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2024-01-04T06:16:33-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"krill-oil","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561279959208"},{"id":561279631528,"title":"Beyond the Peel: Pomegranates and Parkinson's Insights","created_at":"2024-01-03T23:37:09-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is Parkinson’s Disease?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParkinson’s disease (2) is a brain disorder that causes uncontrollable or unintended movements. This may cause stiffness, shakiness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. In most cases, symptoms begin to gradually increase and worsen over time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSo, why does it happen?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt seems that Parkinson’s occurs when certain parts of the brain (nerve cells in the basal ganglia) die. These are nerves that control movement and are in charge of releasing dopamine. A reduction in dopamine can, therefore, lead to problems with movement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, it’s unknown what causes Parkinson’s to show up. There seem to be genetic and environmental factors. One influential factor seems to be oxidative stress (3). When there are too many free radicals, it can lead to oxidative stress, causing more inflammation and damage to essential organs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSo, including foods with a high antioxidant content may appear to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-protects-the-brain-against-parkinsons-disease\"\u003ehelp reduce the risk of Parkinson’s \u003c\/a\u003eand, up to a certain extent, assist in managing the symptoms (4).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHealth Benefits of Pomegranates\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePomegranates offer a wealth of health benefits due to their rich nutritional content. They are a source of essential nutrients such as magnesium, folate, vitamin C, and potassium. Additionally, pomegranates are abundant in antioxidants, including anthocyanins, punicalagin, and tannins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to its wide range of nutrients, here are some \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\"\u003epotential health benefits pomegranates offer\u003c\/a\u003e:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReduced Inflammation\u003c\/strong\u003e: The antioxidants found in pomegranates can effectively reduce inflammation (5) by neutralizing free radicals. This reduction in inflammation may alleviate joint pain and lower the risk of chronic illnesses.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImproved Heart Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Research (6) indicates that pomegranates may help reduce the frequency and severity of chest pain, benefiting heart health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSupports Urinary Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Pomegranates might contribute to a reduced risk of kidney stones (7) by potentially regulating the concentrations of oxalates, calcium, and phosphates.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEnhanced Exercise Endurance and Recovery\u003c\/strong\u003e: Pomegranate extract has shown promise in increasing time to exhaustion and aiding muscle recovery (8), which can enhance exercise performance.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImproved Gut Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Evidence suggests that pomegranates may have a positive impact on gut health (9), potentially leading to improved digestion and a strengthened immune system.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the diverse health benefits mentioned earlier, pomegranates stand out for their potential to significantly improve cognitive function and overall brain health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/tOPK6X7R.jpg?v=1707810669\" alt=\"pomegranate seed oil health benefits\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan Pomegranates Have An Effect on Parkinson’s Disease?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the foremost advantages of pomegranates is their positive impact on brain function. Emerging evidence (10) indicates that pomegranates have the potential to not only reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease but also mitigate its effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks to its antioxidant content, pomegranate can help reduce oxidative stress, less inflammation(11), improving cognitive function and brain health. Additionally, there is evidence suggesting that pomegranate may contribute to the reduction of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-chemical-is-lacking-in-parkinsons\"\u003edopamine depletion\u003c\/a\u003e (12), which is a factor that can potentially exacerbate Parkinson's disease symptoms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eShould Pomegranate Supplements Be Taken To Treat Parkinson's?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the numerous advantages of incorporating pomegranate into your diet, especially if you are concerned about Parkinson's disease or experiencing early symptoms, it's important to note that fresh pomegranates, while beneficial, come with calories and sugar, requiring moderation. For those seeking to reap the benefits of pomegranate without affecting their calorie intake and ensuring they meet the daily recommended dose, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003epomegranate supplements provide a convenient alternative\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the alternatives for such supplements are extremely limited due to specific reasons and facts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo primary challenges hinder the effective delivery of antioxidants to brain cells: the digestive tract and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the digestive tract, most minerals, fatty acids, and vitamins are lost before reaching their intended targets. Upon entering the bloodstream, these antioxidants face another formidable obstacle—the BBB—a network of tightly sealed blood vessels within the brain that restricts the passage of larger molecules. While this protective mechanism safeguards our brains, it inadvertently hampers the delivery of pomegranate supplements such as Omega 5, which could otherwise offer significant benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo overcome these challenges, two years of dedicated research and development yielded a unique, one-of-a-kind product that demonstrated remarkable results.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBrain Protect™ Nano Omega 5: The future of Brain health\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBrain Protect™ stands out from other products on the market by harnessing the remarkable power of Omega-5, a potent antioxidant found in pomegranates. This vital compound is renowned for its ability to reduce oxidative stress within the brain. In addition to this key ingredient, Brain Protect™ offers the choice of a second active ingredient, either cinnamon or hemp oil, each contributing its unique set of neuroprotective benefits to ensure optimal results.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e“Tahiro developed something that had never been done before. Through the application of advanced science, cutting-edge nanotechnology, and a state-of-the-art delivery system, Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 is a world-class patent-pending formula that signifies a significant breakthrough in the realm of neuroprotection,” says Tahiro Co-Founder and Chief Scientist Professor Oded Shoseyov.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile certain aspects of this work have been independently used in the past, Tahiro's innovation combines them in a distinctive and pioneering manner, resulting in truly unique and groundbreaking results.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Ronit Shaltiel Karyo has dedicated years to researching CNS-related indications, with a particular emphasis on conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, explains further: “Developing new medicines is a lengthy and highly regulated process, often taking a decade or more. While these rigorous standards are crucial for ensuring safety, it's also a reality that many promising drug candidates face challenges and may not make it to market.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two active ingredients in Brain Protect™ have been engineered into nano-sized tiny droplets, making them completely available to reach the intended biological destination – the brain. Utilizing nanotechnology in synergy with a unique delivery system enables them to better cross the BBB while retaining their essential properties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCountless comprehensive clinical studies heavily support Brain Protect™ ingredients, but unlike other supplements, the product itself underwent rigorous testing both in the laboratory and through two separate pre-clinical tests on living organisms, demonstrating its ability to enhance cognitive function and potentially prevent cognitive decline.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTahiro offers Brain Protect™ in two great options: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003eNano Omega-5 Hemp Oi\u003c\/a\u003el and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003eNano Omega-5 Cinnamon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/LgqLmgML.jpg?v=1706689098\" alt=\"tahiro brain protect\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eFinal Words\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePomegranates offer several health benefits. They can help reduce inflammation, improve heart health, support urinary function, enhance exercise, and improve gut health. In addition, pomegranates can help improve brain function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch shows that pomegranates can help reduce oxidative stress in the brain and increase dopamine production.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile more research is required, the evidence shows that Brain Protect™ has the ability to slow down brain degeneration, positioning itself as a potential player in the fight against preventing dementia, and related conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2024-01-04T01:26:25-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:21:15-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003ePomegranates offer several health benefits. They can help reduce inflammation, improve heart health, support urinary function, enhance exercise, and improve gut health. In addition, pomegranates can help improve brain function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch shows that pomegranates can help reduce oxidative stress in the brain and increase dopamine production.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile more research is required, the evidence shows that Brain Protect™ has the ability to slow down brain degeneration, positioning itself as a potential player in the fight against preventing dementia, and related conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"pomegranates-and-parkinson","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561279631528","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-17T00:55:05-08:00","alt":"Pomegranates and Parkinson's Insights","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/trbUY4_6.jpg?v=1705481706"}},{"id":561264525480,"title":"Top 10 sources of omega-3","created_at":"2023-12-27T22:52:20-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are Omega-3s?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential fats that possess several health benefits. Since the body cannot produce them, they must come from their diets. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlpha-linoleic acid (ALA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheir powerful benefits on the mind and body make them a key ingredient to add to your diet. Here are some of the possible health benefits of omega-3.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImproved mood (1)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBetter eye health (2)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReduced inflammation (3)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecreased risk of age-related brain diseases (4)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImproved heart health (5)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e10 Omega-3-Rich Foods\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch has shown that there are many reasons why it’s important to include food high in omega-3 fatty acids. Here are the 10 best sources of omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eFish And Seafood\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMackerel \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMackerel is a small fatty fish with a great omega-3 content. In fact, three ounces of mackerel provides 590 mg of DHA and 430 mg of EPA (6). It is also a good source of vitamin B12 and selenium.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeep in mind that the EPA and DHA ratio may vary depending on whether it’s farmed or raised. Research shows that farmed-raised fish can have more fats than wild-caught fish, but they mostly come from omega-6, which is pro-inflammatory (7).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSalmon\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalmon is another great fatty fish with a good DHA and EPA content. Three ounces of cooked wild salmon contains 1,220 mg of DHA and 350 mg of EPA (6). However, just like mackerel, the fatty acid content varies in its farming processes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHerring\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother fish option is herring. This medium-sized fish provides 940 mg of DHA and 770 mg of EPA (6). It’s also a good source of vitamin B12 and selenium.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOysters \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOysters are a great option if you want something else other than fish. Three ounces of cooked wild oysters offer 140 mg of ALA, 230 mg of DHA, and 300 mg of EPA (6). They are also a great zinc, copper, and vitamin B12 source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSea Bass\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe last fish option to include omega-3s in your diet is sea bass. Three ounces of cooked sea bass offers 470 mg of DHA and 180 mg of EPA (6). Sea bass is also a good calcium, selenium, and phosphorus source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVegetarian And Vegan Sources\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeaweed And Algae\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you are looking for the best source of plant-based omega-3 fatty acids, there is no better option than seaweed or algae.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe omega-3 fatty acid content may vary among each type of seaweed or algae. But they are still a great source of DHA and EPA, which cannot be said for many plant-based options.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChia Seeds \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChia seeds are a great source of ALA, which can be converted into DHA and EPA. One ounce of chia seeds provides 5,060 mg of ALA (6). However, research shows that the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is inefficient in humans (8).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile ALA is an essential fatty acid, it seems that DHA and EPA have the strongest benefits in the body, which is why you want more of them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlax Seeds \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother great source of plant-based omega-3 is flax seeds. One of the best sources is flaxseed oil since one tablespoon of flaxseed oil offers 7,260 mg of ALA (6). In addition, it is also high in magnesium and manganese.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHemp Seeds \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHemp seeds are another excellent source of omega-3s. Three tablespoons has 2,605 mg of ALA. It is also a good protein, iron, zinc, and magnesium source.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWalnuts \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, walnuts are the last great plant-based source of omega-3 fatty acids. One cup of walnuts offers approximatly 3,346 mg of ALA. However, keep in mind that the best omega-3 source, we need to talk about algae while they provide essential fatty acids, they are high in calories, so make sure to eat them in moderation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre Vegan Sources of Omega-3 As Good As A Fish Source?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn some cases, fish and seafood tend to be better omega-3 sources than certain plant-based sources due to their DHA and EPA content. Plant-based sources primarily provide ALA, which converts less efficiently into DHA and EPA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, if you want to choose the best omega-3 source, you should consider algae, more specifically algal oil.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlgal oil is a type of oil that comes from algae. What makes algal oil a great option is its high DHA and EPA content, making it a unique plant-based source. In fact, in a study (9), they found that algal oil is similar to salmon oil, with unique differences such as coming from more sustainable sources.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/5qKYzT3g.jpg?v=1705495558\" alt=\"What vegan food has the most omega-3?\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/5qKYzT3g.jpg?v=1705495558\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-12-27T23:31:42-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:15:18-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAs seen, omega-3 fatty acids provide several health benefits, such as reduced inflammation, improved heart health, and decreased risk of age-related mental issues. While animal-based omega-3 sources tend to be more complete (having both DHA and EPA), plant-based sources are more sustainable, but they mostly provide ALA. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, if you're in search of a sustainable omega-3 solution that provides substantial doses of EPA and DHA, Tahiro's\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e vegan omega-3 supplement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. is your ideal choice. Developed in collaboration with life’s®OMEGA, a trusted industry leader for over a decade, and crafted from the finest algal oil available, you can have full confidence in the product's quality, sustainability, and the optimal blend of DHA and EPA it offers.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFurthermore, the prestigious Health Canada seal of approval on Tahiro's product is a testament to its premium quality, guaranteeing a top-notch supplement. Health Canada, known for its rigorous standards and thorough reviews, ensures that products meet the highest safety and quality standards. This recognition is a big deal, especially when compared to the less stringent regulations in some other regions, such as the United States. With \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eyou can trust that you're getting a supplement that has met and exceeded the stringent requirements set by Health Canada. What's more, you receive the very best directly from the primary source of Omega-3, without any concerns or the discomfort of unpleasant fish-taste reflux. This is the bonus that complements all the health benefits and advantages\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-3-foods","tags":"Cognition, Memory, Omega 3, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561264525480","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-09T10:18:14-08:00","alt":"Top 10 sources of omega-3","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/z6ZbkcFs.jpg?v=1704824295"}},{"id":561193255080,"title":"Recommended Omega-3 Dosages Explained","created_at":"2023-12-07T01:42:18-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is Omega-3, and Why is it Important?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are vital in creating hormones that regulate blood clotting, relaxation of artery walls, and inflammation.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe human body \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecan't produce Omega-3s independently\u003c\/strong\u003e, making it crucial to obtain them through diet or \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003esupplementation\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are two core types of Omega-3s: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA is especially beneficial for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eits anti-inflammatory properties\u003c\/a\u003e and its role in heart health. This fatty acid helps in managing cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, and is implicated in mood regulation.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDHA, on the other hand, is a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Dosage for Children\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe needs for Omega-3 fatty acids change as children grow and develop:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0-12 months:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e0.5 grams of combined EPA and DHA daily.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAges 1-3:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAbout 0.7 grams of combined EPA and DHA daily.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAges 4-7:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChildren within this age bracket should increase their intake to 0.9 grams of combined EPA and DHA daily.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAges 8-10:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWith the onset of preadolescence, children require approximately 1 gram of combined EPA and DHA daily.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAges 11 and up:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eAs children transition into adolescence, their dosage should gradually align with adult recommendations, which are 1.1 grams for women and 1.6 for men.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Omega-3 Dosage for Children by age\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/Omega-3_Dosage_for_Children_by_age.jpg?v=1709795059\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eRecommended Dosage of Omega-3 for Women\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor maintaining heart health and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecognitive function\u003c\/a\u003e, non-pregnant women should aim for at least 1.1 grams of combined EPA and DHA per day.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome of this should be made up from dietary intake, though supplementation is an effective method of topping that up to recommendations.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnywhere up from 600mg Omega-3 (from EPA and DHA combined) shows health benefits and most health authorities worldwide recommend 500mg as a minimum.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Dosage for Pregnant Women\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDuring pregnancy, the requirement for Omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, increases due to its vital role in fetal development.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe minimum goal for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-pregnancy\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-pregnancy\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-pregnancy\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids in pregnant women is 650 mg\u003c\/a\u003e per day, with 300 mg of that being DHA.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Dosage for Men\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMen typically requires a slightly higher dosage of Omega-3 fatty acids, 1.6 grams of combined EPA and DHA per day.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAgain, some of this should be made up from dietary sources, though supplementation is an effective way to top that up to recommendations.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnywhere up from 600mg of combined Omega-3 daily shows health benefits, and most health authorities worldwide recommend 500mg as a minimum.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDosage for the Elderly\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor the elderly, Omega-3s are crucial in combating age-related mental decline.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDosages may need to be increased as healthcare providers advise, especially when an individual takes medications.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 for Specific Health Conditions\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart Disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e, particularly EPA and DHA, have been studied for their potential role in heart health.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLarge-scale epidemiological studies have shown an association between increased intake of \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3s and reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor instance, the GISSI-Prevenzione trial, published in The Lancet, found that Omega-3 supplementation led to a significant reduction in the risk of death from cardiovascular causes.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAccording to the American Heart Association, individuals with coronary heart disease are recommended to consume about 1 gram of EPA and DHA per day.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHealthline states that dosages of around 3 grams per day are safe for adults and have the maximal impact on reducing blood triglycerides.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDepression\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is emerging evidence suggesting that Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically EPA, may have a beneficial effect on \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edepression\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMeta-analyses have shown a tendency for Omega-3 supplements to improve depressive symptoms.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA is considered to have more potent mood-regulatory effects, and doses in studies have ranged from 200 mg to over 2 grams per day.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOverall, it’s best to stick to the standard daily recommended dosages for adults.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCancer\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe relationship between Omega-3 fatty acids and cancer risk is complex and not fully understood.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome observational studies and animal models suggest that Omega-3 fatty acids might inhibit cancer cell growth and promote apoptosis.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOverall, it’s best to stick to the standard daily recommended adult dosages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-6 Intake\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-6 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats commonly found in many plant-based oils, such as those from corn, soybean, and sunflower sources, as well as nuts and seeds.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe concern with Omega-6 fatty acids is the proportion in which they are consumed relative to Omega-3 fatty acids.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe modern Western diet often has an abundance of Omega-6 fatty acids, leading to a high Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio linked to increased risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, obesity, and inflammatory disorders.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTraditionally, human diets likely had a ratio of approximately 1:1, but in today's Western diets, the ratio can be as high as 16:1 in favor of Omega-6 fatty acids.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMany nutritionists suggest aiming for a ratio of Omega-6 to Omega-3 of 4:1 or lower.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 supplementation can help re-balance Omega-3 and Omega-6 towards this favorable ratio.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"The importance of the ratio of omega-6\/omega-3 essential fatty acids\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W73P4.jpg?v=1705497741\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"EPA-and-DHA-Benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA and DHA Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA and DHA are the two core types of Omega-3 fatty acids which serve differing functions. EPA is primarily involved in reducing systemic inflammation – a key factor in various chronic diseases – while DHA is critical for brain health.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDHA is also important for cognitive function and has been observed to have positive effects on mood disorders, including depression and anxiety.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTogether, DHA and EPA lower triglyceride levels,\u003c\/a\u003e potentially raise HDL cholesterol, and may help reduce blood pressure in those with high blood pressure. They have also been shown to decrease the production of inflammatory molecules.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLastly, Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to joint health by improving symptoms related to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, among other musculoskeletal issues.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Omega-3-overdose\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 overdose\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAn overdose of Omega-3 fatty acids, though uncommon, can have serious consequences. High doses of Omega-3 supplements can interfere with blood clotting and cause excessive bleeding.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis risk is elevated if an individual combines Omega-3 supplements with other medications that affect blood clotting, such as anticoagulants or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-12-07T03:20:29-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:14:41-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and sardines are excellent sources of EPA and DHA. For vegetarians or those who prefer not to eat fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, and hemp seeds rate as alternatives.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003ealgae-based vegan omega 3 supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e are particularly beneficial for vegetarians or vegans, they offer a distinct advantage for all dietary preferences by ensuring a responsible and environmentally friendly approach to Omega-3 supplementation. By obtaining essential fatty acids directly from \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003ethe source—the algae that fish eat\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—these supplements not only support sustainability but also guarantee a higher quality product.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis choice preserves marine ecosystems, reduces overfishing, and results in Omega-3 supplements that are free from common issues such as the fishy taste, odor, and potential for fishy burps often associated with traditional fish oil supplements. In addition to their eco-friendly benefits, algae-based supplements eliminate the fishy taste, odor, and potential for fishy burps often associated with traditional fish oil supplements.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro's\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Vegan Omega-3 provides a rich source of EPA and DHA, essential for maintaining heart health, cognitive function, and overall well-being. Whether you're already taking Omega-3 or considering starting, you can do so risk-free with Tahiro Omega-3, backed 'money-back guarantee' promise.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExperience the pure benefits of plant-based nutrition with Tahiro's Vegan Omega-3 supplements, delivering a potent 1000mg of Omega-3 fatty acids per recommended daily serving. This convenient solution effortlessly tops up your daily Omega-3 intake to recommended levels, ensuring you reap the full rewards of this essential nutrient\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"recommended-dose-of-omega-3","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561193255080","image":{"created_at":"2023-12-13T10:20:51-08:00","alt":"Recommended Omega-3 Dosages Explained","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W73P1.jpg?v=1702491651"}},{"id":561193222312,"title":"Juice vs. Supplements: Pomegranate Clash!","created_at":"2023-12-07T01:39:06-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003ePomegranate Health Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\"\u003ePomegranates are a powerhouse of health benefits\u003c\/a\u003e. They contain essential vitamins and minerals that can improve overall wellness. Here is the nutritional information for one pomegranate (282 grams)(1). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCalories\u003c\/strong\u003e: 234\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCarbs\u003c\/strong\u003e: 52.7 grams\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFiber\u003c\/strong\u003e: 11.3 grams\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProteins\u003c\/strong\u003e: 4.7 grams\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFats\u003c\/strong\u003e: 3.3 grams \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBesides offering macronutrients, pomegranates are also a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C, folate, and potassium.\u003c\/strong\u003e As a result, pomegranates offer several health benefits. Here are some of the possible health benefits of pomegranates.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduced inflammation. \u003c\/strong\u003ePomegranates contain an antioxidant called punicalagin, which is from the ellagitannin family. Research (2) shows that antioxidants can help reduce the effect of free radicals in the body, resulting in lower inflammation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePromotes heart health. \u003c\/strong\u003eIt seems that pomegranate can help reduce blood pressure (3). Also, thanks to its powerful antioxidant content, it can help reduce cholesterol levels, promoting heart health (4).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproves urinary health. \u003c\/strong\u003eAccording to evidence (5), pomegranates can reduce the risk of kidney stones thanks to their regulation of oxalates and calcium (components that promote kidney stones).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproves exercise endurance. \u003c\/strong\u003eEvidence (6) suggests that pomegranate may help increase time to exhaustion, and it may help improve muscle recovery thanks to its antioxidant properties.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupports digestive function. \u003c\/strong\u003eThanks to its high fiber content, pomegranates can help improve bowel movements and digestion. Also, their prebiotic content can help support gut health (7).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W62P3.jpg?v=1702362687\" alt=\"What are the Benefits of Pomegranate Extract During Pregnancy?\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W62P3.jpg?v=1702362687\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003ePomegranate Supplements vs. Pomegranate Juice: Which Is Better For You\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEven though fresh pomegranate is a delicious way to enjoy this fruit’s benefits, there are other options available. Pomegranate is also available in \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\"\u003eextract or juice form\u003c\/a\u003e. However, how do these options compare? Is there one that is better than the other?\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this article, we’ll explore the similarities and differences between pomegranate juice and supplements to help you make an informed decision on which is the best option for you based on your goals and needs.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSimilarities\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth are high in antioxidants and nutrients since they come from the same source.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere doesn’t seem to be any variability in the health benefits between pomegranate juice and supplements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDifferences\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate juice is higher in calories and sugar than pomegranate supplement.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDue to its high sugar content, it can increase high blood sugar levels. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou may need to take a lot of pomegranate juice to get the same dosage as the supplement.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate supplements use different parts of the pomegranate, such as the seeds, skin, and juice. Since they contain different parts of the fruit, they provide a diverse array of bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, polyphenols, and dietary fiber, which collectively contribute to the potential health benefits of pomegranate.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W72P3_65445c78-081c-4fc4-aaea-430f3f221a7f.jpg?v=1705497936\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W72P3_65445c78-081c-4fc4-aaea-430f3f221a7f.jpg?v=1705497936\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Much Pomegranate Extract Should You Take?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCurrently, there is no recommended dosage for pomegranate extract. However, according to research, people may benefit from a dosage between 350 and 750 mg (8). A higher dosage (1,000 to 3,000 mg) can result in gastric problems, such as diarrhea.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you would like to know the recommended dosage, talk to a health professional to have a clear understanding based on your goals, needs, and current weight.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs Taking Pomegranate Supplements Better Than Drinking Pomegranate Juice?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile pomegranate juice is a good option to drink once in a while, the fact that it contains a high amount of sugar makes it something you need to take in moderation. As a result, you may not be getting all the health benefits that pomegranate has to offer.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this case, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003epomegranate supplements can offer an advantage\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou get a concentrated dose of essential nutrients without all those calories and sugar.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition, pomegranate supplements use different parts of the pomegranate. You obtain extra nutrients. For example, puninic acid is found in the pomegranate’s skin. Research (9) shows this component can help reduce inflammation, support heart health, and promote better-looking skin.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-12-07T03:20:37-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-25T04:11:01-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranates offer a myriad of health benefits, including reduced inflammation, enhanced heart health, support for urinary function, and improved gut health. While pomegranate juice is a viable option, pomegranate supplements provide a concentrated source of nutrients without the concern of adding extra calories and sugar to your diet.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor the ultimate pomegranate supplement, Tahiro presents two exceptional choices: Brain Protect™ Nano Omega-5 Cinnamon and Brain Protect ™ Nano Omega-5 Hemp Oil. Both variants are designed to enhance cognitive function, delay age-related brain degeneration, and sharpen focus.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach of these outstanding supplements contains omega-5 (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\"\u003epunicic acid\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e) extracted from pomegranate seed oil, combined with another neuroprotective ingredient that adds significant value for specific conditions. To learn more about the unique benefits of cinnamon and hemp oil, please visit our articles on \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/uses-and-benefits-of-cinnamon-oil\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/uses-and-benefits-of-cinnamon-oil\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/uses-and-benefits-of-cinnamon-oil\"\u003eCinnamon’s Health Benefits\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil\"\u003eHemp Oil’s Hemp Benefits.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo fully reap the advantages of pomegranate, consistency in consumption is key. That's why Tahiro offers Brain Protect™ in a 90-day supply box comprising three separate bottles, each providing a one-month supply.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"pomegranate-supplements-vs-juice","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561193222312","image":{"created_at":"2023-12-13T09:52:13-08:00","alt":"Are pomegranate supplements as good as pomegranate juice?","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W72P1.jpg?v=1702489934"}},{"id":561178673320,"title":"Pomegranate Benefits: A Bounty of Health Blessings","created_at":"2023-12-05T04:14:51-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are The Health Benefits of Pomegranate?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates are rich in several nutrients, such as potassium, vitamin C, and folate. In addition, they are high in antioxidants, which can bring several health benefits to the body. Here is a list of the possible health benefits of pomegranates. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNutrient-rich\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. As mentioned\u003c\/strong\u003e, pomegranates are packed with essential vitamins and minerals. This makes them a nutritious food that can help improve overall wellness. What sets them apart is their high antioxidant content, such as punicalagin and anthocyanins, which can help reduce oxidative stress (1). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eReduced inflammation\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Thanks to its high antioxidant content, pomegranates can help neutralize free radicals (known to increase inflammation). Regular consumption of pomegranates can, therefore, reduce inflammation (2). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImprove cardiovascular health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Since pomegranates help reduce inflammation, they can help improve heart health. According to studies, it seems that pomegranates can help reduce cholesterol levels (3). Pomegranates also seem to help lower blood pressure (4). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMemory and cognitive function\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Research suggests (5) that the antioxidants in pomegranates can help protect the brain from oxidative stress. So, it may help reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes management\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Thanks to its high fiber content, pomegranates can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. However, keep in mind that pomegranate juice is low in fiber and high in sugar, which can have the opposite effect of lowering blood glucose levels. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEnhance immune function\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Their high vitamin C content can help enhance immune function (6), making it less likely for you to catch a cold. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImproved gut health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Since pomegranates are high in prebiotic fiber, they can help promote gut health and digestion. In addition, their high fiber content can improve bowel movement. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWeight management\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. For those who want to lose weight or maintain it, pomegranates are a great addition due to their high fiber content. Since fiber takes longer to digest, it increases fullness levels, reducing the chance of snacking and overeating. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"What Are The Health Benefits of Pomegranate?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/DAH9nHbr.jpg?v=1706078854\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Much Pomegranate Extract Is Recommended Per Day?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMore research is still needed to determine the recommended dosage for pomegranate extract. However, research suggests that a good intake is between 350 to 750 mg of pomegranate (7) extract per day. Having more than 1,000 to 3,000 mg can increase the risk of digestive issues like diarrhea. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eKeep in that you should always consult with a health professional before adding a new supplement, especially if you are taking chronic medication. Some supplements may interact with certain medications, so it’s always good to seek medical advice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-5 Supplements: How To Consume Pomegranate?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates offer several health benefits. However, you may need to eat a lot of pomegranates to get all of its perks. The problem is that increasing the amount of pomegranates you eat also increases your calorie intake and sugar content. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn this case,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e pomegranate supplements offer a better alternative\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e that provides all the essential nutrients from pomegranates without adding too many calories or sugars. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAnother benefit of pomegranate supplements is that it \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-extract-vs-juice\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003econtains several parts of the pomegranates, not only the juice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e or the seeds. Pomegranate supplements contain the skin, seeds, and juice. As a result, you get different nutrients, such as puninic acid. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePuninic acid contains omega-5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, which can help reduce inflammation, reduce cholesterol levels, and improve insulin sensitivity. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"What is the best pomegranate supplement?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/WC4P8bEs.jpg?v=1705496230\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-12-05T23:50:52-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T16:41:50-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIncorporating pomegranates into your diet undoubtedly offers a myriad of health benefits, from enriching your body with essential nutrients to reducing inflammation and enhancing cardiovascular health. However, the journey to optimal well-being doesn't stop there.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBrain Protect™ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNano Omega 5 is a groundbreaking innovation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e at the intersection of science and nature. Pomegranates have always held the promise of better health, but Brain Protect™ takes this promise to new heights. With its patent-pending nanoformulation, it maximizes the potential of pomegranates, ensuring that you receive the full spectrum of their advantages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhat sets Brain Protect™ apart is its proven contribution to neurological well-being. Beyond traditional pomegranate consumption, this supplement has undergone rigorous testing, both in controlled laboratory conditions and within living organisms. The results are nothing short of remarkable. Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 has not only shown the ability to reduce inflammation but has also demonstrated a significant impact on cognitive function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSo, while pomegranates alone are a potent source of health benefits, Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 unlocks the miraculous power of this superfruit without the added calories and sugars. It captures the essence of pomegranates, the powerful antioxidant, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePunicic Acid,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and enhances it, delivering it to all body organs including the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn conclusion, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBrain Protect™ Nano Omega 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is more than just a supplement;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIt's the key to shielding your brain from age-related decline and preserving your mental acuity, safeguarding your cognitive well-being.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"pomegranate-health-benefits","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561178673320","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-04T06:06:12-08:00","alt":"Health Benefits of Pomegranate","width":280,"height":281,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/CtaMFiYr.jpg?v=1704377173"}},{"id":561178607784,"title":"Benefits Of Omega 3 Fatty Acids Brain Development","created_at":"2023-12-05T03:08:05-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e the body cannot produce. As a result, they need to come through the foods you eat. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. They have numerous roles in the body and help reduce inflammation. While they are mostly found in aminal sources (salmon, herring, and shrimp), you can also find them in algae. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDHA (docosahexaenoic acid)\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. They are an important structural component of your skin and eyes. You can find them in sea products, like fatty fish and algae. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eALA (alpha-linoleic acid)\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. It is the most common form of omega-3 and a precursor for EPA and DHA. You can mostly find them in plant sources, like soybeans, chia seeds, flaxseeds, and hemp seeds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBenefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere is a lot of evidence stating the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Here are some of the possible benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cb\u003eReduced inflammation\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Long-term inflammation can increase the risk of chronic illnesses. Omega-3 fatty acids seem to have anti-inflammatory properties, helping reduce inflammatory markers (1). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImproves heart health\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce triglycerides (2). Also, it can increase HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) and decrease the risk of blood clots. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImproves eye health\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Since DHA plays a structural component of the retina, including a daily source of omega-3 can decrease the risk of macular degeneration (3). \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecreases depression and anxiety\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Research (4) shows that omega-3 supplements may benefit people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e depression and anxiety\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, helping them reduce their symptoms. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOne of the strongest benefits of omega-3 fatty acids is its effect on brain health, both for adults and children. So, let’s take a closer look at the role of omega-3 in the brain. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Do Omega-3s Affect the Brain?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W63P3.jpg?v=1705498244\" alt=\"How Do Omega-3s Affect the Brain?\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W63P3.jpg?v=1705498244\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential for normal function and development in all life stages. They are part of the brain cells (particularly the cell’s membranes) and help facilitate the communication between brain cells. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn a 2022 study (5), 2,183 people were analyzed on their fatty acid composition and had an MRI taken. Based on the results, people with larger blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids had higher grey matter volume, leading to better reading and logical scores. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOther studies show that \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-pregnancy\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eomega-3 acid consumption during pregnancy\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e can improve brain development in the child (6). A study showed that women taking fish oil for brain health and their children had higher scores on brain function tests. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFinally, omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of dementia and improve brain function in those with dementia (7). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich Is Better For The Brain EPA or DHA?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe two most important sources of omega-3 are DHA and EPA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. But is one more important than the other? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDHA may improve brain development, memory, and overall cognitive function. However, EPA is best known for its effect on mood (8). Since they have different functions in the brain, it’s best to include both of them in the diet. Some omega-3 fatty acids may provide one more than the other, but the best options contain a combination. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Long Does It Take For Omega-3 To Improve Brain Function?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhen it comes to omega-3, you cannot expect to see the results immediately.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Reducing inflammation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand promoting all the brain-boosting benefits can take some time. While the time it takes to see the results may vary, on average, you may start noticing the effects 4 to 6 weeks after consistently taking omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, keep in mind that the best results of omega-3 are seen when taken consistently for 60 to 90 days. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eShould You Take Omega 3 for Your Brain?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYou can find natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids. However, it is difficult to determine how much each food has since it depends on the source and farming processes. And, based on the research available, taking omega-3 regularly seems to have the greatest benefits. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFor that reason, an \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acid supplement may be the best choice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e since you get a daily dose of omega-3, no matter what foods you add. Just make sure you choose a high-quality supplement. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat’s Better For Brain Development: Fish Oil or Algae?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"fish oil vs algae Which Omega is best for brain development?\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W63P4.jpg?v=1705498281\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are two main sources of omega-3 fatty acid supplements: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003efish oil and algae\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Most people focus on the first one without considering the latter one. However, research shows (9) that omega-3 fatty acids coming from algae have a high DHA-to-EPA ratio, which can help \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eimprove cognitive function\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and boost overall brain health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOne of the benefits of omega-3 supplements coming from algae is that they’re suitable for people who prefer a plant-based diet. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-12-05T23:50:26-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:13:07-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids have numerous health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and improving heart health. But one of the strongest benefits is improved brain function. While there are natural sources of omega-3, keeping a consistent dose through foods may be challenging. In this case, omega-3 supplements can be helpful.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eTahiro's omega-3 supplement\u003c\/a\u003e is more than just a vegan option; it's a commitment to sustainability and quality. Providing optimal DHA to EPA ratio, carefully sourced from algae, these essential fatty acids are designed to enhance focus, mitigate the risk of age-related brain diseases, and elevate cognitive function. The sofgels are easy to swallow, offering a pleasant experience without any fishy taste, odor, or fishy burps. Whether you're already taking Omega-3 or considering starting, you can do so risk-free with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro \u003c\/a\u003eOmega-3, backed by our money-back guarantee.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-3-benefits-brain-function","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561178607784","image":{"created_at":"2023-12-11T22:15:49-08:00","alt":"Can Omega-3 Really Boost Brain Development Function?","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W63P1.jpg?v=1708359458"}},{"id":561123983528,"title":"Pomegranate Perks: A Berry Good Tale for Moms-to-Be","created_at":"2023-11-21T22:39:44-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat-is-Pomegranate-Extract\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate extract\u003c\/strong\u003e is derived from the various components of the Punica granatum fruit, which usually includes the juice, seeds, and peel.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to being dense in nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins C and K, pomegranate contains many \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eantioxidants such as ellagitannins and punicalagin.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEllagitannins are a type of polyphenol that, upon consumption, is metabolized into urolithins that offer potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePunicalagins, on the other hand, are unique to the pomegranate fruit\u003c\/strong\u003e and are known for their cardiovascular benefits, particularly managing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thus boosting heart health.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to these antioxidants, pomegranate extract contains \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 fatty acid, predominantly in the form of punicic acid\u003c\/strong\u003e – a constituent of pomegranate seed oil.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile punicalagins are potent antioxidants found mainly in juice and peel, \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\"\u003epunicic acid \u003c\/a\u003eoffers its own range of benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may help protect cells and maintain a healthy metabolism.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor pregnant women, the benefits of Omega-5 may be shared between the expectant mother and developing baby. While Omega-5 is lesser-known than Omega-3 and 6, there is burgeoning evidence highlighting its benefits. Some specific studies for pregnant women are explored below.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAll in all, pomegranate extract offers a powerful, synergistic collection of natural compounds that work together to support and enhance overall health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the Benefits of Pomegranate Extract During Pregnancy?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"What are the Benefits of Pomegranate Extract During Pregnancy?\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W62P3.jpg?v=1702362687\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W62P3.jpg?v=1702362687\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\"\u003ePomegranate extract offers a wide range of nutritional benefits\u003c\/a\u003e, but it also may yield specific benefits for pregnant women, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupport for Placental Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Pomegranate extract's rich supply of antioxidants can contribute positively to the well-being of the placenta. The health of this organ is paramount as it serves as the baby's lifeline, supplying vital nutrients and oxygen.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePotential to Reduce Pregnancy Complications\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some research indicates that pomegranate extract might help decrease the risk of complications during pregnancy.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCombating Oxidative Stress\u003c\/strong\u003e: The robust antioxidant properties of pomegranate extract can shield against oxidative stress, which is a priority during pregnancy for both women and child. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRecent studies directly address the benefits of pomegranate for pregnant women.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA 2021 study published in Nature Scientific Reports has explored the impact of pomegranate juice, which is rich in polyphenols including punicalagin – also in pomegranate extract – on the developing brains of infants, particularly in cases where pregnancies were affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 99 mothers with IUGR diagnosed between 24 - 34 weeks of gestation were divided into two groups. One group was given 8 ounces of pomegranate juice daily, while the other received a placebo, with the regimen continuing until delivery.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e57 infants were subjected to MRI scans at term-equivalent age to evaluate brain structure and any possible injury. The scans focused on brain volumes and the microstructure of white matter.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe key finding was that infants whose mothers consumed pomegranate juice exhibited a lower risk of brain injuries. This included less incidence of injury to white matter and cortical gray matter compared to the placebo group.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs it Safe to Take Pomegranate Extract During Pregnancy?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate extract is generally viewed as safe for most expectant mothers.Research has clarified pomegranate consumption likely doesn’t pose serious side effects, though large-scale studies are required to confirm this.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNo side effects were found in either of the above studies investigating pomegranate supplementation during pregnancy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis confirmed findings from other non-pregnancy-related studies that also revealed no side effects associated with pomegranate extract consumption.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncreasing dietary intake of pomegranate during pregnancy is likely safe, but it’s essential to contact a clinician about supplementing during pregnancy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is especially important if you’re taking other medication.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre There Any Risks Associated with Taking Pomegranate Extract During Pregnancy?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile pomegranate is well-tolerated, the adage \"too much of a good thing\" still applies. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile its safety profile is reassuring for moderate consumption, there are still limits to how much pomegranate extract one should consume.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the case of pomegranate juice, like most fruit juices, pomegranate juice contains relatively high sugar levels.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGastrointestinal Sensitivities:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA high intake of pomegranate extract might lead to gastrointestinal discomfort. Pregnant women might experience symptoms like bloating, gas, or upset stomach.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMonitoring Sugar Levels:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePomegranate juice, the base of many extracts, naturally contains sugars. Maintaining a balanced blood sugar level is key, as excessive sugar can contribute to unwanted weight gain and potentially impact gestational diabetes. A mindful approach to sugar intake is essential.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupplement Selection and Quality Control:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSelecting high-quality supplements is critical. Opt for products from reputable manufacturers that adhere to strict quality standards and testing protocols to ensure purity and potency.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsuming pomegranate extract, or supplements that contain some of its beneficial compounds, such as Omega-5, could help avoid any of these side effects.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eThe Recommended Dosage of Omega-5 for Pregnant Women\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 from pomegranate is one of the key components that give the fruit its powerful health benefits.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe world of fatty acids, including Omega-5 found in pomegranate seed oil, is a complex one with no one-size-fits-all dosage guidelines, especially for pregnant women.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile Omega-5s are not as well-known as their Omega-3 counterparts, they still play a role in a balanced diet.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith no established specific dosage recommendations for omega-5 during pregnancy, the best course of action is to adhere to the manufacturer's suggested intake for pomegranate extract supplements or seek advice from a healthcare professional.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Why-Choose-Nano-Omega-5-Supplements-\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhy Choose Nano Omega-5 Supplements?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W62P4.jpg?v=1702362834\" alt=\"pomegranate extract supplement for pregnant woman\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W62P4.jpg?v=1702362834\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 supplements like Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 Cinnamon \u0026amp; Nano Omega 5 Hemp Oil offer a high-quality and bioavailable form of punicic acid, an omega-5 fatty acid found in pomegranate seed oil.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese supplements are formulated for optimal absorption, making it easier to obtain the benefits of pomegranate extract.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncorporating pomegranate extract during pregnancy could offer a wide range of health benefits for both the expectant mother and developing child.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you're considering adding this supplement to your prenatal care routine, explore Tahiro’s Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5, which is scientifically proven and professionally vetted by clinicians.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 id=\"Why-Choose-Nano-Omega-5-Supplements-\" class=\"title new_blog_article\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/h4\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-11-22T02:02:22-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:12:27-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"pomegranates-during-pregnancy","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561123983528","image":{"created_at":"2023-12-07T00:13:09-08:00","alt":"Pomegranates during pregnancy","width":766,"height":766,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/large-Pomegranate_Juice_vs_Extract_1_1.jpg?v=1703069430"}},{"id":561100718248,"title":"Cost of Dementia in the US: What's the Real Price Tag in 2024?","created_at":"2023-11-17T01:12:37-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is not a single disease. In fact, it is a term to describe a collection of symptoms people experience when there are \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\"\u003eabnormal brain changes\u003c\/a\u003e. These changes in the brain can cause a decline in cognitive abilities and affect everyday activities.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe most common form of Dementia is Alzheimer’s (60-80% (1)), followed by vascular dementia. There are other forms of dementia, such as Parkinson’s and frontotemporal dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are two main forms of dementia treatment: medication and environmental changes (modifying the environment and occupational therapy). The combination of these treatments can help bring some sense of normal life to the person with dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Many People In The US Have Dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 55 million people (2) have dementia. And, in the US, the statistics are equally alarming. It’s estimated that 6.7 million people in the US have dementia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBut, what is more alarming is that it is projected that by 2050, 12.7 million people will have \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003eAlzheimer’s\u003c\/a\u003e (just one of the forms of dementia). That is why more and more research is destined to find ways to help prevent and treat dementia. Another reason is the cost it has on the health care system.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is The Cost of Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEvidence shows that the cost of dementia is very high. Worldwide, in 2019, the estimated cost for the 55.2 million people with dementia was $1313.4 billion (3). This means that it took $23,796 per person to treat dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOf the total, 16% were directed to medical costs, 34% to social sector costs (such as long-term care), and 50% to informal care.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the US, things are not that different.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn 2023, the cost of dementia may reach $345 billion (4) without including unpaid caregiving. Regarding Medicare and Medicaid, they are expected to cover $222 billion, while $87 billion is expected to be paid out-of-pocket.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe total cost of care for a person with dementia is estimated at more than $390,000. And, it is estimated that the overall cost of dementia may increase by more than $1 trillion by 2050.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"What Is The Cost of Dementia?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/Vut3rv4b.jpg?v=1705495228\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eFactors That Affect The Cost of Care\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe cost of dementia per person may be affected by several factors. Here are some of the factors that affect if the cost may be cheaper or more expensive.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe state you live in\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePopulation density (rural vs. urban)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLocal laws\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAgency vs. independent care\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeasonality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDemand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eActivities you need help with\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTax credits and deductions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eLifestyle Habits To Prevent Or Reduce Dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs you can see, the cost of dementia can be costly to both the country and the families. There are ways to help prevent dementia as you get older. Exercise, nutrition, and challenging the mind are all ways to help you prevent dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExercise:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eLeading an active life not only helps keep a healthy cardiovascular system but it can also reduce the risk of dementia. Strive for 150 minutes of light to moderate activity, and ask a health professional to determine your best type of movement.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDon’t smoke.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eSmoking can affect the brain’s blood vessels, increasing the risk of dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDrink less alcohol\u003c\/strong\u003e. Drinking high levels of alcohol can affect the brain. So, while you don’t need to eliminate it, ensure you drink in moderation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStay mentally active\u003c\/strong\u003e. Engaging in mental or social activities can help your brain cope with disease. It can also help reduce stress and keep you sharp.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEat healthy\u003c\/strong\u003e. Eating a varied diet with whole grains, lean protein, healthy fats, fruits, and vegetables can provide the essential nutrients you need to keep the body (and brain) healthy. Ensure you are getting a diet high in antioxidants since they can help reduce the damage of free radicals and promote good brain function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eNano Omega-5: A Promising Approach To Slowing Down or Preventing Dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile nutrition, exercise, and other lifestyle habits are good, sometimes you may need additional help to keep a healthy brain. In this case, nutritional supplements can be the best aid to help decrease the risk of age-related mental decline. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Protect™ offers two options: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003eNano Omega-5 Hemp Oil\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003eNano Omega-5 Cinnamon\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003eThe key ingredient in both is Omega-5\u003c\/a\u003e, one of nature’s most potent antioxidants, crucial in reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, Hemp and Cinnamon are both neuroprotective ingredients with well-established benefits.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003eWhat sets Brain Protect™ apart is its cutting-edge nanotechnology formulation\u003c\/a\u003e. Thanks to its technology, it bypasses the digestive tract, enhancing the bioavailability of its powerful ingredients. In addition, it converts its molecules into tiny droplets capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier while maintaining the integrity of the original molecule structure. As a result, Brain Protect™ delivers these essential components to all body organs, including the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Protect™ has undergone rigorous in vivo and in vitro testing, demonstrating its remarkable ability to enhance cognitive function and potentially slow cognitive decline. Notably, results can be observed as early as 30 days after consistent use. However, the most optimal results are typically experienced between 60 to 90 days of consistent use. During this time, the body's cells reach saturation, maximizing the benefits.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"tahiro brain protect supplement\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/tSdEAuOk.jpg?v=1705495144\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-11-21T22:36:29-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:11:51-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDementia has a significant impact on the cost of medical care. Since people with dementia need special facilities, assistance, and medication, it can result in high medical bills. On average, over $23,000 is spent each year to help treat the condition. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eInvesting in preventative care can help reduce the country’s medical bills related to dementia. Exercise, nutrition, and good lifestyle choices all play an important role in helping prevent signs of dementia as you age. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro’s supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e can help reduce oxidative stress in the brain, such as Brain Protect™ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\"\u003eNano Omega-5\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, which can be effective tools to reduce its risk. \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"cost-of-dementia-care","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561100718248","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-09T10:24:32-08:00","alt":"what's the cost of dementia in us","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Wse19U2w.jpg?v=1704824673"}},{"id":561053434024,"title":"Cinnamon Oil or Extract: Are They the Same?","created_at":"2023-11-06T03:56:06-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is Cinnamon Oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon oil (1) comes from the bark or the leaves of the cinnamon tree. While cinnamon oil might come from different types of cinnamon, the most commonly used is Cassia cinnamon.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSince it’s a concentrated version of cinnamon, it has quite a strong flavor.\u003c\/strong\u003e In fact, people say it is four to ten times stronger than regular cinnamon.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is Cinnamon Extract?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon extract, also known as cinnamon essence, is created by infusing cinnamon sticks in alcohol. The alcohol extracts the key components of the cinnamon and concentrates them in the solution.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne of its biggest benefits is that alcohol not only helps extract all the medicinal properties of cinnamon but it also acts as a preserving agent.\u003c\/strong\u003e As a result, it can have a very long shelf life.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHealth Benefits of Cinnamon\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCinnamon offers several health benefits. Here are some possible benefits you may obtain by including cinnamon oil or extract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigh in antioxidants. Cinnamon is high in antioxidants, which can help reduce free radicals and decrease inflammation. According to research (2), cinnamon can help reduce inflammatory markers.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproved heart health.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eResearch shows that cinnamon can help reduce triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels, improving heart health (3).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBetter insulin sensitivity. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. Evidence suggests (4) that cinnamon can help improve insulin sensitivity and decrease the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproved immune function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIt seems that cinnamon has antibacterial, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties (5), providing extra protection against external agents that may cause harm. '\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoosts cognitive function.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eStudies (6) seem to suggest that \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\"\u003ecinnamon can help improve cognitive function\u003c\/a\u003e thanks to some of its components, such as eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamic acid. It may also help reduce the risk of mental issues like \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003eAlzheimer’s disease.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"What are the Health Benefits of Cinnamon\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W64P3_480x480.jpg?v=1705496590\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W64P3_480x480.jpg?v=1705496590\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCinnamon Oil vs. Cinnamon Extract\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn order to choose the best option, it’s essential to understand the differences between cinnamon oil vs. extract.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimilarities\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth options are concentrated versions of cinnamon.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can use both of them for cooking.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey have a strong cinnamon flavor.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSince they contain cinnamon, they have the same health benefits.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth should be stored in a cool place away from direct sunlight.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Differences \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCinnamon oil has a stronger flavor than cinnamon extract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides cooking, cinnamon oil is often used in aromatherapy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCinnamon extract is better for cooking cakes, pies, ice cream, and cookies. On the other hand, cinnamon oil is better for making candy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre Cinnamon Oil and Cinnamon Extract The Same?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon oil and cinnamon extract are not the same thing. While both options use cinnamon as their main ingredient, they are dissolved in different solutions (one in alcohol and the other in oil). As a result, they are used in different cooking preparations. Also, cinnamon oil is more concentrated than cinnamon extract, resulting in a stronger flavor.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, they both contain the same health benefits attributed to cinnamon, such as decreased blood glucose levels, \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003eimproved brain function\u003c\/a\u003e, and enhanced immune function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-11-08T03:50:09-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:10:55-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are several benefits of cinnamon, which is why it’s a spice worth adding to your daily routine. However, while some people like cinnamon, consuming high quantities of cinnamon may not be pleasant due to its powerful flavor, it can be overwhelming to consume high quantities of it. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn this case, a cinnamon supplement can provide you with the health benefits of cinnamon without dreading taking your daily cinnamon dose. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSo, if you are convinced that cinnamon is worth adding, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003eBrain Protect Nano Omega-5 Cinnamon can be the best option\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e to include cinnamon in your diet without getting the overpowering flavor of cinnamon. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn each serving, you get pomegranate seed oil, omega 5 (punicic acid), and cinnamon. This powerful combo may help improve memory, delay age-related cognitive problems, improve focus, and protect brain health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe best part is that it comes in easy-to-swallow capsule gels. And, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eoffers a 30-day money-back guarantee. So, there is nothing to lose. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"cinnamon-oil-vs-cinnamon-extract","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561053434024","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-23T22:55:00-08:00","alt":"Cinnamon Oil vs. Extract: What is the Difference Between Them?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W74P1.jpg?v=1706079300"}},{"id":561053401256,"title":"Pomegranate Concentrate vs. Pomegranate Juice - A Sweet Showdown","created_at":"2023-11-06T03:01:23-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are The Benefits Of Pomegranates For Women?\u003c\/h4\u003e\nPomegranates offer a wide array of health benefits that can be highly beneficial for women. Here are some of the possible health benefits of pomegranates. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSupports Heart Health - \u003c\/strong\u003eAccording to research, over 60 million women in the US (44%) have some kind of heart disease (1). Since pomegranates are high in polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins and tannins, they can help reduce inflammation, leading to improved heart health. In addition, polyphenols have been linked to reduced blood pressure and improved cholesterol levels, which can contribute to a healthier heart (2).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHormonal Balance - \u003c\/strong\u003ePomegranates are a rich source of phytoestrogens, which are plant-based compounds that mimic estrogen (3). This can be particularly beneficial for women who are going through menopause since it may help alleviate the symptoms associated with hormonal fluctuations (hot flashes and mood swings).\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eImproved Skin Health\u003c\/strong\u003e - Many women invest thousands of dollars in trying to keep healthy and young-looking skin. However, what most women don’t realize is that healthy skin comes from within. The antioxidants in pomegranates help protect the skin from UV damage, reduce the signs of aging, and promote collagen promotion (4). As a result, pomegranate may lead to smoother and youthful-looking skin.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFertility and Reproductive Health\u003c\/strong\u003e - Pomegranates are a good source of folate (B9). It seems that one pomegranate offers 24% of the daily recommended value for folate (5). Folate is an essential B vitamin since it plays an important role in fetal development during pregnancy. In addition, the antioxidants in pomegranates may help protect reproductive cells from oxidative damage, which can potentially improve fertility.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBone Health\u003c\/strong\u003e - Osteoporosis is a common concern for women as they age. According to studies, one in three women can be at risk of developing osteoporosis (6). And, the statistics seem to get higher once they reach menopause since over 82% of postmenopausal women have osteoporosis fractures (7). Pomegranates contain several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin K and potassium, which are essential for maintaining strong and healthy bones. These nutrients may contribute to better bone density and lower risk of fractures.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWeight Management\u003c\/strong\u003e - Maintaining a healthy weight is essential for overall well-being. Pomegranates may be just the right tool you need to aid in weight management. Their high fiber content can help you feel full and satisfied, reducing the likelihood of overeating and promoting weight loss.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhy Are Pomegranates So Good For You?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe’ve seen the incredible health benefits of pomegranates. But why exactly do pomegranates offer so many health benefits? The answer relies on their high antioxidant content.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntioxidants are molecules that help protect our bodies from the harmful effects of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress happens when there is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants. This imbalance can lead to cell damage, inflammation, and increased risk of chronic illnesses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince pomegranates are high in antioxidants, they can help neutralize those free radicals, reducing inflammation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Can Women Include Pomegranates?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIncluding pomegranates in your diet can be an effective way to get all the powerful benefits of antioxidants. You can enjoy them as a snack, in smoothies, salads, or as a garnish for various dishes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother way to include pomegranates is by drinking pomegranate juice. However, make sure you find 100% pomegranate juice since most options are high in sugars or preservatives. Be sure to check the label before purchasing one.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe best results seen with pomegranates are by adding a consistent daily dose. But if pomegranates are too expensive, or they are not in season, adding a pomegranate supplement can help you get all the wonderful benefits of pomegranates daily and through a consistent dose.\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-11-08T03:49:45-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:10:07-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePomegranates are for being one of the most powerful superfoods available. These suby-red gems are not only a delicious treat to have, but they are also packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. As a result, they offer a wide range of health benefits.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNow, when it comes to women’s health, pomegranates may seem to be a valuable addition to the diet. They may help support heart health, sexual health, and hormonal balance. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn this article, we’ll review all the possible health benefits of pomegranates in women. We’ll dive into their role in heart health and skin beauty. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"pomegranate-extract-vs-juice","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561053401256","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-18T01:44:59-08:00","alt":"Pomegranate Juice vs Extract","width":764,"height":764,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Pomegranate_Juice_vs_Extract_1_1.jpg?v=1708249499"}},{"id":561010770088,"title":"Alzheimer’s Disease","created_at":"2023-10-27T05:48:44-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts alzheimer’s-disease\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eReview \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:26pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlzheimer's Disease\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:18pt\"\u003eDementia Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing: A Systematic Review \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:14pt\"\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc\u003csup\u003e1,6\u003c\/sup\u003e, Olga L. Pedraza, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, Andrea Rodr´ıguez, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Erick Sa´nchez, MD\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eIgnasi Gich, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ivan Sola`, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Xavier Bonfill, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e, and Pablo Alonso-Coello, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e28(2) 111-119 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eª \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eThe Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003esagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e DOI: 10.1177\/1533317512470209 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/aja.sagepub.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eaja.sagepub.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e   \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAbstract \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with a growing incidence during the last decades. Clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and presence of AD biomarkers have become important issues for early and adequate treatment. We performed a systematic literature search and quality appraisal of AD dementia guidelines, published between 2005 and 2011, which contained diagnostic recommendations on AD dementia. We also analyzed diagnostic recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests, neuropsychological evaluation, and AD biomarkers. Of the 537 retrieved references, 15 met the selection criteria. We found that Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II domains such as applicability and editorial independence had the lowest scores. The wide variability on assessment of quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were the main concerns identified regarding diagnostic testing. Although the appropriate methodology for clinical practice guideline development is well known, the quality of diagnostic AD dementia guidelines can be significantly improved. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eKeywords \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDiagnosis, Alzheimer's disease dementia, systematic review, clinical practice guideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eBackground \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThe world population is rapidly aging, which causes a significant increase in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases, with serious consequences in terms of global public health. The prevalence of diseases such as dementia is nearly 42 million patients in 2012, with approximately 4.6 million new cases a year.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e These figures would increase up to 300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eby 2040, with an impact on expenditure of over US$ 422 billion.\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia), the most common dementia in the Western world, is defined as a cogni- tive decline documented by standardized testing on 2 or more domains, which interferes with daily function and represents a decline in previous levels.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Recently, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke– Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria have been updated and presented 3 different types of AD dementia according to presence of core clinical criteria only (probable), an atypical course without differential diagnosis (possible), or neuropathological evidence (definitive).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eThe presence of cognitive impairment, especially in the memory domain, is a fundamental part of the clinical criteria used to diagnose AD dementia. This impairment must be detected and \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003ediagnosed through a combination of clinical history analysis and objective cognitive assessment by means of a brief mental evaluation or comprehensive neuropsychological testing.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e The latter reflects the clinical dimension of the disease and characterizes the type of presentation. However, new trends in AD dementia\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/122922_1031_AlzheimersD1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ediagnosis suggest the need to reflect upon the biological dimension of the disease, including biomarkers related to brain amyloid-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eprotein deposition and downstream neuronal degeneration.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eSeveral clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of AD dementia have been published in different countries. These offer users (professionals and health administrators, patients and caregivers, among others) clinical recommendations for daily practice based on the best available evidence.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Although CPGs have become a useful clinical tool, their quality can vary and could be improved.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e The CPG assessment must be conducted in an objective manner using standardized instruments that address issues such as rigor of development, clarity of recommendations, and applicability, among others.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e It is also important to analyze the differences in recommendations among guidelines focused on the same topic, which can vary and even be contradictory.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThere are previous studies related to the assessment of the quality and content of AD dementia CPGs, but these were not conducted systematically and did not assess recommendations on AD dementia diagnosis.\u003csup\u003e11-14\u003c\/sup\u003e The purpose of this review was to assess the quality of CPGs that focuses on the diagnosis of AD dementia as well as to examine the recommendations on 3 critical aspects of AD diagnosis: initial testing with brief cognitive screening tools, use of neuropsychological assessment, and use of biomarkers of amyloid-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eaccumulation and neuronal injury. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eMethods \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe performed a systematic review of AD dementia CPGs retrieved from the Web sites of guideline developers (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, among others), CPG compilers (National Guidelines Clearinghouse, National Library of Guidelines, GIN Web site, among others), and institutions that conduct research related to dementia. We complemented this search in MEDLINE, using the terms ''dementia,'' ''Alzheimer,'' and ''elderly,'' with a methodological filter to search for CPGs (the full search strategy is available upon request). The CPGs with diagnostic recommendations in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between January 2005 and December 2011 were included. Previous versions of the same guideline, letters to the editor, or guidelines with a focus on population screening or general mental health were excluded.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eTwo authors independently selected all potentially eligible studies by reading the titles and abstracts of the retrieved refer- ences. Subsequently, 4 trained authors independently assessed the quality of each CPG using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II tool.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e This instrument includes the evaluation of 6 domains: Scope and Purpose, Stakeholder Involvement, Rigor of Development, Clarity of Presentation, Applicability, and Editorial Independence. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its 95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003econfidence interval (95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCI) were calculated to assess interrater agreement. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS1 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eFor the analyses of recommendations regarding diagnostic testing, we only included guidelines of high quality, defined as those with scores equal to or greater than 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ein the ''Rigor of development'' domain. We used this cutoff point as an adequate figure to reflect that a valid and transparent process had been adopted in the development of recommendations.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c\/sup\u003e For each guideline, 3 authors extracted recommendations concerning: (1) the brief cognitive instruments recommended for initial evaluation of patients with suspected AD dementia, (2) the use of neuropsychological assessment, and (3) the use of biomarkers in patients with suspected AD dementia. The recommendations (sentences) of each CPG were extracted along with the quality of evidence, strength of the recommendation, and type of studies included. This information was synthesized in a recommendation matrix for further analysis. All disagreements were resolved by consensus. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll paper and pencil tests used for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia were classified as brief cognitive instruments. Neuropsychological assessment was defined as all comprehensive and standardized cognitive evaluations, including appraisal of memory, language, executive functions, and visual spatial abilities conducted by trained clinicians. Recommendations on the following AD biomarkers were included: low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e levels, positive retention of tracer in positron emission tomography (PET), elevated Tau protein levels in CSF (total or phosphorylated), decreased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET reflected in the temporoparietal cortex, and presence of patterns of atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial parietal cortex.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eResults \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe retrieved a total of 537 citations and excluded 518 that were not related to AD dementia. We also excluded letters to the editor as well as CPGs in languages other than English, Spanish, and Portuguese, those with recommendations concerning only a subset of patients with dementia, and those with general recommendations for mental health. In all, 4 CPGs containing therapeutic recommendations only were also excluded (Figure 1). We assessed 15 CPGs distributed among 22 individual references.\u003csup\u003e16-37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWe found that the domains with the highest scores were ''Scope and Purpose'' and ''Clarity of Presentation'' (75.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eand 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e, respectively), whereas ''Applicability'' and ''Editorial Independence'' had the lowest figures (32.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eand 47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e, respectively). Only 1 (6.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) CPG had scores above 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ein all domains.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e All the 6 (40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) guidelines had ratings equal to or above 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003efor the ''Rigor of Development'' domain\u003csup\u003e18,19,25,30,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 1). We classified these as guidelines of high quality. Agreement among reviewers was considerable (ICC 0.78, 95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCI: 0.60-0.91). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eOf the 15 identified guidelines, 4 did not report a system to grade evidence or recommendations. Conversely, the 6 high-quality CPGs used 4 different grading systems. The most commonly used system, out of these 4, was that developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e).\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e Only \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e113 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFigure 1. Flowchart of the systematic search. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e1 CPG used a tool specifically designed for diagnostic questions\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 2). One CPG presented a diagnostic classification system in the Methods section, but after concluding that there was no enough information to address the diagnostic topics, they based their recommendations on an expert consensus and presented them without graduation of strength.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll the 15 included guidelines had information on at least 1 of the 3 critical aspects of AD dementia diagnosis included in this review. In all, 14 (93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) provided recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD, 9 (60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) presented recommendations on the use of neuropsychological tests, and 4 (26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) presented explicit recommendations on the use of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBrief Cognitive Test Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll 6 (100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) high-quality guidelines provided recommendations on the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD dementia. They emphasized the importance of conducting a formal cognitive assessment using objective and valid instruments, although 3 (50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of them did not recommend any test in particular (Table 3). A total of 19 brief instruments were recommended in the guidelines \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eretrieved, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) being the most frequently recommended. Of the 6 high-quality guidelines, 5 (83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) considered information on national validation and standardization of recommended tests, and 2 (33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of them, recommended the use of MMSE versions validated in the country where the CPG had been developed.\u003csup\u003e34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eObservational designs, especially cohorts and cross-sectional studies, were the most frequently included study designs. We found disagreements between the quality assessment of evidence and the confidence of recommendation among the high-quality guidelines. The former varied from very low to high depending on the system used. The strength of recommendation ranged from A to C (Table 3). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll the 6 (100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) high-quality guidelines presented recommendations related to the use of neuropsychological tests. They recommended neuropsychological testing only when the diagnosis is unclear, when there is uncertainty about the stage of the disease, or when a differential diagnosis needs to be ruled out. Again, observational studies were the most frequently included type of design included. The quality of the evidence varied from very low to high and the strength of recommendations \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. The AGREE II Domain-Standardized Scores for CPG on Alzheimer´s Dementia Diagnostic Recommendations. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:104px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:84px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:85px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:68px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:79px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrganization\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublication Year\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCountry and Language\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScope and Purpose\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStakeholder Involvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRigor of Development\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClarity of Presentation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eApplicability\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEditorial Independence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 45px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil\u003csup\u003e16,17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazil, Portuguese\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazilian Academy of Neurology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia: supporting people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNational Institute for Health and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia and their carers in health and social care\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical Excellence (NICE) \u0026amp; Social Care Institute for Excellence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNetwork\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRecommendations for best practices\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThe Alzheimer's Drug Discovery\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 56px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ein the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in managed care\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFoundation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health, Singapore\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSingapore, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 1pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognitive impairment in the elderly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBritish Columbia Medical Association\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003erecognition, diagnosis, and management\u003csup\u003e20\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis and treatment of dementia\u003csup\u003e23-29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThird Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTreatment of Dementia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline for Alzheimer's disease management\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCalifornia Workgroup on Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e Dementia: diagnosis and treatment \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eguideline\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia in elderly in primary care\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 2. Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation Systems Used. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eQuality of the Evidence    Strength of Recommendation    CPG \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSIGN\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e    1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or RCTs with a very low risk of bias. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eWell-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a low risk of bias. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies; high- quality case–control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eNonanalytic studies, eg, case reports, case series. 4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eExpert opinion. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review of RCTs, or RCT rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eand directly applicable to the target population; or a body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel B    A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel C A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ethe target population and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel D Evidence level 3 or 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e19,34 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1    Evidence obtained from at least 1 proper RCT. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomi- zation, or evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies preferably from more than 1 center or research group, or evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments are included in this category. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOpinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A. There is good evidence to support this maneuver.    \u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B. There is fair evidence to support this maneuver. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against this maneuver, but recommendations may be made on other grounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel D. There is a fair evidence to recommend against this procedure. Level E. There is good evidence to recommend against this procedure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEFNS Classification    I    A prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons with the suspected \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003econdition, using a ''Gold Standard'' for case definition, where the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 188pt\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eA prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of per- sons with an established condition (by Gold Standard) compared to a broad spectrum of controls, where test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence provided by a retrospective study where either persons with the established condition or controls are of a narrow spectrum, and where test is applied in a blinded evaluation. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClass IV Any design where test is not applied in blinded evaluation or evidence provided by expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series (without controls). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A rating (established as useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive).    \u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B rating (established as probably useful\/predictive or not useful\/ predictive). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C rating (established as possibly useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive) requires at least 2 convincing class III studies. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care and SIGN Modified \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eI Evidence obtained from at least 1 properly designed RCT. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without rando- mization. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than 1 center or research group. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the inter- vention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments could also be regarded as this type of evidence. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIII Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience; descriptive studies and case reports; or reports of expert committees. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT, or    \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eevidence rated as good and directly applicable to the target population \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B Evidence from well-conducted clinical trials, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or evidence extrapolated from meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C    Evidence from expert committee reports, or opinions and\/or clinical experiences of respected authorities; indicates absence of directly applicable clinical studies of good quality. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; SIGN, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; RCT, randomized controlled trials. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e116    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 3. Recommendations for Brief Cognitive Tests in AD Dementia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eN    Level of Evidence    Grade of Recommendation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eMMSE and\/or other tests    3    2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19,34\u003c\/sup\u003e and III\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    B\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e, C,\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e and A\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGeneric recommendation about brief cognitive test    3    2,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e I,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and expert consensus\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e    B,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e A,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and no strength\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 4. Neuropsychological Assessment Recommendations in AD Dementia Guidelines. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e.    Level of Evidence \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrade of Recommendation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Fomal neuropsychological testing should form part of the assessment in cases of mild or questionable dementia''\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Neuropsychological testing should be used in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in patients where dementia is not clinically obvious''\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia is currently a clinically integrative one. Neuropsychological testing alone cannot be used for this purpose and should be used selectively in clinical settings. Neuropsychological testing may aid in: addressing the distinction between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia, and early dementia; addressing the risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia to dementia or Alzheimer dementia; determining the differential diagnosis of dementia and other syndromes of cognitive impairment.''\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''When the diagnosis of dementia is inconclusive, then neuropsychological tests will be required''\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''We recommend performed a detailed neuropsychological evaluation by specific tests when there are discrepancies between the clinical impression and screening tests, diagnostic concerns or when the complaints are of short duration or limited to a single cognitive domain''\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Quantitative neuropsychological testing should be made in patients with questionable or very early Alzheimer Dementia''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The assessment of cognitive functions should include a general cognitive measure and more detailed testing of the main cognitive domains, and in particular an assessment of delay recall''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eExpert consensus    No strength 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e, 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eB \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2    B \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII    C \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e4    D \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 31pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII, I    B, A \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviation: AD, Alzheimer's disease. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003efrom A to D, similar to brief cognitive recommendations. None of the CPGs proposed a specific neuropsychological battery of instruments and only 1 guideline included a recommendation about the assessment of major cognitive domains (memory, executive functions, language, attention, and visuospatial skills; Table 4).\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe AD Biomarkers Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eOnly 4 (66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of the 6 high-quality CPGs presented explicit recommendations for the use of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers (Table 5). In all, 3 of these emphasized a lack of clinical studies on these biomarkers and presented recommendations against their use.\u003csup\u003e19,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e The fourth high-quality CPG found FDG–PET and Tau levels to be useful,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e although the direction of recommendation (for or against) remains unclear. Again, observational designs were the most frequently included studies. The quality of evidence varied widely, from low to high, depending on the system used. Similarly, the strength of recommendation ranged from B to C. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eDiscussion \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eThis review shows that CPGs addressing diagnostic issues related to AD dementia published between 2005 and 2011 are very heterogeneous in terms of quality according to their AGREE-II scores. Domains such as applicability and editorial independence had very low scores and deserve special attention. Previous reviews of AD dementia CPGs highlight similar difficulties on these topics, even though such shortcomings could be easily improved.\u003csup\u003e7,12\u003c\/sup\u003e For example, if the applicability domain addresses organizational barriers, cost implications, and monitoring criteria related to guideline implementation,\u003csup\u003e39-42\u003c\/sup\u003e it is important that guideline developers identify a priori factors related to transferability, such as values, costs, availability of resources, and influence of economic and intellectual interest on implementation. Regarding editorial independence issues,\u003csup\u003e41,43,44\u003c\/sup\u003e a complete and valid documentation of conflicts of interest for all participants in all stages of guideline development is required.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eIssues concerning CPG rigor of development deserve closer attention. In our review, we noticed that 26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eof the CPGs did \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e117 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 5. Recommendations for the Use of Alzheimer's Dementia Biomarkers. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 159pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eBiomarkers of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAccumulation    Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eLevel of evidence and strength of recommendation\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbnormal tracer retention on amyloid PET \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eimaging    Low CSF A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e42 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eElevated CSF Tau (total or phosphorylated) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eDecreases FDG uptake on PET involving temporoparietal cortex \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAtrophy on MRI, involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial and lateral cortices. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with dementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eClinical practice guidelines about comprehensive care for people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eEFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eI, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e Inside cells: level of evidence, grade of recommendation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation against use of biomarker. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation unclear for use of biomarker. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003enot use a system to grade the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, among those that did use a system, only 1 included diagnostic-specific elements in their framework (eg, appropriate reference standard or adequate spectrum of patients).\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e This figure is disturbing because CPG users need to know how much they can trust the evaluated information and whether adherence to the recommendations will yield more benefits than harm.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, the use of generic systems developed by therapeutic studies would lead to inaccurate ratings of the quality of the evidence and would generate uncertainty about the recommendations. An example is the use of neuropsychological testing. Although recommendations were fairly homogeneous and specific in terms of content, the strength and quality of the evidence on which they were based varied from very low (expert's opinion, D) to very high (1, A). This situation is worrying because although we selected only high-quality guidelines for these comparisons, it is not clear whether the evidence related to neuropsychological tests is of good quality or whether developers are confident about implementing the recommendations provided. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe found a similar situation regarding the use of brief cognitive tests, which added to other concerns about the clinical utility of these tools. In our review, we found a total of 19 tests recommended for initial assessment, but 3 of the high-quality guidelines only prescribed a cognitive assessment, although without identifying any instrument to achieve that goal. Once again, we encountered difficulties in assessing the quality of the diagnostic evidence and the strength of recommendations, but this variability also reflects doubts about the advantages and limitations of the tests.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e We think that valid and global figures about accuracy of these tools, especially those related to subgroups such as patients with mild cognitive impairment \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eor the general population, are imperative. This information could help us determine which test(s) would be more useful for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia. We found that only a few (26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) CPGs addressed the use of biomarkers. Three of them did not recommend their use in daily clinical practice and only one suggested that they could be potentially useful.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e Based on the currently available evidence, the uncertainty with respect to the applicability and benefit of these biomarkers in clinical settings does not support their inclusion in CPGs. The CPG users, who still wish to adopt these diagnostic tools in daily practice, could face difficulties related to local standardization, the development of cutoff points for different stages of AD, and the availability of trained staff (e.g, radiologists in the measurement of MRI structures). Once again, we noticed that formal evaluation of the clinical accuracy of these biomarkers is necessary.\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eA previous review by Beck et al also found considerable differences among diagnostic recommendations in CPGs on dementia published until 1999.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e They attributed these differences to the methods used to formulate recommendations and to the need for an evidence-based approach for future guideline development. We found that disagreement persisted even in rigorously developed evidence-based CPGs, causing significant consequences in terms of interpretation, comparison, and generalizability of the recommendations.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, adopting a system that took into account the nature of the evidence evaluated would be helpful. The framework outlined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach has been developed to provide a common, rigorous, and comprehensive framework with specific consideration of diagnostic issues that could be helpful in solving these difficulties.\u003csup\u003e49\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e118    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eOur review has several strengths and limitations. We conducted an exhaustive and systematic search strategy of the available literature that was not limited to indexed databases, given that it included references that had not been used in other reviews on AD dementia. However, we had to exclude 6 CPGs in languages such as German and Chinese as well as 4 references with only therapeutic recommendations, which could have facilitated a more complete evaluation of AD dementia guidelines. Similarly, we only included guidelines published between 2005 and 2011. Although we selected this time span in order to be more certain about the appropriateness of the guidelines, CPG developers may have had different interpretations of the same evidence. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWe used a valid and widely disseminated instrument (AGREE- II) to assess guideline quality as well as a reliable process based on an independent assessment by 4 appraisers. Nevertheless, the use of the AGREE instrument has potential drawbacks related to a distinctive focus on the development process of the CPG instead of on the quality of individual recommendations within the guideline.\u003csup\u003e50\u003c\/sup\u003e In addition, we only used 1 domain of the AGREE-II tool to select the guidelines for individual analyses, whereas other reviews recommend the assessment of 2 domains, namely rigor of development and editorial independence. In our review, we aimed to assess the methodological issues related to the development of CPGs in order to highlight the issues associated with using generic grading systems, but we also noticed that all selected guidelines obtained adequate scores on the editorial independence domain ( 50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAs a conclusion, it is necessary that clinicians have access to high-quality and up-to-date recommendations from the best available evidence for the adequate management of patients with AD dementia. The quality of CPGs on the diagnosis of AD dementia can be improved not only through the inclusion of ethical aspects, the participation of stakeholders, and a clear strategy for their implementation, but also through a thorough evaluation of the quality of the available evidence using a unified framework to present recommendations. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eFunding \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: Pablo Alonso- Coello is funded by a Miguel Servet investigator contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. 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Seattle, Wash; 2009:13. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrupo de trabajo de la Gu´ıa de pra´ctica cl´ınica sobre la atencio´n integral a las personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias. Gu´ıa de pra´ctica cl´ınica sobre la atencio´n integral a las \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003epersonas con enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias. Age`ncia d'Informacio´, Avaluacio´ i Qualitat en Salut. Servei Catala` de la Salut. Pla Director Sociosanitario. Departament de Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya; 2011:508. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. \u003cem\u003eGuı´a de Pra´ctica Clı´nica: Diagno´stico y Tratamiento de la Demencia en el Adulto Mayor en el Primer Nivel de Atencio´n\u003c\/em\u003e. Me´xico: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; 2010:45. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health Malaysia. \u003cem\u003eManagement of Dementia\u003c\/em\u003e. 2nd ed. Malaysia: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2009:144. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRegional Health Council. \u003cem\u003eDementia. Diagnosis and treatment\u003c\/em\u003e. Milan, Italy: Regione Toscana, Consiglio Sanitario Regionale; 2011:38. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 50: A guideline developer's handbook. Edinburgh, England: 2008 [cited 2012 Jan 01]. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.html\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.htm\u003c\/a\u003el. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 13. Applicabil- ity, transferability and adaptation. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;4:25. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFretheim A, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 15. Disseminating and implementing guidelines. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:27. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: a systematic review. \u003cem\u003eBMJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2003;326:1167-1170. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFrancke AL, Smit MC, de Veer AJ, Mistiaen P. Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a systematic meta-review. \u003cem\u003eBMC Med Inform Decis Mak\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;8:38. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBoyd EA, Bero LA. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 4. Managing conflicts of interest. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:16. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDetsky AS. Sources of bias for authors of clinical practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eCMAJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;175(9):1033,1055. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGuyatt G, Akl EA, Hirsh J, et al. The vexing problem of guide- lines and conflict of interest: a potential solution. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2010;152(11):738-41. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWhiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;155(8):529-536. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 9. Grading evidence and recommendations. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:21. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcShane R, Noel-Storr A, Ritchie C, Flicker L. The quality and extent of evidence for biomarkers: a Cochrane systematic review. \u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;7(4):S100-S1. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. \u003cem\u003eEvid Based Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;13(6):162-163. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBrouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. The Global Rating Scale complements AGREE II in advancing the quality of practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Epidemiol\u003c\/em\u003e. 2012;65(5):526-534. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-12-12T21:37:26-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"alzheimer-s-disease-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561010770088"},{"id":561006772392,"title":"Omega-3s in Pregnancy: Nurturing Baby's Brain and Body","created_at":"2023-10-26T03:31:44-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids: what are they?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega 3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e fatty acids are a group of healthy polyunsaturated fats that offer numerous health benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e including heart and brain health, reducing inflammation, supporting pregnancy and maintaining overall health. The main sources of omega 3s are foods and supplements.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe main types of omega 3 fatty acids:  A-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA  is found mainly in vegan sources like chia seeds, flax and seaweed. ALA converts into the EPA and DHA. DHA and EPA are primarily found in \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003efatty fish and algal oil\u003c\/a\u003e and are  best known for delivering the most health benefits associated with omega 3 fatty acids.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe human body does not efficiently convert ALA into EPA and DHA and thus the animal  sources of omega 3 had been the  preferred choice to create supplements for a long time. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNevertheless, some women may avoid animal sources due to fish or seafood allergies, a vegan\/vegetarian lifestyle or simply prefer a sustainable source of omega 3 supplements.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eScientists welcomed a new player in the world of omega 3 essential fatty acids: algal oil. Researchers  discovered that  algal  oil is a rich source of DHA , and the\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e DHA from algal oil \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehas comparable bioavailability (absorption) to cooked salmon \u003c\/strong\u003e[1]. A  clinical study  conducted in lactating women concluded that DHA supplementation derived from algal oil  significantly  increased breast milk concentration of DHA omega 3 compared with the control group [2].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgal oil is also a source of omega 3 fatty acid called  DPA  (Docosapentaenoic acid)\u003c\/strong\u003e. Also found in breast milk, DPA shares similarities with DHA and EPA. Preliminary studies suggest DPA may even have more benefits than EPA, especially when it comes to lowering inflammation. Furthermore, some human studies found that higher levels of DPA  correlate with lower risk of heart diseases [3]. The ratio between omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids is also important for overall health and wellbeing. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhy is Omega-3 Important During Pregnancy?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega 3s  are often recommended during pregnancy as they are essential for both the expecting mother and the baby\u003c\/strong\u003e. Omega 3 supplements are often needed, as mothers limit the consumption of fish and seafood due to concerns about mercury and other contaminants [4]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA is best known for its role in heart health, the immune system function, and inflammatory response, while  DHA helps maintain \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003ethe health of the brain\u003c\/a\u003e, eyes, and nervous system during pregnancy [5].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega 3 and Pregnancy. The Health Benefits of Consuming Omega-3 During Pregnancy\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/imgpsh_fullsize_anim_15_c2e2ca12-c949-41d7-81df-eebc62bbe612_480x480.jpg?v=1699274481\" alt=\"Omega-3s for Plant-Based Pregnancy and Breastfeeding\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFetal\/Neonatal Development. Research studies found that \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003econsumption of omega 3 during pregnancy is essential for fetal  brain development,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eincluding better performance in developmental milestones and language development. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePreterm birth.  Studies found that a high ratio omega 6 to omega 3 leads to increased inflammation, early labor and preterm labor. Adding more EPA to the diet helps reduce the inflammation and prevent preterm labor. Some studies found that omega 3 supplementation may reduce the rate of preterm birth or increase the average  length or the gestation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDepression and Pregnancy. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMaternal depression not only affects the mother but can also affect the baby’s cognitive development, behavior and child attachment.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Scientists  found that mothers who consume omega 3 during pregnancy have lower risk to develop postpartum \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003edepression\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[4].  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOther Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W61P4.jpg?v=1702363097\" alt=\"health benefits of fish oil and omega 3s\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W61P4.jpg?v=1702363097\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupport heart health: \u003c\/strong\u003eThe most robust scientific evidence for omega 3 supports their role in promoting cardiovascular health. Based on research, omega 3s significantly decrease the risk of sudden death or death from all causes. Furthermore, omega 3 fatty acids help manage high cholesterol levels and high blood pressure, which are risk factors for developing heart diseases. The typical daily doses of omega 3 for heart protection is 1 g of omega 3 (EPA and DHA combined) [6].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEye health: \u003c\/strong\u003eOmega 3s are essential for eye health. DHA may also help manage eye diseases associated with atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries that supply blood to the retina) [7].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOptometrists recommend omega 3 supplements for overall eye health and specifically for conditions like age-related macular degeneration and dry eye disease [8].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce depression: \u003c\/strong\u003eOmega 3 supplements may help improve depression. The anti depressant effects seem to be influenced by the ratio between EPA and DHA. .\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA 2019 review\/meta analysis concluded there is evidence that omega 3 (pure, 100% EPA and EPA based supplements containing at least 60% EPA have beneficial effects on depression [9].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHelping Your Sleep Quantity and Quality: \u003c\/strong\u003eA healthy sleep is essential to overall health. Preliminary studies suggest that EPA and DHA regulate serotonin, a brain chemical involved in sleep wake cycle. Other studies found that high levels of DHA in plasma were also found to be associated with longer sleep duration and improved sleep quality [10].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce inflammation: \u003c\/strong\u003eInflammation is a hallmark of many chronic illnesses including heart diseases, depression, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Scientists found omega 3 supplements have anti inflammatory qualities and offer significant benefits ranging from symptom improvement to decrease the need for antiinflammatory drugs [11].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich Foods Contain Omega-3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlant based sources of omega 3 ALA that  are a rich source of ALA include flaxseed,\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil\"\u003e hemp seeds\u003c\/a\u003e and  chia seeds.  Cold water fatty fish are great sources of animal omega 3s [12]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Do I Get Enough Omega-3s?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEnsuring an adequate intake of omega 3s can be achieved through consuming omega 3 rich foods and taking supplements\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Omega-3 Supplement Is Best For Pregnancy?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupplements that contain at least 200 mg DHA per serving are recommended during pregnancy [13]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs it safe to take vegetarian omega-3 supplements during pregnancy?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eScientists did not find signs of neurotoxicity following \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003esupplementation with omega-3 from algae \u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e(algal oil) [14, 15]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn human studies , algal oil has been  tested in lactating women [16]. Choose supplements from reputable brands to ensure safety\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-10-27T02:27:09-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:09:40-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eReady to order Tahiro Omega 3 ? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach serving offers  300 mg of DHA, 150mg of EPA, and 40mg of DPA, providing the nutrients that matter most for optimal brain and body health. Your path to better health is just one click  away. Order online here.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-3-pregnancy","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561006772392","image":{"created_at":"2023-12-11T22:36:38-08:00","alt":"why omega 3 is important in pregnancy","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W61P1.jpg?v=1702362998"}},{"id":561006674088,"title":"How Fast Can Omega-3 Transform Your Health?","created_at":"2023-10-26T03:05:05-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are Omega-3s?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/What_Are_Omega-3s.jpg?v=1705500379\" alt=\"What Are Omega-3s?\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are part of the family of essential fatty acids, meaning that since the body cannot produce them, they need to come from the diet. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). ALA is a short-chain omega-3 fatty acid, while DHA and EPA are long-chain omega-3s. While ALA is mostly found in plant-based sources, DHA and EPA are usually found in animal sources (fish and krill) as well as algae. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThanks to their anti-inflammatory properties, omega-3 fatty acids have several health benefits. Here are some of the possible health benefits of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReduced depression and anxiety\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce symptoms of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003edepression and anxiety\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, with EPA being the most beneficial.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImproved heart health\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to reduce triglycerides and may help to reduce levels of harmful LDL cholesterol. While increasing beneficial HDL cholesterol.  \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBetter eye health\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Research shows that omega-3 can reduce the risk of macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of eye damage.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImproved cognitive function\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. According to research, omega-3 fatty acids may help \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eimprove brain function\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Happens If You Have An Omega-3 Deficiency?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eKnowing if you have a deficiency of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e can be quite challenging. While the symptoms might vary from person to person, low levels of omega-3 may lead to brittle hair and nails, dull-looking skin, high cholesterol levels, and increased mood swings. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, keep in mind that the previous symptoms may also be related to other nutritional deficiencies. For that reason, it’s always a good idea to consult with a health professional to determine the root cause of your problems. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/Omega-3_Deficiency.webp?v=1711619330\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow To Increase The Omega-3 Intake?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe best way to increase omega-3 intake is to include more natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Here are some sources of omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMackerel\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (3.5 oz): 4,580 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eChia seeds\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (1 oz): 5,050 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eWalnuts\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (1 oz): 2,570 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eCod liver oil\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (1 tablespoon): 2,430 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFlaxseeds\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (1 tablespoon): 2,350 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSalmon\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (3.5 oz): 2,150 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eHerring\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (3.5 oz): 2,150 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSardines\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (3.5 oz): 1,460 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOysters\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (6 oysters): 330 mg\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSome research shows that wild-caught fish tend to have a higher proportion of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids than farm-raised fish do, although both types are still good sources of these fatty acids.  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIf you find it challenging to include natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids, or if you prefer to avoid fish because you’re a vegan or vegetarian, due to environmental concerns, or to avoid potential exposure to toxins that can be found in seafood, there are supplements that can help you get a daily dose of omega-3. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 supplements may be derived from animals (such as fish or \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/krill-oil-vs-algae-oil\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ekrill\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e) or \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eplants\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (such as algae, flaxseeds, or chia seeds). Different sources provide different specific types of omega-3s. Most plant sources provide primarily short-chain omega-3s (like ALA), while animal sources, as well as algae, provide long-chain omega-3s (like EPA and DHA).  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Long Does It Take For Omega-3 To Work?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAfter taking a dose of omega-3, it’s absorbed in the digestive tract and reaches your bloodstream relatively quickly. Levels of omega-3 fatty acids peak about 4 to 8 hours after taking an omega-3 supplement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, in order to exert their effects, omega-3s need to be incorporated into the cell membranes of cells throughout your body, which takes a longer period of time. In addition, certain effects, such as reducing chronic inflammation, will only be seen over time rather than immediately. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIt’s important to be consistent with omega-3 supplements in order to see the benefits. Even though you’ll experience a rise in omega-3 levels in your bloodstream after just one dose, it’s unlikely that you’ll feel any significant effects. To get the benefits of omega-3 supplements, you’ll need to take them consistently over a longer period of time.  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/Algae_vs_Fish_32ce4075-e9e7-4afc-8299-a715706b3c9c.jpg?v=1711619391\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Long Does It Take For Fish Oil to Work?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eStudies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e have found that levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the bloodstream take some time to reach a steady state, which is the point at which there are relatively consistent levels of omega-3s found in the bloodstream. EPA seems to reach this point faster, after about six weeks. For DHA, it takes about 18 weeks. However, the dose affects how quickly this occurs. With higher-dose supplementation, the steady state could be reached in as few as four weeks.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, it takes longer for omega-3s to be fully incorporated into cell membranes. This can be measured by checking the proportions of omega-3s found in the membranes of red blood cells. It generally takes four to six months to reach the maximum level of omega-3s in these cell membranes.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis is why it generally takes a few months to notice the benefits of omega-3s. Although you may notice some benefits as soon as six weeks after starting the supplement, it can take four to six months or even longer to get the full effect. Many studies have found that the benefits of omega-3s start to be measurable after a few months.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEven after the omega-3 fatty acids have become incorporated into your cell membranes, it can still take some more time to notice all of the benefits of omega-3. Effects like reducing chronic inflammation or improving brain function and longevity may only become apparent after a longer period of time, as changes in cellular function gradually lead to larger-scale changes in organ function. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTo maximize the benefits of omega-3 supplementation, it is crucial to choose a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ehigh-quality supplement \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eand to take it consistently for at least six months to a year before assessing the effects on your health. In addition, remember that no supplement is a replacement for a healthy lifestyle. It’s still important to eat a healthy diet and exercise regularly.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAlgae Oil Vs Fish Oil - Which One Works Better and Faster?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAlgae oil and fish oil are both excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids, but which one works better and faster?\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA study published in the journal \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eProceedings of the Nutrition Society\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e found that algae oil supplements resulted in a significantly greater increase in DHA levels in the blood after two weeks of supplementation compared to fish oil supplements. This suggests that algae oil may be more rapidly absorbed and utilized by the body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, more research is needed to confirm whether algae oil consistently works faster than fish oil. Additionally, the quality and dosage of the supplement can also affect how quickly it works.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Much To Take?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMost guidelines recommend consuming 250 to 500 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. However, the dosage might be greater depending on weight, height, activity levels, and other factors (such as metabolic conditions). This means that the recommended intake might go up to 5,000 mg daily. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBut, the dosage is not the only thing you need to consider. You also need to consider the ratio between ALA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEPA, and DHA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-6 fatty acids are also considered essential. The modern Western diet generally contains high levels of omega-6s. In the past, it was believed that omega-6s could cause inflammation, although more recent research has revealed that this is not true. However, it does appear that the ratio between omega-3s and omega-6s is crucial for health, and consuming an imbalanced amount of omega-6s promotes the development of chronic diseases and obesity.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIt’s important to ensure that you’re getting enough omega-3s to balance out the omega-6s that naturally occur at high levels in the modern Western diet. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhen To Take Omega-3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 works through consistency, meaning that there is no best time to take omega-3s. However, they’re better absorbed when taken along with some dietary fat. Because of this, taking it with a meal may help to increase absorption. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSome people have difficulty digesting omega-3s, resulting in bloating, stomach cramps, or gas. You may prefer to take your omega-3s earlier in the day to avoid disrupting your sleep with these types of effects. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, it’s really not particularly important when you choose to take your omega-3 supplement. Choose a time when you’ll be most likely to remember to take it, since consistency is the key to getting the benefits of omega-3s.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan’t I Just Eat A Diet High In Omega-3 Fats? \u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eYes, you can eat foods high in omega-3, such as the ones mentioned above. If you plan your meals and include food that is high in omega-3 fatty acids, you can reach the recommended daily intake. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, if you are not too keen on meal planning or don’t tend to include foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, it’s best to include an omega-3 supplement to ensure you get the recommended intake daily.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-10-27T02:26:58-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:09:09-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are crucial in the body. They help reduce inflammation, promote good heart health, improve cognitive function and eye health. There are natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids, such as chia seeds, hemp seeds, and fatty fish. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, the quality of the products (for example, wild-caught vs. farmed), can affect how much omega-3 you are really getting. And, if you are not keen on keeping track of how much you are getting, a supplement can be a better alternative. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3?variant=43243569676456\u0026amp;selling_plan=940540072\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro’s omega-3 supplement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e is one of the best options available on the market. It contains 550 mg of omega-3 (within the recommended intake). And, it offers 300 mg of DHA, 150 mg of EPA, and 40 mg of DPA. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOn top of that, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e offers a 30-day money-back guarantee, and the product is vegan-friendly, made with non-GMO ingredients, and gluten-free.  \u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"how-long-does-it-take-for-omega-3-to-work","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/561006674088","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-21T02:41:57-08:00","alt":"How Long Does It Take for Fish Oil to Work?","width":1280,"height":1280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/How_Fast_Can_Omega-3_Transform_Your_Health.webp?v=1708512117"}},{"id":560899621032,"title":"Abctested tags","created_at":"2023-09-30T02:18:22-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts abctested-tags\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 459pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eSee discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_2\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_3\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArticle \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#606060\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist · September 2021\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#545454\"\u003eDOI: 10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eREADS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003e4 authors:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Tharaka-Dassanayake?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTharaka Dassanayake\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e470 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eFaculty of Medicine Rajarata University of Sri Lanka\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anuradha-Baminiwatta?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University_of_Kelaniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Kelaniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dewasmika-Ariyasinghe?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eDewasmika Ariyasinghe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eSome of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eIdentification of a possible biomarker to predict Intermediate Syndrome \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Identification-of-a-possible-biomarker-to-predict-Intermediate-Syndrome?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eMindfulness, Compassion and Stigma of Mental Illness \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Mindfulness-Compassion-and-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003eAll content following this page was uploaded by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_10\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eon 12 October 2021.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eThe user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta14.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe (2021): Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/suppl\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; 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font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView related articles \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView Crossmark data\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 139pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eTHE CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 316pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003efor Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ea \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Chandana Hewawasam\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Anuradha Baminiwatta\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ec  \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eand Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ABSTRACT\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eARTICLE HISTORY\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eReceived 24 May 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAccepted 21 August 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublished online 9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSeptember 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognition; neuropsychological test; Stroop Test;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency; Digit Span; working memory; executive function; norms;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONTACT \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake    \u003ca href=\"mailto:tharakad@pdn.ac.lk\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003etharakad@pdn.ac.lk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e    \u003c\/span\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSupplemental data for this article is available online at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis Group\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eIntroduction\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eExecutive functions encompass a number of cognitive domains that enable a person to engage in independent, goal-oriented manner (Lezak et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Testing executive functions is an integral part of comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and often a part of bedside cognitive assessment. A major limitation in neuropsychological assessment in many non-English-speaking countries is the lack of culturally and demographically appropriate norms. Most normative samples of the English-speaking countries have had longer education (Harrison et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark94\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark126\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Piatt et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark133\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) than the average years of education in the developing countries (Institute for Health Metrics \u0026amp; Evaluation, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark95\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural differences in neuropsychological test performance persist even after adjusting for demographic variables such as age, sex, and education (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lucas et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark110\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark121\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark146\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Lezak et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) recommends interpreting individual test scores against norms generated for the population where the individual comes from. Importantly, in clinical settings, race-based norms prevent misinterpretation of neuropsychological test results and misclassification of individuals (Marquine et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark112\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark123\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, 2011).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe native language of the majority of Sri Lankans is Sinhala–spoken as the first language only in Sri Lanka. Demographically adjusted neuropsychological test norms are scarce in the country (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark89\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) yet the aging population structure in the country impose increas- ing demands for neuropsychological assessments. The present study is part of a larger project that aims to create demographically adjusted norms for a number of neuro- psychological tests for Sri Lankan adults (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In this study, we aimed to create norms for three pen-and-paper-based executive function\/working memory tests that can be carried out bedside or in an outpatient setting: the Victoria Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark138\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Stroop, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark151\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency ((Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark81\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Stroop test is a measure of cognitive control and selective attention (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop test has different versions, but in common, the task demands the participant to suppress the habitual response and execute the less familiar, task-related response, giving equal priority to speed and accuracy. We used the Victoria version of the Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark139\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). VST norms have been published for English-speaking (Troyer et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark158\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and French-speaking (Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark155\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians, Swedes (Fällman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark92\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Brazilians (D. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark105\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Cantonese-speaking Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Digit Span test is administered as a stand-alone test or a subtest of extensive neuropsychological test batteries. The forward Digit Span measures attention and short-term memory whereas the backward Digit Span also involves reordering of the digits in the working memory. Apart from the well-established norms for the English-speaking populations, normative data have also been reported for speakers of other languages including Spanish (Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Pavão Martins et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark132\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Italian (Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark120\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Yang et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark166\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (Choi et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark84\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Hebrew (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The differences of the norms among speakers\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eof different languages are attributed, at least partly, to the total number of syllables one has to remember and manipulate in the working memory (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal Fluency tasks demand executive control mechanisms to interact with lexical (in Phonemic Fluency) and semantic (in Category Fluency) representations under time constraints. Verbal Fluency tests have been normed in many languages including English, Spanish (Ardila, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), French (Crossley et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark85\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark162\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Swedish (Tallberg et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark153\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark147\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Cantonese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (D.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eY. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark106\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Vietnamese (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark113\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Thai (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark96\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hindi (Ratcliff et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark135\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hebrew (Kavé, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark99\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Differences in performance have been observed in Verbal Fluency among adults of different ethnic groups even after adjusting for potential confounders such as age, education, income, and reading ability (Acevedo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark76\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Gladsjo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark93\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Johnson-Selfridge et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark98\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These differences have also been attributed to the linguistic characteristics of the tests (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark101\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e): For instance, the same word has different syllabic lengths in different languages and that influences the total number of word one can produce over a limited time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn this article, we report regression-based, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted norms for the VST, Digit Span (forward and backward), and Phonemic (Sinhala pho- nemes \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S\") and Category (animals and vegetables) Fluency tests for Sinhala-Speaking Sri Lankan adults. To ensure the generalizability of the norms, we aimed to encompass a wide age range and a broad spectrum of educational levels in the sample.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Method\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMethod\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST, Digits Span, and Verbal Fluency data were collected as a part of a larger study that generated norms for a collection of neuropsychological tests for Sri Lankan adults. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, located in the Central Province of Sri Lanka with the approval of the institutional Ethics Review Committee. VST data were also obtained from a group of healthy older adults (\u0026gt; 50 years) recruited as a control group of a different study conducted at the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, located in the North Central Province with the approval of the respec- tive institutional Ethics Review Committee. The study was conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark165\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. The potential participants were recruited from February 2017 to August 2019, through word-of- mouth and flyers and posters displayed within the respective universities, the university-affiliated tertiary-care Teaching Hospitals (Peradeniya and Anuradhapura), and the surrounding localities. The participants thus included the employees of the universities and the hospitals (who were originally from various parts of the island), their acquaintances, and the visitors and the persons accompanying the patients\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ereferred to the hospitals from different parts of the country. Consequently, the sample had a broader geographical representation, although the data were collected at two centers.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eWe excluded the respondents who had a history of neurological or psychiatric illnesses, dependence on alcohol or other substances, gross hearing impairment or severe\/terminal medical illnesses. All included participants were able to carry out activities of daily living independently. However, we did not actively exclude the individuals who had other medical conditions that do not affect their general func- tionality or cognitive performance: We envisaged that such exclusions would make the sample overly healthy, thus limiting the generalizability of the norms to the general adult population (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). All recruited participants were adults, 19 years or older. The years of schooling, graduate and postgraduate education, post-schooling diplomas, were summed to count the total years of formal education. Part-time courses were converted to full-time equivalents before summing. We have described the formal education setting in Sri Lanka in more detail in a recent paper (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The years of education of the sample varied between 1 to 23 years. All participants were educated in public schools. The sampling was not strictly stratified in terms of education or age, however, we ensured that different educational strata (≤ 6 years: primary education; 7–11 years: lower secondary education with or without Ordinary Level qualifications; 12–13 years: upper secondary education with or without Advanced Level qualifications; 14–17 years; post-schooling diploma, graduate education; ≥18 years: postgraduate education) and individuals of different age groups constituted the sample (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Since the tests were adminis- tered in Sinhala language, only the respondents who reported their first and dominant language as Sinhala were recruited as participants. Specifically, all recruited participants were ethnic Sinhalese and reported Sinhala as their mother language, the language that they use most often in day-to-day activities; and the language in which they are most comfortable. Each participant was compensated with 500 Sri Lankan Rupees\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants (total n = 606).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test (n = 605)    Other tests (n = 422)\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:103px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e272\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e333\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54.95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e220\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge (years)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e97\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e91\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e165\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e134\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eYears of education\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e194\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32.07\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e116\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e132\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e160\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e149\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35.31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eNote: For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who com- pleted the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e(equivalent to about three US Dollars at the time of the data collection) for the time they spent on the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Neuropsychological_tests\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eNeuropsychological tests\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants were instructed to sleep at least 6 hours the night before testing and not to consume alcohol from the night before testing. The VST, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests were administered in Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Victoria_Stroop_Test\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe test material and instructions of the Sinhala version of the VST were adopted from the specifications and sample test sheet presented in Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The test version consisted of three tests (dots, neutral words, color words) each with a card in which 24 items (4 each in 6 rows) are printed. The items were printed in red, yellow, blue, and green with each color appearing once in each row, 6 times in the matrix, arranged in a pseudo-random order. The Sinhala typeface was bold, and the font size was equal to that of the English VST. In each task, participants were instructed to name the color in which the items were printed row by row, as fast they could without making errors. In the Dot test, the participants named the color of the dots printed in the 4 × 6 matrix. In the Neutral Word test, four common, neutral, disyllabic Sinhala words replaced the dots, and the participants named the color of the print. In the Color Word test, the words were the Sinhala names of the four colors (\"ratu,\" \"kaha,\" \"nil,\" and \"kola\"), print color never corresponding to the color name. Again, the participants were instructed to name the print color ignoring the color name written. In each test, the time to complete was measured, and number of errors were counted. Any misnaming made in the first attempt on each item was counted an error, even if the participants corrected the misnaming by themselves before the test adminis- trator pointed it out. VST interference score was calculated by dividing the Color Word test completion time by Dot test completion time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Digit_Span\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDigit Span\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants recalled strings of random digits in increasing length, forward (Digit Span Forward) and backward (Digit Span Backward). The forward task started with three digits and the backward task started with two digits. In each task, two strings of a given length were presented, and the length was increased until the participant failed both strings of a given length. The maximum number of digits correctly recalled, at least in one string of the two, was considered the Digit Span of each task.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Verbal_Fluency\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVerbal Fluency\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe Verbal Fluency task consisted of the Phonemic Fluency task and Category Fluency task for which the test administration instructions were adopted from Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark148\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We modified the original FAS Phonemic Fluency task with two letter replace- ments. The phoneme \"F\" is not a letter in the basic Sinhala alphabet and was intro- duced only decades ago to the language with adoption of English words to Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eTherefore \"F\" was replaced with \"P.\" The letter \"A\" in the English alphabet has multiple variants in the Sinhala alphabet (viz. a, a:, ae, ae:), and this is the case for other vowels too. Therefore, to maintain a consistency between letters and phonemes, we replaced \"A\" with \"N.\" Eventually the Sinhala version consisted of phonemes\/letters \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S,\" representing three subcategories (nasals, plosives, and sibilants, respectively) of Sinhala alphabet and pronunciation. As per the original version, instructions were given to avoid proper nouns and variations of the same word. The Category Fluency task tested the fluency of two categories: animals and vegetables. Each trial was scored as the number of correct words recalled in 60 seconds.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Statistical_analyses\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eStatistical analyses\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST error counts were highly skewed to the right, with prominent ceiling effects and therefore were not fitted into regression models. The norms of the error counts are reported as percentile scores stratified by age groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eMultiple linear regression (MLR) analyses with sex, age, and years of education as predictors were fitted to model other outcome variables. Sex was treated as a dichot- omous variable having assigned a value of 0 for females and 1 for males, whereas age and years of education were treated as continuous variables in the data analyses. In a series of preliminary univariate analyses, we correlated each outcome variable with age and years of education. In those, curvilinear fits did not significantly improve the R-squared values over linear fits in any of the correlations. Neither adding qua- dratic terms nor interaction terms as predictors significantly improved the MLR models. The final MLR models were thus created with sex, age, and years of education as predictors. We also calculated the semipartial correlations and shared variances of each test outcome measure with sex, age, and years of education. To maintain the uniformity of future application of the final models in interpreting individual data, we retained all three predictors for all MLR models even if a demographic variable was not a significant predictor in the final model.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Results\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eResults\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Sample_characteristics\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eSample characteristics\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606 (273 men, 45.05%), 468 (223 men) were recruited from Peradeniya and 138 (50 men) from Anuradhapura. The age of the sample ranged from 19 to 83years with a mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of 49.7 (14.4) years. The mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) years of education was 12.9 (3.7) years. Of note, the average years of education of the sample is higher than the national average (11.1 years) for adults (United Nations Development Programme, 2019): This dif- ference is attributed to our stratified sampling criteria: We recruited adequate number of participants from all different levels of education to make the variable better fit the regression models. There was no significant difference between the mean age of men (48.67, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.40 years) and women (50.48, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.44 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.541, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.124. The\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003emean years of education was also similar between men (mean = 13.1, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.4 years) and women (mean = 12.7, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.8 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.041, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.298. The years of education had\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ea moderate negative correlation with age, \u003cem\u003er \u003c\/em\u003e= −0.468, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, reflecting younger gen- erations having more years of education.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606, 605 completed the VST, and 421 completed all tests, and one participant completed all the tests but not VST. The demographic charac- teristics of these groups of participants are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who completed the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows the descriptive statistics (mean, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e, minimum, maximum) of the test scores of the full sample. All test scores except the VST error counts were normally distributed.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"VST_error_counts\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVST error counts\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eVST error counts were available only for 467 participants, since this data were not recorded on the test sheets of 138 participants. The VST error counts were highly skewed to the right: The median error counts for the Dot and Neutral Word tests was 0 (IQR = 0) each, and for the Color Word test the median error count was 1 (IQR: 0 − 2). On univariate analyses, these error counts were similar between men and women (Mann-Whitney test \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05). The error counts for the Neutral Word and Color Word tests had a significant positive correlation with age (Spearmann correlation coefficients .211 and .375, respectively) and years of education (Spearmann correlation coefficients −.159 and −.336, respectively), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001 in all instances. The error count for the Dot test did not correlate significantly with age or years of education. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables 3–5 \u003c\/span\u003esummarize the percentile ranges represented by different error counts for each age band in VST Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Multiple_linear_regression_models\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMultiple linear regression models\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe overall regression models with sex, age, and years of education were significant for all other outcome measures (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The demographic variables explained 15% or more of the variance of the outcome measures, except for two: Only 4% of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSample means and standard deviations (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of test scores.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:173px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:95px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:91px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:77px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:61px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinimum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMaximum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e59.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e99.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference Score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (N)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (P)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (S)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Animals)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.00\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Vegetables)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18.90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Stroop test; for other tests, \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 422.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Dot task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:76px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 27px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Neutral Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7 − 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29 − 44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3 − 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2 − 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Color Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 89\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41–60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57–79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e81–88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53–64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003evariance of the Stroop Interference score, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2  \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.04, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001; and 8% of the variance of the Vegetable Fluency scores, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.078, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, was explained by the demographic variables. The shared variances of the outcome mea- sures with sex, age and education are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for age and education, significant sex differences were observed only in VST Neutral and Color Word test completion times, and Phonemic Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Women were about 1 second faster than men in completing the VST Neutral Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.138 (0.465), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.015; and about 2 seconds faster in completing\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eMultiple linear regression models and regression formulae for generating demographically corrected scores for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults between 19 and 83 years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 125pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eOverall model    Sex    Age (Years)    Years of Education    Raw score regression formula\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:93px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:56px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:62px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:49px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:181px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 28px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdjusted\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003edegrees of freedom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF \u003c\/em\u003estatistic\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.206\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53.238\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.370 (0.390)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.343\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.798 − (0.370 × sex) + (0.069 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.060)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.499 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.370\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e119.59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.138\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.589\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.218 + (1.138 × sex) + (0.202 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.465)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.018)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.589 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.252\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68.880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.868\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.286\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.759\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.514 + (1.868 × sex) + (0.286 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.837)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.033)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.128)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.759 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.244\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.074\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.158\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.284\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.487 + (0.074 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.053)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.002)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.008)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.008 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.898\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.087\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.525\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.261\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.217 − (0.087 × sex) − (0.012 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.137)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.261 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.338\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.968\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.023\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.512 + (0.006 × sex) − (0.023 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.141)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.309 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.148\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25.414\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.693\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.510\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.392 − (0.693 × sex) + (0.004 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.344)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.013)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.062)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.510 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.215\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 415\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39.108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−1.263\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.610\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.038 − (1.263 × sex) − (0.040 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.391)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.610 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.171\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.602\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.113\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.493\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.624\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.538 − (0.602 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.379)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.014)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.069)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.624 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.225\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3,417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41.300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−2.540\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.024\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.750\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.814 − (2.540 × sex) − (0.024 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.961)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.036)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.174)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (1.750 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.207\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37.528\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.153\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.096\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.595\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.442 − (0.153 × sex) − (0.096 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.469)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.017)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.085)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.595 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.930\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.886\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.421\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.239 + (0.058 × sex) + (0.060 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.405)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.073)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.421 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFor sex, female = 0 and male = 1. For education, use completed years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSemipartial correlations and shared variances of the Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency with sex, age, and years of education.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 157pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex    Age    Years of education\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:55px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:58px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:54px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.034\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.164\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.302\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.079\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.360\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.130\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.267\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.095\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.208\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.043\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.056\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.003\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.197\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.099\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.443\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.196\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards Phonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.175\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.031\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.481\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.231\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.368\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.135\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.119\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.374\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.030\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.403\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.162\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.114\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.434\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.188\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.241\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.303\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.092\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.035\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.269\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.072\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e: Pearson correlation coefficient.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003ethe Color Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.868 (0.837), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.027. Women also could produce 2.5 more words than men, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = −2.540 (0.961), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.009, when scores summed up across all three Phonemic Fluency trials. However, these sex differences accounted for only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance of those test scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and education, a significant age-related decline in perfor- mances were observed in the VST, Digit Span, Animal and Vegetable Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e6 \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eand \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Age-related decline was also observed for Phonemic Fluency for the pho- neme P, but not for the other two or for the total across all three letters.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and age, performance in all test outcome measures, except Stroop Interference, significantly improved with longer education. Of the three demo- graphic variables, years of education explained the highest percentage variance in Digit Span (19.6%−23.1%), Phonemic Fluency (13.5%−18.8%), and Category Fluency (7.2%−9.2%) scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based test norms and scoring\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression equations with coefficients for sex, age, and years of education are listed in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. \"Predicted and standardized score calculator\" (see \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a Microsoft Excel® worksheet with embedded regression equations, so that a clinician can interpret the VST, Digit Span, or Verbal Fluency test results of a given individual as following: (1) Demographically predicted test scores can be obtained by entering sex (coded 0 for females and 1 for males), age in years and years of education in the worksheet. (2) For each outcome measure, the standardized score (i.e., number of standard deviations to the observed score from the predicted score) can then be obtained by entering the test participant's observed scores into the worksheet. For example, predicted Animal Fluency score of a 60-year-old woman (value 0 for sex) with 12 years of education would be 18.82. If her observed Animal Fluency score is 8, her calculated standardized score would be −2.25.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eIn this study, we generated demographically adjusted, regression-based norms for VST, Digit Span, Phonemic Fluency, and Category Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults aged 19 − 83 years. Although our total sample was relatively large and had similar numbers of men and women in a wide age range and educational levels, traditional three-level stratification would have reduced the sample sizes in the individual cells of the look-up tables. The regression-based norming is statistically more powerful, and provided the data distribution does not violate the regression assumptions, predicts the norms with higher accuracy and precision (Oosterhuis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark127\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Regression-based norms have been reported in different populations for the Stroop test (Norman et al., 2011; Rivera et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark141\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark163\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span (Koscik et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark102\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark116\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark125\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Category Fluency (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark78\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark149\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We present norms for VST error counts as age-stratified percentiles because the data distributions were highly skewed: This has also been observed previously (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark161\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eWe did not observe significant sex differences in most outcome measures, and this is largely consistent with the existing normative literature. However, women had a significant but small advantage over men in VST Neutral and Color Word test com- pletion times, and Phonemic Fluency. Although the majority of the previous normative studies has shown no significant sex differences in the above tests, in the instances where there were differences, the performance favored women both in the Stroop test (Barbarotto et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., 2011; Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark160\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ouvrard et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark131\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). However, sex explained only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance, which has been consistently found to contribute less than age and education. We retained sex in all regression models regardless of its statistical significance (1) to maintain the uniformity of calculating the standardized scores in the present study and our previous norms for other tests (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and (2) because sex has been proven to be a useful indicator of disease attribution in clinical populations (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sundermann et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark154\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The age-related decline we observed in the executive functions is consistent with the previous literature, and mirrors the age-related linear reduction of prefrontal grey matter and white matter observed in neuroimaging studies (Raz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark137\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark140\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In contrast to Category Fluency, Phonemic Fluency remained stable throughout the adult age span. This contrast between the two fluency tasks is also evident in other languages (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Melikyan et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark114\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ostrosky-Solís et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark129\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Our findings and the extant literature indicate that even when both age and edu- cation significantly affect test scores, education is a stronger predictor than age of the Digit Span (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Selnes et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark145\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Verbal Fluency (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark97\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark107\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark136\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rosselli et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark143\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). For example, our linear regression coefficients (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) indicate lowering of one-year of education is equivalent to increase of age by 22 years in Digit Span Forward, 14 in Digit Span Backward, and 6–7 years in Category Fluency. This highlights the importance of modeling education as a continuous variable rather than a stratified\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003evariable in norming: That ensures more precise predictive scores and makes clinical classification of individual clients more accurate.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression-based adult norms have been published widely for Animal Fluency. Regression equations adjusted for one or more demographic factors (sex, age, and education) are available for the Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark159\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Icelandic (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (C. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark103\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Cavaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Spanish (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark79\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), the English- (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and French-speaking (St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark150\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians; and for Spanish-speaking populations in several Latin American countries (Olabarrieta-Landa et al., 2015; Ostrosky-Solis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark130\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). To compare our norms with those, we calculated predicted Animal Fluency for a given individual using each of those regression equations. The majority of the predicted scores were comparable to ours. For example, for a 60-year-old woman with 12 years of education, previously published regression equations predicted Animal Fluency scores between 15.5 and 21.9: scores lying within one standardized residual (i.e., 4.8) around the predicted score (i.e., 18.8) based on our regression model. There were three exceptions: The predicted score of an English-speaking Canadian (29.7) was significantly higher (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), whereas that of an Arabic-speaking Egyptian (13.2) (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and a Spanish-speaking Ecuadorian (9.4) (Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) were significantly lower than the score we predicted for the demographically matched Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan. These comparisons exemplify that–even after accounting for demographic variables–country- and language-specific norming is required to assess and clinically classify test participants accurately.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eThere are some limitations in applying our norms to the general Sri Lankan pop- ulation. The norms are based on an adult sample aged 19 to 83 years; and had education from 1 to 23 years. The regression-based norms for VST are based on par- ticipants who had at least 1 year of formal education, whereas the norms for Digit Span and Verbal Fluency tests are largely based on a sample that had more than 6 years of formal education (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, Digit Span and Verbal Fluency norms are most reliable when the test participant has had at least some lower secondary education. We caution against extrapolating the regression-based norms of each test beyond the above age and education ranges. Our normative sample consisted entirely of ethnic Sinhalese, whose first and dominant language was Sinhala, a language spoken by about 75% of the country's population. Tamil is the first language of almost all  ethnic  Tamils  and  most  Moors,  who  constitute  about  24.5%  of  the  population (Department of Census \u0026amp; Statistics Sri Lanka, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark90\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Although many of them can speak Sinhala as the second language, these norms may not be valid for them. Particularly, the Verbal Fluency norms may neither be applicable to the ethnic Sinhalese whose dominant language (the language they were educated and use in their day-to- day activities) is not Sinhala. We did not collect data on the fluency in a second language in our participants, and, therefore, have not explored whether acquisition of a second language influences Sinhala Verbal Fluency.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eIn conclusion, the present norms add to the limited number of validated, demograph- ically adjusted neuropsychological test norms available in Sri Lanka (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark91\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These norms complement the norms that we recently generated for non-verbal executive function tests of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eCambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Compared to the CANTAB, however, these tests are available free in the public domain, and can also be used by clinicians at bedside. Like we and other authors have been doing in recent normative studies (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark88\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lara et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark104\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark111\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark128\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark144\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark164\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), we have made available a software application with embedded regression equations (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and that will further assist the clinicians to rapidly interpret individual executive function test results, by con- verting the raw scores into sex-, age-, and education-adjusted standard scores.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Acknowledgment\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAcknowledgment\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe thank Mr. Narendra Samarasekara for his assistance in data collection.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Disclosure_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDisclosure statement\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interests to declare.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThis study was supported by the University of Peradeniya research grant URG\/2016\/5\/M.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ORCID\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eORCID\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012 \u003c\/span\u003eChandana Hewawasam        \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eDewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbdel Aziz, K., Khater, M. S., Emara, T., Tawfik, H. M., Rasheedy, D., Mohammedin, A. S., Tolba,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eM. F., El-Gabry, D. A., \u0026amp; Qassem, T. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Effects of age, education, and gender on verbal fluency in healthy adult Arabic-speakers in Egypt. \u003cem\u003eApplied Neuropsychology. Adult\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 331–341. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAcevedo, A., Loewenstein, D. A., Barker, W. W., Harwood, D. G., Luis, C., Bravo, M., Hurwitz, D. A., Aguero, H., Greenfield, L., \u0026amp; Duara, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Category fluency test: Normative data for English- and Spanish-speaking elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 760–769. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArdila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A cross-linguistic comparison of category verbal fluency test (ANIMALS): A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 213–225. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBarbarotto, R., Laiacona, M., Frosio, R., Vecchio, M., Farinato, A., \u0026amp; Capitani, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark57\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A norma- tive study on visual reaction times and two Stroop colour-word tests. \u003cem\u003eItalian Journal of Neurological Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 161–170. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenito-Cuadrado, M. M., Esteba-Castillo, S., Böhm, P., Cejudo-Bolívar, J., \u0026amp; Peña-Casanova, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic verbal fluency of animals: a normative and predictive study in a Spanish population. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 1117–1122. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenton, A. L., Hamsher, K. D., \u0026amp; Sivan, I. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eMultilingual aphasia examination: Manual of instructions\u003c\/em\u003e. AJA Assoc.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCavaco, S., Gonçalves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., Fernandes, J., \u0026amp; Teixeira-Pinto,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eA. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark68\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic fluency and phonemic fluency: Regression-based norms for the Portuguese population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 262–271. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eChoi, H. J., Lee, D. Y., Seo, E. H., Jo, M. K., Sohn, B. K., Choe, Y. M., Byun, M. S., Kim, J. W., Kim,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eS. G., Yoon, J. C., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, K. W., \u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Investigation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 39–43. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCrossley, M., D'Arcy, C., \u0026amp; Rawson, N. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Letter and category fluency in community-dwelling Canadian seniors: A comparison of normal participants to those with dementia of the Alzheimer or vascular type. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 52–62. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age-, and education-adjusted norms for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in literate Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 106–124. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e1662090\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., Hewawasam, C., Baminiwatta, A., Samarasekara, N., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age- and education-adjusted norms for the WHO\/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 127–142. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDe Silva, R., Disanayaka, S., De Zoysa, N., Sanjeewanie, N., Somaratne, S., Foster, J., Srikanth, S., Kathriarachchi, S. T., \u0026amp; Martins, R. M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination from a sample of Sri Lankan older people. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 666–670. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Census Population and Housing. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003ewww.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indica-\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003etor\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFällman,  K.,  Lundgren,  L., Wressle,  E.,  Marcusson,  J.,  \u0026amp;  Classon,  E.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Normative  data  for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 567–580. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e1648747\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGladsjo,  J. A.,  Schuman,  C. C.,  Evans,  J.  D., Peavy,  G.  M.,  Miller,  S. W.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 147–178. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHarrison, J. E., Buxton, P., Husain, M., \u0026amp; Wise, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Short test of semantic and phonolog- ical fluency: Normal performance, validity and test-retest reliability. \u003cem\u003eThe British Journal of Clinical Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e39\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 181–191. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHeaps, J., Valcour, V., Chalermchai, T., Paul, R., Rattanamanee, S., Siangphoe, U., Sithinamsuwan, P., Chairangsaris, P., Nidhinandana, S., Tipsuk, S., Suttichom, D., Fletcher, J., Shikuma, C., \u0026amp; Ananworanich, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Development of normative neuropsychological performance in Thailand for the assessment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–8. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Global Educational Attainment 1970-2015.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003ehttp:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eJohnson-Selfridge, M. T., Zalewski, C., \u0026amp; Aboudarham, J.-F. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The relationship between ethnicity and word fluency. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 319–325. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003eorg\/10.1016\/S0887-6\u003c\/a\u003e177(97)00003-6 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKavé, G. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, and difference scores: Normative data for adult Hebrew speakers. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 690–699. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKempler, D., Teng, E. L., Dick, M., Taussig, I. M., \u0026amp; Davis, D. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The effects of age, edu- cation, and ethnicity on verbal fluency. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 531–538. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKoscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., Clark, L. R., Mueller, K. D., Allison, S. L., Gleason, C. E., Chappell, R. J., Hermann, B. P., \u0026amp; Johnson, S. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Longitudinal standards for mid-life cognitive performance: Identifying abnormal within-person changes in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLara, E., Miret, M., Sanchez-Niubo, A., Haro, J. M., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., \u0026amp; Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks: Normative data from nine nationally representative samples. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 89–98. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, C. Y., Lee, S. Y., Huang, Y. C., Hung, C. F., Lee, Y., Lee, M. I., \u0026amp; Wang, L. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark69\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Chinese version of the brief assessment of cognition in affective disorders: Normative data of a Mandarin-speaking population. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, D. Y., Lee, K. U., Lee, J. H., Kim, K. W., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Yoon, J. C., Woo, S. I., Ha, J.,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 72–81. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, T., Yuen, K., \u0026amp; Chan, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for neuropsychological measures of fluency, attention, and memory measures for Hong Kong Chinese. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 615–632. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., \u0026amp; Tranel, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLucas, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Ferman, T. J., Willis, F. B., Petersen, R. C., \u0026amp; Graff-Radford,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eN. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mayo's Older African Americans normative studies: Norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 243–269. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMagnusdottir, B. B., Haraldsson, H. M., \u0026amp; Sigurdsson, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-based norms for the Icelandic population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 253–266. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMarquine, M. J., Morlett Paredes, A., Madriaga, C., Blumstein, Y., Umlauf, A., Kamalyan, L., Rivera Mindt, M., Suarez, P., Artiola, I. F. L., Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; Cherner, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 269–292. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcCurry,  S.  M.,  Gibbons,  L.  E.,  Uomoto,  J.  M., Thompson,  M.  L.,  Graves,  A.  B.,  Edland,  S.  D., Bowen, J., McCormick, W. C., \u0026amp; Larson, E. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test performance in a cognitively intact sample of older Japanese American adults. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 447–459. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMelikyan, Z. A., Corrada, M. M., Dick, M. B., Whittle, C., Paganini-Hill, A., \u0026amp; Kawas, C. H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark58\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test norms in cognitively intact oldest-old. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 530–545. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eMoering, R. G., Schinka, J. A., Mortimer, J. A., \u0026amp; Graves, A. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for elder- ly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 61–71. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMonaco, M., Costa, A., Caltagirone, C., \u0026amp; Carlesimo, G. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: Standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 749–754. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNielsen, H., Knudsen, L., \u0026amp; Daugbjerg, O. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for eight neuropsychological tests based on a Danish sample. \u003cem\u003eScandinavian Journal of Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 37–45. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman,  M.  A.,  Evans,  J.  D.,  Miller, W.  S.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Demographically  corrected norms for the California Verbal Learning Test. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–94. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT080\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman, M. A., Moore, D. J., Taylor, M., Franklin, D., Jr., Cysique, L., Ake, C., Lazarretto, D., Vaida, F., \u0026amp; Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; HNRC Group. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 793–804. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOlabarrieta-Landa, L., Rivera, D., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Garza, M. T., Saracho, C. P., Rodríguez, W., Chávez-Oliveros, M., Rábago, B., Leibach, G., Schebela, S., Martínez, C., Luna, M., Longoni, M., Ocampo-Barba, N., Rodríguez, G., Aliaga, A., Esenarro, L., García de la Cadena, C., Perrin, B. P., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark80\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuroRehabilitation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 515–561. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003enre-151279\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOosterhuis, H. E., van der Ark, L. A., \u0026amp; Sijtsma, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sample size requirements for traditional and regression-based norms. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 191–202. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solís, F., Ardila, A., \u0026amp; Rosselli, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark67\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). NEUROPSI: A brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 413–433. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solis, F., Gutierrez, A. L., Flores, M. R., \u0026amp; Ardila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Same or different? Semantic\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003everbal fluency across Spanish-speakers from different countries. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 367–377. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOuvrard, C., Berr, C., Meillon, C., Ribet, C., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., \u0026amp; Amieva, H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark59\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 786–793. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePavão  Martins,  I.,  Maruta,  C.,  Freitas,  V.,  \u0026amp;  Mares,  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Executive  performance  in  older Portuguese adults with low education. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 410–425. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePiatt,  A.  L.,  Fields,  J.  A.,  Paolo,  A.  M.,  \u0026amp; Tröster,  A.  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  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Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 20–35. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M Naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking partic- ipants and the effects of age, education, and sex. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–89. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark56\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop color-word test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 62–79. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVicente, S. G., Rivera, D., Barbosa, F., Gaspar, N., Dores, A. R., Mascialino, G., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eC. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for tests of attention and executive functions in a sample of European Portuguese adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 418–437. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eWorld Medical Association. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. \u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e310\u003c\/em\u003e(20), 2191–2194. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eYang, C. C., Kao, C. J., Cheng, T. W., Yang, C. C., Wang, W. H., Yu, R. L., Hsu, Y. H., \u0026amp; Hua, M. S.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural effect on suboptimal effort detection: An example of the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-III in Taiwan. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 869–878. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003eacs081\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#b3b3b3; font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003eView publication stats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-30T02:18:22-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"abctested-tags-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560899621032"},{"id":560899588264,"title":"RESEARCH  ARTICLE  2","created_at":"2023-09-30T02:18:21-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts research-article-2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eRESEAR CH AR TICLE \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eStronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShao-Min Hung\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaw-An Wu\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShinsuke Shimojo\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXianghong Arakaki\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBiology and Biological Engineering, California\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eFaculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eUniversity, Tokyo, Japan\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eComputation and Neural Systems, California\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003eHuntington Medical Research Institutes,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCorrespondence\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShao-Min Hung, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan\/Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbstract\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction: \u003c\/strong\u003eAbnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eand tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health.\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ecognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e91125, USA.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:smhung@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003esmhung@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003erisk) A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word-\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShinsuke Shimojo, Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena,    CA    91125,    USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:sshimojo@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003esshimojo@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eXianghong Arakaki, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), 686 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:xianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003exianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003enaming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task.\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion: \u003c\/strong\u003eThese findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early patho- logical aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eKEYWORDS \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eaging, early identification, implicit processing, pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis is an open access article under the terms of the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e© 2022 The Authors. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \u0026amp; Disease Monitoring \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003epublished by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's Dement. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e2022;14:e12340.    \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/wileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ewileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e1 of9 \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"1_|_INTRODUCTION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major mental and financial bur- den on our society as people have a longer life expectancy. Currently, nearly 6 million people in the United States aged 65 and above are diag- nosed with AD. This number was projected to be doubled in 20 years.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBetween 2000 and 2017, the number of deaths from AD increased 145%.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eImportantly, this number could be severely underestimated as patients may die from complications indirectly caused by AD (e.g., res- piratory system failure\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The hours of informal care provided in 2018 were estimated to be valued at nearly 234 billion USD. Patients on average remain alive and in need of extended care 4 to 8 years after the diagnosis of the disease,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ecausing a devastating psychological burden to the patient, the family, and the society.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough currently there is no available treatment to cure or reverse the catastrophic cognitive decline of AD, early intervention has been shown to slow down disease progression.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,6\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe commonly used diagnostic biomarkers such as age-appropriate total tau level and cere- brospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e indicate abnormality years before symptoms show up.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eHowever, in this pre-symptomatic period, it is extremely difficult to identify high-risk populations without exten- sive and invasive examinations. That is, people in the pre-symptomatic period are cognitively healthy and exhibit no apparent signs of disease. Finding an effective behavioral assessment that reveals early cognitive decline can provide an opportunity for intervention and will benefit our aging society tremendously. The current study thus set out to differ- entiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic older participants with a non-invasive yet sensitive behavioral measurement.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCognitive health is typically characterized by conscious and effortful thinking, focusing on memory, attention, and command-following (e.g., assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, despite having different biochemical risk levels, older asymptomatic participants characterized as cognitively healthy in the neuropsycho- logical assessment could exhibit a comparable level of behavioral performance in a cognitive task. Recent studies in perception sci- ences, however, have begun to show that high-level executive functions could play a role in regulating perception. For example, distributing attentional resources to a perceptual target improves performance, typically attributed to an enhanced gain of perceptual inputs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThese results have been expanded to subthreshold stimuli that observers are unable to perceive consciously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11,12\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFollowing this rationale, we aimed to examine if subtle changes in the high-level executive func- tions, which have not yet surfaced to conscious cognition to alter behavioral performance, could affect how observers respond to sub- threshold, implicit perceptual information. That is, these early potential perceptual\/cognitive changes are too subtle to be captured by stan- dard neuropsychological testing but can be revealed by altered implicit responses to external imperceptible sensory stimuli.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe central question is, which aspect of high-level executive func- tions is the most plausible candidate for us to observe an interaction with implicit processing? A rich body of literature has explored how older participants react to cognitively challenging conditions, with a focus on inhibitory control.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13–17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBased on these previous findings,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewe sought an experimental paradigm that challenged our participants cognitively with immense interference during their performance. For example, the Stroop task has been widely administered to assess cog- nitive control in which the participants are instructed to respond to colored words. When the task is color-naming, inconsistent seman- tics of the word (e.g., \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003egreen \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ecolored in red) is retrieved effectively and interferes with performance (i.e., the Stroop effect). When the task is word-naming, the color inconsistency usually yields a weaker inter- ference as color retrieval is less effective. In the younger and older participants, a similar Stroop effect size has been reported in sev- eral previous studies,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,14\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eincluding an early meta-analysis study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHowever, by manipulating the ratio of word-color congruent and incon- gruent trials, Mutter et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshowed that older participants suffered from using this contextual information to suppress distracting informa- tion. Similar failure to suppress lexical information has been observed in other paradigms in the elderly. Using a word-fragment-completion task, Logan and Balota\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003efound that older participants were more likely to use irrelevant information from a preceding distractor to perform the task, even when they were explicitly told not to do so. These studies have offered a solid foundation for the use of interference- based paradigms to pose a cognitive challenge and observe the harmful effects on task performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn the current study, we combined multiple layers of explicit and implicit interference in a task, including task-switching, Stroop inter- ference, and subliminal distractor response incongruency. The first two factors were introduced to induce a cognitively challenging condi- tion via the need to explicitly inhibit task-irrelevant stimulus features, potentially exhausting limited cognitive resources in the older partici- pants. They were both based on the Stroop effect. As previously men- tioned, color-naming requires stronger inhibition of the word meaning, and word-naming is relatively low effort because color retrieval is less automatic. Thus, a successful response in a Stroop task requires suppression of interfering information. Critically, we delivered a visu- ally masked distractor prior to the target word. Although no task was given to the masked distractors, identical words to the target words were used and expected to trigger implicit responses.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eTherefore, if the masked word and the subsequent target word triggered differ- ent responses, it was deemed incongruent and potentially caused a subliminal interference.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe recruited participants from a longitudinal study pool in which CSF amyloid\/tau and neuropsychological assessments had been per- formed on each individual. Blind to both the experimenters and the participants, these participants had been identified as cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003eathological \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH-PATs) and cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eN\u003c\/span\u003eormal \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH- NATs). This ratio was derived from their CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e and total tau protein. It has been shown to have 85% sensitivity in discriminat- ing AD among AD patients, mild cognitive impairment participants, and healthy controls in our prior study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis biomarker has been applied in a series of previous studies to show accurate delineation between healthy controls and AD patients.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22–24\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePreliminary data also suggest the predictive power of this biomarker: In an ongoing 4- year longitudinal study, 40% of the CH-PATs have declined cognitively\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewhile all CH-NATs have remained healthy.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWe thus defined the CH- PATs as at high risk and the CH-NATs as at low risk of AD in the current study. As both groups were cognitively healthy by the assess- ment of neuropsychological tests, we expected to see differentiation of performance only at the implicit\/subliminal level. Specifically, we proposed two competing hypotheses with the assumption that high- risk participants have subtly declining attention capacity, compared to low-risk participants. First, stronger implicit interference signals weakened inhibitory control, which will predict worse performance in high-risk older participants due to stronger implicit interference. Second, stronger implicit interference entails available attentional resources. This hypothesis is motivated by our recent work on a young population showing the attentional requirement to process implicit dis- tracting sensory information.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eConversely, this hypothesis will predict a stronger implicit interference in low-risk older participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2_|_METHODS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 39pt\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2.1.1_|_General_experimental_apparatus\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eExperimental design and subject details\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003eGeneral experimental apparatus\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants performed the experiment in a quiet room. The visual stim- uli were generated with E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.) on a Dell Precision T5610 with a 20\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e″ \u003c\/span\u003escreen. Participants were uncon- strained and observed the visual stimuli from approximately 50 cm away.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"2.1.2_|_Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eForty-seven cognitively healthy elderly (age range 53–92) were recruited. These participants were pre-determined as CH-NATs and CH-PATs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePlease see the next section for more information. The status of each participant was not known to the participant and exper- imenter, making the study double-blinded. None of them reported vision difficulty during stimulus presentation. The institutional review boards (IRB) of the California Institute of Technology and the Hunting- ton Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) approved this study (Quorum IRB, Seattle, Study #27197). All participants gave written consent prior to participation. Every participant completed a session lasting approx- imately 50 minutes. Three participants were excluded prior to analysis due to their inability to perform the task. Another three participants were excluded with accuracy three standard deviations lower than the group mean. One participant's status remained unknown and was not included. Forty participants thus entered the final analysis with 18 CH-NATs and 22 CH-PATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003eParticipant status classification\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA complete description of classification, including a complete list of neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esmall vessel disease, the biochemical analysis of lumbar CSF, was detailed  in  a  previous  study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn  summary,  separate  assessments performed prior to the experiment included a collection of demo- graphic data, physical exam, blood work, disease severity and disability scales, and CSF amyloid\/tau measurements. Participants with any cog- nitive impairment, that is, global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale scores \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e0.0, were not recruited. Participants had a Uniform Data Set format examination with no classifiable psychiatric or neurological dis- order and were all diagnosed as cognitively healthy. They enrolled in this study after a 5-hour comprehensive neuropsychological battery in which testing was performed independent\/blind to the biochemical classification. Different cognitive domains including memory, execu- tive function, language, attention, and visuospatial orientation were tested. All data were normalized to age, sex, and education norma- tive tables. These formal neuropsychometric data were combined with CDR, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and MMSE, as described previously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThe CSF samples were run on both Innotest (Innogenetics, discontinued) and MSD platforms (K15121G, MSD) to determine total tau (cutoff value \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e450 pg\/mL) and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e26,27\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePar- ticipants were then divided depending on individual CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\/total tau ratios compared to a cutoff value derived from a logistic regres- sion model that correctly diagnosed \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e85% of clinically probable AD participants.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants' demographics, including their age, sex, and education year, can be found in Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. There was no difference between the two groups.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDemographics and post-study subjective effort exertion report of CH-NATs (low-risk) and CH-PATs (high-risk)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\nCH-NATs (low risk)CH-PATs (high risk)Total number1822Age77.29 (8.01)74.48 (8.85)Sex12 females 6 males17 females 5 malesEducation year16.18 (2.10)16.90 (2.45)Post-study questionnaire0: Not at all–3: SevereDid you have any physical troubles during the task?0.11 (0.32)0.36 (0.62)Difficulty: Word responding to word responding1.11 (0.70)1.12 (0.76)Difficulty: Color responding to color responding1.03 (0.65)1.24 (0.75)Difficulty: Word responding to color responding1.28 (0.77)1.52 (0.66)Difficulty: Color responding to word responding1.31 (0.62)1.60 (0.62)How much effort did you use for the task?1.89 (0.74)2.02 (0.64)Do you feel tired after the task?0.72 (0.83)0.74 (0.85)Note: The two groups were comparable in each item with P \u0026gt; .05. The data are reported in mean (SD).\nAbbreviations: Aß, amyloid beta; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with normal Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with pathological Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; SD, standard deviation.\n\n\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eExperimental design and procedure\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#020303\"\u003e(A)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 372pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAn illustration of the task and stimuli is in Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Two words and two colors were selected to create word–color inconsistency in the stim- uli: word GREEN\/RED in color red\/green. A fixation point remained on screen throughout the trial. Each trial consisted of two stimuli to induce task-switching (word-naming for the stimulus 1 and color-naming for the target, or vice versa) or non-task-switching trials (word-naming or color-naming for both stimuli). A gray distractor (GREEN\/RED) was presented with a forward and a backward noise mask that consisted of random meaningless letters to disrupt its visibility. The (in)congruency between the distractor and the target was defined by the response induced by each stimulus.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEach trial began with a 500-ms blank stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). The first stimulus word in the trial was presented for 5000 ms or until response. Subsequently, a masked distractor (17 ms) was sand- wiched between a forward and a backward mask (each 50 ms) and presented above or below the fixation dot. Each mask consisted of a 4\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#020303\"\u003e(B)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTrial phase   Stimulus\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTime\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTask\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003e8 array of random letters and lasted 50 ms. Another blank period was inserted and lasted 500 ms. The target word appeared subsequently and lasted for 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn each trial, participants responded to both colored words. Partici- pants were instructed to name the color when the word was underlined (color-naming) and to name the word when the word was not under- lined (word-naming) via button presses. No task was given to the masked word. It is important to point out that the second stimulus was the true target stimulus because both the task-switching and masked distractor effects could only be observed on this stimulus. Our analyses thus focused on the responses to the target word.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEvery participant first underwent a short period of practice until they felt comfortable proceeding to the main experiment. Three blocks\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eStimuli, trial sequence, and task. A. Top. Stimuli. The stimulus words were RED\/GREEN, colored in an inconsistent ink. When the word was not underlined, the task was word-naming. When the word was underlined, the task was color-naming. Distractors were the same words without colors. B. Bottom. Trial sequence and task.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShown here is a task-switching trial. Each trial began with a 500-ms fixation, after which the first word appeared for 5000 ms or until response. The masked word was presented for 17 ms in one of the two possible locations (above or below the fixation) and sandwiched by two 50-ms masks consisting of random letters. No task was given to the masked distractor. The target appeared after another 500-ms blank period and lasted for another 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants were instructed to respond as accurately as possible.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eeach containing 64 trials were completed in the main experiment. To assess the invisible nature of the masked distractor, a post-experiment surprise awareness test was performed. The temporal sequence of the masking paradigm was identical to that of the main experiment. Each trial began with a 500-ms blank SOA, followed by the masked word presentation. Participants were instructed to report the location (top\/bottom) of the masked word as best as they could (i.e., two- alternative-forced-choice [2AFC]). Similarly, they had 5000 ms for a response.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAll participants completed a post-study questionnaire (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) to indicate their subjective physical and mental efforts exertion during the study. Seven questions were asked on a four-point scale (0: not severe at all—3: very severe). Participants were allowed to give subscale responses (e.g., 1.5).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"3_|_RESULTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eRESULTS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe analyses below are reported in the format of mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]). To first establish that the masked distractor was indeed imperceptible, we examined the accuracy of the 2AFC loca- tion task in the post-experiment awareness test. The mean accuracy was 45.00% (2.07%) and slightly below chance (paired \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(33) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.42, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02), indicating the implicit nature of the distractor. There was no difference between CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk; two-sample t-test, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[32] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.89). Six participants refused to complete this task, claiming that there was absolutely no word on the monitor. Their data were excluded only for the awareness test. Post-study questionnaire results indicated no differences between CH-PATs and CH-NATs in subjective effort exertion (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Par- ticularly, although the experiment was designed to examine how the elderly responded to cognitively challenging conditions while using inhibitory control, participants reported low levels of difficulty.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe average accuracy rates (ACC) and reaction times (RT) on the target in each trial were first examined to gauge participants' perfor- mance. On average, the mean ACC was 92.75% (0.95%), and the mean RT was 1350 (21) ms. These data corroborated that our participants were cognitively healthy and performed the task well.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo further examine their performance with respect to our exper- imental design, two separate mixed-effect analyses of variance were performed on the ACC and RT with one between-subject factor (participant status: CH-NATs\/CH-PATs) and three within-subject fac- tors (switch\/Stroop\/distractor incongruency). The switch component denoted whether the current target was in a switch (e.g., color-naming for the first stimulus and word-naming for the second stimulus) or non- switch trial (e.g., color-naming for both stimuli). The Stroop component denoted whether the target stimulus (i.e., the second stimulus) was color-naming (i.e., the Stroop effect, high-effort) or word-naming (i.e., the reverse Stroop effect, low-effort). Finally, the distractor incongru- ency component was defined by the designated responses triggered by the distractor and the target. If they triggered the same button response, the distractor was deemed congruent, otherwise, it was deemed incongruent.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe analysis on the ACC yielded a main effect of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.001, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.24, with no main effects of Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.56, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02, distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.54,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.47, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.01, and participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.71,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. This could be due to ceiling performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn contrast, the analysis on the RT yielded main effects of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e103.63, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.000, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73; Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.30, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.002,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.23; distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e3.58, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.07 (marginal), \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.09, and no effect of participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.71, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. Critically, a three-way interaction was observed across participant status, Stroop, and distractor incongruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e5.08, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.03, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73. Based on our a priori hypothesis that distractor incongruency could slow down responses in partici- pants with normal or pathological status, we treated the Stroop factor as an \"effort\" factor and examined the distractor incongruency effect in each group under the high-effort (color-naming) and low-effort (word-naming) conditions. This approach also limited the potential comparisons. A similar approach was taken in our recent study with a similar experimental design.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTwo post hoc analyses were thus performed. The RT here were also normalized against the average RT of the comparing conditions so that the percentage increase or decrease could be cleanly assessed. In the high-effort color-naming trials, compared to CH-NATs, CH-PATs were interfered by an implicit response-incongruent distractor, indicated by RT slowing (CH-PATs: 4.3% vs. CH-NATs: –0.2%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.55, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.015, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.83, sig-\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003enificant after Bonferroni correction, left panel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). This effect was not found in the low-effort word-naming trials (CH-PATs: –1.3% vs. CH-NATs: 1.04%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e-0.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.35, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.31, right\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003epanel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In short, during the more difficult color-naming con- dition, incongruent distractors slowed down RTs in CH-PATs but not CH-NATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough the participants in both groups were diagnosed as cog- nitively healthy, we further explored if their performance in the neuropsychological tests was correlated with the extent to which the incongruent, implicit distractor exerted an RT-slowing effect. Here we reported the MoCA and MMSE scores. Both scoring systems range from 0 to 30. Larger numbers indicate better cognitive ability. With all participants, there was a negative correlation between the distractor effect and MMSE: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.38, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.02 (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), but not between the distractor effect and MoCA: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.11, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.52. The group result indi- cated a link between worse cognition (i.e., lower scores in MMSE) and stronger subliminal distraction, which was consistent with our main finding. This negative correlation was not found within each group (CH- PATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.13, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.37, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.09; CH-NATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.32, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.23; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e– 0.43, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.10; note that there are two missing data points of the original MoCA and MMSE scores in CH-NATs, which are not included in this analysis). At least for the relationship between MMSE and distractor congruency, the lack of significance in each group was possibly due to smaller group sizes since both groups had the same trend.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFinally, we ran a logistic regression to directly estimate how predictive MMSE, MoCA, and the distractor congruency were to\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 45pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 114pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eImplicit interference in CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk). Percentage reaction time slowing was calculated by taking the RT difference between distractor incongruent and congruent trials, divided by the average of the two. Left, During color-naming, CH-PATs showed stronger RT slowing, compared to CH-NATs. Right, During word-naming, both groups were not interfered by incongruent distractors. CH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual, while the solid disc indicates the mean. Error bars denote standard error of the mean. Individual data are ranked order by the effect. A box plot is embedded in the background to display data distribution. Following the convention, the line inside the box denotes median while the upper and lower limits denote 75th and 25th percentile. Whiskers extend to 1.5 interquartile range. Crosses represent data exceed this range. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; RT, reaction time\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 266pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA logistic regression model using MMSE, MoCA, and RT interference (RT slowing by an implicit distractor) to estimate their predictive power to Alzheimer's disease risk level\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 3 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNegative correlation between MMSE scores and the implicit interference in the high difficulty task in all participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual. Three dotted lines were linearly fitted to the correlation in all participants (black), CH-NATs (green), and CH-PATs (red).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAsterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca name=\"4_|_GENERAL_DISCUSSION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eparticipants' biochemical status\/risk level. Our results showed that distractor congruency was the only factor that significantly con- curred with participants' status (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). That is, higher interference significantly predicted high-risk level. These results suggest better agreement between the risk level and implicit perception than the risk level and explicit cognitive function.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e: RT interference is the only factor that significantly concurs with the risk level. Coefficient estimate denotes probability of being CH-PATs com- pared to CH-NATs in each term. Positive values denote higher probability while negative ones denote lower probability. That is, a unit increase in RT interference increases the log odd of being CH-PATs approximately 16 times. SE denotes standard errors of coefficient estimates. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAbbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RT, reaction time.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eGENERAL DISCUSSION\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur study served as one of the first attempts to directly examine how the elderly at high and low risk of AD suffered from distracting, implicit interference. Multiple layers of response interference were introduced to examine the capability of inhibition control, including task-switching, Stroop interference, as well as subliminal distractor incongruency. We found that when the interference was explicit and consumed conscious effort, both the low-risk (CH-NATs) and high-risk\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e(CH-PATs) participants slowed down during task-switching and color- naming (i.e., the classical Stroop effect). The performance between the two groups was comparable. However, when the interference was implicit and subliminal, the two groups' performance bifurcated: Under high task difficulty (i.e., color-naming), high-risk participants suffered more interference from imperceptible and response-incongruent dis- tractors, compared to low-risk participants. When the task difficulty was lower (i.e., word-naming), both groups were not interfered by the distractor. These results revealed early changes in inhibitory control over latent and implicit visual information, while participants remained cognitively healthy and exhibited similar level of interference from conscious, explicit visual information. Our findings thus indicated the importance of investigating subliminal perception in providing a poten- tial pre-clinical behavioral marker to differentiate older participants into high- or low-risk status in AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur main finding indicates that inhibitory control in suppressing implicit distracting information can be key to differentiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic AD. Low-risk participants appeared to have an intact ability to suppress unwanted information and hence were protected from implicit interference. Intriguingly, high task difficulty was another key factor in revealing the differences between low-risk and high-risk participants. One potential explanation is that the atten- tional resources required to suppress explicit and implicit distracting information were shared, which is illustrated in our recent study in the young healthy adults.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn the easier task (i.e., word naming), both groups were able to use these limited attentional resources to sup- press the distraction from the implicit stimulus (i.e., the incongruent distractor). On the other hand, when the task at hand was difficult (i.e., color naming), the attentional resources of high-risk, but not low-risk participants, were exhausted by the explicit distracting information. Therefore, the inability to suppress implicit interference, which led to reaction time slowing, was only observed in high-risk participants and only when the task was challenging. These results suggest that the subtle deficits in suppressing implicit information could be a more sen- sitive indicator for early cognitive decline, compared to conscious and effortful inhibition over explicit information.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTackling how older adults suppress implicit\/subliminal information in the current study provides a novel direction for future research to assess cognitive health. Past studies have repeatedly shown that suppressing explicit\/supraliminal task-irrelevant information is key to cognitive health. Using the Stroop paradigm, Davidson et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshowed that older adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e73–74 years old) consistently exhib- ited larger word interference to color naming, compared to younger adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e20 years old). Similar results were found compar- ing AD patients to control participants: larger Stroop interference in AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eA 2010 longitudinal study tracked 47 healthy individuals (tested in 1992–1994) until 12 of them subsequently developed AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThe results showed that the error rate in incongruent Stroop trials was the strongest predictor of developing AD. All these studies suggest that a behavioral cognitive task (e.g., the Stroop task) can pose a significant challenge to the inhibitory control system and further help identify individuals with distinct capabilities to suppress distracting informa- tion. Consistent with these findings, our study further established that\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eolder adults' ability to inhibit implicit distracting information concurs with their risk of developing AD, assessed by the CSF Aß42\/ total tau protein ratio. This approach can be particularly powerful when the tar- geted older adults are cognitively healthy and pre-symptomatic despite having different levels of risk.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur findings provide evidence in support for non-invasive psy- chophysical tasks in categorizing pre-symptomatic older participants into high- and low-risk groups. Early identification of the risk of devel- oping AD has been a central topic in aging research. Several genes have been associated with changes in A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, including \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN2\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAPP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. In a seminal study comparing carriers of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003emutation to non- carriers, Bateman et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ehave shown early anomaly in behavioral, physiological, and neuropsychological measurements before symptom onset. For example, an increased tau level was detected 15 years prior to symptom onset, a decline in the concentration of CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e42 appeared 25 years prior to symptom onset. Cognitive impairment came a lot later and could be detected 5 years prior to onset. This direc- tion of research has revealed multiple potential causes of AD, including age, genetics, and the environment. Our study further offers a novel behavioral, pre-symptomatic marker before any cognitive impairment has emerged with a minimally invasive procedure.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOnce an early identification is in place during the long latent period in which no explicit cognitive decline is surfaced, early intervention could tremendously slow down disease progression. A 2-year multi- domain intervention in high-risk older participants, including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring, has shown benefits in cognition, measured by neuropsychological tests.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMore importantly, these benefits were gained regardless of participants' baseline characteristics,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eincluding their age, sex, education, socioe- conomic status, and so on. Early identification of AD is essential to harnessing early intervention. An early decline in a specific domain of cognition is not only a target of identification but also a target of intervention.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough at the group level we showed a significant difference between the low-risk and high-risk participants, it remains challeng- ing to perform classification at the individual level (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, left). We believe that more predictive power can be harnessed when differ- ent aspects of cognitive functions are taken into consideration, and more data in the longitudinal trajectory within the same person are collected. Both approaches will shed light on the heterogeneity of human cognition and perception. Recent studies have implemented a within-person approach to allow accurate prediction of an individ- ual's future performance. For instance, Stawski et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e32\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ehave shown that response speed predicted working memory better than attention switching did between individuals, while attention switching predicted working memory better than response speed did within individuals. Although this study had been completed within a short time window, it nevertheless indicated the importance of task selection in within- person, longitudinal tracking of cognitive performance. Our recent studies also indicated that combining other physiological data such as those from electroencephalogram and heart rate variability increased the performance when classifying older participants into higher and lower risk groups.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e27,33\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe ultimate goal of the current research\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003edirection is to find sensitive cognitive domains that either provide indi- vidual classification with a psychophysical test or can be combined with other critical physiological measures to form an informative index, both with the goal to inform the risk to develop AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAs our population moves into an aging society (1 in 6 people will be\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003eage 65 by 2050\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), cognitive aging has become an important topic for scientists, medical practitioners, and policy makers to consider. Unfor- tunately, an early decline in cognition is very often implicit and silent. We thus have to fight such a collapse while cognitive flexibility is still abundant, especially before it leads to an irreversible disease such as AD. Our study here provides a new perspective on using multiple levels of interference in a behavioral task and shows that higher suscepti- bility to implicit interference may be a key feature in high-risk older \u003ca name=\"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eparticipants.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors thank Michael G. Harrington for recruiting participants and performing clinical classifications. We are grateful for the research funding provided by the James Boswell Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Caltech BBE Divisional Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.-M.H, L.K. Whittier Foundation to HMRI, and National Institutes of Aging R56 \u003ca name=\"CONFLICTS_OF_INTEREST\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e(R56AG063857) and R01 (R01AG063857) to X.A. and S.S.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCONFLICTS OF INTEREST \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003eAuthor disclosures \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eare \u003ca name=\"REFERENCES\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eavailable in the supporting information.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eREFERENCES \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003eHebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. 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A  2  year  multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at- risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Lancet\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003e. 2015;385(9984):2255-2263. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e60461-5\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003eStawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Hofer SM. Between-person and within- person associations among processing speed, attention switching, and working memory in younger and older adults. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExp Aging Res\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003e. 2013;39(2):194-214. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003eArechavala RJ, Rochart R, Kloner RA, et al. Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid\/tau, a pilot study. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInt  J Psychophysiol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans\"\u003e. 2021;170:102-111. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e007\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Lucida Sans; font-size:7pt\"\u003eUnited Nations. 2019. World population prospects 2019. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003epopulation.un.org\/wpp\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePublished June 17, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2021. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003epopulation-prospects-2019-highlights.html\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSUPPORTING INFORMATION \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAdditional supporting information can be found online in the Support- ing Information section at the end of this article.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-30T02:18:21-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"research-article-3","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560899588264"},{"id":560899555496,"title":"Testing Post 2","created_at":"2023-09-30T02:11:26-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts testing-post-2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eReview\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:18pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's Disease Dementia Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing: A Systematic Review\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc\u003csup\u003e1,6\u003c\/sup\u003e, Olga L. Pedraza, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, Andrea Rodr´ıguez, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Erick Sa´nchez, MD\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e,\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:12pt\"\u003eIgnasi Gich, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ivan Sola`, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Xavier Bonfill, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e, and Pablo Alonso-Coello, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e28(2) 111-119\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eª \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eThe Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission:\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003esagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e DOI: 10.1177\/1533317512470209\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/aja.sagepub.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eaja.sagepub.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAbstract\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with a growing incidence during the last decades. Clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and presence of AD biomarkers have become important issues for early and adequate treatment. We performed a systematic literature search and quality appraisal of AD dementia guidelines, published between 2005 and 2011, which contained diagnostic recommendations on AD dementia. We also analyzed diagnostic recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests, neuropsychological evaluation, and AD biomarkers. Of the 537 retrieved references, 15 met the selection criteria. We found that Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II domains such as applicability and editorial independence had the lowest scores. The wide variability on assessment of quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were the main concerns identified regarding diagnostic testing. Although the appropriate methodology for clinical practice guideline development is well known, the quality of diagnostic AD dementia guidelines can be significantly improved.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eKeywords\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ediagnosis, Alzheimer's disease dementia, systematic review, clinical practice guidelines\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eBackground\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eThe world population is rapidly aging, which causes a signifi- cant increase in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases, with serious consequences in terms of global public health. The prevalence of diseases such as dementia is nearly 42 million patients in 2012, with approximately 4.6 million new cases a year.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e These figures would increase up to 300\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eby 2040, with an impact on expenditure of over US$ 422 billion.\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia), the most common dementia in the Western world, is defined as a cogni- tive decline documented by standardized testing on 2 or more domains, which interferes with daily function and represents a decline in previous levels.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Recently, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke– Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria have been updated and presented 3 different types of AD dementia according to presence of core clinical criteria only (probable), an atypical course without differential diagno- sis (possible), or neuropathological evidence (definitive).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eThe presence of cognitive impairment, especially in the memory domain, is a fundamental part of the clinical criteria used to diagnose AD dementia. This impairment must be detected and\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003ediagnosed through a combination of clinical history analysis and objective cognitive assessment by means of a brief mental evalua- tion or comprehensive neuropsychological testing.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e The latter reflects the clinical dimension of the disease and characterizes the type of presentation. However, new trends in AD dementia\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e Grupo  de  Evaluacio´n  de  Tecnolog´ıas  y  Pol´ıticas  en  Salud  -  GETS,  Clinical Research Institute - School of Medicine. National University of Colombia, Bogota´ DC, Colombia\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Department of Neurosciences and Memory Clinic Unit, Fundacion Uni- versitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogota, Colombia\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Department. Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), CIBER Epidemiolog´ıa y Salud Pu´blica (CIBERESP), Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Doctoral candidate at the Pediatrics, Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCorresponding Author:\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc, Grupo de Evaluacio´n de Tecnolog´ıas y Pol´ıticas en Salud - GETS, Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogota´ DC, Colombia.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:ingrid.arevalo@e-campus.uab.cat\"\u003eingrid.arevalo@e-campus.uab.cat\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e112    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2)\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003ediagnosis suggest the need to reflect upon thebiological dimension of the disease, including biomarkers related to brain amyloid-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eprotein deposition and downstream neuronal degeneration.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eSeveral clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of AD dementia have been published in different countries. These offer users (professionals and health adminis- trators, patients and caregivers, among others) clinical recommendations for daily practice based on the best available evidence.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Although CPGs have become a useful clinical tool, their quality can vary and could be improved.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e The CPG assessment must be conducted in an objective manner using standardized instruments that address issues such as rigor of development, clarity of recommendations, and applicability, among others.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e It is also important to analyze the differences in recommendations among guidelines focused on the same topic, which can vary and even be contradictory.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eThere are previous studies related to the assessment of the quality and content of AD dementia CPGs, but these were not conducted systematically and did not assess recommendations on AD dementia diagnosis.\u003csup\u003e11-14\u003c\/sup\u003e The purpose of this review was to assess the quality of CPGs that focus on the diagnosis of AD dementia as well as to examine the recommendations on 3 crit- ical aspects of AD diagnosis: initial testing with brief cognitive screening tools, use of neuropsychological assessment, and use of biomarkers of amyloid-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaccumulation and neuronal injury.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eMethods\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003eWe performed a systematic review of AD dementia CPGs retrieved from the Web sites of guideline developers (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, National Institute for Clinical Excel- lence, among others), CPG compilers (National Guidelines Clear- inghouse, National Library of Guidelines, GIN Web site, among others), and institutions that conduct research related to dementia. We complemented this search in MEDLINE, using the terms ''dementia,'' ''Alzheimer,'' and ''elderly,'' with a methodological filter to search for CPGs (the full search strategy is available upon request). The CPGs with diagnostic recommendations in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between January 2005 and December 2011 were included. Previous versions of the same guideline, letters to the editor, or guidelines with a focus on pop-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eulation screening or general mental health were excluded.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eTwo authors independently selected all potentially eligible studies by reading the titles and abstracts of the retrieved refer- ences. Subsequently, 4 trained authors independently assessed the quality of each CPG using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II tool.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e This instrument includes the evaluation of 6 domains: Scope and Purpose, Sta- keholder Involvement, Rigor of Development, Clarity of Presentation, Applicability, and Editorial Independence. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its 95\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003econfidence interval (95\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eCI) were calculated to assess interrater agree- ment. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri\"\u003e1 \u003c\/span\u003e15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eFor the analyses of recommendations regarding diagnostic testing, we only included guidelines of high quality, defined\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eas those with scores equal to or greater than 60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003ein the ''Rigor of development'' domain. We used this cutoff point as an adequate figure to reflect that a valid and transparent process had been adopted in the development of recommendations.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c\/sup\u003e For each guideline, 3 authors extracted recommendations con- cerning: (1) the brief cognitive instruments recommended for initial evaluation of patients with suspected AD dementia, (2) the use of neuropsychological assessment, and (3) the use of biomarkers in patients with suspected AD dementia. The rec- ommendations (sentences) of each CPG were extracted along with the quality of evidence, strength of the recommendation, and type of studies included. This information was synthesized in a recommendation matrix for further analysis. All disagree- ments were resolved by consensus.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eAll paper and pencil tests used for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia were classified as brief cognitive instruments. Neuropsychological assessment was defined as all comprehensive and standardized cognitive eva- luations, including appraisal of memory, language, executive functions, and visual–spatial abilities conducted by trained clinicians. Recommendations on the following AD biomarkers were included: low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e lev- els, positive retention of tracer in positron emission tomogra- phy (PET), elevated Tau protein levels in CSF (total or phosphorylated), decreased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET reflected in the temporoparietal cortex, and presence of patterns of atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial parietal cortex.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eResults\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eWe retrieved a total of 537 citations and excluded 518 that were not related to AD dementia. We also excluded letters to the edi- tor as well as CPGs in languages other than English, Spanish, and Portuguese, those with recommendations concerning only a subset of patients with dementia and those with general recommendations for mental health. In all, 4 CPGs containing therapeutic recommendations only were also excluded (Figure 1). We assessed 15 CPGs distributed among 22 individ- ual references.\u003csup\u003e16-37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003eWe found that the domains with the highest scores were ''Scope and Purpose'' and ''Clarity of Presentation'' (75.4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eand 80\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e, respectively), whereas ''Applicability'' and ''Editor- ial Independence'' had the lowest figures (32.4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eand 47\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e, respectively). Only 1 (6.7\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) CPG had scores above 60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003ein all domains.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e All the 6 (40\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) guidelines had ratings equal to or above 60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003efor the ''Rigor of Development'' domain\u003csup\u003e18,19,25,30,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 1). We classified these as guidelines of high quality. Agreement among reviewers was considerable (ICC 0.78, 95\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eCI: 0.60-0.91).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eOf the 15 identified guidelines, 4 did not report a system to grade evidence or recommendations. Conversely, the 6 high-quality CPGs used 4 different grading systems. The most commonly used system, out of these 4, was that developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (66\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e).\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e Only\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e113\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFigure 1. Flowchart of the systematic search.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e1 CPG used a tool specifically designed for diagnostic questions\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 2). One CPG presented a diagnostic classi- fication system in the Methods section, but after concluding that there was no enough information to address the diagnostic topics, they based their recommendations on an expert consen- sus and presented them without graduation of strength.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eAll the 15 included guidelines had information on at least 1 of the 3 critical aspects of AD dementia diagnosis included in this review. In all, 14 (93\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) provided recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD, 9 (60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) presented recommendations on the use of neuropsychological tests, and 4 (26\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) presented explicit recommendations on use of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBrief Cognitive Test Recommendations\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eAll 6 (100\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) high-quality guidelines provided recommenda- tions on the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD dementia. They emphasized the importance of conducting a formal cognitive assessment using objective and valid instruments, although 3 (50\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) of them did not recommend any test in particular (Table 3). A total of 19 brief instruments were recommended in the guidelines\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eretrieved, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) being the most frequently recommended. Of the 6 high-quality guidelines, 5 (83\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) considered information on national valida- tion and standardization of recommended tests, and 2 (33\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) of them, recommended the use of MMSE versions validated in the country where the CPG had been developed.\u003csup\u003e34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eObservational designs, especially cohorts and cross-sectional studies, were the most frequently included study designs. We found disagreements between the quality assessment of evidence and the confidence of recommendation among the high-quality guidelines. The former varied from very low to high depending on the system used. The strength of recommendation ranged from A to C (Table 3).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment Recommendations\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eAll the 6 (100\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) high-quality guidelines presented recommen- dations related to the use of neuropsychological tests. They recommended neuropsychological testing only when the diag- nosis is unclear, when there is uncertainty about the stage of the disease, or when a differential diagnosis needs to be ruled out. Again, observational studies were the most frequently included type of design included. The quality of the evidence varied from very low to high and the strength of recommendations\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. The AGREE II Domain-Standardized Scores for CPG on Alzheimer´s Dementia Diagnostic Recommendations.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:163px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:167px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:67px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:129px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:70px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:66px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:62px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 34px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrganization\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublication Year\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCountry and Language\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScope and Purpose\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStakeholder Involvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRigor of Development\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClarity of Presentation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eApplicability\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEditorial Independence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil\u003csup\u003e16,17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazil, Portuguese\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazilian Academy of Neurology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia: supporting people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNational Institute for Health and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia and their carers in health and social care\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical Excellence (NICE) \u0026amp; Social Care Institute for Excellence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNetwork\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRecommendations for best practices\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThe Alzheimer's Drug Discovery\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 36px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ein the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in managed care\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFoundation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health, Singapore\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSingapore, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 1pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognitive impairment in the elderly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBritish Columbia Medical Association\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003erecognition, diagnosis, and management\u003csup\u003e20\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis and treatment of dementia\u003csup\u003e23-29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThird Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTreatment of Dementia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline for Alzheimer's disease management\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCalifornia Workgroup on Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e Dementia: diagnosis and treatment\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eguideline\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia in elderly in primary care\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline about\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 2. Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation Systems Used.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eQuality of the Evidence    Strength of Recommendation    CPG\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSIGN\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e    1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or RCTs with a very low risk of bias.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eWell-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a low risk of bias.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies; high- quality case–control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eNonanalytic studies, eg, case reports, case series. 4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eExpert opinion.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review of RCTs, or RCT rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eand directly applicable to the target population; or a body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel B    A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel C  A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ethe target population and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel D  Evidence level 3 or 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e19,34\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1    Evidence obtained from at least 1 proper RCT.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomi- zation, or evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies preferably from more than 1 center or research group, or evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments are included in this category.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOpinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A. There is good evidence to support this maneuver.    \u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B. There is fair evidence to support this maneuver.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against this maneuver, but recommendations may be made on other grounds.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel D. There is a fair evidence to recommend against this procedure. Level E. There is good evidence to recommend against this procedure.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEFNS Classification    I    A prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons with the suspected\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003econdition, using a ''Gold Standard'' for case definition, where the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eA prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of per- sons with an established condition (by Gold Standard) compared to a broad spectrum of controls, where test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence provided by a retrospective study where either persons with the established condition or controls are of a narrow spectrum, and where test is applied in a blinded evaluation.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClass IV Any design where test is not applied in blinded evaluation or evidence provided by expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series (without controls).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A rating (established as useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive).    \u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B rating (established as probably useful\/predictive or not useful\/ predictive).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C rating (established as possibly useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive) requires at least 2 convincing class III studies.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care and SIGN Modified\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eI Evidence obtained from at least 1 properly designed RCT.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without rando- mization.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than 1 center or research group.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the inter- vention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments could also be regarded as this type of evidence.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIII Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience; descriptive studies and case reports; or reports of expert committees.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT, or    \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eevidence rated as good and directly applicable to the target population\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B Evidence from well-conducted clinical trials, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or evidence extrapolated from meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C    Evidence from expert committee reports, or opinions and\/or clinical experiences of respected authorities; indicates absence of directly applicable clinical studies of good quality.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; SIGN, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; RCT, randomized controlled trials.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e116    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2)\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 3. Recommendations for Brief Cognitive Tests in AD Dementia.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eN    Level of Evidence    Grade of Recommendation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eMMSE and\/or other tests    3    2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19,34\u003c\/sup\u003e and III\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    B\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e, C,\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e and A\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGeneric recommendation about brief cognitive test    3    2,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e I,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and expert consensus\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e    B,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e A,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and no strength\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 4. Neuropsychological Assessment Recommendations in AD Dementia Guidelines.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e.    Level of Evidence\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrade of Recommendation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Fomal neuropsychological testing should form part of the assessment in cases of mild or questionable dementia''\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Neuropsychological testing should be used in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in patients where dementia is not clinically obvious''\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia is currently a clinically integrative one. Neuropsychological testing alone cannot be used for this purpose and should be used selectively in clinical settings. Neuropsychological testing may aid in: addressing the distinction between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia, and early dementia; addressing the risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia to dementia or Alzheimer dementia; determining the differential diagnosis of dementia and other syndromes of cognitive impairment.''\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''When the diagnosis of dementia is inconclusive, then neuropsychological tests will be required''\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''We recommend performed a detailed neuropsychological evaluation by specific tests when there are discrepancies between the clinical impression and screening tests, diagnostic concerns or when the complaints are of short duration or limited to a single cognitive domain''\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Quantitative neuropsychological testing should be made in patients with questionable or very early Alzheimer Dementia''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The assessment of cognitive functions should include a general cognitive measure and more detailed testing of the main cognitive domains, and in particular an assessment of delay recall''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eExpert consensus    No strength 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e, 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eB\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2    B\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII    C\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e4    D\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 31pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII, I    B, A\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviation: AD, Alzheimer's disease.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003efrom A to D, similar to brief cognitive recommendations. None of the CPGs proposed a specific neuropsychological battery of instruments and only 1 guideline included a recommendation about the assessment of major cognitive domains (memory, executive functions, language, attention, and visuospatial skills; Table 4).\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe AD Biomarkers Recommendations\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOnly 4 (66\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) of the 6 high-quality CPGs presented explicit recommendations for the use of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neu- ronal injury biomarkers (Table 5). In all, 3 of these emphasized a lack of clinical studies on these biomarkers and presented recommendations against their use.\u003csup\u003e19,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e The fourth high- quality CPG found FDG–PET and Tau levels to be useful,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e although the direction of recommendation (for or against) remains unclear. Again, observational designs were the most frequently included studies. The quality of evidence varied widely, from low to high, depending on the system used. Simi- larly, the strength of recommendation ranged from B to C.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThis review shows that CPGs addressing diagnostic issues related to AD dementia published between 2005 and 2011 are very heterogeneous in terms of quality according to their AGREE-II scores. Domains such as applicability and editorial independence had very low scores and deserve special atten- tion. Previous reviews of AD dementia CPGs highlight similar difficulties on these topics, even though such shortcomings could be easily improved.\u003csup\u003e7,12\u003c\/sup\u003e For example, if the applicability domain addresses organizational barriers, cost implications, and monitoring criteria related to guideline implementa- tion,\u003csup\u003e39-42\u003c\/sup\u003e it is important that guideline developers identify a priori factors related to transferability, such as values, costs, availability of resources, and influence of economic and intel- lectual interest on implementation. Regarding editorial independence issues,\u003csup\u003e41,43,44\u003c\/sup\u003e a complete and valid documenta- tion of conflicts of interest for all participants in all stages of guideline development is required.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIssues concerning CPG rigor of development deserve closer attention. In our review, we noticed that 26\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eof the CPGs did\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e117\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 5. Recommendations for the Use of Alzheimer's Dementia Biomarkers.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 159pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eBiomarkers of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAccumulation    Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eLevel of evidence and strength of recommendation\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbnormal tracer retention on amyloid PET\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eimaging    Low CSF A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e42\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eElevated CSF Tau (total or phosphorylated)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eDecreases FDG uptake on PET involving temporoparietal cortex\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAtrophy on MRI, involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial and lateral cortices.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with dementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eClinical practice guidelines about comprehensive care for people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eEFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eI, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e Inside cells: level of evidence, grade of recommendation.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation against use of biomarker.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation unclear for use of biomarker.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003enot use a system to grade the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, among those that did use a system, only 1 included diagnostic-specific elements in their framework (eg, appropriate reference standard or ade- quate spectrum of patients).\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e This figure is disturbing because CPG users need to know how much they can trust the evaluated information and whether adherence to the recommendations will yield more benefits than harm.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, the use of generic systems developed by therapeutic studies would lead to inaccurate ratings of the quality of the evidence and would generate uncertainty about the recommendations. An example is the use of neuropsychological testing. Although recommen- dations were fairly homogeneous and specific in terms of content, their strength and quality of the evidence on which they were based varied from very low (experts opinion, D) to very high (1    , A). This situation is worrying because although we selected only high-quality guidelines for these comparisons, it is not clear whether the evidence related to neuropsychological tests is of good quality or whether developers are confident about implementing the recommendations provided.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe found a similar situation regarding the use of brief cog- nitive tests, which added to other concerns about the clinical utility of these tools. In our review, we found a total of 19 tests recommended for initial assessment, but 3 of the high-quality guidelines only prescribed a cognitive assessment, although without identifying any instrument to achieve that goal. Once again, we encountered difficulties in assessing the quality of the diagnostic evidence and the strength of recommendations, but this variability also reflects doubts about the advantages and limitations of the tests.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e We think that valid and global figures about accuracy of these tools, especially those related to subgroups such as patients with mild cognitive impairment\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003eor the general population, are imperative. This information could help us determine which test(s) would be more useful for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia. We found that only a few (26\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) CPGs addressed the use of biomarkers. Three of them did not recommend their use in daily clinical practice and only one suggested that they could be potentially useful.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e Based on the currently available evidence, the uncertainty with respect to the applicability and benefit of these biomarkers in clinical settings does not support their inclusion in CPGs. The CPG users, who still wish to adopt these diagnostic tools in daily practice, could face difficulties related to local standardization, development of cutoff points for different stages of AD, and availability of trained staff (eg, radiologists in measurement of MRI structures). Once again, we noticed that formal evaluation of clinical accuracy\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eof these biomarkers is necessary.\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eA previous review by Beck et al also found considerable dif- ferences among diagnostic recommendations in CPGs on dementia published until 1999.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e They attributed these differ- ences to the methods used to formulate recommendations and to the need for an evidence-based approach for future guideline development. We found that disagreement persisted even in rigorously developed evidence-based CPGs, causing signifi- cant consequences in terms of interpretation, comparison, and generalizability of the recommendations.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, adopting a system that took into account the nature of the evidence evaluated would be helpful. The framework outlined by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach has been developed to provide a common, rigorous, and comprehensive framework with a specific consideration of diagnostic issues that could be helpful in solving these difficulties.\u003csup\u003e49\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e118    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2)\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOur review has several strengths and limitations. We conducted an exhaustive and systematic search strategy of the available literature that was not limited to indexed databases, given that it included references that had not been used in other reviews on AD dementia. However, we had to exclude 6 CPGs in languages such as German and Chinese as well as 4 references with only therapeutic recommendations, which could have facilitated a more complete evaluation of AD dementia guidelines. Similarly, we only included guidelines published between 2005 and 2011. Although we selected this time span in order to be more certain about the appropriateness of the guidelines, CPG developers may have had different interpretations of the same evidence.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003eWe used a valid and widely disseminated instrument (AGREE- II) to assess guideline quality as well as a reliable process based on independent assessment by 4 appraisers. Nevertheless, the use of the AGREE instrument has potential drawbacks related to a distinc- tive focus on the development process of the CPG instead of on the quality of individual recommendations within the guideline.\u003csup\u003e50\u003c\/sup\u003e In addition, we only used 1 domain of the AGREE-II tool to select the guidelines for individual analyses, whereas other reviews recom- mend the assessment of 2 domains, namely rigor of development and editorial independence. In our review, we aimed to assess the methodological issues related to the development of CPGs in order to highlight the issues associated with using generic grading sys- tems, but we also noticed that all selected guidelines obtained ade- quate scores on the editorial independence domain ( 50\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs a conclusion, it is necessary that clinicians have access to high-quality and up-to-date recommendations from the best available evidence for the adequate management of patients with AD dementia. The quality of CPGs on the diagnosis of AD dementia can be improved not only through the inclusion of ethical aspects, the participation of stakeholders, and a clear strategy for their implementation, but also through a thorough evaluation of the quality of the available evidence using a unified framework to present recommendations.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eFunding\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: Pablo Alonso- Coello is funded by a Miguel Servet investigator contract from the Insti- tuto de Salud Carlos III. Other authors received no financial support for this research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFerri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. \u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c\/em\u003e. 2005;366(9503):2112-2117.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWimo A, Winblad B, Jonsson L. 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GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. \u003cem\u003eEvid Based Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;13(6):162-163.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBrouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. The Global Rating Scale complements the AGREE II in advancing the quality of practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Epidemiol\u003c\/em\u003e. 2012;65(5):526-534.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-30T02:11:26-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"testing-post-3","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560899555496"},{"id":560899522728,"title":"Low dose THC name","created_at":"2023-09-30T02:11:25-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts low-dose-thc-name\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eA chronic low dose of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:22pt\"\u003e-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) restores cognitive function in old mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:22pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAndras Bilkei-Gorzo\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1,4\u003c\/span\u003e, Onder Albayram\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1,4\u003c\/span\u003e, Astrid Draffehn\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e, Kerstin Michel\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Anastasia Piyanova\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Hannah Oppenheimer\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e, Mona Dvir-Ginzberg\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e, Ildiko Rácz\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Thomas Ulas\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e, Sophie Imbeault\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Itai Bab\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e, Joachim L Schultze\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u0026amp; Andreas Zimmer\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe balance between detrimental, pro-aging, often stochastic processes and counteracting homeostatic mechanisms largely determines the progression of aging. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the endocannabinoid system\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(ECS) is part of the latter system because it modulates the physiological processes underlying aging\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. The activity of the ECS declines during aging, as CB1 receptor expression and coupling to G proteins are reduced in the brain tissues of older animals\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e3–\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e5 \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand the levels of the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lower\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. However, a direct link between endocannabinoid tone and aging symptoms has not been demonstrated. Here we show that a low dose of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reversed the age-related decline in cognitive performance of mice aged 12 and 18 months. This behavioral effect was accompanied by enhanced expression of synaptic marker proteins and increased hippocampal spine density. THC treatment restored hippocampal gene transcription patterns such that the expression profiles of THC-treated mice aged 12 months closely resembled those of THC-free animals aged 2 months. The transcriptional effects of THC were critically dependent on glutamatergic CB1 receptors and histone acetylation, as their inhibition blocked the beneficial effects of THC. Thus, restoration of CB1 signaling in old individuals could be an effective strategy to treat age-related cognitive impairments.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo determine whether prolonged exposure to a low dose of THC has lasting effects on learning and memory performance in mice aged 2, 12 and 18 months (termed young, mature and old, respectively), we implanted osmotic minipumps releasing 3 mg per kg bodyweight per day of THC or vehicle for 28 d. The effects of age and treatment on spatial learning and memory were first assessed in the Morris water maze (MWM) test starting on day 33 after pump implantation, thus allowing a washout period of 5 d (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The mature and old vehicle-treated animals learned the task more slowly than the young animals, which is indicative of an age-related deficit in spatial learning (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Treatment with THC improved task acquisition in mature\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand old animals. The difference between the groups persisted in the reversal phase of the test, which assessed learning flexibility. Thus, both THC-treated mature and old mice showed better performance than the vehicle-treated controls in the same age groups. In the probe trial phase of the test, which was conducted on day 6 before reversal learning and which is an indicator of long-term spatial memory, vehi- cle-treated old animals showed memory impairments, as indicated by reduced time spent in the target quadrant (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Treatment with THC improved spatial memory in this age group to the level observed with the young controls. In young mice, THC treatment worsened performance, in good agreement with the known detrimental effects of THC on cognition in young animals and humans\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e7–\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e9\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Treatment with THC did not affect the time the mice required to reach a visible platform (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 1a\u003c\/strong\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe next used the novel object location recognition task. Young,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003evehicle-treated controls performed significantly better than vehicle- treated mature and old animals (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1d\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), which again indicates an age-related impairment of cognitive performance. THC treatment also abolished the cognitive deficit in mature and old animals in this test, as they performed at the same level as the young, vehicle-treated controls. THC treatment was already effective in mature animals after 14 d (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 1b\u003c\/strong\u003e). To further test the effect of THC treat- ment on long-term memory, animals were tested in the partner rec- ognition test. Here the test mouse first explores an open-field arena with an unknown conspecific in a small grid cage and a small object. This test was repeated after 24 h with a new partner in an identical grid cage instead of the object. If mice remember the previous part- ner from session 1, they will show a higher preference for the new partner. Mature and old animals did not remember the partner as well as young mice (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), but THC treatment restored partner- recognition ability in mature and old animals (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 1c\u003c\/strong\u003e). Together, these results reveal a profound, long-lasting improvement of cognitive performance resulting from a low dose of THC treatment in mature and old animals. THC treatment for 28 d restored the learning and memory performance of mature and old animals in the MWM, novel object location recognition and social recognition tests to the levels observed in young mice.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eInstitute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eGenomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, Bonn, Germany. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eInstitute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eThese authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to A.Z. (\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eneuro@uni-bonn.de\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eReceived 27 July 2015; accepted 7 February 2017; published online 8 May 2017; \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003edoi:10.1038\/nm.4311\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 124pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ea\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 136pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0    14    28    42    56\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 151pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTime (days after treatment)    PR or  NOLR\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eYoung\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eMature    Old\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 124pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 100pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7    8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e *\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7    8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 27pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 44pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e *\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7   8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 125pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTime (days)    Time (days)    Time (days)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 65pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 68pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 62pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1 \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic, low-dose THC treatment restores learning ability in aged mice. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Experimental setup used for assessing the long-lasting behavioral and cellular responses to chronic THC administration. PR, partner recognition; NOLR, novel object location recognition. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Acquisition and reversal phases of the Morris water maze (MWM) in vehicle (V)- or THC-treated mice aged 2 months (young), 12 months (mature) and 18 months (old).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eShorter escape latencies are indicative of better learning and memory performance. Young-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; mature-V and mature-THC,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 11; old-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 14; old-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15 mice. Asterisks above the horizontal bars indicate significant main treatment effects: *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, two-way ANOVA. (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) Probe trial phase of the MWM, which assessed long-term memory. A longer time in the target sector is indicative of better memory performance. Young-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 11; mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 13; old-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 14; old-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15. (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e) Effect of THC on novel object location recognition memory. Preference for the object in a new position (novelty preference) is an indicator that animals have recognized the repositioning of the object. The dashed line indicates the chance level. Young, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; mature, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 11; old, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15. (\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e) Results of the partner-recognition test. Preference for a new partner indicates partner recognition. The dashed line indicates the chance level. Young, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; mature, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; old, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15. *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, ***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001, significant difference when compared to vehicle-treated mice; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:5pt\"\u003e+++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001, significant difference when compared to vehicle-treated young mice. Statistical significance was calculated using two-way ANOVA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ein \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c\/strong\u003eand one-way ANOVA in \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e, followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. In (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e), circles represent data from individual animals. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figure 1 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 4\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe next investigated the effect of THC on synaptic density in the hippocampus. Expression of the synaptic marker proteins synapsin I, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) was lower in mature animals than in young ones (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), which is indicative of an age-related loss of synaptic connectivity\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e10,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e11\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. THC treatment did not alter the expression of these proteins in young mice, but it increased the synapsin I and synaptophysin levels of mature animals to those observed in young, THC-free mice. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 2\u003c\/strong\u003e). Further experiments showed that THC increased hippocampal spine density and affected the balance of inhibitory versus excitatory synapses (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Results \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 2\u003c\/strong\u003e). We next established gene expression profiles in the whole hippocampus 50 d after minipump implantation. A total of 21,198 transcripts were identified. Hierarchical clustering of variably expressed genes (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 2,090 genes) within the data set clearly revealed a four-group structure based on treatment and age (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 3\u003c\/strong\u003e). Most strikingly, THC-treated mature ani- mals closely resembled vehicle-treated young mice, while THC treatment of young mice resulted in a gene expression pattern more similar to that of vehicle-treated mature animals. Using the two-way ANOVA model (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, fold change = 1.5), we identified 100 transcripts differentially\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eregulated by THC in young mice and 232 in mature mice (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 3\u003c\/strong\u003e). Of these, only 13 overlapped (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 4\u003c\/strong\u003e). Gene ontology enrichment analysis (GOEA) followed by network visualization comparing the vehicle- and THC-treated old groups (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) identified large clusters of gene ontology (GO) terms associated with morphogen- esis, homeostasis, gene expression, phosphorylation and nerve impulse transmission. This result indicates that THC treatment affects molecu- lar processes relevant to cell plasticity and signaling in mature animals. Upregulated transcripts included Klotho (\u003cem\u003eKl\u003c\/em\u003e) (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2d \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figs. 5 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c\/strong\u003e), which is known to extend lifespan in different species\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e12–\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand to improve cognition\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e; transthyretin (\u003cem\u003eTtr\u003c\/em\u003e), a gene that is thought to be protective against Alzheimer's disease\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e16,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e; and brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor (\u003cem\u003eBdnf\u003c\/em\u003e), an important neurotrophic factor that enhances synapse formation\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e18 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand cognitive functions\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e19,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e20\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. The two transcripts that were most strongly downregulated in the mice after THC treat- ment corresponded to genes with potential pro-aging effects: caspase-1 (\u003cem\u003eCasp1\u003c\/em\u003e), which is involved in age-related impairments in cognition\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, and connective tissue growth factor (\u003cem\u003eCtgf\u003c\/em\u003e), which is known to enhance the pro-apoptotic activity of transforming growth factor \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e (TGF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e22 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 7\u003c\/strong\u003e). Together, these results demonstrate that the cognitive improvements in THC-treated mature mice were associated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ea\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn49.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eSynapsin I Synaptophysin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 55pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ePSD95\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn60.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn61.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn62.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn63.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn64.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn65.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn66.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn67.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-actin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn68.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eb    c\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn69.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eRegulation of type 2 immune response\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eInflammatory response\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 56pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTransmission nerve impulse\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 30pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eEnrichment scores of\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eGO terms based on DE genes with \u003cspan style=\"color:#ff0606\"\u003eUpregulation     \u003cspan style=\"color:#000097\"\u003eDownregulation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eHighest    Highest\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 222pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn70.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eCNS\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 222pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ematuration\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eCatecholamine metabolic processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eIon transport\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 237pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eChemical homeostasis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 224pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eHomeostasis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 245pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ePhosphorylation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 229pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eBiological processes (gene expression)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 249pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eRegulation of biological processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 59pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eMorphogenesis dopamine catabolic processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 63pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNervous system development\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 65pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNeuron differentiation axon development\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eProgrammed cell death\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn71.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e800\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e600\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn72.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn73.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn74.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn75.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–2.0    0.0    2.0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003elog\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e expression\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ez\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-score\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn76.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn77.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e3,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e2,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn78.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn79.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn80.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNeurogenesis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn81.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn82.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn83.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn84.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn85.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn86.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn87.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNeurological system processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn88.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2 \u003c\/strong\u003eMolecular changes in the hippocampus induced by low-dose THC treatment. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Representative immunoblots and quantification of the synaptic proteins synapsin I, synaptophysin and PSD95 from the hippocampal lysates of young and mature mice 22 d after termination of the treatments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5 mice for all groups, except for young-THC at synapsin I, where \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6. *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, difference between young-V and mature-V; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, difference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ebetween mature-V and mature-THC. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Hierarchical clustering of 2,090 variably expressed genes shown as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ez\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-transformed log\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e expression values (ANOVA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e0.05). (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) Network visualization of gene ontology enrichment analysis based on the 156 most upregulated and 76 most downregulated transcripts between the mature-THC and mature-V groups using BiNGO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand EnrichmentMap. Enriched GO terms based on upregulated transcripts are depicted as red nodes and enriched GO terms based on downregulated transcripts are represented as blue nodes, where node color and size represent the corresponding false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted enrichment \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003evalue (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eQ \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003evalue). DE, differentially expressed. (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e) Expression of Klotho (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e), transthyretin (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTtr\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e) and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eusing an independent set of animals as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTtr\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e: young-V and mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 4; mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 9. Bdnf: young-V and mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eyoung-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 4; mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e= 8. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, difference between mature-V and mature-THC mice. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. In \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e, circles represent data from individual animals. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figures 2\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003e7 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Data\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Tables 1 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn89.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewith a change in gene profiles; these changes and the associated cognitive improvements both lasted for several weeks after cessation of the treat- ment. The directions of the expression changes were such that the profiles of mature, THC-treated mice were most similar to those of young control mice, whereas THC treatment of young mice resulted in a gene expres- sion pattern that was similar to that of vehicle-treated mature animals. This indicates that the enhanced CB1 tone achieved through low-dose THC treatment may have normalized the weak cannabinoid signaling\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esignature in mature animals and thus reverted some of the age-related changes in gene expression, whereby several genes with antiaging effects were upregulated while genes contributing to aging were downregulated. The opposite transcriptional changes with THC treatment in young ani- mals are interesting and deserve further investigation.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTHC, similar to other drugs of abuse\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, can activate cAMP-response- element-binding protein (CREB)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e24,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e25\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, a molecular switch that converts short-term, plastic changes into long-lasting adaptations\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, thus playing\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ea key role in learning and memory\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Increased CREB signaling is involved in the memory-promoting effect of young blood in models of parabiosis\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e28 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand caloric restriction\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. THC can induce long-term changes in neuronal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eactivity directly by the activation of genes with CREB-inducible pro- moter regions and indirectly through epigenetic changes induced by recruiting CREB-binding protein (CBP), a histone acetyltransferase\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn90.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn91.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn92.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn93.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ea\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ep-CREB CREB p-ERK ERK\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ep-Akt Akt\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-actin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn94.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn95.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn96.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn97.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn98.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn99.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn100.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3 H4 H2A\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn101.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn102.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn103.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn105.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn106.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn107.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn108.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn109.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn110.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn111.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 33pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn112.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn113.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400    ++\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 131pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn114.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn115.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn116.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 82pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn117.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn118.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn119.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn120.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn121.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn122.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn123.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn124.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn125.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 51pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn126.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn127.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn128.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn129.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 94pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn130.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn131.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn132.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn133.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn134.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn135.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn136.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn137.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn138.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn139.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3 acetyl K9 H3 trimethyl K9 H4 acetyl K12 H2A acetyl K5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-actin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn140.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn141.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn142.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn143.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn144.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn145.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn146.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn147.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn148.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn149.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn150.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn151.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn152.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn153.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 154pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft JhengHei UI; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl    Bdnf\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 260pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eP1    P2    P3    P4\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn154.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn155.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e600\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 123pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn156.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn157.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn158.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn159.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e500\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn160.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn161.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 109pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn162.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn163.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn164.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn165.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn166.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn167.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn168.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn169.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn170.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn171.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn172.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3 \u003c\/strong\u003eEpigenetic changes induced by low-dose THC treatment in hippocampal tissue. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Representative immunoblots of phosphorylated and total cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB), extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1\/2 (Erk1\/2) and thymoma viral proto-oncogene (Akt) proteins from\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ehippocampal lysates and quantitative analysis of the phosphorylation state of CREB, Erk1\/2 and Akt. Young-V, mature-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6 mice, except for the pAkt\/Akt panel, where mature-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Representative immunoblots and quantitative analysis of global changes in the total levels of histone H3, H4 and H2A proteins, as well as different acetylated and trimethylated forms, from hippocampal lysates. Band intensities for modified histones were normalized to those for the respective histone. H3 acetyl K9\/H3: young-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 9; mature-V and mature- THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; H3 trimethyl K9\/H3: young-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; H4 acetyl K12\/H4: young-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 9; H2A acetyl K5\/H2A: young-V and mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; mature-THC and young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10. (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) AcH3K9 enrichment was analyzed at the promoter regions of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eby ChIP assays in the hippocampus of mature-V (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5) and mature-THC (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 4) mice.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, difference between young-V and mature-V; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001, difference between mature-V and mature-THC. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test was used to calculate significance in immunoblotting, and Student's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test was used for the ChIP analysis. Circles represent data from individual mice. P1, P2, P3,and P4 denote the four promoter regions of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e. Vehicle controls were adjusted to 100%, as indicated by the dashed line. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figure 8\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Data\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 3\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn173.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn174.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAcquisition\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eReversal\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 85pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn175.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle + vehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn176.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn177.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC + vehicle    60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 85pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn178.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 85pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 88pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn179.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAcquisition    Reversal\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn180.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn181.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn182.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn183.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn184.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle + AA THC + AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTrial\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7     8     9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 77pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7    8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn185.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eSynapsin I\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn186.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn187.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn188.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn189.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3K9 acetyl\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn190.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn191.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn192.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn193.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn194.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn195.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 44pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 44pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf    Kl\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn196.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn197.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn198.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn199.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e2,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,500\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 142pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn200.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn201.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn202.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn203.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e500\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC vehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 43pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn204.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn205.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn206.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn207.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn208.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80    Acquisition    Reversal 60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 39pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn209.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn210.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn211.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eSynapsin I\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn212.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn213.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn214.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3K9 acetyl\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn215.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn216.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn217.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn218.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn219.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn220.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn221.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn222.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn223.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 55pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn224.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn225.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn226.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 49pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn227.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 50pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1     2     3     4     5     6    8    9     10\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 49pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTrial\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle     THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle     THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 42pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle   THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 40pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4 \u003c\/strong\u003eThe effects of low-dose THC treatment in mature animals are blocked by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid and are absent in mice with deletion of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCb1 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ein glutamatergic neurons. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Spatial learning and memory in the MWM test using THC- and vehicle-treated mature animals with or without AA treatment. Vehicle + vehicle and THC + AA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; THC + vehicle, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; vehicle + AA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e= 9. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, significant treatment effect as determined by two-way ANOVA; *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, significant difference between vehicle- and THC-treated mice as determined by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003epost hoc \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003etest. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Quantification of synapsin I protein levels and acetylation of histone H3. Vehicle groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5; AA groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6. (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003etranscription in mice aged 12 months. Vehicle groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; AA groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6. (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e) Effect of THC treatment on MWM test performance in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003emice aged 12 months. Vehicle group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; THC group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7. (\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e) Effect of THC treatment on synapsin I protein levels and H3K9 acetylation (vehicle group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; THC group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6, except for synapsin I, where \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5). (\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c\/strong\u003e) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eexpression (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8 for both groups) of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003emice aged\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e12 months. In \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c\/strong\u003e, vehicle controls are set at 100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e. *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. Circles represent data from individual mice. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figures 9 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Data\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 4\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn228.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ethat is specific for histones H3 and H4. To investigate whether these mechanisms contributed to the effects of chronic THC treatment, we analyzed CREB signaling, as well as the CB1-downstream Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathways. THC treatment significantly increased Erk1 and Erk2 (Erk1\/2) and CREB phosphoryla- tion in mature animals but not in young ones (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, whereas phos- phorylation of Akt was not different between groups. Activated CREB stimulates transcription of several genes that modulate synaptic plas- ticity, including \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, and recruits the histone acetyltransferase CBP (p300)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. CBP facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4 histones, thus trans- forming chromatin into a relaxed configuration and making it more accessible to transcription factors\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. The levels of acetylated H3K9 and H4K12 were significantly elevated (+60.0% and +22.9%, respectively) in the hippocampus of THC-treated mature animals in comparison to control animals from the same age group, with these increases already visible after 14 d of THC treatment (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 8\u003c\/strong\u003e), whereas trimethylation of H3K9 was decreased (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). AcH2A, which is not regulated by CBP, remained unchanged after THC treatment. AcH3K9 was also markedly increased at the \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003epromoter and at all four \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003epro- moters, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). This may suggest that the increased expression of \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand possibly other CBP-regulated genes is caused by THC-induced epi- genetic changes. BDNF is an upstream activator and \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eis a major downstream target of CREB-mediated signaling\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Expression of \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eNtrk2 \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eTrkB\u003c\/em\u003e) decreases during aging\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Our results are consistent with such a CBP-mediated mechanism and with the demonstration that\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ehistone acetylation promotes cognitive functions, whereas the opposing process, histone deacetylation, negatively affects cognition\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTo directly test this hypothesis, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, anacardic acid (AA), was administered intraperitoneally on a daily basis to a new cohort of mature mice carrying osmotic minipumps releasing either vehicle or THC. AA treatment alone did not affect ani- mal performance in the MWM (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 4\u003c\/strong\u003e), but it com- pletely blocked the THC-induced improvement of cognitive functions (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). It also abolished the THC-induced increase in AcH3K9, the increased expression of synapsin I (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), the increase in \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003emRNA expression (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and the decrease in \u003cem\u003eCasp1 \u003c\/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eCtgf \u003c\/em\u003eexpression (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 9\u003c\/strong\u003e). These data demonstrate that the beneficial effects of low-dose THC administration are dependent on an epigenetic mechanism involving histone acetylation. This is in line with previous findings showing that enhanced histone acetylation can result in recovery of cognitive abilities in old mice\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe finally asked to what extent the effects of THC are mediated by the CB1 receptor. Disrupted CB1 signaling in \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003cem\u003eCnr1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/−\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e) mice initially leads to superior learning and memory performance at a young age, but then to a rapid decline in cognitive abilities. \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003emice aged 5 months already show striking impairments in a broad range of memory models\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e38 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eaccompanied by typical histologi- cal and molecular markers of old age, such as loss of hippocampal neurons, increased inflammation markers\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand disrupted prote- ostasis\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. When THC or vehicle was infused from minipumps into mature \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003emice, it had no effect on their behavior in the MWM\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn229.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand did not influence gene expression, synapsin I densities or histone acetylation (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 10\u003c\/strong\u003e), thus indicating that the benefi- cial effects of THC are dependent on CB1 signaling. Furthermore, we also treated mice lacking CB1 on forebrain glutamatergic principal neurons, \u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre\u003c\/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003emice, which show no age-related phe- notypes\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. In these animals, THC administration also had no effect on the acquisition or reversal phase in the MWM test (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4d\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and it did not change synapsin I protein levels, AcH3K9 (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), or the mRNA levels of \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4f\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), \u003cem\u003eCasp1 \u003c\/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eCtgf \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 10f\u003c\/strong\u003e). Thus, the effects of THC on cognitive performance, synap- togenesis, histone acetylation and the expression of age-related genes were all dependent on the CB1 signaling of forebrain glutamatergic neurons. The results do not exclude the possibility that CB1 receptors on other neurons are also involved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAttempts to reverse age-related epigenetic processes through a phar- macological blockade of histone deacetylases have shown some promise in rodents\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e33,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark41\"\u003e42\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, but the deleterious side-effects have prevented applica- tion in humans\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Consequently, the generalized inhibition of histone deacetylation is not further considered to be a suitable treatment of age-related pathologies. In contrast, cannabis preparations and THC are used for medicinal purposes. They have an excellent safety record and do not produce adverse side-effects when administered at a low dose to older individuals. Thus, chronic, low-dose treatment with THC or cannabis extracts could be a potential strategy to slow down or even to reverse cognitive decline in the elderly.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:9pt\"\u003eMethods, including statements of data availability and any associated accession codes and references, are available in the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eonline version of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003ethe paper\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNote: Any Supplementary Information and Source Data files are available in the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eonline version of the paper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants FOR926 (SP2 and CP2), BI-1227\/5 and SFB645. J.L.S. and A.Z. are members of the DFG Cluster of Excellence ImmunoSensation.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eO.A., A.B.-G., J.L.S., M.D.-G., I.B. and A.Z. designed research; O.A., A.P., S.I., T.U.,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eH.O., I.R., K.M., A.D. and A.B.-G. performed research; O.A., A.P., A.B.-G., T.U.,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eJ.L.S. and A.Z. analyzed data; and O.A., A.B.-G., J.L.S. and A.Z. wrote the paper.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCOMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003eReprints and permissions information is available online at \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/reprints\/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.nature.com\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/reprints\/index.html\"\u003ereprints\/index.html\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn230.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDi Marzo, V., Stella, N. \u0026amp; Zimmer, A. Endocannabinoid signalling and the deteriorating brain. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. Rev. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c\/strong\u003e, 30–42 (2015).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBilkei-Gorzo, A. The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e367\u003c\/strong\u003e, 3326–3341 (2012).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWang, L., Liu, J., Harvey-White, J., Zimmer, A. \u0026amp; Kunos, G. Endocannabinoid signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in ethanol preference and its age- dependent decline in mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c\/strong\u003e, 1393–1398 (2003).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBerrendero, F. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eChanges in cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several brain regions of aged rats. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiochim. Biophys. Acta \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1407\u003c\/strong\u003e, 205–214 (1998).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eRomero, J. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eLoss of cannabinoid receptor binding and messenger RNA levels and cannabinoid agonist–stimulated [\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eS]guanylyl-5\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eO\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e-(thio)-triphosphate binding in the basal ganglia of aged rats. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuroscience \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84\u003c\/strong\u003e, 1075–1083 (1998).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePiyanova, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-related changes in the endocannabinoid system in the mouse hippocampus. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMech. 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Cellular and intracellular mechanisms involved in the cognitive impairment of cannabinoids. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 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Identification of a signaling pathway involved in calcium regulation of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBDNF \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eexpression. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuron \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c\/strong\u003e, 727–740 (1998).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGao, H. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eLong-term dietary \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic acid supplement alleviates cognitive impairment correlate with activating hippocampal CREB signaling in natural aging rats. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMol. Neurobiol. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c\/strong\u003e, 4772–4786 (2016)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGräff, J. \u0026amp; Tsai, L.H. Histone acetylation: molecular mnemonics on the chromatin.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. Rev. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c\/strong\u003e, 97–111 (2013).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePeleg, S. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAltered histone acetylation is associated with age-dependent memory impairment in mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eScience \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e328\u003c\/strong\u003e, 753–756 (2010).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBilkei-Gorzo, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eEarly age-related cognitive impairment in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e102\u003c\/strong\u003e, 15670–15675 (2005).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlbayram, O. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eRole of CB1 cannabinoid receptors on GABAergic neurons in brain aging. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e108\u003c\/strong\u003e, 11256–11261 (2011).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePiyanova, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eLoss of CB1 receptors leads to decreased cathepsin D levels and accelerated lipofuscin accumulation in the hippocampus. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMech. Ageing Dev. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e134\u003c\/strong\u003e, 391–399 (2013).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMonory, K. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eThe endocannabinoid system controls key epileptogenic circuits in the hippocampus. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuron \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c\/strong\u003e, 455–466 (2006).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFischer, A., Sananbenesi, F., Wang, X., Dobbin, M. \u0026amp; Tsai, L.H. Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e447\u003c\/strong\u003e, 178–182 (2007).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDay, J.J. \u0026amp; Sweatt, J.D. Epigenetic treatments for cognitive impairments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychopharmacology \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c\/strong\u003e, 247–260 (2012).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Animals.\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eONLINE METHODS\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals. \u003c\/strong\u003eC57BL\/6J mice were bred at the House of Experimental Therapy, University of Bonn or obtained from a commercial breeder (Janvier, France). In the latter case, animals were habituated to the animal facility for 2 weeks before the experiments. Experiments with \u003cem\u003eCb1 \u003c\/em\u003eknockout mice were carried out with male \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e+\/+ \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003elittermates aged 12 months\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Glutamatergic neuron–specific \u003cem\u003eCb1 \u003c\/em\u003eknockouts were obtained by crossing \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003efl\/fl \u003c\/span\u003emice\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e41 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ewith a \u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre \u003c\/em\u003edeletion strain. Both the constitutive and conditional knockout lines were on a congenic C57BL6\/J background. All experiments followed the guidelines of European Community's Directive 86\/609\/EEC and the German Animal Protection Law regulating animal research. They were approved by LANUV NRW.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePower analysis. \u003c\/strong\u003ePower analyses indicated an 80% probability of detecting a 30% change for animal experiments. In immunoblots, we had sufficient power to detect a 45% change, in the real-time PCR studies a 50% change, in the his- tological analysis, 25% differences and, in Illumina gene expression profiling or ChIP analysis, a 50% difference between groups with 80% probability.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug treatment. \u003c\/strong\u003eMale C57BL\/6J mice aged 2 months (young), 12 months (mature) and 18 months (old) were chronically treated with THC (3 mg per kg bodyweight per day)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e45,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e46 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eor vehicle (ethanol:cremophor:saline, 1:1:18)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e47–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003ethrough subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps (Alzet, CA, USA) for 28 d. The animals were randomly selected for the treatment groups. To test the effect of the histone acetylation blockade, male C57BL\/6J mice aged 12 months were purchased from Janvier (France). Half of the animals received vehicle and the other half received a THC dose of 3 mg per kg bodyweight per day through osmotic minipumps as described above. During THC treatment (28 d), the animals received daily either vehicle or 5 mg per kg bodyweight anacardic acid intraperitoneally. For solubilization, we used DMSO:Tween-20: saline at a ratio of 2:5:93.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBehavioral testing. \u003c\/strong\u003eThe novel object location recognition test was performed in a sound-isolated, dimly illuminated room in an open-field box (44 cm × 44 cm). The floor was covered with sawdust (1 cm deep, used and saturated with the odor of the animals). The habituation period consisted of a daily 5-min period of free exploration in the arena containing three objects (plastic balls, 15 mm in diameter) for 3 d. On the test day, the animals were allowed to explore three identical objects (Lego pieces with different colors, roughly 2 × 2 cm) placed into the area in a fixed location for 6 min, and the time spent on inspection of the individual objects was recorded (Noldus Ethovision XT). Thirty minutes later, the animals were placed back into the box, where one object was placed into a new location. The animals were left to explore for an additional 3 min. The time spent with investigations was recorded, and the preference ratio for the moved object was calculated as follows: preference = \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e\/(\u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e + \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e + \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c\/sub\u003e) × 100; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e, time spent with investigation; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e, the object that is moved in the second trial; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c\/sub\u003e, the objects that remained in their original positions. Novelty preference was calculated as follows: (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003et2\u003c\/sub\u003e − \u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003et1\u003c\/sub\u003e)\/\u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003et1\u003c\/sub\u003e × 100; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e, the preference of the mouse; t1, trial one; t2, trial two.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLong-term memory was tested using a modified form of the partner recogni- tion test 42 d after the minipump implantation. The test was performed in the same arenas and after the same habituation as described for the novel object location recognition test. In the first trial, the arenas held both a metal grid cage only containing a mouse (of the same age and sex as the test animal but from a different cage) and one other object (of a similar size and form as the metal grid cage) in the opposing corner, placed 6–7 cm from the walls. The location and activity of the test mouse were recorded and analyzed by the EthoVision tracking system (Noldus) for 15 min. In the next session, after 24 h, the object was replaced with another grid cage containing a new partner and the activity of the test mouse was recorded again for 5 min. Recognition of the previously seen partner was defined by a novelty preference, i.e., a significantly longer period spent investigating the new partner in the second trial. Novelty preference was calculated as \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e\/(\u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e + \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e) × 100; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e is the time spent with the novel partner; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e is the time spent with the previous partner.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSpatial learning and memory were assessed in the MWM task as described\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e50,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. In the acquisition phase of the MWM test, the animals were\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003etested for four consecutive sessions daily over 5 d. The hidden platform remained at a fixed spatial location for the entire acquisition period. The mice started from the same position at days 1 and 2 and from variable positions in the following trials. Long-term spatial memory was assessed at day 6, when the platform was removed and the time spent in the platform-associated quadrant was measured. We assessed the flexibility of spatial memory by placing the platform in a new location (reversal phase) between days 7 and 9. Animals that did not move (floater) or just circled in close vicinity to the wall (wall-hangers) were excluded from the analysis and further tests. The criteria were pre-established. The inves- tigator was blinded to genotype or treatment, but the difference between the age groups was clearly visible. Recording and analysis of behavior were carried out by automated systems (Videomot, TSE-Systems).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTissue preparation. \u003c\/strong\u003eAnimals were euthanized by CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e inhalation 5 d after the last behavioral test, decapitated and their brains were isolated. Brains were snap frozen in dry-ice-cooled isopentane and stored at −80 °C until further processing. For immunoblot and gene expression experiments, hip- pocampi were isolated from the frozen brains in a cryostat (Leica CM 3050; Leica Microsystems, Heidelberg, Germany) using the punch technique\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For histology, brain areas containing the dorsal region of the hippocampus were serially cut into 18-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003em coronal slices (\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 8 per mouse) in a cryostat (Leica CM 3050; Leica Microsystems, Heidelberg, Germany) and mounted onto silanized glass slides.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGene expression profiling. \u003c\/strong\u003eWhole hippocampi were lysed in TRIzol (Life Technologies), and total RNA was extracted according to the manufactur- er's protocol. The quality of the RNA was assessed by measuring the ratio of the absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm using a Nanodrop 2000 Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific), as well as by visualization of the integrity of the 28S and 18S bands on an agarose gel. Prior to array-based gene expression profil- ing, total RNA was further purified using the MinElute Reaction Cleanup Kit (Qiagen). Biotin-labeled cRNA was generated using the TargetAmp Nano-g Biotin-aRNA Labeling Kit for the Illumina System (Epicentre). Biotin-labeled cRNA (1.5 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eg) was hybridized to MouseWG-6 v2.0 BeadChips (Illumina) and scanned on an Illumina HiScanSQ system. Raw intensity microarray data were processed using GenomeStudio V2011.1 (Illumina). Subsequent analyses were performed using Partek Genomics Suite V6.6 (PGS) (Partek). Non-normal- ized data were imported from GenomeStudio using the default PGS report builder. After quantile normalization in PGS, variable transcripts, as well as significantly differentially expressed transcripts, were calculated by employ- ing a two-way ANOVA model. Variable genes were defined by an unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue of \u0026lt;0.05, and significantly differentially expressed transcripts were defined by an unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue of \u0026lt;0.05 and a fold change of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e2. Variable genes were further analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering using PGS default settings visualizing condition-specific similar or differential gene expression. The statistical significance of the correlations between two or more groups was determined by ANOVA modeling, and the corresponding \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue was computed. \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalues of \u0026lt;0.05 were defined as significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Partek Genomics Suite.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo validate the previous analysis that was based on the ANOVA model, we additionally performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We used WGCNA to identify specific signatures that can be associ- ated with one or more conditions. The WGCNA R package (\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/labs.genetics.ucla.edu\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003ehttp:\/\/labs.genetics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/labs.genetics.ucla.edu\/\"\u003eucla.edu\/\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e53 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ewas used for the analysis. The standard parameters were altered to a power of 19 and a minModuleSize of 30, resulting in 10 modules using 1,721 variable genes. For each module, the eigengene (ME) corresponding to the first principal component of a given module was calculated. The network for each module of interest was generated using the '1-TOMsimilarityFromExpr' func- tion of the WGCNA R package. Each module was associated with a trait having the highest Pearson correlation coefficient. Gene-to-module association can be found in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 1\u003c\/strong\u003e. Module-to-gene ontology enrichment can be found in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 2\u003c\/strong\u003e. It should be noted that our analysis strategy did not use FDR-adjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalues. We used the gene sets passing a fold change cutoff and the unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue to determine biological processes by GOEA followed by network visualization of significantly enriched GO terms. From our experience, this analysis requires the use of a sufficient number of genes;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn232.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Immunoblots.\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eotherwise, calling GO terms becomes arbitrary. In this case, where the approach using the FDR-corrected \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue did not result in a sufficient gene number, we have changed our model by using the unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue. Owing to the difficult sample preparation and a late time point after intervention, we were anticipat- ing high variance of signals and low effect sizes. These experimental limitations require a less stringent cutoff for defining genes for further downstream analysis (either computationally or experimentally). We are aware that this represents a compromise. The transcriptome analysis defined candidate genes that were then PCR validated (for an example, see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In retrospect, the successful PCR validation justified the use of this approach.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eReal-time RT–PCR mRNA expression analysis was performed using total RNA, which was isolated from the frozen hippocampi of mice (\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 6–8) and reverse transcribed to cDNA as reported previously\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, using custom TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany) Mm01334042_m1 for BDNF, Mm00438023_m1 for caspase-1, Mm01192932_g1 for Ctgf, Mm00502002_m1 for Kl and Mm00443267_m1 for Ttr. 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Mm01334042_m1) was used as an endogenous con- trol to standardize the amount of target cDNA. For the longitudinal study of the expression of two splice variants of \u003cem\u003eKl\u003c\/em\u003e, mKlotho and sKlotho, qPCR was performed as described\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e54 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eon a LightCycler 480 II (Roche) PCR machine using LightCycler 480 SYBR Green I master mix (Roche). A two-step PCR reaction was carried out as follows: one cycle at 98 °C for 2 min followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s and 58 °C for 30 s. Samples were run as triplicates. All samples were normalized to m36B4, which was used as a reference gene. Gene-specific prim- ers are listed in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 3\u003c\/strong\u003e. Relative quantitative gene expression was calculated with the 2\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003emethod\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark53\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Mean 2\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003evalues of vehicle-treated animals of both ages were chosen as reference samples and subtracted from 2\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003eof the other groups (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eC\u003csub\u003eT\u003c\/sub\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunoblots. \u003c\/strong\u003eFrozen hippocampi were lysed in 1% SDS buffer (Sigma- Aldrich, Munich, Germany) containing protease and phosphatase inhibi- tors (Complete Mini, Roche; PhosStop, Roche), sonicated and clarified by centrifugation (9,500\u003cem\u003eg \u003c\/em\u003efor 10 min). Protein concentrations were determined using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). Equal amounts of protein were run on NuPAGE Bis-Tris 4–12% gradient gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The proteins were subsequently blotted onto PVDF membranes using the iBlot Dry Blotting System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The blots were incubated with primary antibodies to Akt (1:1,000; Cell Signaling, 9272), phospho-Akt Ser473 (1:1,000; Cell Signaling, 9272S), ERK1\/2 (1:1,000; Sigma, M3807), phospho- ERK (1:1,000; Sigma, M9692), CREB (1:1,000; Abcam, ab32515), phospho- CREB Ser133 (1:1,000; Abcam, ab10564), PSD95 (1:200; Abcam, ab18258),\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esynapsin I (1:200; Abcam, ab64581), synaptophysin (1:200; Millipore, 04-1019), histone H3 (1:500; Abcam, ab10799), histone H4 (1:500; Abcam, ab16483), histone H2A (1:500; Abcam, ab18255), histone H3 acetyl K9 (1:500; Abcam, ab4441), H3 trimethylated K9 (1:500; Abcam, ab8898), H4 acetyl K12 (1:500; Abcam, ab46983), H2A acetyl K5 (1:500; Abcam, ab1764), and with a Gapdh (1:5,000; Abcam, ab9484) or a \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e-actin antibody (1:10,000; Sigma, A5441- 2ML) to ensure equal loading. Validation of the antibodies was performed by the manufacturer. Please refer to their websites for further information. The blots were then incubated with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Signals were detected using chemiluminescent substrate for the peroxidase (ECL, Pierce). Images were created either using the ChemiDoc Imaging System (Bio-Rad) or by covering the membranes by ECL substrate (Pierce), covered with high-performance autoradiography film (Amersham Hyperfilm MP, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) and developed using a CP 1000 AGFA Healthcare N.V. film developer. The films were then scanned using an Epson Perfection 4990 scanner and analyzed using ImageJ software. Images from the ChemiDoc System were quantified using ImageLab software (Bio-Rad).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunofluorescence. \u003c\/strong\u003eSlides were placed in 0.1 M (pH 7.3) PBS for 5 min to thaw after storage at −80 °C, followed by post-fixation in 4% paraformal- dehyde dissolved in PBS for 30 min. After a 5-min wash in PBS, slides were permeabilized using 0.2% Triton X-100 for 20 min and then washed again for 5 min in PBS. Blocking of unspecific binding sites was done with PBS con- taining 5% donkey serum albumin for 10 min followed by another PBS wash for 5 min. The slices were first kept in 4 °C for 48 h in rabbit anti–synapsin\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eI solution (Abcam, ab64581; diluted 1:250 in PBS), 48 h in rabbit anti-Klotho antibody solution (Thermo Fisher, PA5-21078; diluted 1:400 in 3% BSA in PBS), sheep anti-prealbumin antibody solution (Abcam, ab9015; diluted 1:500 in 0.3% BSA in PBS), AF488-coupled mouse anti-NeuN antibody (Millipore, MAB377X; diluted 1:200 in 0.3% BSA in PBS), rabbit anti-Iba1 antibody solution (Wako, 016-20001: diluted 1:200), rabbit anti-VGAT or VGLUT1 (both donated by B. Schütz, University of Marburg; diluted 1:1,000 and 1:10,000, respectively). Afterwards, the slides were rinsed three times for 10 min in PBS before incubation with goat anti-rabbit Cy3-conjugated sec- ondary antibody (Life Technologies, A10520; diluted 1:500 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for synapsin I, donkey anti-rabbit AF647-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A31573; diluted 1:2,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for Klotho, donkey anti-rabbit AF488-conjugated secondary antibody (Life Technologies, A21206; diluted 1:2,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for Iba1, donkey anti-sheep AF647- conjugated (Jackson Immuno, 713-175-147; diluted 1:2,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) or AF488-conjugated (Invitrogen, A11015, diluted 1:1,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for transthyretin secondary antibody in a humid chamber for 2 h in the dark. After staining, the sections were again rinsed three times for 5 min and were mounted with DAPI-containing Fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech, USA) and covered. The NeuN co-stained slices were first dehydrated with an increasing concentration of ethanol and xylol, mounted with Rotihisto II (Carl Roth, Germany) and covered. For quantitative analysis of synapsin I, Klotho or transthyretin immunoreactivity, fluorescence images were acquired using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Oberkochen, Germany) with a 20×, 0.8 NA lens. Immunoreactivities were analyzed with ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.42q, NIH, USA) using the inte- grated density technique\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For quantitative analysis of staining intensities, six pictures per animal were taken. Each group consisted of three animals. The images were converted to 8-bit grayscale using ImageJ software and signal intensities (calculated as mean signal intensity within the region of interest (ROI; pyramidal cell layer in the CA3 region of the hippocampus)) minus the signal intensity outside but adjacent to the ROI (stratum radiatum in the CA3 region) were calculated. For quantitative analysis of the density of VGAT- or VGLUT1-positive puncta around CA3 pyamidal neurons, fluorescence images were acquired using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Oberkochen, Germany) with a 63×, 1.3 NA oil-immersion lens. Density was determined as the number of puncta divided by the area of the CA3 neuron with ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.42q, NIH, USA). For testing colocalization, the Leica LSM SP8 confocal microscope was used.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGolgi staining. \u003c\/strong\u003eFor Golgi staining, a kit from FD NeuroTechnologies (USA) was used following the instructions of the manufacturer. Microphotographs from dendrites of selected neurons were taken using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Oberkochen, Germany) with a 63×, 1.3 NA oil-immersion lens. Density was determined as the number of spines on the terminal 50-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003em sequence of a dendrite divided by the length of the dendrite as determined with ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.42q, NIH, USA).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromatin immunoprecipitation. \u003c\/strong\u003eTo test whether the expression of BDNF and Klotho was affected by histone modification, we applied chromatin immunopre- cipitation analysis using the Diagenode LowCell ChIP Kit following the instruc- tions of the manufacturer. Briefly, mice were decapitated, and their hippocampi were isolated and fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde. After washing, the hippocampi were lysed and chromatin was sheared by sonication (Bioruptor Plus, Diagenode). Sheared chromatin was incubated with magnetic beads covered with antibodies for histone modifications (AcH3K9 and H3). Next, the beads were removed, washed and the attached DNA was purified. Histone modifications of the \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003epromoter loci were assessed by SYBR Green quantitative PCR. Primer sequences are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 1\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics. \u003c\/strong\u003eData analyzed were all numeric. Distribution analysis was done with the data from spine and axon terminal densities, but not with other data with low case numbers. Variances were compared by Bartlett statistic to decide whether parametric tests were applicable. In the MWM test, the latency to reach the platform and the speed of the animals were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (between factor, group; within factor, trial) followed\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn233.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Data_availability.\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eby Bonferroni´s \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Time to reach the visible platform or time spent in the target sector during the probe trial was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Data from the partner-recognition test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Novel object location recognition test results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (separately to the time points) followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. To analyze synapsin I staining intensity and levels of synaptic proteins determined by immunoblotting, results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. For the analysis of VGAT, VGLUT1 and dendrite spine densities, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn's test was used. Gene expression (Illumina, RT–PCR) was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Staining intensity of Ttr and Klotho was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Brain-region-specific expression of Klotho and transthyretin was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Immunoblot results for protein phosphoryla- tion and histone acetylation were tested using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Results of the ChIP analysis were analyzed using the Student's unpaired two-sided \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability. \u003c\/strong\u003eThe Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) accession number of the expression profiling data is \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE57823\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eGSE57823\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eZimmer, A., Zimmer, A.M., Hohmann, A.G., Herkenham, M. \u0026amp; Bonner, T.I. Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96\u003c\/strong\u003e, 5780–5785 (1999).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLastres-Becker, I., Molina-Holgado, F., Ramos, J.A., Mechoulam, R. \u0026amp; Fernández- Ruiz, J. Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e: relevance to Parkinson's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurobiol. Dis. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c\/strong\u003e, 96–107 (2005).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eVarvel, S.A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eInteractions between THC and cannabidiol in mouse models of cannabinoid activity. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychopharmacology (Berl.) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e186\u003c\/strong\u003e, 226–234 (2006).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMarchalant, Y., Brothers, H.M. \u0026amp; Wenk, G.L. Cannabinoid agonist WIN-55,212-2 partially restores neurogenesis in the aged rat brain. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMol. Psychiatry \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c\/strong\u003e, 1068–1069 (2009).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGalve-Roperh, I. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAnti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. 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Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c\/strong\u003e, 1311–1318 (2008).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCannich, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCB1 cannabinoid receptors modulate kinase and phosphatase activity during extinction of conditioned fear in mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLearn. Mem. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c\/strong\u003e, 625–632 (2004).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLangfelder, P. \u0026amp; Horvath, S. WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBMC Bioinformatics \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c\/strong\u003e, 559 (2008).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMassó, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSecreted and transmembrane \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eklotho isoforms have different spatio-temporal profiles in the brain during aging and Alzheimer's disease progression. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS One \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c\/strong\u003e, e0143623 (2015).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eLivak, K.J. \u0026amp; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real- time quantitative PCR and the 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003emethod. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c\/strong\u003e, 402–408 (2001).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMiró, X. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eHaploinsufficiency of the murine Polycomb gene \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSuz12 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eresults in diverse malformations of the brain and neural tube. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDis. Model. Mech. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c\/strong\u003e, 412–418 (2009).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-30T02:11:25-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"low-dose-thc-name-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560899522728"},{"id":560896999592,"title":"Demo","created_at":"2023-09-29T09:20:20-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts demo\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eShabbir \u003c\/span\u003eet al. Lipids in Health and Disease \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(2017) 16:99\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eDOI 10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePunicic acid: A striking health substance to combat metabolic syndromes in humans\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMuhmmad Asim Shabbir, Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Muhammad Saeed, Imran Pasha, Anees Ahmed Khalil and Naila Siraj\u003csup\u003e*\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBackground\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFruits and vegetables transformation into valuable pro- ducts produces a huge amount of by-products that are considered to have a lot of bio-active compounds \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[1].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate transformed to various edible products mainly fresh seeds, juice, nectars, jams and jellies. Dur- ing the processing of pomegranate a large quantity of pomegranate waste is produced which has lots of nutri- tional components but mostly this waste is dumped off that creates environmental pollution and is also the wastage of nutritional components. In last few years, a huge excerpt of research work is conducted on the in- dustrial by-products of  pomegranate  and  found  that these by-products have antioxidant, anti glycemic poten- tial and antimicrobial activity. The multifarious reported functional attributes of pomegranate make it  a  unique fruit from other fruits. Due to the higher antioxidant po- tential of pomegranate fruit and its other parts e.g. juice, seed, peel etc., it has been reported that this fruit has ad- vantageous health benefits for human body. This en- couraged the nutritionists  and  scientists  to  find  out more potential and beneficial bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and food industry applications \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e* Correspondence: \u003ca href=\"mailto:nailaateeq02@gmail.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enailaateeq02@gmail.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003eNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate processing produces bagasse as a by- product after juice extraction that can be used as  a valuable ingredients in other edible products but still its application is scarce.  However,  the  research  conducted in past revealed that the pomegranate seed  residues (PSRs) have the potential to use in food products for dif- ferent intentions. PSRs composed of sterols,  polyphe- nols, tocopherols and octadecatrienoic acid (punicic acid). PSRs are the richest source of rare and unique pomegranate seed oil (PSO), an exotic, fruity aroma oil and used in aromatherapy with healing and the antioxi- dant potential for skin and breast cancer as  concluded from different studies. PSO extracted by various extrac- tion methods including organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) extraction and cold press extraction. Cold press extracted PSO has better physio- chemical and nutritious quality as compared to other extraction methods \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[3,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4\u003c\/a\u003e] with no impacts on environ- ment. In SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method, the extraction pressure is the cardinal factor to reduce the PSO pro- duction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e5].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO possessed the elevated level of punicic acid (PA) and tocopherol contents that decreased slightly with increase in temperature and pressure. How- ever, an effective intelligent system was developed to in- vestigate the effect of temperature and pressure during SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e on PSO yield and described that properly deve- loped radial basis function and back-propagation neural\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), \u003c\/a\u003ewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/) \u003c\/a\u003eapplies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enetwork could be useful in predicting the effect of temperature and pressure on PSO yield in SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e ex- traction process \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[6].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO extracted through hexane by soxhlet method has superior quality as compared to sub- critical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extracted oil. Subcritical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method showed the efficiency up to 77% and 59% of total PSO as compared to extracted by soxhlet method \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[7].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO extracted through ultrasonic-assisted extraction method with optimized condition for best yield at solid- liquid ratio of 1:12 g\/mL with extraction  temperature 51°C at 70W for 40 minutes and 19% PSO yield with major fatty acids PA (65%), linoleic  acid  (10%)  and oleic acid (9%) [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e8].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO showed the extraction  effi- ciency in various solvents as followed: petroleum ether\u0026gt;n-hexane\u0026gt;ethyl acetate\u0026gt;ether\u0026gt;acetone\u0026gt;isopropa- nol [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e9].\u003c\/a\u003e Some other parameters such as ultrasonic power, time for extraction, solids: solvent ratio, and temperature were optimized with petroleum ether by surface response methodology. PSO extracted through ultrasonic assisted extraction  showed  superior  quality and higher yield as compared to supercritical and soxhlet extraction methods. The effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic contents ex- tracted from pomegranate seeds of  the  Malas  variety from Iran was studied and reported that different experi- mental conditions with supercritical extraction  method can affect the phenolic contents. The temperature, pres- sure, and volume of modifier inversely proportional to phenolic extraction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Punicic_acid_(PA)\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePunicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Metabolism_of_punicic_acid\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVarious researchers have reported pomegranate as a functional fruit owing to presence of wide range of phy- tochemicals in it \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[11]. \u003c\/a\u003ePurposely, antioxidative properties of juice, peel and seed have been examined for their therapeutic potential, which has prompted the nutritio- nists to further explore their nutraceutical and industrial application \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e Its underutilized seed and peel portion, normally known as agro-waste obtained during  indus- trial processing of pomegranate juice, are gaining atten- tion of researchers now a days due to presence of array of nutraceutics in them. Abundant presence of po- megranate seed is of keen interest to scientist because of rich composition of oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[12].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate seed oil pos- sesses rich polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, pre- dominantly comprising of punicic acid (~55%) as characterized by Melo \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13].\u003c\/a\u003e This review summarizes PA and its role as a nutraceutical health substance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePA is also recognize as \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanic acid\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003ewith mo- lecular formula C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e while its molar mass is 278.43 g\/mol with melting point of 44-45\u003csup\u003eo\u003c\/sup\u003eC. Punicic acid is an isomer of conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic acid and a \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-5 polyun- saturated fatty acid which have structural resemblance\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ewith conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic and linoleic acid, for  in- stance number of double bonds and  atomic  arrange- ment. Due to health benefits associated with these fatty acids, scientists are showing great interest in exploring functional and nutraceutical properties of punicic acid against various metabolic ailments [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e15\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) designated its names as \u003cem\u003e9Z, 11E, 13Z-octadeca-9, 11, 13-trienoic acid \u003c\/em\u003eon the basis of its three double bonds (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11 \u003cem\u003eand cis13\u003c\/em\u003e). Principally, it is an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) having a double bond on its tail side. Other isomers of lenolic acid are catalpic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e13), alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e13), calendic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12) and jacaric acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12). PA is named after its principle source pomegranate (\u003cem\u003ePunica granatum \u003c\/em\u003eL.). Among all the sources of PA it is most abundantly present in pomegranate seed oil (PSO). The other sources for PA are snake gourd seed oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[16\u003c\/a\u003e] and \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim (TK) seeds (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e1) \u003c\/a\u003econtaining 32 to 40% PA out of total seed weight [50: 9: 32]. Whereas, fatty acid profile of PSO contains conjugated linoleic acid up to 74\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e85 % PA [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e] and remaining 14-25% are its isomers [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA could be chemically synthesized by dehydration and isomerization of secondary oxidation products  of  lino- leic and alpha-linolenic acids [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e19,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e20].\u003c\/a\u003e Primarily, PA is reported to be effective against ailments like obesity, diabetics, inflammation, metabolic syndromes  in  va- rious in vivo experiments (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e2)\u003c\/a\u003e that\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es why pome- granate seed lipid portion (principal by-product) was studied after juice extraction as lipolytic enzymes de- activate during thermal processing \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[21].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMetabolism of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNumerous pharmacokinetics studies have been carried out on animals to assess the metabolism and bioavailability of PA. Results of efficacy trials revealed substantial evidence that PA is readily metabolized to circulating conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) as depicted in Fig. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e1 \u003c\/a\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e22, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e23]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilarly,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:206px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1 Sources of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 17px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSources of punicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate (Seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-9c,11t,13c)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(seed oil)    [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated    7.50%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated    22.91%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated    32.70%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e9c,11t,13c\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)    35.89%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eTable 2 Summary of health effects of punicic acid (PA) on animal and human model\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:209px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:172px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:37px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStudy model system\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMechanism of activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOutcomes\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eICR CD-1 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCPTI activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased perirenal and epididymal fat\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOLEFT rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e9 desaturase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10-100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eM mixture of CLnA isomers (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e- 11,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15, and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-13,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eHSL and ATGL gene expression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased triglyceride content\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10 and 50 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eg\/mL pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eƳ\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eβ\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eFAS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased adipogenesis and preadipocyte differentiation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInsulin sensitivity enhanced in peripheral area\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells and obese mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eactivation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved glucose tolerance, with diabetes improvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 55px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eHepG2 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eapoB100 secretion. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePlasma triacylglycerides. Upgraded saturated\/ monounsaturated fatty acid ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCatalpic acid, jacaric acid, calendic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMicrosomes from sheep vesicular glands\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibition of cyclooxygenase activity (inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSheep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e78\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate extract (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eƳ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ereceptor activator and agonist (inhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression, declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased chronic inflammation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAlpha-Eleostearic and punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiabetic rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eInhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression. Declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid (70% pomegranate seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eDecreased expression PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBPs, and fatty acid synthase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSuppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 67px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOvariectomized (OVX) mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDown-regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers and RANK-RANKL downstream signaling targets in osteoclast-like cells (RAW264.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved bone mineral density and prevented trabecular micro- architecture impairment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDietary mono-conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeonatal pig\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSafe for animals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved insulin secretion\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ede Melo et al\u003cem\u003e. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e[15] elucidated that oral administration of PA to rats for a time period of 24 hours conferred the metabolism of PA to 9c, 11t-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in plasma and other organs of the rats like kidney, liver, brain, heart and adipose tissues. 9c, 11t-CLA plays biologically significant role in maintaining the human body and is considered as an important natural resource of CLA via breakdown of CLnA. In a human trial conducted for 28 days, ingestion of \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e(TK) seed kernels comprising 3g PA\/day followed by 7 days feeding on sunflower  seed  kernels  eventually  increased  the  level of PA (c9t11c13) in membranes  of  plasma  and  red blood cells \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003e0.47% and 0.37% correspondingly.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSimilarly,  concentration  of  9c,  11t-CLA  elevated  from\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e0.05 to 0.23% and 0.03 to 0.17% in  plasma  and  red blood cell membranes, respectively.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was investigated in different studies that uptake rate of CLnA vary in Caco-2 cells when distribution and conversion of CLnA (punicic, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ\u003c\/span\u003e-eleostearic, and catalpic acid) to CLA is premeditated. Variation in the conversion efficiency is due to the difference in the structure of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond of CLnA. The CLnA distribute between neutral and phospholipids and this distribution depends upon the   number   of   \u003cem\u003etrans \u003c\/em\u003edouble bonds [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e24\u003c\/a\u003e]. Nevertheless, another theory  also exists about the conversion of CLnA to CLA. Accor- dingly, another theory explicates the metabolic con- version of CLnA to CLA is due to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond saturation reactions catalyzed by an enzyme \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003enico- tinamide  adenine  dinucleotide  phosphate  (NADP)  that is known as a unique enzyme  for  conjugated  trienoic acid reorganization [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e25].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn another study, an equi-molar mixture of conjugated\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003elinoleic acid (CLnA) (C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec \u003c\/em\u003eand C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 13\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e) and rumenic acid (RA 18:2-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e) was orally directed to Wister rats as free fatty acids (FFA) and tria- cylglycerol (TAG). Both isomers (RA and CLnA) were bio transformed completely in tissues in a similar fas- hion \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[26\u003c\/a\u003e]. Mice supplemented with 1% PA for six weeks have higher concentration of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-3 in liver phospholipids than the mice supplemented with 1% alpha-eleostearic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e Another experiment revealed similar results when diet was supplemented with 0.5% PA (PSO) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28].\u003c\/a\u003e When absorption and metabolic pathways of PA and alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA) was observed via a lipid absorption assay in rat intestine lymph, it was found that some amount of these isomers was converted to CLA rapidly and some remained intact in the intestines \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[29].\u003c\/a\u003e Comparatively, PA accumulates in higher amounts in tissues as compared to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and the conversion rate of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-diabetic_properties\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA to 9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-CLA is also higher than PA  in liver \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e The maximum conversion  rate  of  PA  was  76% and 54.5% while highest conversion rate for \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was 91.8% for adipose tissues, 91.4% for spleen, 90.7% for kid- ney and 84.6% for heart [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e27\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-oxidant_potential_of_PA\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAnti-oxidant potential of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsidering the side effects associated with usage of synthetic anti-oxidants and increase in oxidative stress disorders, use of anti-oxidants from natural sources are gaining importance \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[30]. \u003c\/a\u003eNumerous studies revealed that PA is biologically active in hampering the hazards asso- ciated with oxidative mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e31].\u003c\/a\u003e To evaluate the anti-oxidative potential of PA against lipid peroxida- tion, various concentrations of PA (snake gourd seed oil) were supplemented to rats through diet after blending it with soybean. A momentous decrease was observed in\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ebody weight gain, energy consumption, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC)  and TC\/HDL  ratio  in high fat induced mouse model for five (05) weeks when ad- ministered by pomegranate leaf extract \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[32]. \u003c\/a\u003ePA showed pro-oxidative (1.2%), anti-oxidative (0.6%) activity and significantly decreased the TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) when incorporated as compared to control diet \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[33].\u003c\/a\u003e PA and alpha-tocopherol (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-AT) were tested for its effects against lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Significant lowe- ring trend was observed in LDL and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation with highest  reduction was noticed  in liver \u0026amp; membrane peroxidation due to combined effect of 0.25% PA + 0.15% AT \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eActivities of anti-oxidative enzymes in liver homo- genates, brain, plasma and erythrocytes were altered by inducing sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[35, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e36\u003c\/a\u003e]. Owing to supplemen- tation of CLnA isomers, the activity of catalase (CAT), super-oxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione per- oxidase (GPx) were increased  while  decreasing  trend was observed in nitric oxide (NO) synthase. However, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was found more effective in  decreasing  oxida- tive stress as compared to CLnA. When these isomers were studied   against   streptozotocin-induced   diabetes in albino rats, same results were observed as in above mentioned studies against oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[37].\u003c\/a\u003e More  distinct  synergistic  effect was observed when both  of  these  isomers  were  ap- plied in combination [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e38\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCLnA isomers improved the renal oxidative stress release and showed attired synergistic  effects  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e39].\u003c\/a\u003e The supplementation of mixture having both isomers of CLnA helped to improve the fatty acid profile of renal system. A decrease was observed in oxidation with the supplementation of TK seed (3 g PA).  The  increased level of 8-iso-PGF2\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003ewas due to non-enzymatic peroxi- dation of arachidonic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e41\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAnti-diabetic properties\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eUp till now, experimental studies conducted to test the effect of PA on serum lipid, glucose metabolism and in- sulin resistance have provided controversial results. Non-significant results were recorded for both body and tissue weight when diet containing 1% \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and\/or PA was administered for six weeks [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e42]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilar results were obtained when the mice were fed for three weeks on diet containing 0.12% and 1.2% PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[43]. \u003c\/a\u003eFeeding rats on 1% PSO and 9% safflower oil diet for the period  of  two weeks gives non-significant results for abdominal white adipose tissue weights [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e44]. \u003c\/a\u003eIn another study, a diet con- stituted with \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA was given to hamsters for 6 weeks and reduction in the liver tissue TG levels was observed but no significant results were found for serum TC \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[45].\u003c\/a\u003e However in some other experimental studies,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ethe results were  in  contrast  with  the  above  findings \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e46,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e47\u003c\/a\u003e]. Some scientists found significant effect of PA on the reduction of TC, apoB-100 and liver tissue TG levels.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eRats that were fed on PSO showed higher levels of in- sulin in serum and glutathione peroxidase (GOP) activity with no significant difference in blood glucose level as compared to control group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[48].\u003c\/a\u003e Peony seed oil rich in PA showed reduction in glycosylated total serum choles- terol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level while an increase was observed in weight gain, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum insulin level, liver glycogen level in mice \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[49].\u003c\/a\u003e In another study, PSO was fed to rats for 21 days that in- creased total triacylglycerol (TAG)  and  phospholipid level in serum while no significant increase was observed in TC level \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[50].\u003c\/a\u003e As the level of PSO  increases  in diet, the level of PA also increases in epididymal, serum, liver and peri-renal adipose. When mice were supplemented with dietary genetically  modified rapeseed oil  (GMRO) at 0.25% weight of the whole  diet, it not  only  lowered the body lipid ratio but also enhanced the liver lipid me- tabolism as compared to the same quantity of PA taken directly from pomegranate. PSO was consistent in sub- stantially reducing the liver TG levels but  no  major effects were observed for serum TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWhen PSO was administered to dyslipidemic patients for four weeks, serum concentration of TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003edecreased from 15 to 13.08pg\/ml in the PSO group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[51].\u003c\/a\u003e Similar scenario transpired when PSO given to high fat induced patients for four (04) weeks. No change  occurred  in serum TC, LDL-C, glucose concentrations and body composition variables \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[52].\u003c\/a\u003e It was found that supple- mentation of PSO for 1 month in hyper-lipidaemic sub- jects had promising effects on lipid profiles including TAG and TAG: HDL-C ratio. In contrast, fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and sensitivity showed no mo- mentous variation due to the \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim. Diet supplementation analyzed by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[53].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eHowever when PA was given to rats with diet-induced obesity, an improvement was observed in plasma glucose and insulin levels and glucose-normalizing capacity over a glucose tolerance test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[38]. \u003c\/a\u003eAn improvement in insulin sensitivity in CD-1 mice was observed with PSO con- sumption (av. 61 mg\/day), signifying that the threat of emerging diabetes type-II might be lessened \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[54].\u003c\/a\u003e Addi- tionally, it was noticed that PSO consumption improves glucose and insulin sensitivity and fat diet-induced obe- sity in mice. When PA (1% PSO) was supplemented for the period of three months, ingestion of PA resulted in lipid lowering sequenced by reduction in body weight which ultimately reduced total body mass \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17].\u003c\/a\u003e PA also\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eimproved the peripheral insulin sensitivity without effecting  liver  insulin  sensitivity.  So,  supplementation of PA through dietary  sources  is  helpful  with  refer- ence to insulin resistance and fat  induced  obesity  in mice, independent of  changes  in  food  intake  or  ener- gy expenditure.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eXanthigen (a bioactive compound derived from po- megranate) is the precursor of  PA and is well known for its lipid lowering potential in animals and humans al- though its mechanism of action is not yet completely known. Xanthigen potently and dose-dependently sup- pressed accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes compared to its individual components; fucoxanthin and PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[55].\u003c\/a\u003e Various mechanisms are involved in over- whelming the triacylglycerides accretion and adipocyte differentiation by Xanthigen and can be used as poten- tial remedy  for the treatment of diabetic patients. Mix- ture of PA, xanthigen and fucoxanthin  acid  (70%  in PSO) was fed to mice to investigate the inhibitory effect on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. A de- creased gene expression was observed which was regu- lating the distinction process that raises TG buildup in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes treated with punicic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[56].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEffect of punicic acid on molecular events\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe most common  physiological  disorders  all  around the world like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis that are specified by the occurrence of extremely stimulated in- flammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, mono- cytes and overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These diseases can be effectively controlled by some natural dietary supple- ments. PA (PSO) is effective against ROS\/MPO-mediated tissue damage and reduces the neutrophil-activation [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA has persuasive anti-inflammatory effect and can prove as a natural therapeutic agent (as therapeutic substitute) against various inflammatory diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMolecular evidence with reference to in vivo tryouts showed that the uptake of PA regulates colonic PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, the keratinocyte growth factor, the orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, suppresses  colonic and M1 macrophage-derived TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e. PA also increased the levels of IL-17 and IFN-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003ein CD8+T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (i.e., mucosal  inductive  sites). PA modulates mucosal immune responses and improves gut inflammation through PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand -\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ\u003c\/span\u003e-dependent mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e58]. \u003c\/a\u003eLikewise, dietary PA lowers fasting plasma glucose concentrations and improves the glucose- normalizing ability eventually suppressing NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB activa- tion and TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eexpression. Ultimately it regulates PPAR \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive genes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17\u003c\/a\u003e]. Experiments have also demonstrated that PA can bind and robustly activate PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand increase\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Food_Applications\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive gene expression, finally improving diabetic and inflammatory status. Insulin resistance by TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα  \u003c\/span\u003eis associated with   mitochondrial   dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is ameliorated by  PA,  a PPAR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eagonist [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e59].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn an in vitro study, meant at assessing the efficiency and activeness of certain CLnA isomers found in PSO as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), PA also inhibited estrogen receptors (ER) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 7.2 and 8.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively; \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA inhibited ER \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 6.5 and\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e7.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e60\u003c\/a\u003e]. Thus, both CLnA isomers are effective as SERMs. These outcomes specify that PA, rich in PSO and an effective SERM, might be used as a possible breast cancer chemo-preventive agent.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSaha and Ghosh \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40]\u003c\/a\u003e revealed that the diet supple- mentation with CLnAs (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA at 0.5 % total lipids) showed significant reduction of inflammation in diabetic albino rats induced by streptozotocin. They fur- ther elaborated that the above mentioned four weeks diet supplementation led to reduce inflammation by re- ducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand IL-6, in blood and the expression of he- patic NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB (p65), once higher as a result of diabetes in- duction. Then again, one study also stated that the 400 mg of pomegranate seed oil (rich in PA) administrated twice daily in dyslipidemic patients had no effect on serum TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[28, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e51].\u003c\/a\u003e These findings divulge that the CLnAs in PSO and some other foods may be a promising therapeutic substitute approach for cancer and inflamma- tory diseases. The further studies should be carried out to attest these effects in humans [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e37\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNeurodegenerative  disorders  that  occur  due  to  the\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eaccretion of some special mis-folded proteins like in Alzheimer's diseases occupy almost same pathological features of oxidative damage and neuronal death.  PA plays a vital role in controlling these diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e61].\u003c\/a\u003e To examine the effect of PSO for oxidative damage re- duction, PSO was encapsulated in   a   nano-droplet form and  was  given  to  TgMHu2ME199K  mice  (used as a  model  subject  for  genetic  prion  disease).  PSO  as a  high  source  of  rare  polyunsaturated  fatty  acid  (PA) is now being considered as a sturdiest biological anti- oxidant. When nano-PSO was administrated to already sick mice, it not only  overdue  the  disease  appearance but the disease aggravation was also delayed. Brain ana- lysis of these mice showed that PSO lessened the fat oxidation and neuronal damage although it did not  re- duce PrPSc accretion. So, it is clear that PSO is a strong neuro-protective  agent and is not only effective against the vulnerable subjects but also for those already ex- periencing neurodegenerative disorders.   In   the   field of pharma, this  kind  of  formulations  can  be  helpful in ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[62].\u003c\/a\u003e Certainly,  nano-PSO  is  considered  as  a  safe  reagent\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eand can be utilized as  safe  food  supplement  in  diffe- rent therapies.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eOsteoporosis occurrence is increasing day by day and gaining importance as a great threat to long and healthy life expectancy. For the preclusion of osteoporosis, se- veral strategies were developed. PSO is highly effective against inflammatory and oxidative processes as these processes are involved in osteoporosis. A study con- ducted on ovariectomized (OVX) mice model, supple- mented with 5% PSO diet showed that PSO  fed  mice have significantly improved bone mineral density with prevention of trabecular  micro-architecture  impairment by involving osteo-clastogenesis inhibition and osteo- blastogenesis  improvement. Thus PSO can be suggested as preventive measure against osteoporosis \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[63].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFood Applications\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seeds considered as the waste product after the processing of fruit into its various products. Po- megranate seed oil and peels were incorporated into ice- cream to enhance the functional properties and significant changes were observed in product pH, acidity and color while milk fat replacement with PSO improved the fatty acid profile by increasing the conjugated fatty acid con- tents with elevated antioxidant and anti-diabetic proper- ties due to the phenolic contents  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e64\u003c\/a\u003e]. Punicalagins and PA from peel and seed provide the health benefits with improvement in functional properties. Pomegranate seed ethanolic extract (PSEE) possessed the anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects against hormone-dependent pros- tate carcinoma and human breast cancer cell lines and considered as nutraceutical\/functional food ingredient to prevent carcinogenic diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e65\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed extract useful in replacing artificial antioxidant in meat products to increase the oxidative stability of such products. Devatkal et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[66]\u003c\/a\u003e incorpo- rated the citrus rind powder and pomegranate rind and seed extracts in meat patties. Highest antioxidant effect was observed in pomegranate seed extract. According to such studies, it is believed that industrial by-products of fruits and vegetables are potential source of antioxidant. Pomegranate seed extract  helps to reduce the  formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat products cooked by various methods with different temperatures and heat \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[67] \u003c\/a\u003ethus pomegranate seed useful in producing safe product.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMohagheghi et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[68]\u003c\/a\u003e incorporated PSO  (PSO-in- water emulsion) as functional ingredient in juice and beverages with varying concentration of gum Arabic and evaluated the effect on emulsion stability index, droplet size distribution, and turbidity loss rate. The conse- quences manifested that the beverage emulsions behaved as Newtonian fluids, and this study begins new glimpse to produce relatively stable PSO-in-water emulsions as\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Safety_evaluation\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003efunctional ingredient in beverage industry. Encapsulation of PSO and its application in skimmed milk powder as encapsulating agent was studied by \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[69].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSafety evaluation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO has been consumed for long enough due to its safety as cold pressed oil and is considered an effective measure to reduce the occurrence and incidence of tumor and multiplicity. It is also evident from different ex vivo and in vivo research trials using mice and rats as model subjects. However, there is still very little infor- mation is present about the safety and toxic concern of PSO other than the above mentioned evidences. PA is a non-toxic, natural, orally active  food  ingredient  known to humans and consumed by humans for  centuries \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[70,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e71].\u003c\/a\u003e Possible mutagenicity  of  PSO  was  evaluated by means of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of PSO  in Wistar rats \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[72].\u003c\/a\u003e During the presence or absence of metabolic activities, PSO can neither  be  clastogenic nor mutagenic in nature. No adverse effects of  PSO were observed at a dose level of 4.3 g\/kg  body weight\/day but at  higher  concentration  (150,000  ppm) of PSO, hepatic enzyme activities are disturbed mainly due to increase in liver weight and liver-to-body ratio. A short-term safety evaluation of dietary mono- conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers was executed using a pig model. The outcome of the experiment re- vealed that intake of mono-CLNA is safe  in  neonatal \u003ca name=\"Conclusion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003epigs for short-term time period. The safety of a mixture of two mono-CLnA c9-t11- c15-18:3 + c9-t13-c15-18:3 isomers was assessed in comparison to other fatty acids having either one conjugated double-bond, an n-3 or n-6 PUFA structures (CLnA vs. CLA; CLnA vs. W3; CLnA vs. W6) and results revealed that a dietary provision of 1% of these mono-CLnA isomers for 2-weeks can be considered\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003esafe for the current animal model \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[73\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was observed that during the metabolic activation process, PSO did not show either clastogenicity or muta- genicity up to 33 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/mL through  chromosome  aberra- tion test or 5000 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/plate through Ames  test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[74].\u003c\/a\u003e  Rats fed on 2 g PSO\/kg body weight did not showed non- significant toxicity effect. According to the  OECD 423 test guidelines, the LD50 cut-off value supposed to be higher as compared to 5 g\/kg body  weight  and  PSO could be considered safe food without any labelling or classification requirement. In one 28 days oral toxicity study, PSO was administered to male and female rats at the rate of 150000 ppm with mean intake of 1.39 g PSO\/ \u003ca name=\"Acknowledgement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ekg body weight\/day and it was observed that liver func- tioning enzymes improved in plasma followed by accre- tion of liver to body weight ratio. These results could be happened might be due to physiological actions of high dose of PA. According to the  above  mentioned  data, PSO (PA) did not possess any toxic effect at such an\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eelevated level as it\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es not a part of normal diet at such high level. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of PA was reported at 50000 ppm as PSO, which is equivalent to 4.3 g PSO\/kg body weight\/day.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFuture concerns\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe emergent data of clinical trials on  animals  and human models have explored that PA is as an effective bioactive compound that can be operative for human well-being for improved health eminence and chronic diseases preclusion. A minute single dose of PA is suffi- cient to integrate the physiological health effect within weeks or months with characteristic health changes par- ticularly in clinical trials with compromised health pres- tige. The outward short-term effect of CLnA isomers supplementation in both liver and brain indicates that long-term toxicology trials in animals should be consi- dered before moving to comprehensive and long-term studies. However, there is no evidence of long term sup- plementation effects on health related consequences, so it is justified that its effect must be investigated before further supplementation for long term time periods in animal models and before moving to clinical trials on humans. PA may possibly be used as a promising alter- native in developing different new strategies for nutri- tional management and health complications. Further, to explore the potential of PA in improving human health, a continue stream line of research work is needed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConclusion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil (PSO) is abundantly comprised of punicic acid (PA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) as confirmed by  recent studies  around  the world. Considering the beneficial aspects of PA in vari- ous studies, PSO recommended as a nutraceutical and\/ or functional ingredient for food products. However, various studies  on the bioactive aspect of PA, there are still some ambiguous and\/or antithetical studies also. In some studies, the output of PA showed different results in animal models as compared to  the  human  model. There is demand for the PA studies in human models as these kinds of studies are scarce. In this way, the ultim- ate mechanism of PA on improving human health can be determined. Furthermore, the impact of the intake of PA (CLnA) as functional food on human body metabol- ism and other physiological health effects can be under- stood and finally the safety recommendations for the intake of PA can be developed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthor(s) wishes to acknowledge the faculty members and supervising\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003einstructors for constructive criticism and applause for writing this review article and reviewing it for keeping it at minimal slip-ups in technical\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003easpects with reference to the scientific literature based articles.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMN conceptualized, provided the technical assistance and guided in the data collection. MI helped for drafting the manuscript. \"It's also confirmed that all the authors read and approved the final manuscript\".\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCompeting interests\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsent for publication\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePublisher\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es Note\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReceived: 31 March 2017 Accepted: 18 May 2017\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eViuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA. 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Compounds of Natural Origin and Acupuncture for the Treatment of Diseases Caused by Estrogen Deficiency. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016;9(3):109–17.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMizrahi M, Friedman-Levi Y, Larush L, Frid K, Binyamin O, Dori D, et al. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: the case of genetic CJD. Nanomed: Nanotechnol, Biol Med. 2014;10:1353–63.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpilmont M, Léotoing L, Davicco M-J, Lebecque P, Mercier S, Miot-Noirault E, et al. Pomegranate seed oil prevents bone loss in a mice model of osteoporosis, through osteoblastic stimulation, osteoclastic inhibition and decreased inflammatory status. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1840–8.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBassaganya-Riera J. Method of using punicic acid to enhance immune response and prevent metabolic disorders. Google Patents. 2014;8,822,543.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWang L, Li W, Lin M, Garcia M, Mulholland D, Lilly M, Martins-Green M. Luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic acid are natural products that inhibit prostate cancer metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(10):2321–30.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMeerts I, Verspeek-Rip C, Buskens C, Keizer H, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jouni Z,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eet al. Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:1085–92.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCastellano C-A, Plourde M, Briand SI, Angers P, Giguère A, Matte JJ. Safety of dietary conjugated \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-linolenic acid (CLNA) in a neonatal pig model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;64:119–25.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-29T09:20:20-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"demo-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560896999592"},{"id":560896966824,"title":"StrLoop Sri Lanka","created_at":"2023-09-29T09:20:19-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts strloop-sri-lanka\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 459pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eSee discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_2\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_3\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArticle \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#606060\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist · September 2021\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#545454\"\u003eDOI: 10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eREADS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003e4 authors:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Tharaka-Dassanayake?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTharaka Dassanayake\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e470 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eFaculty of Medicine Rajarata University of Sri Lanka\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anuradha-Baminiwatta?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University_of_Kelaniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Kelaniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dewasmika-Ariyasinghe?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eDewasmika Ariyasinghe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eSome of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eIdentification of a possible biomarker to predict Intermediate Syndrome \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Identification-of-a-possible-biomarker-to-predict-Intermediate-Syndrome?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eMindfulness, Compassion and Stigma of Mental Illness \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Mindfulness-Compassion-and-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003eAll content following this page was uploaded by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_10\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eon 12 October 2021.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eThe user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL14.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe (2021): Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/suppl\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; 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font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView related articles \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView Crossmark data\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 139pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eTHE CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 316pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003efor Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ea \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Chandana Hewawasam\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Anuradha Baminiwatta\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ec  \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eand Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ABSTRACT\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eARTICLE HISTORY\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eReceived 24 May 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAccepted 21 August 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublished online 9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSeptember 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognition; neuropsychological test; Stroop Test;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency; Digit Span; working memory; executive function; norms;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONTACT \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake    \u003ca href=\"mailto:tharakad@pdn.ac.lk\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003etharakad@pdn.ac.lk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e    \u003c\/span\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSupplemental data for this article is available online at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis Group\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eIntroduction\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eExecutive functions encompass a number of cognitive domains that enable a person to engage in independent, goal-oriented manner (Lezak et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Testing executive functions is an integral part of comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and often a part of bedside cognitive assessment. A major limitation in neuropsychological assessment in many non-English-speaking countries is the lack of culturally and demographically appropriate norms. Most normative samples of the English-speaking countries have had longer education (Harrison et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark94\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark126\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Piatt et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark133\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) than the average years of education in the developing countries (Institute for Health Metrics \u0026amp; Evaluation, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark95\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural differences in neuropsychological test performance persist even after adjusting for demographic variables such as age, sex, and education (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lucas et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark110\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark121\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark146\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Lezak et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) recommends interpreting individual test scores against norms generated for the population where the individual comes from. Importantly, in clinical settings, race-based norms prevent misinterpretation of neuropsychological test results and misclassification of individuals (Marquine et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark112\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark123\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, 2011).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe native language of the majority of Sri Lankans is Sinhala–spoken as the first language only in Sri Lanka. Demographically adjusted neuropsychological test norms are scarce in the country (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark89\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) yet the aging population structure in the country impose increas- ing demands for neuropsychological assessments. The present study is part of a larger project that aims to create demographically adjusted norms for a number of neuro- psychological tests for Sri Lankan adults (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In this study, we aimed to create norms for three pen-and-paper-based executive function\/working memory tests that can be carried out bedside or in an outpatient setting: the Victoria Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark138\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Stroop, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark151\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency ((Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark81\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Stroop test is a measure of cognitive control and selective attention (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop test has different versions, but in common, the task demands the participant to suppress the habitual response and execute the less familiar, task-related response, giving equal priority to speed and accuracy. We used the Victoria version of the Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark139\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). VST norms have been published for English-speaking (Troyer et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark158\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and French-speaking (Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark155\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians, Swedes (Fällman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark92\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Brazilians (D. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark105\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Cantonese-speaking Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Digit Span test is administered as a stand-alone test or a subtest of extensive neuropsychological test batteries. The forward Digit Span measures attention and short-term memory whereas the backward Digit Span also involves reordering of the digits in the working memory. Apart from the well-established norms for the English-speaking populations, normative data have also been reported for speakers of other languages including Spanish (Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Pavão Martins et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark132\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Italian (Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark120\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Yang et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark166\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (Choi et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark84\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Hebrew (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The differences of the norms among speakers\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eof different languages are attributed, at least partly, to the total number of syllables one has to remember and manipulate in the working memory (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal Fluency tasks demand executive control mechanisms to interact with lexical (in Phonemic Fluency) and semantic (in Category Fluency) representations under time constraints. Verbal Fluency tests have been normed in many languages including English, Spanish (Ardila, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), French (Crossley et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark85\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark162\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Swedish (Tallberg et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark153\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark147\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Cantonese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (D.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eY. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark106\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Vietnamese (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark113\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Thai (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark96\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hindi (Ratcliff et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark135\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hebrew (Kavé, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark99\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Differences in performance have been observed in Verbal Fluency among adults of different ethnic groups even after adjusting for potential confounders such as age, education, income, and reading ability (Acevedo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark76\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Gladsjo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark93\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Johnson-Selfridge et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark98\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These differences have also been attributed to the linguistic characteristics of the tests (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark101\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e): For instance, the same word has different syllabic lengths in different languages and that influences the total number of word one can produce over a limited time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn this article, we report regression-based, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted norms for the VST, Digit Span (forward and backward), and Phonemic (Sinhala pho- nemes \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S\") and Category (animals and vegetables) Fluency tests for Sinhala-Speaking Sri Lankan adults. To ensure the generalizability of the norms, we aimed to encompass a wide age range and a broad spectrum of educational levels in the sample.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Method\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMethod\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST, Digits Span, and Verbal Fluency data were collected as a part of a larger study that generated norms for a collection of neuropsychological tests for Sri Lankan adults. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, located in the Central Province of Sri Lanka with the approval of the institutional Ethics Review Committee. VST data were also obtained from a group of healthy older adults (\u0026gt; 50 years) recruited as a control group of a different study conducted at the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, located in the North Central Province with the approval of the respec- tive institutional Ethics Review Committee. The study was conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark165\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. The potential participants were recruited from February 2017 to August 2019, through word-of- mouth and flyers and posters displayed within the respective universities, the university-affiliated tertiary-care Teaching Hospitals (Peradeniya and Anuradhapura), and the surrounding localities. The participants thus included the employees of the universities and the hospitals (who were originally from various parts of the island), their acquaintances, and the visitors and the persons accompanying the patients\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ereferred to the hospitals from different parts of the country. Consequently, the sample had a broader geographical representation, although the data were collected at two centers.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eWe excluded the respondents who had a history of neurological or psychiatric illnesses, dependence on alcohol or other substances, gross hearing impairment or severe\/terminal medical illnesses. All included participants were able to carry out activities of daily living independently. However, we did not actively exclude the individuals who had other medical conditions that do not affect their general func- tionality or cognitive performance: We envisaged that such exclusions would make the sample overly healthy, thus limiting the generalizability of the norms to the general adult population (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). All recruited participants were adults, 19 years or older. The years of schooling, graduate and postgraduate education, post-schooling diplomas, were summed to count the total years of formal education. Part-time courses were converted to full-time equivalents before summing. We have described the formal education setting in Sri Lanka in more detail in a recent paper (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The years of education of the sample varied between 1 to 23 years. All participants were educated in public schools. The sampling was not strictly stratified in terms of education or age, however, we ensured that different educational strata (≤ 6 years: primary education; 7–11 years: lower secondary education with or without Ordinary Level qualifications; 12–13 years: upper secondary education with or without Advanced Level qualifications; 14–17 years; post-schooling diploma, graduate education; ≥18 years: postgraduate education) and individuals of different age groups constituted the sample (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Since the tests were adminis- tered in Sinhala language, only the respondents who reported their first and dominant language as Sinhala were recruited as participants. Specifically, all recruited participants were ethnic Sinhalese and reported Sinhala as their mother language, the language that they use most often in day-to-day activities; and the language in which they are most comfortable. Each participant was compensated with 500 Sri Lankan Rupees\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants (total n = 606).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test (n = 605)    Other tests (n = 422)\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:103px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e272\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e333\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54.95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e220\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge (years)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e97\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e91\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e165\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e134\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eYears of education\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e194\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32.07\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e116\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e132\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e160\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e149\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35.31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eNote: For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who com- pleted the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e(equivalent to about three US Dollars at the time of the data collection) for the time they spent on the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Neuropsychological_tests\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eNeuropsychological tests\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants were instructed to sleep at least 6 hours the night before testing and not to consume alcohol from the night before testing. The VST, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests were administered in Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Victoria_Stroop_Test\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe test material and instructions of the Sinhala version of the VST were adopted from the specifications and sample test sheet presented in Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The test version consisted of three tests (dots, neutral words, color words) each with a card in which 24 items (4 each in 6 rows) are printed. The items were printed in red, yellow, blue, and green with each color appearing once in each row, 6 times in the matrix, arranged in a pseudo-random order. The Sinhala typeface was bold, and the font size was equal to that of the English VST. In each task, participants were instructed to name the color in which the items were printed row by row, as fast they could without making errors. In the Dot test, the participants named the color of the dots printed in the 4 × 6 matrix. In the Neutral Word test, four common, neutral, disyllabic Sinhala words replaced the dots, and the participants named the color of the print. In the Color Word test, the words were the Sinhala names of the four colors (\"ratu,\" \"kaha,\" \"nil,\" and \"kola\"), print color never corresponding to the color name. Again, the participants were instructed to name the print color ignoring the color name written. In each test, the time to complete was measured, and number of errors were counted. Any misnaming made in the first attempt on each item was counted an error, even if the participants corrected the misnaming by themselves before the test adminis- trator pointed it out. VST interference score was calculated by dividing the Color Word test completion time by Dot test completion time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Digit_Span\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDigit Span\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants recalled strings of random digits in increasing length, forward (Digit Span Forward) and backward (Digit Span Backward). The forward task started with three digits and the backward task started with two digits. In each task, two strings of a given length were presented, and the length was increased until the participant failed both strings of a given length. The maximum number of digits correctly recalled, at least in one string of the two, was considered the Digit Span of each task.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Verbal_Fluency\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVerbal Fluency\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe Verbal Fluency task consisted of the Phonemic Fluency task and Category Fluency task for which the test administration instructions were adopted from Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark148\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We modified the original FAS Phonemic Fluency task with two letter replace- ments. The phoneme \"F\" is not a letter in the basic Sinhala alphabet and was intro- duced only decades ago to the language with adoption of English words to Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eTherefore \"F\" was replaced with \"P.\" The letter \"A\" in the English alphabet has multiple variants in the Sinhala alphabet (viz. a, a:, ae, ae:), and this is the case for other vowels too. Therefore, to maintain a consistency between letters and phonemes, we replaced \"A\" with \"N.\" Eventually the Sinhala version consisted of phonemes\/letters \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S,\" representing three subcategories (nasals, plosives, and sibilants, respectively) of Sinhala alphabet and pronunciation. As per the original version, instructions were given to avoid proper nouns and variations of the same word. The Category Fluency task tested the fluency of two categories: animals and vegetables. Each trial was scored as the number of correct words recalled in 60 seconds.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Statistical_analyses\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eStatistical analyses\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST error counts were highly skewed to the right, with prominent ceiling effects and therefore were not fitted into regression models. The norms of the error counts are reported as percentile scores stratified by age groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eMultiple linear regression (MLR) analyses with sex, age, and years of education as predictors were fitted to model other outcome variables. Sex was treated as a dichot- omous variable having assigned a value of 0 for females and 1 for males, whereas age and years of education were treated as continuous variables in the data analyses. In a series of preliminary univariate analyses, we correlated each outcome variable with age and years of education. In those, curvilinear fits did not significantly improve the R-squared values over linear fits in any of the correlations. Neither adding qua- dratic terms nor interaction terms as predictors significantly improved the MLR models. The final MLR models were thus created with sex, age, and years of education as predictors. We also calculated the semipartial correlations and shared variances of each test outcome measure with sex, age, and years of education. To maintain the uniformity of future application of the final models in interpreting individual data, we retained all three predictors for all MLR models even if a demographic variable was not a significant predictor in the final model.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Results\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eResults\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Sample_characteristics\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eSample characteristics\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606 (273 men, 45.05%), 468 (223 men) were recruited from Peradeniya and 138 (50 men) from Anuradhapura. The age of the sample ranged from 19 to 83years with a mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of 49.7 (14.4) years. The mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) years of education was 12.9 (3.7) years. Of note, the average years of education of the sample is higher than the national average (11.1 years) for adults (United Nations Development Programme, 2019): This dif- ference is attributed to our stratified sampling criteria: We recruited adequate number of participants from all different levels of education to make the variable better fit the regression models. There was no significant difference between the mean age of men (48.67, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.40 years) and women (50.48, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.44 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.541, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.124. The\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003emean years of education was also similar between men (mean = 13.1, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.4 years) and women (mean = 12.7, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.8 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.041, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.298. The years of education had\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ea moderate negative correlation with age, \u003cem\u003er \u003c\/em\u003e= −0.468, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, reflecting younger gen- erations having more years of education.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606, 605 completed the VST, and 421 completed all tests, and one participant completed all the tests but not VST. The demographic charac- teristics of these groups of participants are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who completed the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows the descriptive statistics (mean, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e, minimum, maximum) of the test scores of the full sample. All test scores except the VST error counts were normally distributed.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"VST_error_counts\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVST error counts\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eVST error counts were available only for 467 participants, since this data were not recorded on the test sheets of 138 participants. The VST error counts were highly skewed to the right: The median error counts for the Dot and Neutral Word tests was 0 (IQR = 0) each, and for the Color Word test the median error count was 1 (IQR: 0 − 2). On univariate analyses, these error counts were similar between men and women (Mann-Whitney test \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05). The error counts for the Neutral Word and Color Word tests had a significant positive correlation with age (Spearmann correlation coefficients .211 and .375, respectively) and years of education (Spearmann correlation coefficients −.159 and −.336, respectively), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001 in all instances. The error count for the Dot test did not correlate significantly with age or years of education. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables 3–5 \u003c\/span\u003esummarize the percentile ranges represented by different error counts for each age band in VST Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Multiple_linear_regression_models\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMultiple linear regression models\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe overall regression models with sex, age, and years of education were significant for all other outcome measures (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The demographic variables explained 15% or more of the variance of the outcome measures, except for two: Only 4% of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSample means and standard deviations (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of test scores.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:173px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:95px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:91px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:77px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:61px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinimum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMaximum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e59.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e99.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference Score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (N)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (P)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (S)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Animals)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.00\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Vegetables)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18.90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Stroop test; for other tests, \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 422.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Dot task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:76px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 27px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Neutral Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7 − 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29 − 44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3 − 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2 − 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Color Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 89\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41–60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57–79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e81–88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53–64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003evariance of the Stroop Interference score, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2  \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.04, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001; and 8% of the variance of the Vegetable Fluency scores, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.078, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, was explained by the demographic variables. The shared variances of the outcome mea- sures with sex, age and education are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for age and education, significant sex differences were observed only in VST Neutral and Color Word test completion times, and Phonemic Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Women were about 1 second faster than men in completing the VST Neutral Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.138 (0.465), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.015; and about 2 seconds faster in completing\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eMultiple linear regression models and regression formulae for generating demographically corrected scores for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults between 19 and 83 years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 125pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eOverall model    Sex    Age (Years)    Years of Education    Raw score regression formula\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:93px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:56px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:62px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:49px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:181px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 28px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdjusted\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003edegrees of freedom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF \u003c\/em\u003estatistic\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.206\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53.238\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.370 (0.390)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.343\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.798 − (0.370 × sex) + (0.069 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.060)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.499 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.370\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e119.59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.138\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.589\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.218 + (1.138 × sex) + (0.202 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.465)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.018)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.589 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.252\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68.880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.868\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.286\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.759\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.514 + (1.868 × sex) + (0.286 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.837)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.033)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.128)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.759 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.244\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.074\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.158\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.284\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.487 + (0.074 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.053)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.002)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.008)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.008 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.898\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.087\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.525\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.261\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.217 − (0.087 × sex) − (0.012 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.137)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.261 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.338\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.968\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.023\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.512 + (0.006 × sex) − (0.023 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.141)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.309 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.148\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25.414\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.693\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.510\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.392 − (0.693 × sex) + (0.004 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.344)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.013)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.062)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.510 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.215\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 415\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39.108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−1.263\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.610\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.038 − (1.263 × sex) − (0.040 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.391)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.610 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.171\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.602\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.113\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.493\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.624\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.538 − (0.602 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.379)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.014)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.069)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.624 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.225\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3,417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41.300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−2.540\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.024\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.750\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.814 − (2.540 × sex) − (0.024 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.961)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.036)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.174)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (1.750 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.207\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37.528\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.153\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.096\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.595\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.442 − (0.153 × sex) − (0.096 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.469)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.017)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.085)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.595 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.930\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.886\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.421\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.239 + (0.058 × sex) + (0.060 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.405)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.073)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.421 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFor sex, female = 0 and male = 1. For education, use completed years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSemipartial correlations and shared variances of the Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency with sex, age, and years of education.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 157pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex    Age    Years of education\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:55px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:58px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:54px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.034\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.164\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.302\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.079\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.360\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.130\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.267\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.095\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.208\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.043\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.056\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.003\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.197\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.099\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.443\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.196\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards Phonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.175\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.031\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.481\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.231\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.368\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.135\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.119\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.374\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.030\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.403\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.162\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.114\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.434\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.188\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.241\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.303\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.092\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.035\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.269\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.072\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e: Pearson correlation coefficient.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003ethe Color Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.868 (0.837), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.027. Women also could produce 2.5 more words than men, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = −2.540 (0.961), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.009, when scores summed up across all three Phonemic Fluency trials. However, these sex differences accounted for only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance of those test scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and education, a significant age-related decline in perfor- mances were observed in the VST, Digit Span, Animal and Vegetable Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e6 \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eand \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Age-related decline was also observed for Phonemic Fluency for the pho- neme P, but not for the other two or for the total across all three letters.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and age, performance in all test outcome measures, except Stroop Interference, significantly improved with longer education. Of the three demo- graphic variables, years of education explained the highest percentage variance in Digit Span (19.6%−23.1%), Phonemic Fluency (13.5%−18.8%), and Category Fluency (7.2%−9.2%) scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based test norms and scoring\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression equations with coefficients for sex, age, and years of education are listed in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. \"Predicted and standardized score calculator\" (see \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a Microsoft Excel® worksheet with embedded regression equations, so that a clinician can interpret the VST, Digit Span, or Verbal Fluency test results of a given individual as following: (1) Demographically predicted test scores can be obtained by entering sex (coded 0 for females and 1 for males), age in years and years of education in the worksheet. (2) For each outcome measure, the standardized score (i.e., number of standard deviations to the observed score from the predicted score) can then be obtained by entering the test participant's observed scores into the worksheet. For example, predicted Animal Fluency score of a 60-year-old woman (value 0 for sex) with 12 years of education would be 18.82. If her observed Animal Fluency score is 8, her calculated standardized score would be −2.25.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eIn this study, we generated demographically adjusted, regression-based norms for VST, Digit Span, Phonemic Fluency, and Category Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults aged 19 − 83 years. Although our total sample was relatively large and had similar numbers of men and women in a wide age range and educational levels, traditional three-level stratification would have reduced the sample sizes in the individual cells of the look-up tables. The regression-based norming is statistically more powerful, and provided the data distribution does not violate the regression assumptions, predicts the norms with higher accuracy and precision (Oosterhuis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark127\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Regression-based norms have been reported in different populations for the Stroop test (Norman et al., 2011; Rivera et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark141\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark163\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span (Koscik et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark102\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark116\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark125\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Category Fluency (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark78\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark149\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We present norms for VST error counts as age-stratified percentiles because the data distributions were highly skewed: This has also been observed previously (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark161\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eWe did not observe significant sex differences in most outcome measures, and this is largely consistent with the existing normative literature. However, women had a significant but small advantage over men in VST Neutral and Color Word test com- pletion times, and Phonemic Fluency. Although the majority of the previous normative studies has shown no significant sex differences in the above tests, in the instances where there were differences, the performance favored women both in the Stroop test (Barbarotto et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., 2011; Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark160\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ouvrard et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark131\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). However, sex explained only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance, which has been consistently found to contribute less than age and education. We retained sex in all regression models regardless of its statistical significance (1) to maintain the uniformity of calculating the standardized scores in the present study and our previous norms for other tests (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and (2) because sex has been proven to be a useful indicator of disease attribution in clinical populations (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sundermann et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark154\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The age-related decline we observed in the executive functions is consistent with the previous literature, and mirrors the age-related linear reduction of prefrontal grey matter and white matter observed in neuroimaging studies (Raz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark137\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark140\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In contrast to Category Fluency, Phonemic Fluency remained stable throughout the adult age span. This contrast between the two fluency tasks is also evident in other languages (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Melikyan et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark114\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ostrosky-Solís et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark129\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Our findings and the extant literature indicate that even when both age and edu- cation significantly affect test scores, education is a stronger predictor than age of the Digit Span (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Selnes et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark145\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Verbal Fluency (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark97\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark107\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark136\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rosselli et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark143\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). For example, our linear regression coefficients (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) indicate lowering of one-year of education is equivalent to increase of age by 22 years in Digit Span Forward, 14 in Digit Span Backward, and 6–7 years in Category Fluency. This highlights the importance of modeling education as a continuous variable rather than a stratified\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003evariable in norming: That ensures more precise predictive scores and makes clinical classification of individual clients more accurate.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression-based adult norms have been published widely for Animal Fluency. Regression equations adjusted for one or more demographic factors (sex, age, and education) are available for the Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark159\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Icelandic (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (C. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark103\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Cavaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Spanish (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark79\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), the English- (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and French-speaking (St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark150\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians; and for Spanish-speaking populations in several Latin American countries (Olabarrieta-Landa et al., 2015; Ostrosky-Solis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark130\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). To compare our norms with those, we calculated predicted Animal Fluency for a given individual using each of those regression equations. The majority of the predicted scores were comparable to ours. For example, for a 60-year-old woman with 12 years of education, previously published regression equations predicted Animal Fluency scores between 15.5 and 21.9: scores lying within one standardized residual (i.e., 4.8) around the predicted score (i.e., 18.8) based on our regression model. There were three exceptions: The predicted score of an English-speaking Canadian (29.7) was significantly higher (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), whereas that of an Arabic-speaking Egyptian (13.2) (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and a Spanish-speaking Ecuadorian (9.4) (Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) were significantly lower than the score we predicted for the demographically matched Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan. These comparisons exemplify that–even after accounting for demographic variables–country- and language-specific norming is required to assess and clinically classify test participants accurately.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eThere are some limitations in applying our norms to the general Sri Lankan pop- ulation. The norms are based on an adult sample aged 19 to 83 years; and had education from 1 to 23 years. The regression-based norms for VST are based on par- ticipants who had at least 1 year of formal education, whereas the norms for Digit Span and Verbal Fluency tests are largely based on a sample that had more than 6 years of formal education (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, Digit Span and Verbal Fluency norms are most reliable when the test participant has had at least some lower secondary education. We caution against extrapolating the regression-based norms of each test beyond the above age and education ranges. Our normative sample consisted entirely of ethnic Sinhalese, whose first and dominant language was Sinhala, a language spoken by about 75% of the country's population. Tamil is the first language of almost all  ethnic  Tamils  and  most  Moors,  who  constitute  about  24.5%  of  the  population (Department of Census \u0026amp; Statistics Sri Lanka, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark90\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Although many of them can speak Sinhala as the second language, these norms may not be valid for them. Particularly, the Verbal Fluency norms may neither be applicable to the ethnic Sinhalese whose dominant language (the language they were educated and use in their day-to- day activities) is not Sinhala. We did not collect data on the fluency in a second language in our participants, and, therefore, have not explored whether acquisition of a second language influences Sinhala Verbal Fluency.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eIn conclusion, the present norms add to the limited number of validated, demograph- ically adjusted neuropsychological test norms available in Sri Lanka (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark91\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These norms complement the norms that we recently generated for non-verbal executive function tests of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eCambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Compared to the CANTAB, however, these tests are available free in the public domain, and can also be used by clinicians at bedside. Like we and other authors have been doing in recent normative studies (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark88\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lara et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark104\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark111\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark128\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark144\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark164\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), we have made available a software application with embedded regression equations (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and that will further assist the clinicians to rapidly interpret individual executive function test results, by con- verting the raw scores into sex-, age-, and education-adjusted standard scores.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Acknowledgment\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAcknowledgment\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe thank Mr. Narendra Samarasekara for his assistance in data collection.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Disclosure_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDisclosure statement\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interests to declare.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThis study was supported by the University of Peradeniya research grant URG\/2016\/5\/M.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ORCID\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eORCID\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012 \u003c\/span\u003eChandana Hewawasam        \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eDewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbdel Aziz, K., Khater, M. S., Emara, T., Tawfik, H. M., Rasheedy, D., Mohammedin, A. S., Tolba,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eM. F., El-Gabry, D. A., \u0026amp; Qassem, T. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Effects of age, education, and gender on verbal fluency in healthy adult Arabic-speakers in Egypt. \u003cem\u003eApplied Neuropsychology. Adult\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 331–341. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAcevedo, A., Loewenstein, D. A., Barker, W. W., Harwood, D. G., Luis, C., Bravo, M., Hurwitz, D. A., Aguero, H., Greenfield, L., \u0026amp; Duara, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Category fluency test: Normative data for English- and Spanish-speaking elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 760–769. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArdila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A cross-linguistic comparison of category verbal fluency test (ANIMALS): A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 213–225. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBarbarotto, R., Laiacona, M., Frosio, R., Vecchio, M., Farinato, A., \u0026amp; Capitani, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark57\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A norma- tive study on visual reaction times and two Stroop colour-word tests. \u003cem\u003eItalian Journal of Neurological Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 161–170. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenito-Cuadrado, M. M., Esteba-Castillo, S., Böhm, P., Cejudo-Bolívar, J., \u0026amp; Peña-Casanova, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic verbal fluency of animals: a normative and predictive study in a Spanish population. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 1117–1122. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenton, A. L., Hamsher, K. D., \u0026amp; Sivan, I. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eMultilingual aphasia examination: Manual of instructions\u003c\/em\u003e. AJA Assoc.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCavaco, S., Gonçalves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., Fernandes, J., \u0026amp; Teixeira-Pinto,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eA. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark68\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic fluency and phonemic fluency: Regression-based norms for the Portuguese population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 262–271. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eChoi, H. J., Lee, D. Y., Seo, E. H., Jo, M. K., Sohn, B. K., Choe, Y. M., Byun, M. S., Kim, J. W., Kim,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eS. G., Yoon, J. C., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, K. W., \u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Investigation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 39–43. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCrossley, M., D'Arcy, C., \u0026amp; Rawson, N. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Letter and category fluency in community-dwelling Canadian seniors: A comparison of normal participants to those with dementia of the Alzheimer or vascular type. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 52–62. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age-, and education-adjusted norms for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in literate Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 106–124. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e1662090\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., Hewawasam, C., Baminiwatta, A., Samarasekara, N., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age- and education-adjusted norms for the WHO\/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 127–142. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDe Silva, R., Disanayaka, S., De Zoysa, N., Sanjeewanie, N., Somaratne, S., Foster, J., Srikanth, S., Kathriarachchi, S. T., \u0026amp; Martins, R. M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination from a sample of Sri Lankan older people. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 666–670. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Census Population and Housing. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003ewww.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indica-\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003etor\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFällman,  K.,  Lundgren,  L., Wressle,  E.,  Marcusson,  J.,  \u0026amp;  Classon,  E.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Normative  data  for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 567–580. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e1648747\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGladsjo,  J. A.,  Schuman,  C. C.,  Evans,  J.  D., Peavy,  G.  M.,  Miller,  S. W.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 147–178. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHarrison, J. E., Buxton, P., Husain, M., \u0026amp; Wise, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Short test of semantic and phonolog- ical fluency: Normal performance, validity and test-retest reliability. \u003cem\u003eThe British Journal of Clinical Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e39\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 181–191. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHeaps, J., Valcour, V., Chalermchai, T., Paul, R., Rattanamanee, S., Siangphoe, U., Sithinamsuwan, P., Chairangsaris, P., Nidhinandana, S., Tipsuk, S., Suttichom, D., Fletcher, J., Shikuma, C., \u0026amp; Ananworanich, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Development of normative neuropsychological performance in Thailand for the assessment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–8. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Global Educational Attainment 1970-2015.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003ehttp:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eJohnson-Selfridge, M. T., Zalewski, C., \u0026amp; Aboudarham, J.-F. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The relationship between ethnicity and word fluency. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 319–325. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003eorg\/10.1016\/S0887-6\u003c\/a\u003e177(97)00003-6 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKavé, G. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, and difference scores: Normative data for adult Hebrew speakers. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 690–699. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKempler, D., Teng, E. L., Dick, M., Taussig, I. M., \u0026amp; Davis, D. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The effects of age, edu- cation, and ethnicity on verbal fluency. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 531–538. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKoscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., Clark, L. R., Mueller, K. D., Allison, S. L., Gleason, C. E., Chappell, R. J., Hermann, B. P., \u0026amp; Johnson, S. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Longitudinal standards for mid-life cognitive performance: Identifying abnormal within-person changes in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLara, E., Miret, M., Sanchez-Niubo, A., Haro, J. M., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., \u0026amp; Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks: Normative data from nine nationally representative samples. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 89–98. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, C. Y., Lee, S. Y., Huang, Y. C., Hung, C. F., Lee, Y., Lee, M. I., \u0026amp; Wang, L. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark69\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Chinese version of the brief assessment of cognition in affective disorders: Normative data of a Mandarin-speaking population. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, D. Y., Lee, K. U., Lee, J. H., Kim, K. W., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Yoon, J. C., Woo, S. I., Ha, J.,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 72–81. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, T., Yuen, K., \u0026amp; Chan, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for neuropsychological measures of fluency, attention, and memory measures for Hong Kong Chinese. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 615–632. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., \u0026amp; Tranel, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLucas, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Ferman, T. J., Willis, F. B., Petersen, R. C., \u0026amp; Graff-Radford,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eN. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mayo's Older African Americans normative studies: Norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 243–269. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMagnusdottir, B. B., Haraldsson, H. M., \u0026amp; Sigurdsson, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-based norms for the Icelandic population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 253–266. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMarquine, M. J., Morlett Paredes, A., Madriaga, C., Blumstein, Y., Umlauf, A., Kamalyan, L., Rivera Mindt, M., Suarez, P., Artiola, I. F. L., Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; Cherner, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 269–292. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcCurry,  S.  M.,  Gibbons,  L.  E.,  Uomoto,  J.  M., Thompson,  M.  L.,  Graves,  A.  B.,  Edland,  S.  D., Bowen, J., McCormick, W. C., \u0026amp; Larson, E. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test performance in a cognitively intact sample of older Japanese American adults. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 447–459. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMelikyan, Z. A., Corrada, M. M., Dick, M. B., Whittle, C., Paganini-Hill, A., \u0026amp; Kawas, C. H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark58\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test norms in cognitively intact oldest-old. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 530–545. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eMoering, R. G., Schinka, J. A., Mortimer, J. A., \u0026amp; Graves, A. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for elder- ly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 61–71. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMonaco, M., Costa, A., Caltagirone, C., \u0026amp; Carlesimo, G. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: Standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 749–754. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNielsen, H., Knudsen, L., \u0026amp; Daugbjerg, O. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for eight neuropsychological tests based on a Danish sample. \u003cem\u003eScandinavian Journal of Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 37–45. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman,  M.  A.,  Evans,  J.  D.,  Miller, W.  S.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Demographically  corrected norms for the California Verbal Learning Test. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–94. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT080\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman, M. A., Moore, D. J., Taylor, M., Franklin, D., Jr., Cysique, L., Ake, C., Lazarretto, D., Vaida, F., \u0026amp; Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; HNRC Group. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 793–804. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOlabarrieta-Landa, L., Rivera, D., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Garza, M. T., Saracho, C. P., Rodríguez, W., Chávez-Oliveros, M., Rábago, B., Leibach, G., Schebela, S., Martínez, C., Luna, M., Longoni, M., Ocampo-Barba, N., Rodríguez, G., Aliaga, A., Esenarro, L., García de la Cadena, C., Perrin, B. P., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark80\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuroRehabilitation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 515–561. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003enre-151279\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOosterhuis, H. E., van der Ark, L. A., \u0026amp; Sijtsma, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sample size requirements for traditional and regression-based norms. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 191–202. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solís, F., Ardila, A., \u0026amp; Rosselli, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark67\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). NEUROPSI: A brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 413–433. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solis, F., Gutierrez, A. L., Flores, M. R., \u0026amp; Ardila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Same or different? Semantic\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003everbal fluency across Spanish-speakers from different countries. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 367–377. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOuvrard, C., Berr, C., Meillon, C., Ribet, C., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., \u0026amp; Amieva, H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark59\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 786–793. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePavão  Martins,  I.,  Maruta,  C.,  Freitas,  V.,  \u0026amp;  Mares,  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Executive  performance  in  older Portuguese adults with low education. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 410–425. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePiatt,  A.  L.,  Fields,  J.  A.,  Paolo,  A.  M.,  \u0026amp; Tröster,  A.  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  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Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 20–35. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M Naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking partic- ipants and the effects of age, education, and sex. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–89. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark56\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop color-word test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 62–79. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVicente, S. G., Rivera, D., Barbosa, F., Gaspar, N., Dores, A. R., Mascialino, G., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eC. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for tests of attention and executive functions in a sample of European Portuguese adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 418–437. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eWorld Medical Association. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. \u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e310\u003c\/em\u003e(20), 2191–2194. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eYang, C. C., Kao, C. J., Cheng, T. W., Yang, C. C., Wang, W. H., Yu, R. L., Hsu, Y. H., \u0026amp; Hua, M. S.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural effect on suboptimal effort detection: An example of the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-III in Taiwan. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 869–878. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003eacs081\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#b3b3b3; font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003eView publication stats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-29T09:20:19-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"strloop-sri-lanka-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560896966824"},{"id":560895852712,"title":"NormOldestOld","created_at":"2023-09-29T01:11:59-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts normoldestold\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO2.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#60605b\"\u003eA Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 112pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: 1382-5585 (Print) 1744-4128 (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKatarina Fällman, Lina Lundgren, Ewa Wressle, Jan Marcusson \u0026amp; Elisabet Classon\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eKatarina Fällman, Lina Lundgren, Ewa Wressle, Jan Marcusson \u0026amp; Elisabet Classon (2020) Normative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 27:4, 567-580, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003ePublished online: 06 Aug 2019.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 84pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e     \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eGroup.    \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e     \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/authorSubmission?journalCode=nanc20\u0026amp;show=instructions\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSubmit your article to this journal    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eArticle views: 3177\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; 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font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView related articles    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView Crossmark data \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/citedby\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\"\u003eCiting articles: 5 View citing articles \u003c\/a\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 138pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eAGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, AND COGNITION 2020, VOL. 27, NO. 4, 567\u003c\/span\u003e–\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e580\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 243pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eNormative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eKatarina Fällman \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, Lina Lundgren\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, Ewa Wressle\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, Jan Marcusson\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eand Elisabet Classon\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, and Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eARTICLE HISTORY\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eReceived 29 April 2019\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAccepted 19 July 2019\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeuropsychological tests; aged; 80 and over; executive function; attention; normative\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Introduction\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe process of normal aging is associated with changes in cognitive function, but high age is also the main risk factor for cognitive decline due to disease (Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark85\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological tests are used to investigate whether a decline in a cognitive function is due to normal aging or a pathological process such as dementia, and the investigation relies on access to reliable normative data. Even though many of the tests used in clinical practice are\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:7pt\"\u003e© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis Group.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:7pt\"\u003eThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/)\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003ehttp:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\u003c\/span\u003e), \u003c\/a\u003ewhich permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eknown to be a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eected by normal aging, and the very old population is the fastest growing age group in Sweden and in the world (Kinsella \u0026amp; Wan, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark64\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), normative data for the oldest old (85 years of age and above) are sparse. Those data that are available are often from studies with few very old persons or from populations with large age spans, including younger elderly. To be able to give the correct diagnosis and avoid misjudgments, valid normative data for all ages are needed. This study focuses on four widely used tests where the norms for the oldest population are of varying quality and seldom include nonagenarians.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe neuropsychological tests in this study evaluate attention and executive function. Attention is the process whereby a person becomes receptive to stimuli and begins to process the information, while executive functions are the capacities that together allow for independent and purposive actions (Harada, Natelson Love, \u0026amp; Triebel, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark60\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Executive functions are crucial for us to manage our daily life, to be able to plan ahead, to work e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003effi\u003c\/span\u003eciently and to execute a task even in environments with disturbing moments. It is the cognitive domain perhaps most closely associated with everyday function (Royall, Palmer, Chiodo, \u0026amp; Polk, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark78\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and, together with attention, often a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eected in neurocognitive as well as non-neurocognitive diseases. Di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003effi\u003c\/span\u003eculties with attention or executive function may for instance simulate memory problems due to decreased ability to stay focused on the task in individuals su\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eering from depression, one of the treatable di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerential diagnoses of dementia (Wright \u0026amp; Persad, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark94\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Both capacities are also known to be a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eected by age (Harada et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark60\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and a fair evaluation is dependent on reliable tools.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFor a test to be reliable and valid in clinical practice without the help of a trained neuropsychologist, it should be easy to administrate and not too time consuming, and the e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects of demographic factors such as gender, age and education should be known. The Trail Making Test A (TMT-A) (Reitan, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1955\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) measures attention and speed, and requires visual scanning, graphomotor speed and visuomotor processing speed as main cognitive functions. Gender is considered to have no or very little impact on the results, in contrast to education and age where high age and low education a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect the results in a negative way (Llinas-Regla et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark67\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Wei et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark92\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (Smith, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) evaluates complex attention, visual scanning and tracking, motor speed and memory (Strauss, Sherman, \u0026amp; Spreen, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and has been found to predict functional decline in aging (Classon, Fallman, Wressle, \u0026amp; Marcusson, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). SDMT is a fairly robust test, and even though some studies have found di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between men and women (Jorm, Anstey, Christensen, \u0026amp; Rodgers, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kiely, Butterworth, Watson, \u0026amp; Wooden, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark63\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), it has often been considered as not clinically relevant and di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerent norms are not needed due to gender (Arango-Lasprilla et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Peña-Casanova et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Many studies have however shown decreased test results with aging and higher points in well-educated subjects (Peña-Casanova et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Richardson \u0026amp; Marottoli, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Victoria Stroop Test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is an executive test of selective attention and cognitive \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eexibility. The results from normative studies concerning impact of demographic variables such as gender and education are not consistent, but age is considered to have a negative impact on the results (Bayard, Erkes, \u0026amp; Moroni, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, Leach, \u0026amp; Strauss, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO) (Nordlund et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is an oral test of executive function and cognitive \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eexibility that does not require visual\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003escanning or psychomotor speed (Gothlin, Eckerstrom, Rolstad, Wallin, \u0026amp; Nordlund, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark58\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). To our knowledge, there are no published normative studies for PaSMO.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn the present study, community-dwelling elderly men and women were repeatedly tested at ages 85, 90 and 93 within the Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA 85). The aim of the study is to present normative values for the very old population for the four mentioned well-established tests and to investigate whether there are any age e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects in the test results for the subgroup that participated throughout the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Material_and_method\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMaterial and method\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Participants_and_procedure\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants and procedure\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eParticipants in this study were originally recruited for the longitudinal population study Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA 85). ELSA 85 initially invited all 85-year- olds (born in 1922) living in the municipality of Linköping in 2007 (n = 650 persons) to participate in the study. The study design is described in detail in Nagga, Dong, Marcusson, Skoglund, and Wressle (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark68\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and in Johansson, Marcusson, and Wressle (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). 338 persons agreed to come to the Geriatric Clinic at Linköping University Hospital for an evaluation of cognitive function with neuropsychological assessments (described below) and for somatic check-up by a physician. Of the evaluated persons, 336 completed the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein, Folstein, \u0026amp; McHugh, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark57\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1975\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and were included in this study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFollow-ups were carried out with home visits when the participants were 90 and 93 years old. Only participants who had undergone all the previous stages of the study and completed the MMSE at each stage were included, n = 107 at 90 years of age and n = 51 at 93 years of age (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe assessments were administered by an occupational therapist, a nurse or a physician from the Geriatric Department at Linköping University Hospital and all the evaluated tests were part of a screening test battery, the Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) (Nordlund, Pahlsson, Holmberg, Lind, \u0026amp; Wallin, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). During all phases of the study, the participants could cancel their participation or decline to participate in one or more assessments and then continue with another test. Thus, not all participants have carried out all the tests. They also had the possibility to end the examination and continue at another time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eInformation about the participants' health was obtained from the somatic check-ups, the subjects themselves and their medical records.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Exclusion_criteria\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe focus of this study was to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003end normative values for the cognitively healthy popula- tion aged 85 and above. Therefore, persons with known diseases that can cause cognitive decline were excluded from the analysis. Exclusion criteria were as follows: severe head injury, traumatic cerebral bleeding, stroke, transient ischemic attack during the last six months, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonian disorders, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, dementia, objective mild cognitive impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hypoxia (saturation\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO29.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eFigure 1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eFlowchart of the participants in the Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment. Excl. = number of persons who were excluded from the study for other reasons, e.g. moving to another city during the study period. Survey = number of participants who answered a postal survey including demographic information. Clinic = number of participants evaluated at the Geriatric Clinic, Linköping University Hospital. Home = number of participants evaluated during the follow-up home visits. MMSE = number of participants who  underwent the Mini Mental State Examination.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eCognitively intact = number of participants ful\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003elling inclusion criteria.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eless than 92% in air), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, generalized cancer, psychotic disorders, ongoing depression and drug abuse (Lezak, Howieson, Bigler, \u0026amp; Tranel, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark66\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). When detailed somatic information was not available, the participant was excluded.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo further minimize the risk of including persons with cognitive decline, due to somatic health problems not registered in their medical journal, persons who scored fewer than 24 points in the MMSE were excluded (Creavin et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark55\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A recent study from Kvitting, Fallman, Wressle, and Marcusson (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark65\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) suggests a cut-o\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003eof 26 points for persons aged 85 and above. However, changing the cut-o\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003edid not give any clinically relevant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in results (results not shown).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Cognitive_tests\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eCognitive tests\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe participants' cognitive functions were evaluated with the Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) (Nordlund et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and all the investigations were carried out in accordance with its\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003emanual. The CAB consists of multiple assessments, some of them in established short versions. It was developed to investigate the cognitive domains of speed and attention, learning and episodic memory, visuospatial abilities, language, and executive functions. The tests evaluated in this study were executed in the following order: SDMT, VST, TMT-A and PaSMO.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Trail Making Test (TMT) (Reitan, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1955\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is one of the most widely used neuropsy- chological tests and consists of two subtests, TMT-A and TMT-B. In the CAB only TMT-A, the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst subtest, is included. The participant is given the task of drawing a line between the numbers 1–25, scattered across a sheet, in the correct ascending order as quickly as possible. The score is the time in seconds to complete the task, with higher scores representing worse attentional capacity. No practice e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects have been seen with long intervals (12 months) (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (Smith, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a short, easily administered cognitive test which exists in both written and oral forms, of which the written form is used in the CAB. The participant is presented with a coding key of nine geometrical symbols, each representing a digit. After an initial 10 trial practice period, the subject is asked to recode as many symbols into digits as possible in 90 seconds using the key. The score is one point per correct digit, and the maximum result is 110 points. No signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant practice e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects have been noted over a two-year interval (Uchiyama et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark88\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Victoria Stroop Test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a shorter version of the Stroop test (Stroop, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark84\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). It consist of three subtests, each presenting a stimulus card with six rows of four items. The \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst test (VST1) shows 24 dots in the colors green, blue, red and yellow in a pseudorandom order. The second test (VST2) shows 24 common words, written in the four di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerent colors. The third test (VST3) shows 24 color words (green, yellow, blue and red) written in one of the four colors, but so that the print color never corresponds to the color name (e.g. \"blue\" is written in green ink). For every subtest, the participant is asked to name the color of the dot, word or color word as quickly as possible and the examiner corrects any unnoticed errors. The score is the time in seconds, with higher scores indicating worse performance. There were no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant retest e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects when middle-aged to older persons carried out a similar Stroop test with three-year intervals (Adolfsdottir, Wollschlaeger, Wehling, \u0026amp; Lundervold, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO) (Nordlund et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a verbal test that is similar to the oral version of the TMT-B (Ricker, Axelrod, \u0026amp; Houtler, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark76\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and the Alphanumeric Sequencing Test (Grigsby \u0026amp; Kaye, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark59\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), but includes all the letters in the alphabet with a reverse order between number and letter. It was originally developed at the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The participant is \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst given the training task of reciting the alphabet as quickly as possible (the Swedish version with 28 letters). Then the participant is asked to recite the alphabet together with the number that corresponds to the letter (e.g. A-1, B-2). The score for the test is the time in seconds, and if the participant makes a mistake the examiner helps by saying the last correct letter and number pair. Retest e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects and practice e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects on PaSMO or similar oral executive tests such as Oral TMT-B have not yet been established (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Ethical_approval\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eEthical approval\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe ELSA 85 study, including permission to obtain data from all registers held by Östergötland County Council, has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eLinköping University, Sweden (2006: 141–06, 2012: 332–31; 2014: 455–31) and complies with the ethical rules for human experimentation stated by the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark93\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Written informed consent was collected from all participants at each step of the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Statistical_analysis\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eStatistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 24. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each age group and for each age divided by educational level: less than or equal to 9 years of schooling, or 10 years and above (initial analyses including three educational levels, 4–9 years, 10–12 years and 13 years and above, showed no di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence between the two levels with higher years of schooling). Any di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between men and women and level of education were analyzed with independent sample t-tests. Age e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects were analyzed with repeated measures for those individuals who had participated in all three test occasions (referred to below as Completers) and post hoc analyses between the age groups were carried out with the Bonferroni method. Sphericity was calculated using Mauchly's test, assessing the hypothesis that the variance of the di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between conditions are equal, and when sphericity could not be assumed the signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecance was determined by correction of Greenhouse-Geisser (Field, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark56\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The level of signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecance was set at 0.05.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eMean values and standard deviations for the whole ELSA 85 population, as well as demographic information about the participants excluded from this study, are presented in the supplementary material. Analyses or test results regarding the whole ELSA 85 population and the excluded participants will not be discussed further in this article.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Results\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eResults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAll the participants in this study, with known educational level, had at least four years of schooling. Descriptive information about the participants is shown in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhen comparing the 172 persons who dropped out or were excluded at either of the follow-ups for the 35 participants that were included at 93 years of age, it was noted that there were lower proportions of men (42% vs 60%) and participants living with family member (43% vs 63%) at baseline. The proportions with a high educational level\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 30pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDescriptive information about the participants.\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 30pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:76px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:141px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:29px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:29px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:56px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85-year-olds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90-year-olds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93-year-olds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount (%)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount (%)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount (%)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGender\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e114 (55)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e36 (53)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93 (45)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32 (47)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21 (60)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLiving situation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLiving alone\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e111 (54)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38 (56)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25 (71)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLiving with family member\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e96 (46)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30 (44)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eResidence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrdinary accommodation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e203 (98)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62 (91)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30 (86)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSheltered housing\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4 (2)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 (7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4 (11)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eResidential home\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0 (0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1 (2)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1 (3)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEducation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≤ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e144 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e48 (71)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24 (69)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(years)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≥ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19 (28)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11(31)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMissing data\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3 (1)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1 (1)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0 (0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e207\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(28% vs 31%) and ordinary accommodation (98% vs 100%) were however almost the same in the two groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThere was no di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence between men and women for any test at any age group in this study except for the VST1 at age 85, where women had a lower mean (i.e. were faster) than men (M\u003csub\u003ewomen\u003c\/sub\u003e = 18, SD = 5.7, M\u003csub\u003emen\u003c\/sub\u003e = 21, SD = 6.1, t(203) = \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e−\u003c\/span\u003e2,68, p = .008).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003eThe normative data for TMT-A, SDMT, VST and PaSMO are presented in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. The\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003enorms are divided into 85-, 90- and 93-year-olds, as a total and in two educational levels. As can be seen, there was a signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence due to educational level for all tests, except VST1, in the 85-year-olds. However, only performance on SDMT di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eered due to educational level at age 90, and at age 93 educational level had no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant impact on test results. It is worth noting that the drop-out frequency for PaSMO was higher than for the other three tests – 16% at 85 years, 32% at 90 years and 28% at 93 years – and that the drop-outs were mostly men or participants with low educational level.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs can be seen in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, TMT-A, SDMT, VST1 and PaSMO were all sensitive to aging with successively lower performance. However, there was no di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence due to age for VST2 and VST3. The actual change over time as a mean was an increase of 11 seconds (±21) for TMT-A, a decrease of 8 symbols (±6) for SDMT, and increases of 3 seconds (±3) for VST 1, 1 second (±7) for VST 2, 4 seconds (±9) for VST 3 and 19 seconds (±27) for PaSMO. The Completers had an overall somewhat better result than the whole cogni- tively intact population.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Discussion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDiscussion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe present normative values for four easily administered cognitive tests that evaluate attention and executive function, derived from a large population of cognitively intact very old persons (i.e. over 85 years of age). The norms are presented as mean values and standard deviations to facilitate applicability in clinical practice. To the authors' knowl- edge, this is the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst study to present normative values for very old persons for PaSMO and the study with the highest number of nonagenarians for the other three tests. Even though there are other studies, e.g. Royall, Palmer, Chiodo, and Polk (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), investigating attention and executive function in relation to high age, the present study is one of the largest normative studies measuring attention and executive function in persons 85 years of age and above.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs in various other normative studies, we found no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant gender di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in TMT-A or SDMT (Ashendorf et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Peña-Casanova et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sheridan et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark81\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), or in PaSMO. In VST1 only, women were faster than men at the age of 85 years, but the di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence was only 3 seconds and the clinical relevance was questionable. Tremblay et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) found that women outperformed men in all parts of VST, but their norms are based on younger elderly. Most other studies on VST and similar variants of the Stroop test do not recommend gender-speci\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ec norms (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) that, in line with the present results, are not required for the oldest old.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003eWe present our results divided into two educational levels, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≤\u003c\/span\u003e9 and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≥\u003c\/span\u003e10 years. For the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eoctogenarians the results show an impact of educational level on performance, which is in accordance with previous studies (Ashendorf et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kiely et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark63\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Surprisingly, there were no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between high and low levels of education in the nonagenarians, except for SDMT at 90 years of age. This\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 614pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eTable 2. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eNormative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Victoria Stroop Test (VST) and Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 99pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTMT-A    SDMT    VST 1    VST 2    VST 3    PaSMO\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:29px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:59px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:25px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:31px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:31px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:19px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:25px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:25px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:30px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:37px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e**\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEdu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e198\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e197\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; 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font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; 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font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; 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margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; 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font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.049\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e67\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e115\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4-9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e125\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e*= seconds\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e**=numbers correct Edu= years of education\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e***= all participants, including three 85-year-olds and one 90-year-old with unknown educational level\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO35.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eFigure 2. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eAge e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eects calculated with repeated measures for the Completers (participants with test results for all three occasions). Error bars with 95% con\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003edence interval. Lines above the bars indicate signi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003ecance, p-value \u0026lt; .05. Number of Completers; Trail Making Test A n = 29, Symbol Digit Modalities Test n = 28, Victoria Stroop Test 1 n = 30, Victoria Stroop Test 2 n = 29, Victoria\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:9pt\"\u003eStroop Test 3 n = 29 and Parallel Serial Mental Operations n = 23.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003econtradicts most other studies, which have found educational level to be important for attention and executive function as measured by these tests. The lack of statistically signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences could however be due to the sizes of the age groups in this study, with smaller groups at the very high ages. Mean performances show di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences that are clinically signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant (e.g. more than 5 seconds or 0.5 SD) for all ages in TMT-A, VST3 and PaSMO between the two educational levels. Bezdicek et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark53\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) found that age seemed to have a more pronounced e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect compared to education in old age, but there are few studies with participants over 90 years of age with which to compare our data and more research needs to be done to be able to draw any conclusions about the present \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003endings.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhen scrutinizing the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003eeld for normative test results for the very old and TMT-A, the results are con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eicting. Ashendorf et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Bezdicek et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark53\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), two fairly large studies (n = 117, 79–98 years of age and n = 104, 85–98 years of age, respectively) with many similarities to our study in the choice of participants, have two diverse normative results where our study results end up in between, together with Zalonis et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark95\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOur results for the SDMT are in consensus with the results from a normative study from Australia, Kiely et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark63\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and with Richardson and Marottoli (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), a smaller study often\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ereferred to in clinical practice. There are other studies with both higher and lower norm values than those presented here, but they are from small samples or younger participants (Nielsen, Lolk, \u0026amp; Kragh-Sørensen, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark69\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vogel, Stokholm, \u0026amp; Jørgensen, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark91\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOnly a few normative studies have been carried out for VST. In contrast to Bayard et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Tremblay et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), we chose not to focus on the interference score, but to calculate the time score to facilitate use in clinical practice. Our results are consistent with the results of Troyer et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) concerning VST3, but our participants have a higher score (i.e. take longer) for the VST1 (4–5 seconds longer mean) and VST2 (7–12 seconds longer mean), and our results are more diverse. The participants in Troyer et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) are however younger and have a higher educational level than the participants in this study. To our knowledge, there are no published normative studies concerning PaSMO. The norms presented in the CAB manual are only applicable up to the age of 79, and our data suggest a higher and more diverse range for normative values for persons aged 85 years and above. With this in mind, and combined with the fact that there were many participants – especially those with low educational level and men – who did not complete this test, it may be questioned whether this is a clinically useful test for the very old population. Oral versions of alphanumerical tests such as the oral TMT-B and PaSMO are thus likely to be too challenging for the oldest old and not suitable alter- natives to pen-and-pencil formats in elderly people with disabilities, disproportionately penalizing low-educated men. It is however important to note that PaSMO is the last test in the CAB, which may be a contributing factor to the drop-out frequency. More normative research and validation for PaSMO and similar oral tasks need to be done\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eto investigate the clinical use of these executive tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhen analyzing the results from the Completers, there were declines in results due to age in all the tests except for those that involve inhibition (VST2 and VST3). These results are in general accordance with previous studies showing age-related declines in cogni- tive speed, attention and executive functioning (Royall et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Salthouse, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark79\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark80\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The lack of aging e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects in inhibition con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eicts with some (Adolfsdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, \u0026amp; Jolles, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark89\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) but not all (Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark90\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) previous research. It has been suggested that inhibition per se is actually well preserved during aging and worsening Stroop perfor- mance, when seen, is more a re\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eection of cognitive slowing.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThere are some limitations in the study design that needs to be highlighted. The de\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003enition of \"cognitively intact\" is an estimation done after the data were collected. This can lead both to the risk of including persons with preclinical cognitive disease, but also to excluding cognitively healthy participants with e.g. somatic disease, leading to a biased test result. The careful exclusion of participants with conditions known to impact on cognition helps to ensure that the norms presented re\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eect healthy aging, but as we did not have the information about e.g. biomarkers such as beta amyloid and tau proteins the de\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003enition is an estimation. Normative studies in the oldest old are scarce and for natural reasons the decrease in number of participants in the highest age groups contribute to possible population di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between ages, like survival of the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ettest. This could be an explanation to the somewhat unexpected result of similar mean test results for the evaluated tests throughout the eight years of the study, where the healthier and more cognitively intact participants are more likely to continue to participate in the study, resulting in a more homogenous group throughout the years of the study. Therefore, the age e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect was studied\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ein the subgroup that participated in all time points, reducing the possibility of di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in population between time points. The normative data for the nonagenarians in this study are based on small sample sizes. This is not ideal for normative data because of the risk of sampling errors and more normative research with larger samples needs to be done for the oldest old population to con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erm our results. However, for a certain very old patient, the normative data based on a small demographically \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003et sample may by more representative than data based on a large age heterogeneous sample and therefore the norms presented in this study are nonetheless useful in clinical practice. Where comparisons can be made, the present normative results are in accordance with those of previous studies.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Conclusion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eConclusion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe normative values presented in this study are valid and representative for very old persons in Sweden and other countries with similar social contexts and educational systems. The norms are useful in the clinical evaluation of attention and executive function, such as in the investigation of neurodegenerative disease, and the decline in test results due to age highlights the need for updated normative values for this age group.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Acknowledgments\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe would like to thank the participants for devoting their time and energy to this project. We would also like to thank our colleagues who have taken part in the data collection with enthu- siasm and endurance.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Disclosure_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNo potential con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eict of interest was reported by the authors.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThis study was performed by the authors while employed by Linköping University and\/or Östergötland County Council. Support sta\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003e(nurse, occupational therapist) were funded by a research grant from Linköping University (number LIO-696631, LIO 602761 and LIO 537591). The funders had no input into or in\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003euence on the study;Linköpings Universitet [LIO- 696631, LIO- 602761, LIO- 537591].\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Contributors\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eContributors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKF: drafting the manuscript, analysis and interpretation of the data, acquisition of data and statistical analysis. LL: analysis and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript. EW: recruitment of the study cohort, study concept and design, supervision of data collection and interpretation of data, and obtaining funding. JM: recruitment of the study cohort, study concept and design, supervision of data collection and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript and obtaining funding. EC: drafting\/revising the manuscript, study concept and design, analysis and interpreta- tion of the data, study supervision and obtaining funding. All authors have provided critical comments on the manuscript and approved the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003enal version.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Data_sharing_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eData sharing statement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eData cannot be made publicly available. Authorized researchers who have ethics approval and an institutionally approved study plan can apply for data sharing through the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University. For more details, please contact the corresponding author.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Impact_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eImpact statement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe certify that this work is recent novel clinical research. It presents useful clinical data on the use of Trail Making Test A, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations, for persons aged 85 years and above.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ORCID\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eORCID\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKatarina Fällman \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-8831\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-8831\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAdolfsdottir, S., Wollschlaeger, D., Wehling, E., \u0026amp; Lundervold, A. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Inhibition and Switching in Healthy Aging: A Longitudinal Study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 90–97.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArango-Lasprilla, J. C., Rivera, D., Rodriguez, G., Garza, M. T., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Rodriguez, W., . . . Perrin, P. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuroRehabilitation\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e37\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 625–638.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAshendorf, L., Je\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerson, A. L., O'Connor, M. K., Chaisson, C., Green, R. C., \u0026amp; Stern, R. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Trail Making Test errors in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 129–137.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBayard, S., Erkes, J., \u0026amp; Moroni, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Victoria Stroop Test: Normative Data in a Sample Group of Older People and the Study of Their Clinical Applications in the Assessment of Inhibition in Alzheimer's Disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e26\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(7), 653–661.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBezdicek, O., Stepankova, H., Axelrod, B. N., Nikolai, T., Sulc, Z., Jech, R., . . . Kopecek, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Clinimetric validity of the Trail Making Test Czech version in Parkinson's disease and normative data for older adults. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e31\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 42–60.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eClasson, E., Fallman, K., Wressle, E., \u0026amp; Marcusson, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Relations between Concurrent Longitudinal Changes in Cognition, Depressive Symptoms, Self-Rated Health and Everyday Function in Normally Aging Octogenarians. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePloS One\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(8), e0160742.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCreavin, S. T., Wisniewski, S., Noel-Storr, A. H., Trevelyan, C. M., Hampton, T., Rayment, D., . . . Cullum, S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCochrane Database Syst Rev\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), CD011145.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eField, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5 ed.). California: Sage Publications Inc.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFolstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E.,\u0026amp; McHugh, P. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1975\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \"Mini-mental state\": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Psychiatric Research\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e12\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 189–198.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGothlin, M., Eckerstrom, M., Rolstad, S., Wallin, A., \u0026amp; Nordlund, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Prognostic Accuracy of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes at Di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerent Cut-O\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003eLevels. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e43\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5–6), 330–341.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrigsby, J., \u0026amp; Kaye, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Alphanumeric sequencing and cognitive impairment among elderly persons. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerceptual and Motor Skills\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e80\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, 732–734.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHarada, C. N., Natelson Love, M. C., \u0026amp; Triebel, K. L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normal cognitive aging. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinics in Geriatric Medicine\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e29\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 737–752.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eJohansson, M. M., Marcusson, J., \u0026amp; Wressle, E.(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Maintaining health-related quality of life from 85 to 93 years of age despite decreasing functional ability. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBritish Journal of Occupational Therapy\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e82\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(6), 348–356.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eJorm, A. F., Anstey, K. J., Christensen, H., \u0026amp; Rodgers, B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Gender di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in cognitive abilities: The mediating role of health state and health habits. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntelligence\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e32\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 7–23.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKiely, K. M., Butterworth, P., Watson, N., \u0026amp; Wooden, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Normative Data from a Large Nationally Representative Sample of Australians. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e29\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(8), 767–775.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKinsella, K., \u0026amp; Wan, H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn Aging World: 2008 (International Population Reports no. P95\/09-1)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWashington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau (US).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKvitting, A. S., Fallman, K., Wressle, E., \u0026amp; Marcusson, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Age-Normative MMSE Data for Older Persons Aged 85 to 93 in a Longitudinal Swedish Cohort. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of American Geriatric Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e67\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 534–538.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLezak, M., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., \u0026amp; Tranel, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5 ed.).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNew York: Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLlinas-Regla, J., Vilalta-Franch, J., Lopez-Pousa, S., Calvo-Perxas, L., Torrents Rodas, D., \u0026amp; Garre- Olmo, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Trail Making Test. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 183–196.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNagga, K., Dong, H. J., Marcusson, J., Skoglund, S. O., \u0026amp; Wressle, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Health-related factors associated with hospitalization for old people: Comparisons of elderly aged 85 in a population cohort study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Gerontology and Geriatrics\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e54\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 391–397.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNielsen, H., Lolk, A., \u0026amp; Kragh-Sørensen, P. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for eight neuropsychological tests, gathered from a random sample of Danes aged 64 to 83 years. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNordisk Psykologi\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e47\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 241–255.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNordlund, A., Pahlsson, L., Holmberg, C., Lind, K., \u0026amp; Wallin, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB): A rapid test of cognitive domains. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternational Psychogeriatrics\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(7), 1144–1151. Nordlund, A., Rolstad, S., Hellström, P., Sjögren, M., Hansen, S., \u0026amp; Wallin, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Goteborg MCI study: Mild cognitive impairment is a heterogeneous condition. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Neurology,\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurosurgery \u0026amp; Psychiatry\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e76\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(11), 1485–1490.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePeña-Casanova, J., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Molinuevo, J. L., . . . Blesa, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Span, Visuospatial Span, Letter and Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 321–341.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRegard, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive Rigidity and Flexibility: A Neuropsychological Study\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. University of Victoria. unpublished doctoral dissertation.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eReitan, R. M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1955\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Consulting Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5), 393–394.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRichardson, E. D., \u0026amp; Marottoli, R. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Education-Speci\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ec normative data on common neuropsy-chological indices for individuals older than 75 Years. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 375–381.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRicker, J. H., Axelrod, B. N., \u0026amp; Houtler, B. D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Clinical Validation of the Oral Trail Making Test.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive and Behavioral Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e9\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 50–53.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRoyall, D. R., Palmer, R., Chiodo, L. K., \u0026amp; Polk, M. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Declining executive control in normal aging predicts change in functional status: The Freedom House Study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of American Geriatrics Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e52\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 346–352.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRoyall, D. R., Palmer, R., Chiodo, L. K., \u0026amp; Polk, M. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normal rates of cognitive change in successful aging: The freedom house study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(7), 899–909.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSalthouse, T. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The processing-speed theory of adult age di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in cognition.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychological Review\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e103\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 403–428.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSalthouse, T. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Little relation of adult age with cognition after controlling general in\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003euences. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e52\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(10), 1545–1554.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSheridan, L. K., Fitzgerald, H. E., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Martel, M. M., Puttler, L. I., . . . Zucker, R. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance in a community-based sample. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e21\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 23–28.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSmith, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSymbol Digit Modalities Test\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., \u0026amp; Spreen, O. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA compendium of neuropsychological tests:\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdministration, norms, and commentary\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eStroop, J. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Experimental Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e18\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, 643–662.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSwedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDementia- Etiology and Epidemiology, a systematic review\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. Stockholm: SBU.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTremblay, M.-P., Potvin, O., Belleville, S., Bier, N., Gagnon, L., Blanchet, S., . . . Hudon, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Victoria Stroop Test: Normative Data in Quebec-French Adults and Elderly. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e31\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(8), 926–933.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTroyer, A. K., Leach, L., \u0026amp; Strauss, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Aging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 20–35.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eUchiyama, C. L., D'Elia, L. F., Dellinger, A. M., Seines, O. A., Becker, J. T., Wesch, J. E., . . . Miller, E. N. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Longitudinal comparison of alternate versions of the symbol digit modalities test: Issues of form comparability and moderating demographic variables. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e8\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 209–218.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop color-word test: In\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003euence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 62–79.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVerhaeghen, P., \u0026amp; De Meersman, L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Aging and the Stroop e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect: A meta-analysis.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 120–126.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVogel, A., Stokholm, J., \u0026amp; Jørgensen, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Performances on Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Color Trails Test, and modi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003eed Stroop test in a healthy, elderly Danish sample. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e20\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 370–382.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWei, M., Shi, J., Li, T., Ni, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., . . . Tian, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Diagnostic Accuracy of the Chinese Version of the Trail-Making Test for Screening Cognitive Impairment. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of American Geriatrics Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e66\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 92–99.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWorld Medical Association declaration of Helsinki. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e277\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(11), 925–926.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWright, S. L., \u0026amp; Persad, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Distinguishing between depression and dementia in older persons: Neuropsychological and neuropathological correlates. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e20\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 189–198.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eZalonis, I., Kararizou, E., Triantafyllou, N. I., Kapaki, E., Papageorgiou, S., Sgouropoulos, P., \u0026amp; Vassilopoulos, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the trail making test A and B in Greek adults. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5), 842–850.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-29T01:11:59-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"normoldestold-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560895852712"},{"id":560895819944,"title":"ACADEMIA","created_at":"2023-09-29T01:11:58-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts academia\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eAccelerating the world's research.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria; font-size:27pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eAging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121; font-family:Arial\"\u003eLarry Leach\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eAging Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA5.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 113pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: 1382-5585 (Print) 1744-4128 (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAngela K. Troyer , Larry Leach \u0026amp; Esther Strauss\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eAngela K. Troyer , Larry Leach \u0026amp; Esther Strauss (2006) Aging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13:1, 20-35, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ePublished online: 16 Feb 2007. \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/authorSubmission?journalCode=nanc20\u0026amp;page=instructions\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eSubmit your article to this journal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 84pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003eArticle views: 682\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003eView related articles\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/citedby\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003eCiting articles: 43 View citing articles\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 140pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13:20–35, 2006 Copyright \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e© \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTaylor \u0026amp; Francis Group, LLC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eISSN: 1382-5585\/05 print; 1744-4128 online DOI: 10.1080\/138255890968187\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:20pt\"\u003eAging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003eA\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003eK. T\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER1\u003c\/span\u003e, L\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eARRY \u003c\/span\u003eL       \u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e1    \u003c\/span\u003eE\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eSTHER \u003c\/span\u003eS         \u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e2\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBaycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eUniversity of Victoria\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eABSTRACT\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eIncreased difficulty with response inhibition occurs with age, although there is some controversy as to whether increased interference on Stroop tasks reflects difficulties with response inhibition or simply reflects generalized cognitive slowing. The Victoria Stroop Test (VST) is a brief, easily administered, psychometrically sound version of Stroop's original task. Performance on the VST by adults across a wide age span was examined to determine the association between age and various measures of interfer- ence. In addition, normative data for the VST were calculated. Participants were 272 healthy, community-dwelling adults age 18 to 94. Age and speed were negatively cor- related on all trials of the VST. Importantly, however, interference scores that were corrected for baseline slowing remained highly correlated with age. Similarly, age and error scores on the interference trial were positively correlated, indicating decreased accuracy with age. These findings suggest that increased interference on Stroop tasks with age is not accounted for by simple cognitive slowing and more likely reflects other cognitive changes, such as decreased response inhibition. The VST has a number of administrative and psychometric strengths, and the provision of normative data should enhance its potential for clinical and research applications.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eIn the normal aging population, there is evidence of increased difficulty with response inhibition. For example, a tendency toward off-target verbosity during conversation increases with age, and this is thought to be related to a decreased ability to inhibit irrelevant thoughts (Arbuckle \u0026amp; Pushkar Gold, 1993). Older adults are also slower and make more errors when asked to complete sentences by providing a word that is completely unrelated to the sentence (Burgess \u0026amp; Shalice, 1997). Clinically, inhibition is often assessed using a standardized version of the color-naming task initially developed by\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:14pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAddress correspondence to: Angela Troyer, Psychology Department, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1. E-mail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:atroyer@baycrest.org\"\u003eatroyer@baycrest.org\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 178pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e20\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eStroop in 1935. There are a number of versions of the Stroop task, and each involves: (a) a control task that requires the individual to name the colors of nonword stimuli such as dots or strings of \u003cem\u003eX\u003c\/em\u003es; and (b) an interference task that requires the individual to name the colors of color names that are printed in contrasting colors (e.g., \u003cem\u003ered \u003c\/em\u003eis written in blue ink). This latter task, thus, requires the individual to inhibit an automatic reading response and to produce a more effortful color-naming response. The interference effect is determined by calculating the extra time required to name colors in the interference task in comparison to the time required to name colors in the control task.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eStudies of aging and inhibition using the Stroop task have been some- what contradictory. Because cognitive slowing is one of the most robust findings in the cognitive aging literature (e.g., Salthouse, 1985), it is impor- tant to take generalized slowing into account when interpreting interference effects. Thus, the Stroop variables of prime interest in the aging population include interference scores that take into consideration generalized slowing (i.e., a comparison of scores during the interference and baseline conditions) and error scores. Regarding interference scores, some studies have shown a positive relation with age (e.g., Delis et al., 2001; Ivnik et al., 1996; Klein et al., 1997), whereas other studies, including a meta-analysis, have shown no relation with age (e.g., Graf et al., 1995; Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, 1998). There are different ways to calculate interference scores, and this may affect the age differences obtained. It has been argued that interference scores based on the \u003cem\u003edifference \u003c\/em\u003ebetween the baseline and interference con- dition are not independent of general slowing, and scores based on the \u003cem\u003eratio \u003c\/em\u003ebetween these conditions are better in this regard (Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, 1998). Error rates are not often reported in studies of aging, but there is some evidence that older adults make more errors than younger adults on the Stroop interference trial (Delis et al., 2001; West, 1999; Whelihan \u0026amp; Lesher, 1985).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eTheoretically, one would expect increased difficulty on Stroop vari- ables with normal aging because age-related brain changes predominate in the frontal lobes (e.g., Raz, 2000), and because there is evidence that the frontal lobes are particularly involved in response inhibition on Stroop tasks. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the most consistent regions of activa- tion during performance of the Stroop interference task are left inferior frontal regions (reviewed in Brown et al., 1999; Mead et al., 2002). Consistent with these findings, patients with focal frontal lesions tend to show greater-than- normal levels of interference on Stroop tasks (e.g., Perret, 1974; Regard, 1981; Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998; Stuss et al., 2001; Vendrell et al., 1995). Involvement of the frontal lobes need not be focal; increased Stroop interference also results from generalized brain damage associated with traumatic brain injury (e.g., Trenerry et al., 1989; Vakil et al., 1995) and\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e22    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eK. T\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER ET AL\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003edementia (e.g., Bondi et al., 2002; Nathan et al., 2001; Spieler et al., 1996). In contrast, there is evidence that patients with nonfrontal focal lesions show normal interference (Stuss et al., 2001).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eDemographic variables other than age have less of an association with Stroop performance. Previous studies have shown that sex is not consistently related to Stroop interference scores (Ivnik et al., 1996; Moering et al., 2004; Trenerry et al., 1989). Education tends to show a modest relation (\u003cem\u003er \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .30) with Stroop interference scores (Anstey et al., 2000; Ivnik et al., 1996), although Moering and colleagues found a somewhat larger effect of educa- tion on Stroop interference (accounting for 9 to 26% of the variance) in a sample of African Americans.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eThere are currently several standardized Stroop tests commercially avail- able for clinicians, including Golden's Stroop test (1978), the Stroop Neurop- sychological Screening Test (Trenerry et al., 1989), and the Color-Word Interference Test from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (Delis et al., 2001). Each of these versions of the Stroop test contain some type of control task and an interference task, but they differ in the inclusion of addi- tional control and\/or practice tasks, in the number of items on each task, and in the type and extent of the normative data available. Only one of these stan- dardized Stroop tests provides normative data for errors scores (Delis et al., 2001). Not all versions correct for generalized slowing on the interference trial (Trenerry et al., 1989) or provide detailed age-corrected normative data (Trenerry et al., 1989). One method of calculating an interference score (sub- tracting a scaled score for time to complete a baseline task from a scaled score for time to complete an interference task (Delis et al., 2001)) may not be a suffi- cient correction in the case of extreme slowing, because scores cannot drop below a scaled score of 1. (For example, performance 3 standard deviations below the mean on the baseline task and 10 standard deviations below the mean on the interference task would both result in scaled scores of 1. When subtracted, this interference score would be normal, despite the actual difference in perfor- mance on the two tasks.) All three of these standardized Stroop tests use a large number of items (i.e., 60 to 112) on each task. However, there is evidence that shorter test durations may be preferable for identifying individuals who have difficulty with this task. Klein and colleagues (1997) found that on a 100-item version of the Stroop task, older adults showed greater interference than younger adults; importantly, this effect was more pronounced on the first 40 items than on the last 60 items. This pattern was interpreted as reflecting the greater novelty of the task on the initial items, thus requiring more effortful processing. With increased exposure to the stimuli, the task may become more automatic and thus less sensitive to difficulties with response inhibition.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 41pt\"\u003eThe Victoria Stroop Test (VST) (Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998) was devel-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eoped as a brief version of the Stroop task. It differs in several important ways from the other standardized Stroop tasks. First, the VST contains only 24\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eitems on each of three tasks (naming the color of dots, of neutral words, and of color words printed in contrasting colors). Thus, not only does it require less administration time, but it may be ideal for detecting difficulties with response inhibition because the examinee does not get extended practice with the task. Second, the VST includes an additional training task (i.e., naming the colors of neutral words) that helps examinees establish the appropriate response set (i.e., color naming) without exposure to the interfer- ence condition (although it has been argued that presenting a color naming trial decreases the interference effect on the subsequent trial—i.e., the Comalli-Kaplan version in Mitrushina et al. (1999)). Third, scores that are relatively independent of cognitive speed can be calculated, including an error score and an interference score (calculated as a ratio) that corrects for generalized slowing. Similar to the other versions of the Stroop test, the VST materials are easy to obtain. The VST is in the public domain, and users may make their own stimuli (as described in Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss (1998)) or pur- chase them from the University of Victoria. In addition, adequate psycho- metric data, including reliability and validity, have been obtained for the VST (reviewed in Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss (1998)).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eThe purpose of this article is twofold: (a) Because the literature about the effect of age on Stroop measures of response inhibition is contradictory, we examined the association between age and various performance mea- sures on the VST. Of greatest interest were examinations of time and error measures in the baseline condition (i.e., Dot task) and interference condition (i.e., Color Word task) across age. We calculated ratio time scores based on baseline and interference conditions to compare across age. (b) The clinical use of the VST to date has been hampered by a lack of normative data on a large number of healthy controls. In this article, we provide normative data for adults between the ages of 18 and 94.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMETHODS\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eParticipants were 272 healthy, community-dwelling adults living in Victoria, British Columbia or Toronto, Ontario. They were recruited from a university-based, older-adult subject pool, senior centers, and advertise- ments posted in the community and at the university. Participants were inter- viewed to screen for neurological disorders (e.g., loss of consciousness exceeding 1 hour, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis) and psychiatric disor- ders (e.g., depression or anxiety requiring hospitalization) that could affect cognitive functioning; interviews were conducted by graduate students trained by a registered psychologist. Demographic information, including age, level of education, and sex, is provided in Table 1. Erroneously,\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 152pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eDownloaded by [York University Libraries] at 09:29 28 February 2016\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:74px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:77px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 199pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1. Demographic Information, By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26.8 (6.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38.5 (6.5)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e51.3 (5.4)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57.6 (4.5)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64.6 (3.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69.6 (2.9)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74.5 (3.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e79.1 (2.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e84.3 (3.8)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEducation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\/a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\/a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.2 (3.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.2 (2.4)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.6 (2.5)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.6 (2.9)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.9 (2.8)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.1 (2.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.5 (3.1)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% Female\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e73\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e78\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 48px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses. Education information was not recorded for the youngest age groups.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e*Overlapping age groups were used. Total \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 272.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eeducation was not recorded for the youngest participants. Testing was conducted in English, and all subjects were fully fluent in English.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eThe Victoria Stroop Test is described in detail by Spreen and Strauss (1998). Briefly, the stimuli include three cards, each of which contains six rows of four items. Within each row, one item is presented in each of the following colors: red, blue, yellow, and green. On each of the three tasks, participants are asked to scan the items across rows from left to right and to name the color of each item as quickly and accurately as possible. On the first task, the Dot task, items are colored dots. On the second task, the Neutral Word task, the items are common words (i.e., \u003cem\u003ewhen, hard, and, over\u003c\/em\u003e) printed in color. On the third and final task, the Color Word task, the items are color names (i.e., \u003cem\u003ered, blue, yellow, green\u003c\/em\u003e) printed in colors not corre- sponding to the words themselves.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eStandard administration of the VST (Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998) requires the examiner to interrupt the examinee as soon as an error is made, after which the examinee must correct the error and continue with the next item. Mistakes spontaneously corrected by the individual before being interrupted by the examiner are not counted as errors. The examiner records the amount of time required to complete each task (to the nearest full second) and the number of errors that are not spontaneously corrected.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Analyses\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eTo address the first purpose of this article (i.e., examining interference effects with age), correlations between age and several Stroop variables were performed. Because many of the Stroop variables were skewed, we cal- culated log transformation of the scores then performed correlations with transformed rather than raw Stroop scores. Individually calculated ratio interference time scores (i.e., time to complete the Color Word task \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e time to complete the Dot task) were also calculated, and correlations between age and these ratio interference scores were computed. To address the second purpose of this article (i.e., providing normative data), correlations with demographic variables were performed to determine appropriate sample groups, and normative data were calculated within those groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRESULTS\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Transformations\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eMany of the distributions of Stroop scores were significantly and posi- tively skewed, with skewness values ranging from 1.5 for time to complete the Dot task to 4.5 for number of errors on the Neutral Word task. For the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e26    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eK. T\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER ET AL\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003etime and interference scores, logarithmic transformations were performed using log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eX; because some error scores were 0, transformations using log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003e(X + 1) were used for these scores (as recommended by Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, 1983). For most of these transformed scores, skewness values fell within the acceptable range (i.e., less than 1.0). The exceptions were errors on the Dot and Neutral Word task, for which skewness values still exceeded\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e3.0. Errors were very rare on these two tasks, with 93% of participants making no errors on the Dot task, and 90% of participants making no errors on the Neutral Word task. Because of the restricted range and resulting skewed distribution, no further analyses were performed with error scores on these two tasks.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eAll correlations reported subsequently were performed using trans- formed scores. Normative data, on the other hand, are reported using raw, untransformed scores.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCorrelations with Age\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003ePearson correlations between age and transformed Stroop variables were performed with the entire sample and the effect sizes were examined (with \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e's of .10, .30, and .50 defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively) (Cohen \u0026amp; Cohen, 1975). The correlations between age and the time required to complete the Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tasks were positive, medium-to-large in size, and statistically significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = .44, .58, and .62, respectively, all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e's \u0026lt; .001. The correlation between age and errors on the Color Word task was positive, small in size, and statistically significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = .17, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= .006.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eThe correlation between age and the ratio interference score was posi- tive, medium in size, and significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = .41, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001. The interference score was not related to time on the Dot task; the correlation between these scores was \u003cem\u003enegative\u003c\/em\u003e, showed a negligible effect size, and was not significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.10, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= .088.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCorrelation with Other Demographic Factors\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eTo determine the association between transformed Stroop variables and level of education, Pearson correlations were performed and the effect sizes were examined in a manner similar to analyses regarding age. Educa- tion had a small association with Stroop variables. All correlations between education and Stroop variables were negative and small or negligible, with \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e's ranging from \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.14 to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.24.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eTo determine the relation between transformed Stroop variables and sex, \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003etests were performed and \u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003ewas calculated as a measure of effect size (with \u003cem\u003ed\u003c\/em\u003e's of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively) (Cohen, 1988). Sex had no notable association with any Stroop variable. The group differences between male and female participants were\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003enot statistically significant for any of the Stroop variables. All effect sizes were negligible, with \u003cem\u003ed\u003c\/em\u003e's less than 0.20.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of Age Groups\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eGiven that education and sex did not show sizable associations with Stroop variables, normative data were tabulated according to age alone. An examination of scatter plots depicting the relation between age and the seven Stroop variables suggested a slower rate of change among the younger ages than the older ages. Consequently, to maximize the number of participants in each group, approximately 20-year age ranges were used for normative data up to age 59, and approximately 10-year age ranges were used for normative data for age 60 and older, resulting in five age groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCalculation of Normative Data\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eBecause Stroop variables were skewed, percentile scores derived from the means and standard deviations would not accurately reflect the actual distributions, and we instead derived scaled scores and percentiles based on the obtained score distributions. In other words, the theoretical percentiles associated with scaled scores from 2 to 18 were determined. Then, based on the actual percentiles, raw scores corresponding to each scaled score were determined. These data are presented in Tables 2 to 6. Because error rates were extremely low on the Dot and Neutral Word tasks, normative data are not provided.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDISCUSSION\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eWe obtained evidence for increased interference with age among healthy adults on the Victoria Stroop Test. This interference effect is not accounted for by the generalized slowing known to occur with age, that is: (a) individu- ally calculated interference ratio scores (i.e., Color Word time \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Dot time) were positively correlated with age but not correlated with baseline speed (i.e., Dot time); and (b) error scores in the interference condition increased with age. In general, the lower correlation between age and error scores (in comparison to age and time scores) may reflect the restricted range due to an overall low number of errors.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eThe nature of the relationship between age and interference on the Stroop task, therefore, appears to involve slowed response rates and increased errors. It is not possible to determine the extent to which speed versus accuracy independently account for age-related changes because, on the VST, the two scores are related. That is, the occurrence of errors increases the time score obtained because participants are required to correct mistakes as they are made. Regardless of whether decreased speed or decreased accuracy is the prime contributor, it is apparent that a significant\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2. Scaled Score Equivalents for Dot Time Scores (in Seconds), by Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3. Scaled Score Equivalents for Neutral Word Time Scores (in Seconds), By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11–12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:74px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e4. Scaled Score Equivalents for Color Word Time Scores (in Seconds), by Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32–34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43–47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53–63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e48–55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64–66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39–48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43–51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43–56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e56–65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e67–74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e84–112\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e36–48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49–50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49–51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52–57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57–58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58–68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e66–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e113–137\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69–70\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e110–112\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 137\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 70\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 112\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:48px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:79px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:149px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e5. Scaled Score Equivalents for Interference Scores, By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)    80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9    3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0    1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2    \u0026lt; 1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2–1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2–1.3    1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.1–1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3–1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5    1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.1–1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3–1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3–1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5–1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5–1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.8    1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5–1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9–2.0    1.9–2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1    2.1–2.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9–2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2    2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3–2.4    2.4–2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3–2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.8    2.8–3.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4–2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.7–3.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.3    3.5–3.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4–2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.7–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.8–3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.8–3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.1–3.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.4–3.9    3.7–3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.3–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.3–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.3–4.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.6–4.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.0–5.0    4.0–5.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–4.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–4.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.1–5.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.2–5.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1–5.5    5.2–5.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.6–4.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.0–4.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.0–4.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.1–4.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.2–4.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1–6.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1–6.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.6–6.1    5.6–10.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.1–4.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.8–4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.8–4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.1–6.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.1–6.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.2–6.5    \u0026gt; 10.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 6.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 6.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 6.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 34px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses. Interference scores were calculated as the number of seconds required to complete the Color Word task divided by the num- ber of seconds required to complete the Dot task.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:71px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e6. Means and Cumulative Percentages Associated with Raw Error Scores on Color Word Task, By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eErrors 0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 25px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003einterference effect is present. This interference may reflect difficulties in a number of areas: (a) a decreased ability to disengage from the dominant reading response, (b) an increased tendency to respond impulsively, and\/or\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e(c) a failure to maintain the task goal of ignoring the word dimension (Kane \u0026amp; Engle, 2003).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eOur findings with the VST of increased interference with age are consistent with several other reports using interference time scores that are corrected for general slowing (Delis et al., 2001; Ivnik et al., 1996; Klein et al., 1997; Whelihan \u0026amp; Lesher, 1985; West, 1999). It has been argued, however, that generalized age-related cognitive slowing can still account for these effects on time scores, as cognitive slowing can be exacerbated on more complex tasks (Uttl \u0026amp; Graf, 1997). An absence of an age-related increase in interference has been reported when using path analysis or meta- analysis as opposed to examining individual interference scores based on measures of speed (Uttl \u0026amp; Graf, 1997; Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, 1998). In contrast to time scores, error scores should provide a performance mea- sure unaffected by generalized cognitive slowing. Our findings of increased errors with age on the VST is consistent with findings from other versions of the Stroop (Delis et al., 2001; West, 1999; Whelihan \u0026amp; Lesher, 1985), and the specific error rates are very similar to those published by Delis and colleagues (i.e., most younger participants made one or no errors and most older participants made two to three errors on the Inhibition condition). This relationship between age and increased errors suggests that age-related decrements on the Stroop task are related to cognitive processes (e.g., response disinhibition) other than general cognitive slowing.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eThere are numerous versions of the Stroop task, and, as previously reviewed, these differ in many respects. Which version is most sensitive to aging and to various neurological conditions is not known at present. The VST, however, has several important strengths: (a) It demonstrates good psychometric properties, including excellent test-retest reliability (coeffi- cients of .90, .83, and .91 for time to complete the Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tasks, respectively) and sensitivity to frontal lobe versus non- frontal damage (reviewed in Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998). (b) The VST is a brief test to administer, making it an efficient task to add to neuropsychological test batteries. Most of our participants completed the control task within 15 seconds and the interfering task within 45 seconds. (c) Shorter test durations may be preferable for identifying individuals who have difficulty on the Stroop task, as greater interference effects are generally found toward the beginning of lengthy trials (when the task is most novel) than toward the end (Klein et al., 1997). Although a shorter duration may also decrease the reliability of a cognitive task, the reliability of the VST has been shown to be adequate, as discussed previously. (d) We provide normative data for a large number of healthy adults across a wide age span, and these data are provided\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e34    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eK. T\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER ET AL\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003efor narrow age bands. (e) Interference can be examined without the contami- nating effects of generalized slowing, by calculating ratio interference scores and by examining error scores. Given these strengths, the VST may be par- ticularly useful in many clinical and research applications.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eREFERENCES\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAnstey, K. J., Matters, B., Brown, A. K., \u0026amp; Lord, S. R. (2000). Normative data on neuropsy- chological tests for very old adults living in retirement villages and hostels. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c\/em\u003e, 309–317.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArbuckle, T. Y., \u0026amp; Pushkar Gold, D. (1993). 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Age differences in lapses of intention in the Stroop task. \u003cem\u003eJournals of Geron- tology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e54B\u003c\/em\u003e, P34–P43.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWhelihan, W. M., \u0026amp; Lesher, E. L. (1985). Neuropsychological changes in frontal functions with aging. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c\/em\u003e, 371–380.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-29T01:11:58-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"academia-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560895819944"},{"id":560869998760,"title":"RESEAR CH AR TICLE","created_at":"2023-09-21T02:47:47-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts resear-ch-ar-ticle\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eRESEAR CH AR TICLE \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eStronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShao-Min Hung\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaw-An Wu\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShinsuke Shimojo\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXianghong Arakaki\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBiology and Biological Engineering, California\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eFaculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eUniversity, Tokyo, Japan\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eComputation and Neural Systems, California\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003eHuntington Medical Research Institutes,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCorrespondence\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShao-Min Hung, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan\/Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eAbstract\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction: Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eand tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health.\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in\r\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ecognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e91125, USA.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:smhung@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003esmhung@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003erisk) A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word-\r\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShinsuke Shimojo, Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena,    CA    91125,    USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:sshimojo@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003esshimojo@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eXianghong Arakaki, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), 686 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:xianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003exianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003enaming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task.\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants.\r\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion: These findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early patho- logical aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eKEYWORDS \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eaging, early identification, implicit processing, pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis is an open access article under the terms of the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e© 2022 The Authors. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \u0026amp; Disease Monitoring \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003epublished by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's Dement. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e2022;14:e12340.    \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/wileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ewileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e1 of9 \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"1_|_INTRODUCTION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major mental and financial bur- den on our society as people have a longer life expectancy. Currently, nearly 6 million people in the United States aged 65 and above are diag- nosed with AD. This number was projected to be doubled in 20 years.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBetween 2000 and 2017, the number of deaths from AD increased 145%.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eImportantly, this number could be severely underestimated as patients may die from complications indirectly caused by AD (e.g., res- piratory system failure\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). The hours of informal care provided in 2018 were estimated to be valued at nearly 234 billion USD. Patients on average remain alive and in need of extended care 4 to 8 years after the diagnosis of the disease,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ecausing a devastating psychological burden to the patient, the family, and the society.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough currently there is no available treatment to cure or reverse the catastrophic cognitive decline of AD, early intervention has been shown to slow down disease progression.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,6\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe commonly used diagnostic biomarkers such as age-appropriate total tau level and cere- brospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e indicate abnormality years before symptoms show up.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHowever, in this pre-symptomatic period, it is extremely difficult to identify high-risk populations without exten- sive and invasive examinations. That is, people in the pre-symptomatic period are cognitively healthy and exhibit no apparent signs of disease. Finding an effective behavioral assessment that reveals early cognitive decline can provide an opportunity for intervention and will benefit our aging society tremendously. The current study thus set out to differ- entiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic older participants with a non-invasive yet sensitive behavioral measurement.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCognitive health is typically characterized by conscious and effortful thinking, focusing on memory, attention, and command-following (e.g., assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). Therefore, despite having different biochemical risk levels, older asymptomatic participants characterized as cognitively healthy in the neuropsycho- logical assessment could exhibit a comparable level of behavioral performance in a cognitive task. Recent studies in perception sci- ences, however, have begun to show that high-level executive functions could play a role in regulating perception. For example, distributing attentional resources to a perceptual target improves performance, typically attributed to an enhanced gain of perceptual inputs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThese results have been expanded to subthreshold stimuli that observers are unable to perceive consciously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11,12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFollowing this rationale, we aimed to examine if subtle changes in the high-level executive func- tions, which have not yet surfaced to conscious cognition to alter behavioral performance, could affect how observers respond to sub- threshold, implicit perceptual information. That is, these early potential perceptual\/cognitive changes are too subtle to be captured by stan- dard neuropsychological testing but can be revealed by altered implicit responses to external imperceptible sensory stimuli.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe central question is, which aspect of high-level executive func- tions is the most plausible candidate for us to observe an interaction with implicit processing? A rich body of literature has explored how older participants react to cognitively challenging conditions, with a focus on inhibitory control.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13–17\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBased on these previous findings,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewe sought an experimental paradigm that challenged our participants cognitively with immense interference during their performance. For example, the Stroop task has been widely administered to assess cog- nitive control in which the participants are instructed to respond to colored words. When the task is color-naming, inconsistent seman- tics of the word (e.g., \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003egreen \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ecolored in red) is retrieved effectively and interferes with performance (i.e., the Stroop effect). When the task is word-naming, the color inconsistency usually yields a weaker inter- ference as color retrieval is less effective. In the younger and older participants, a similar Stroop effect size has been reported in sev- eral previous studies,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,14\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eincluding an early meta-analysis study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHowever, by manipulating the ratio of word-color congruent and incon- gruent trials, Mutter et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eshowed that older participants suffered from using this contextual information to suppress distracting informa- tion. Similar failure to suppress lexical information has been observed in other paradigms in the elderly. Using a word-fragment-completion task, Logan and Balota\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003efound that older participants were more likely to use irrelevant information from a preceding distractor to perform the task, even when they were explicitly told not to do so. These studies have offered a solid foundation for the use of interference- based paradigms to pose a cognitive challenge and observe the harmful effects on task performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn the current study, we combined multiple layers of explicit and implicit interference in a task, including task-switching, Stroop inter- ference, and subliminal distractor response incongruency. The first two factors were introduced to induce a cognitively challenging condi- tion via the need to explicitly inhibit task-irrelevant stimulus features, potentially exhausting limited cognitive resources in the older partici- pants. They were both based on the Stroop effect. As previously men- tioned, color-naming requires stronger inhibition of the word meaning, and word-naming is relatively low effort because color retrieval is less automatic. Thus, a successful response in a Stroop task requires suppression of interfering information. Critically, we delivered a visu- ally masked distractor prior to the target word. Although no task was given to the masked distractors, identical words to the target words were used and expected to trigger implicit responses.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTherefore, if the masked word and the subsequent target word triggered differ- ent responses, it was deemed incongruent and potentially caused a subliminal interference.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe recruited participants from a longitudinal study pool in which CSF amyloid\/tau and neuropsychological assessments had been per- formed on each individual. Blind to both the experimenters and the participants, these participants had been identified as cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003eathological \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH-PATs) and cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eN\u003c\/span\u003eormal \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH- NATs). This ratio was derived from their CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e and total tau protein. It has been shown to have 85% sensitivity in discriminat- ing AD among AD patients, mild cognitive impairment participants, and healthy controls in our prior study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis biomarker has been applied in a series of previous studies to show accurate delineation between healthy controls and AD patients.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22–24\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePreliminary data also suggest the predictive power of this biomarker: In an ongoing 4- year longitudinal study, 40% of the CH-PATs have declined cognitively\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewhile all CH-NATs have remained healthy.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe thus defined the CH- PATs as at high risk and the CH-NATs as at low risk of AD in the current study. As both groups were cognitively healthy by the assess- ment of neuropsychological tests, we expected to see differentiation of performance only at the implicit\/subliminal level. Specifically, we proposed two competing hypotheses with the assumption that high- risk participants have subtly declining attention capacity, compared to low-risk participants. First, stronger implicit interference signals weakened inhibitory control, which will predict worse performance in high-risk older participants due to stronger implicit interference. Second, stronger implicit interference entails available attentional resources. This hypothesis is motivated by our recent work on a young population showing the attentional requirement to process implicit dis- tracting sensory information.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eConversely, this hypothesis will predict a stronger implicit interference in low-risk older participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2_|_METHODS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2.1.1_|_General_experimental_apparatus\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eExperimental design and subject details\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003eGeneral experimental apparatus\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants performed the experiment in a quiet room. The visual stim- uli were generated with E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.) on a Dell Precision T5610 with a 20\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e″ \u003c\/span\u003escreen. Participants were uncon- strained and observed the visual stimuli from approximately 50 cm away.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"2.1.2_|_Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eForty-seven cognitively healthy elderly (age range 53–92) were recruited. These participants were pre-determined as CH-NATs and CH-PATs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePlease see the next section for more information. The status of each participant was not known to the participant and exper- imenter, making the study double-blinded. None of them reported vision difficulty during stimulus presentation. The institutional review boards (IRB) of the California Institute of Technology and the Hunting- ton Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) approved this study (Quorum IRB, Seattle, Study #27197). All participants gave written consent prior to participation. Every participant completed a session lasting approx- imately 50 minutes. Three participants were excluded prior to analysis due to their inability to perform the task. Another three participants were excluded with accuracy three standard deviations lower than the group mean. One participant's status remained unknown and was not included. Forty participants thus entered the final analysis with 18 CH-NATs and 22 CH-PATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003eParticipant status classification\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA complete description of classification, including a complete list of neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esmall vessel disease, the biochemical analysis of lumbar CSF, was detailed  in  a  previous  study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn  summary,  separate  assessments performed prior to the experiment included a collection of demo- graphic data, physical exam, blood work, disease severity and disability scales, and CSF amyloid\/tau measurements. Participants with any cog- nitive impairment, that is, global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale scores \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e0.0, were not recruited. Participants had a Uniform Data Set format examination with no classifiable psychiatric or neurological dis- order and were all diagnosed as cognitively healthy. They enrolled in this study after a 5-hour comprehensive neuropsychological battery in which testing was performed independent\/blind to the biochemical classification. Different cognitive domains including memory, execu- tive function, language, attention, and visuospatial orientation were tested. All data were normalized to age, sex, and education norma- tive tables. These formal neuropsychometric data were combined with CDR, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and MMSE, as described previously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe CSF samples were run on both Innotest (Innogenetics, discontinued) and MSD platforms (K15121G, MSD) to determine total tau (cutoff value \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e450 pg\/mL) and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e26,27\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePar- ticipants were then divided depending on individual CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\/total tau ratios compared to a cutoff value derived from a logistic regres- sion model that correctly diagnosed \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e85% of clinically probable AD participants.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants' demographics, including their age, sex, and education year, can be found in Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e. There was no difference between the two groups.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDemographics and post-study subjective effort exertion report of CH-NATs (low-risk) and CH-PATs (high-risk)\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nCH-NATs (low risk)CH-PATs (high risk)Total number1822Age77.29 (8.01)74.48 (8.85)Sex12 females 6 males17 females 5 malesEducation year16.18 (2.10)16.90 (2.45)Post-study questionnaire0: Not at all–3: SevereDid you have any physical troubles during the task?0.11 (0.32)0.36 (0.62)Difficulty: Word responding to word responding1.11 (0.70)1.12 (0.76)Difficulty: Color responding to color responding1.03 (0.65)1.24 (0.75)Difficulty: Word responding to color responding1.28 (0.77)1.52 (0.66)Difficulty: Color responding to word responding1.31 (0.62)1.60 (0.62)How much effort did you use for the task?1.89 (0.74)2.02 (0.64)Do you feel tired after the task?0.72 (0.83)0.74 (0.85)Note: The two groups were comparable in each item with P \u0026gt; .05. The data are reported in mean (SD).\r\nAbbreviations: Aß, amyloid beta; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with normal Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with pathological Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; SD, standard deviation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eExperimental design and procedure\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#020303\"\u003e(A)\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 372pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAn illustration of the task and stimuli is in Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e. Two words and two colors were selected to create word–color inconsistency in the stim- uli: word GREEN\/RED in color red\/green. A fixation point remained on screen throughout the trial. Each trial consisted of two stimuli to induce task-switching (word-naming for the stimulus 1 and color-naming for the target, or vice versa) or non-task-switching trials (word-naming or color-naming for both stimuli). A gray distractor (GREEN\/RED) was presented with a forward and a backward noise mask that consisted of random meaningless letters to disrupt its visibility. The (in)congruency between the distractor and the target was defined by the response induced by each stimulus.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEach trial began with a 500-ms blank stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). The first stimulus word in the trial was presented for 5000 ms or until response. Subsequently, a masked distractor (17 ms) was sand- wiched between a forward and a backward mask (each 50 ms) and presented above or below the fixation dot. Each mask consisted of a 4\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#020303\"\u003e(B)\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTrial phase   Stimulus\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTime\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTask\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003e8 array of random letters and lasted 50 ms. Another blank period was inserted and lasted 500 ms. The target word appeared subsequently and lasted for 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn each trial, participants responded to both colored words. Partici- pants were instructed to name the color when the word was underlined (color-naming) and to name the word when the word was not under- lined (word-naming) via button presses. No task was given to the masked word. It is important to point out that the second stimulus was the true target stimulus because both the task-switching and masked distractor effects could only be observed on this stimulus. Our analyses thus focused on the responses to the target word.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEvery participant first underwent a short period of practice until they felt comfortable proceeding to the main experiment. Three blocks\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eStimuli, trial sequence, and task. A. Top. Stimuli. The stimulus words were RED\/GREEN, colored in an inconsistent ink. When the word was not underlined, the task was word-naming. When the word was underlined, the task was color-naming. Distractors were the same words without colors. B. Bottom. Trial sequence and task.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShown here is a task-switching trial. Each trial began with a 500-ms fixation, after which the first word appeared for 5000 ms or until response. The masked word was presented for 17 ms in one of the two possible locations (above or below the fixation) and sandwiched by two 50-ms masks consisting of random letters. No task was given to the masked distractor. The target appeared after another 500-ms blank period and lasted for another 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants were instructed to respond as accurately as possible.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eeach containing 64 trials were completed in the main experiment. To assess the invisible nature of the masked distractor, a post-experiment surprise awareness test was performed. The temporal sequence of the masking paradigm was identical to that of the main experiment. Each trial began with a 500-ms blank SOA, followed by the masked word presentation. Participants were instructed to report the location (top\/bottom) of the masked word as best as they could (i.e., two- alternative-forced-choice [2AFC]). Similarly, they had 5000 ms for a response.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAll participants completed a post-study questionnaire (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e) to indicate their subjective physical and mental efforts exertion during the study. Seven questions were asked on a four-point scale (0: not severe at all—3: very severe). Participants were allowed to give subscale responses (e.g., 1.5).\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"3_|_RESULTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eRESULTS\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe analyses below are reported in the format of mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]). To first establish that the masked distractor was indeed imperceptible, we examined the accuracy of the 2AFC loca- tion task in the post-experiment awareness test. The mean accuracy was 45.00% (2.07%) and slightly below chance (paired \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(33) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.42, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02), indicating the implicit nature of the distractor. There was no difference between CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk; two-sample t-test, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[32] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.89). Six participants refused to complete this task, claiming that there was absolutely no word on the monitor. Their data were excluded only for the awareness test. Post-study questionnaire results indicated no differences between CH-PATs and CH-NATs in subjective effort exertion (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). Par- ticularly, although the experiment was designed to examine how the elderly responded to cognitively challenging conditions while using inhibitory control, participants reported low levels of difficulty.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe average accuracy rates (ACC) and reaction times (RT) on the target in each trial were first examined to gauge participants' perfor- mance. On average, the mean ACC was 92.75% (0.95%), and the mean RT was 1350 (21) ms. These data corroborated that our participants were cognitively healthy and performed the task well.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo further examine their performance with respect to our exper- imental design, two separate mixed-effect analyses of variance were performed on the ACC and RT with one between-subject factor (participant status: CH-NATs\/CH-PATs) and three within-subject fac- tors (switch\/Stroop\/distractor incongruency). The switch component denoted whether the current target was in a switch (e.g., color-naming for the first stimulus and word-naming for the second stimulus) or non- switch trial (e.g., color-naming for both stimuli). The Stroop component denoted whether the target stimulus (i.e., the second stimulus) was color-naming (i.e., the Stroop effect, high-effort) or word-naming (i.e., the reverse Stroop effect, low-effort). Finally, the distractor incongru- ency component was defined by the designated responses triggered by the distractor and the target. If they triggered the same button response, the distractor was deemed congruent, otherwise, it was deemed incongruent.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe analysis on the ACC yielded a main effect of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.001, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.24, with no main effects of Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.56, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02, distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.54,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.47, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.01, and participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.71,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. This could be due to ceiling performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn contrast, the analysis on the RT yielded main effects of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e103.63, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.000, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73; Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.30, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.002,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.23; distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e3.58, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.07 (marginal), \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.09, and no effect of participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.71, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. Critically, a three-way interaction was observed across participant status, Stroop, and distractor incongruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e5.08, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.03, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73. Based on our a priori hypothesis that distractor incongruency could slow down responses in partici- pants with normal or pathological status, we treated the Stroop factor as an \"effort\" factor and examined the distractor incongruency effect in each group under the high-effort (color-naming) and low-effort (word-naming) conditions. This approach also limited the potential comparisons. A similar approach was taken in our recent study with a similar experimental design.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTwo post hoc analyses were thus performed. The RT here were also normalized against the average RT of the comparing conditions so that the percentage increase or decrease could be cleanly assessed. In the high-effort color-naming trials, compared to CH-NATs, CH-PATs were interfered by an implicit response-incongruent distractor, indicated by RT slowing (CH-PATs: 4.3% vs. CH-NATs: –0.2%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.55, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.015, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.83, sig-\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003enificant after Bonferroni correction, left panel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). This effect was not found in the low-effort word-naming trials (CH-PATs: –1.3% vs. CH-NATs: 1.04%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e-0.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.35, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.31, right\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003epanel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). In short, during the more difficult color-naming con- dition, incongruent distractors slowed down RTs in CH-PATs but not CH-NATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough the participants in both groups were diagnosed as cog- nitively healthy, we further explored if their performance in the neuropsychological tests was correlated with the extent to which the incongruent, implicit distractor exerted an RT-slowing effect. Here we reported the MoCA and MMSE scores. Both scoring systems range from 0 to 30. Larger numbers indicate better cognitive ability. With all participants, there was a negative correlation between the distractor effect and MMSE: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.38, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.02 (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e), but not between the distractor effect and MoCA: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.11, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.52. The group result indi- cated a link between worse cognition (i.e., lower scores in MMSE) and stronger subliminal distraction, which was consistent with our main finding. This negative correlation was not found within each group (CH- PATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.13, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.37, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.09; CH-NATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.32, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.23; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e– 0.43, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.10; note that there are two missing data points of the original MoCA and MMSE scores in CH-NATs, which are not included in this analysis). At least for the relationship between MMSE and distractor congruency, the lack of significance in each group was possibly due to smaller group sizes since both groups had the same trend.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFinally, we ran a logistic regression to directly estimate how predictive MMSE, MoCA, and the distractor congruency were to\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 45pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 114pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eImplicit interference in CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk). Percentage reaction time slowing was calculated by taking the RT difference between distractor incongruent and congruent trials, divided by the average of the two. Left, During color-naming, CH-PATs showed stronger RT slowing, compared to CH-NATs. Right, During word-naming, both groups were not interfered by incongruent distractors. CH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual, while the solid disc indicates the mean. Error bars denote standard error of the mean. Individual data are ranked order by the effect. A box plot is embedded in the background to display data distribution. Following the convention, the line inside the box denotes median while the upper and lower limits denote 75th and 25th percentile. Whiskers extend to 1.5 interquartile range. Crosses represent data exceed this range. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; RT, reaction time\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 266pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA logistic regression model using MMSE, MoCA, and RT interference (RT slowing by an implicit distractor) to estimate their predictive power to Alzheimer's disease risk level\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 3 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNegative correlation between MMSE scores and the implicit interference in the high difficulty task in all participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual. Three dotted lines were linearly fitted to the correlation in all participants (black), CH-NATs (green), and CH-PATs (red).\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAsterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003ca name=\"4_|_GENERAL_DISCUSSION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eparticipants' biochemical status\/risk level. Our results showed that distractor congruency was the only factor that significantly con- curred with participants' status (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). That is, higher interference significantly predicted high-risk level. These results suggest better agreement between the risk level and implicit perception than the risk level and explicit cognitive function.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e: RT interference is the only factor that significantly concurs with the risk level. Coefficient estimate denotes probability of being CH-PATs com- pared to CH-NATs in each term. Positive values denote higher probability while negative ones denote lower probability. That is, a unit increase in RT interference increases the log odd of being CH-PATs approximately 16 times. SE denotes standard errors of coefficient estimates. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAbbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RT, reaction time.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eGENERAL DISCUSSION\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur study served as one of the first attempts to directly examine how the elderly at high and low risk of AD suffered from distracting, implicit interference. Multiple layers of response interference were introduced to examine the capability of inhibition control, including task-switching, Stroop interference, as well as subliminal distractor incongruency. We found that when the interference was explicit and consumed conscious effort, both the low-risk (CH-NATs) and high-risk\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e(CH-PATs) participants slowed down during task-switching and color- naming (i.e., the classical Stroop effect). The performance between the two groups was comparable. However, when the interference was implicit and subliminal, the two groups' performance bifurcated: Under high task difficulty (i.e., color-naming), high-risk participants suffered more interference from imperceptible and response-incongruent dis- tractors, compared to low-risk participants. When the task difficulty was lower (i.e., word-naming), both groups were not interfered by the distractor. These results revealed early changes in inhibitory control over latent and implicit visual information, while participants remained cognitively healthy and exhibited similar level of interference from conscious, explicit visual information. Our findings thus indicated the importance of investigating subliminal perception in providing a poten- tial pre-clinical behavioral marker to differentiate older participants into high- or low-risk status in AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur main finding indicates that inhibitory control in suppressing implicit distracting information can be key to differentiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic AD. Low-risk participants appeared to have an intact ability to suppress unwanted information and hence were protected from implicit interference. Intriguingly, high task difficulty was another key factor in revealing the differences between low-risk and high-risk participants. One potential explanation is that the atten- tional resources required to suppress explicit and implicit distracting information were shared, which is illustrated in our recent study in the young healthy adults.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn the easier task (i.e., word naming), both groups were able to use these limited attentional resources to sup- press the distraction from the implicit stimulus (i.e., the incongruent distractor). On the other hand, when the task at hand was difficult (i.e., color naming), the attentional resources of high-risk, but not low-risk participants, were exhausted by the explicit distracting information. Therefore, the inability to suppress implicit interference, which led to reaction time slowing, was only observed in high-risk participants and only when the task was challenging. These results suggest that the subtle deficits in suppressing implicit information could be a more sen- sitive indicator for early cognitive decline, compared to conscious and effortful inhibition over explicit information.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTackling how older adults suppress implicit\/subliminal information in the current study provides a novel direction for future research to assess cognitive health. Past studies have repeatedly shown that suppressing explicit\/supraliminal task-irrelevant information is key to cognitive health. Using the Stroop paradigm, Davidson et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eshowed that older adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e73–74 years old) consistently exhib- ited larger word interference to color naming, compared to younger adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e20 years old). Similar results were found compar- ing AD patients to control participants: larger Stroop interference in AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA 2010 longitudinal study tracked 47 healthy individuals (tested in 1992–1994) until 12 of them subsequently developed AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe results showed that the error rate in incongruent Stroop trials was the strongest predictor of developing AD. All these studies suggest that a behavioral cognitive task (e.g., the Stroop task) can pose a significant challenge to the inhibitory control system and further help identify individuals with distinct capabilities to suppress distracting informa- tion. Consistent with these findings, our study further established that\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eolder adults' ability to inhibit implicit distracting information concurs with their risk of developing AD, assessed by the CSF Aß42\/ total tau protein ratio. This approach can be particularly powerful when the tar- geted older adults are cognitively healthy and pre-symptomatic despite having different levels of risk.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur findings provide evidence in support for non-invasive psy- chophysical tasks in categorizing pre-symptomatic older participants into high- and low-risk groups. Early identification of the risk of devel- oping AD has been a central topic in aging research. Several genes have been associated with changes in A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, including \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN2\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAPP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. In a seminal study comparing carriers of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003emutation to non- carriers, Bateman et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ehave shown early anomaly in behavioral, physiological, and neuropsychological measurements before symptom onset. For example, an increased tau level was detected 15 years prior to symptom onset, a decline in the concentration of CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e42 appeared 25 years prior to symptom onset. Cognitive impairment came a lot later and could be detected 5 years prior to onset. This direc- tion of research has revealed multiple potential causes of AD, including age, genetics, and the environment. Our study further offers a novel behavioral, pre-symptomatic marker before any cognitive impairment has emerged with a minimally invasive procedure.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOnce an early identification is in place during the long latent period in which no explicit cognitive decline is surfaced, early intervention could tremendously slow down disease progression. A 2-year multi- domain intervention in high-risk older participants, including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring, has shown benefits in cognition, measured by neuropsychological tests.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMore importantly, these benefits were gained regardless of participants' baseline characteristics,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eincluding their age, sex, education, socioe- conomic status, and so on. Early identification of AD is essential to harnessing early intervention. An early decline in a specific domain of cognition is not only a target of identification but also a target of intervention.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough at the group level we showed a significant difference between the low-risk and high-risk participants, it remains challeng- ing to perform classification at the individual level (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e, left). We believe that more predictive power can be harnessed when differ- ent aspects of cognitive functions are taken into consideration, and more data in the longitudinal trajectory within the same person are collected. Both approaches will shed light on the heterogeneity of human cognition and perception. Recent studies have implemented a within-person approach to allow accurate prediction of an individ- ual's future performance. For instance, Stawski et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e32\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ehave shown that response speed predicted working memory better than attention switching did between individuals, while attention switching predicted working memory better than response speed did within individuals. Although this study had been completed within a short time window, it nevertheless indicated the importance of task selection in within- person, longitudinal tracking of cognitive performance. Our recent studies also indicated that combining other physiological data such as those from electroencephalogram and heart rate variability increased the performance when classifying older participants into higher and lower risk groups.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e27,33\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe ultimate goal of the current research\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003edirection is to find sensitive cognitive domains that either provide indi- vidual classification with a psychophysical test or can be combined with other critical physiological measures to form an informative index, both with the goal to inform the risk to develop AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAs our population moves into an aging society (1 in 6 people will be\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003eage 65 by 2050\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e), cognitive aging has become an important topic for scientists, medical practitioners, and policy makers to consider. Unfor- tunately, an early decline in cognition is very often implicit and silent. We thus have to fight such a collapse while cognitive flexibility is still abundant, especially before it leads to an irreversible disease such as AD. Our study here provides a new perspective on using multiple levels of interference in a behavioral task and shows that higher suscepti- bility to implicit interference may be a key feature in high-risk older \u003ca name=\"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eparticipants.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors thank Michael G. Harrington for recruiting participants and performing clinical classifications. We are grateful for the research funding provided by the James Boswell Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Caltech BBE Divisional Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.-M.H, L.K. Whittier Foundation to HMRI, and National Institutes of Aging R56 \u003ca name=\"CONFLICTS_OF_INTEREST\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e(R56AG063857) and R01 (R01AG063857) to X.A. and S.S.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCONFLICTS OF INTEREST \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003eAuthor disclosures \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eare \u003ca name=\"REFERENCES\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eavailable in the supporting information.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eREFERENCES \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. 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Diagnostic values of cerebrospinal fluid T-Tau and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e42 using Meso Scale Discovery Assays for Alzheimer's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJAD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2015;45(3):709-719. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-143099\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.3233\/JAD-143099\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eArakaki X, Hung SM, Rochart R, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG. Alpha desynchronization during Stroop test unmasks cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF Amyloid\/Tau. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurobiol Aging\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2022;112:87-101. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.009\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.009\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBondi MW, Serody AB, Chan AS, et al. Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer's dis- ease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2002;16(3):335-343. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.335\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1037\/0894-4105. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.335\"\u003e16.3.335\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBalota DA, Tse CS, Hutchison KA, Spieler DH, Duchek JM, Morris JC. Predicting conversion to dementia of the Alzheimer's type in a healthy\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003econtrol sample: the power of errors in Stroop color naming. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychol Aging\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2010;25(1):208-218. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017474\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1037\/a0017474\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, et al. Clinical and biomarker \u003ca name=\"SUPPORTING_INFORMATION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003echanges in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eN Engl J Med\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2012;367(9):795-804. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNgandu  T,  Lehtisalo  J,  Solomon  A,  et  al.  A  2  year  multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at- risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Lancet\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2015;385(9984):2255-2263. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/S0140-6736(15) \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e60461-5\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eStawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Hofer SM. Between-person and within- person associations among processing speed, attention switching, and working memory in younger and older adults. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExp Aging Res\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2013;39(2):194-214. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eArechavala RJ, Rochart R, Kloner RA, et al. Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid\/tau, a pilot study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInt  J Psychophysiol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2021;170:102-111. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e007\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eUnited Nations. 2019. World population prospects 2019. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ehttps:\/\/ \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003epopulation.un.org\/wpp\u003c\/a\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePublished June 17, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2021. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world- \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003epopulation-prospects-2019-highlights.html\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSUPPORTING INFORMATION \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAdditional supporting information can be found online in the Support- ing Information section at the end of this article.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-21T02:47:47-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"resear-ch-ar-ticle-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560869998760"},{"id":560869965992,"title":"Shabir et al","created_at":"2023-09-21T02:47:46-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts shabir-et-al\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eShabbir \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. Lipids in Health and Disease \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(2017) 16:99\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eDOI 10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePunicic acid: A striking health substance to combat metabolic syndromes in humans\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMuhmmad Asim Shabbir, Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Muhammad Saeed, Imran Pasha, Anees Ahmed Khalil and Naila Siraj\u003csup\u003e*\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBackground\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFruits and vegetables transformation into valuable pro- ducts produces a huge amount of by-products that are considered to have a lot of bio-active compounds \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[1].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate transformed to various edible products mainly fresh seeds, juice, nectars, jams and jellies. Dur- ing the processing of pomegranate a large quantity of pomegranate waste is produced which has lots of nutri- tional components but mostly this waste is dumped off that creates environmental pollution and is also the wastage of nutritional components. In last few years, a huge excerpt of research work is conducted on the in- dustrial by-products of  pomegranate  and  found  that these by-products have antioxidant, anti glycemic poten- tial and antimicrobial activity. The multifarious reported functional attributes of pomegranate make it  a  unique fruit from other fruits. Due to the higher antioxidant po- tential of pomegranate fruit and its other parts e.g. juice, seed, peel etc., it has been reported that this fruit has ad- vantageous health benefits for human body. This en- couraged the nutritionists  and  scientists  to  find  out more potential and beneficial bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and food industry applications \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e* Correspondence: \u003ca href=\"mailto:nailaateeq02@gmail.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enailaateeq02@gmail.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003eNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate processing produces bagasse as a by- product after juice extraction that can be used as  a valuable ingredients in other edible products but still its application is scarce.  However,  the  research  conducted in past revealed that the pomegranate seed  residues (PSRs) have the potential to use in food products for dif- ferent intentions. PSRs composed of sterols,  polyphe- nols, tocopherols and octadecatrienoic acid (punicic acid). PSRs are the richest source of rare and unique pomegranate seed oil (PSO), an exotic, fruity aroma oil and used in aromatherapy with healing and the antioxi- dant potential for skin and breast cancer as  concluded from different studies. PSO extracted by various extrac- tion methods including organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) extraction and cold press extraction. Cold press extracted PSO has better physio- chemical and nutritious quality as compared to other extraction methods \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[3,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4\u003c\/a\u003e] with no impacts on environ- ment. In SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method, the extraction pressure is the cardinal factor to reduce the PSO pro- duction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e5].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO possessed the elevated level of punicic acid (PA) and tocopherol contents that decreased slightly with increase in temperature and pressure. How- ever, an effective intelligent system was developed to in- vestigate the effect of temperature and pressure during SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e on PSO yield and described that properly deve- loped radial basis function and back-propagation neural\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), \u003c\/a\u003ewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePublic Domain Dedication waiver \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/) \u003c\/a\u003eapplies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enetwork could be useful in predicting the effect of temperature and pressure on PSO yield in SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e ex- traction process \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[6].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO extracted through hexane by soxhlet method has superior quality as compared to sub- critical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extracted oil. Subcritical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method showed the efficiency up to 77% and 59% of total PSO as compared to extracted by soxhlet method \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[7].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO extracted through ultrasonic-assisted extraction method with optimized condition for best yield at solid- liquid ratio of 1:12 g\/mL with extraction  temperature 51°C at 70W for 40 minutes and 19% PSO yield with major fatty acids PA (65%), linoleic  acid  (10%)  and oleic acid (9%) [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e8].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO showed the extraction  effi- ciency in various solvents as followed: petroleum ether\u0026gt;n-hexane\u0026gt;ethyl acetate\u0026gt;ether\u0026gt;acetone\u0026gt;isopropa- nol [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e9].\u003c\/a\u003e Some other parameters such as ultrasonic power, time for extraction, solids: solvent ratio, and temperature were optimized with petroleum ether by surface response methodology. PSO extracted through ultrasonic assisted extraction  showed  superior  quality and higher yield as compared to supercritical and soxhlet extraction methods. The effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic contents ex- tracted from pomegranate seeds of  the  Malas  variety from Iran was studied and reported that different experi- mental conditions with supercritical extraction  method can affect the phenolic contents. The temperature, pres- sure, and volume of modifier inversely proportional to phenolic extraction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Punicic_acid_(PA)\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePunicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Metabolism_of_punicic_acid\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVarious researchers have reported pomegranate as a functional fruit owing to presence of wide range of phy- tochemicals in it \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[11]. \u003c\/a\u003ePurposely, antioxidative properties of juice, peel and seed have been examined for their therapeutic potential, which has prompted the nutritio- nists to further explore their nutraceutical and industrial application \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e Its underutilized seed and peel portion, normally known as agro-waste obtained during  indus- trial processing of pomegranate juice, are gaining atten- tion of researchers now a days due to presence of array of nutraceutics in them. Abundant presence of po- megranate seed is of keen interest to scientist because of rich composition of oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[12].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate seed oil pos- sesses rich polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, pre- dominantly comprising of punicic acid (~55%) as characterized by Melo \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13].\u003c\/a\u003e This review summarizes PA and its role as a nutraceutical health substance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePA is also recognize as \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanic acid\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003ewith mo- lecular formula C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e while its molar mass is 278.43 g\/mol with melting point of 44-45\u003csup\u003eo\u003c\/sup\u003eC. Punicic acid is an isomer of conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic acid and a \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-5 polyun- saturated fatty acid which have structural resemblance\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ewith conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic and linoleic acid, for  in- stance number of double bonds and  atomic  arrange- ment. Due to health benefits associated with these fatty acids, scientists are showing great interest in exploring functional and nutraceutical properties of punicic acid against various metabolic ailments [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e15\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) designated its names as \u003cem\u003e9Z, 11E, 13Z-octadeca-9, 11, 13-trienoic acid \u003c\/em\u003eon the basis of its three double bonds (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11 \u003cem\u003eand cis13\u003c\/em\u003e). Principally, it is an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) having a double bond on its tail side. Other isomers of lenolic acid are catalpic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e13), alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e13), calendic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12) and jacaric acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12). PA is named after its principle source pomegranate (\u003cem\u003ePunica granatum \u003c\/em\u003eL.). Among all the sources of PA it is most abundantly present in pomegranate seed oil (PSO). The other sources for PA are snake gourd seed oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[16\u003c\/a\u003e] and \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim (TK) seeds (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e1) \u003c\/a\u003econtaining 32 to 40% PA out of total seed weight [50: 9: 32]. Whereas, fatty acid profile of PSO contains conjugated linoleic acid up to 74\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e85 % PA [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e] and remaining 14-25% are its isomers [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA could be chemically synthesized by dehydration and isomerization of secondary oxidation products  of  lino- leic and alpha-linolenic acids [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e19,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e20].\u003c\/a\u003e Primarily, PA is reported to be effective against ailments like obesity, diabetics, inflammation, metabolic syndromes  in  va- rious in vivo experiments (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e2)\u003c\/a\u003e that\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es why pome- granate seed lipid portion (principal by-product) was studied after juice extraction as lipolytic enzymes de- activate during thermal processing \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[21].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMetabolism of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNumerous pharmacokinetics studies have been carried out on animals to assess the metabolism and bioavailability of PA. Results of efficacy trials revealed substantial evidence that PA is readily metabolized to circulating conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) as depicted in Fig. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e1 \u003c\/a\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e22, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e23]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilarly,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:206px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1 Sources of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 17px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSources of punicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate (Seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-9c,11t,13c)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(seed oil)    [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated    7.50%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated    22.91%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated    32.70%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e9c,11t,13c\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)    35.89%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eTable 2 Summary of health effects of punicic acid (PA) on animal and human model\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:209px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:172px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:37px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStudy model system\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMechanism of activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOutcomes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eICR CD-1 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCPTI activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased perirenal and epididymal fat\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOLEFT rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e9 desaturase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10-100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eM mixture of CLnA isomers (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e- 11,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15, and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-13,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eHSL and ATGL gene expression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased triglyceride content\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10 and 50 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eg\/mL pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eƳ\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eβ\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eFAS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased adipogenesis and preadipocyte differentiation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInsulin sensitivity enhanced in peripheral area\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells and obese mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eactivation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved glucose tolerance, with diabetes improvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 55px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eHepG2 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eapoB100 secretion. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePlasma triacylglycerides. Upgraded saturated\/ monounsaturated fatty acid ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCatalpic acid, jacaric acid, calendic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMicrosomes from sheep vesicular glands\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibition of cyclooxygenase activity (inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSheep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e78\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate extract (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eƳ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ereceptor activator and agonist (inhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression, declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased chronic inflammation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAlpha-Eleostearic and punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiabetic rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eInhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression. Declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid (70% pomegranate seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eDecreased expression PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBPs, and fatty acid synthase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSuppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 67px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOvariectomized (OVX) mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDown-regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers and RANK-RANKL downstream signaling targets in osteoclast-like cells (RAW264.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved bone mineral density and prevented trabecular micro- architecture impairment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDietary mono-conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeonatal pig\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSafe for animals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved insulin secretion\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ede Melo et al\u003cem\u003e. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e[15] elucidated that oral administration of PA to rats for a time period of 24 hours conferred the metabolism of PA to 9c, 11t-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in plasma and other organs of the rats like kidney, liver, brain, heart and adipose tissues. 9c, 11t-CLA plays biologically significant role in maintaining the human body and is considered as an important natural resource of CLA via breakdown of CLnA. In a human trial conducted for 28 days, ingestion of \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e(TK) seed kernels comprising 3g PA\/day followed by 7 days feeding on sunflower  seed  kernels  eventually  increased  the  level of PA (c9t11c13) in membranes  of  plasma  and  red blood cells \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003e0.47% and 0.37% correspondingly.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSimilarly,  concentration  of  9c,  11t-CLA  elevated  from\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e0.05 to 0.23% and 0.03 to 0.17% in  plasma  and  red blood cell membranes, respectively.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was investigated in different studies that uptake rate of CLnA vary in Caco-2 cells when distribution and conversion of CLnA (punicic, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ\u003c\/span\u003e-eleostearic, and catalpic acid) to CLA is premeditated. Variation in the conversion efficiency is due to the difference in the structure of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond of CLnA. The CLnA distribute between neutral and phospholipids and this distribution depends upon the   number   of   \u003cem\u003etrans \u003c\/em\u003edouble bonds [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e24\u003c\/a\u003e]. Nevertheless, another theory  also exists about the conversion of CLnA to CLA. Accor- dingly, another theory explicates the metabolic con- version of CLnA to CLA is due to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond saturation reactions catalyzed by an enzyme \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003enico- tinamide  adenine  dinucleotide  phosphate  (NADP)  that is known as a unique enzyme  for  conjugated  trienoic acid reorganization [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e25].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn another study, an equi-molar mixture of conjugated\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003elinoleic acid (CLnA) (C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec \u003c\/em\u003eand C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 13\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e) and rumenic acid (RA 18:2-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e) was orally directed to Wister rats as free fatty acids (FFA) and tria- cylglycerol (TAG). Both isomers (RA and CLnA) were bio transformed completely in tissues in a similar fas- hion \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[26\u003c\/a\u003e]. Mice supplemented with 1% PA for six weeks have higher concentration of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-3 in liver phospholipids than the mice supplemented with 1% alpha-eleostearic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e Another experiment revealed similar results when diet was supplemented with 0.5% PA (PSO) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28].\u003c\/a\u003e When absorption and metabolic pathways of PA and alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA) was observed via a lipid absorption assay in rat intestine lymph, it was found that some amount of these isomers was converted to CLA rapidly and some remained intact in the intestines \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[29].\u003c\/a\u003e Comparatively, PA accumulates in higher amounts in tissues as compared to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and the conversion rate of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-diabetic_properties\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA to 9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-CLA is also higher than PA  in liver \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e The maximum conversion  rate  of  PA  was  76% and 54.5% while highest conversion rate for \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was 91.8% for adipose tissues, 91.4% for spleen, 90.7% for kid- ney and 84.6% for heart [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e27\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-oxidant_potential_of_PA\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAnti-oxidant potential of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsidering the side effects associated with usage of synthetic anti-oxidants and increase in oxidative stress disorders, use of anti-oxidants from natural sources are gaining importance \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[30]. \u003c\/a\u003eNumerous studies revealed that PA is biologically active in hampering the hazards asso- ciated with oxidative mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e31].\u003c\/a\u003e To evaluate the anti-oxidative potential of PA against lipid peroxida- tion, various concentrations of PA (snake gourd seed oil) were supplemented to rats through diet after blending it with soybean. A momentous decrease was observed in\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ebody weight gain, energy consumption, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC)  and TC\/HDL  ratio  in high fat induced mouse model for five (05) weeks when ad- ministered by pomegranate leaf extract \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[32]. \u003c\/a\u003ePA showed pro-oxidative (1.2%), anti-oxidative (0.6%) activity and significantly decreased the TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) when incorporated as compared to control diet \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[33].\u003c\/a\u003e PA and alpha-tocopherol (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-AT) were tested for its effects against lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Significant lowe- ring trend was observed in LDL and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation with highest  reduction was noticed  in liver \u0026amp; membrane peroxidation due to combined effect of 0.25% PA + 0.15% AT \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eActivities of anti-oxidative enzymes in liver homo- genates, brain, plasma and erythrocytes were altered by inducing sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[35, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e36\u003c\/a\u003e]. Owing to supplemen- tation of CLnA isomers, the activity of catalase (CAT), super-oxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione per- oxidase (GPx) were increased  while  decreasing  trend was observed in nitric oxide (NO) synthase. However, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was found more effective in  decreasing  oxida- tive stress as compared to CLnA. When these isomers were studied   against   streptozotocin-induced   diabetes in albino rats, same results were observed as in above mentioned studies against oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[37].\u003c\/a\u003e More  distinct  synergistic  effect was observed when both  of  these  isomers  were  ap- plied in combination [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e38\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCLnA isomers improved the renal oxidative stress release and showed attired synergistic  effects  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e39].\u003c\/a\u003e The supplementation of mixture having both isomers of CLnA helped to improve the fatty acid profile of renal system. A decrease was observed in oxidation with the supplementation of TK seed (3 g PA).  The  increased level of 8-iso-PGF2\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003ewas due to non-enzymatic peroxi- dation of arachidonic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e41\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAnti-diabetic properties\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eUp till now, experimental studies conducted to test the effect of PA on serum lipid, glucose metabolism and in- sulin resistance have provided controversial results. Non-significant results were recorded for both body and tissue weight when diet containing 1% \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and\/or PA was administered for six weeks [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e42]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilar results were obtained when the mice were fed for three weeks on diet containing 0.12% and 1.2% PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[43]. \u003c\/a\u003eFeeding rats on 1% PSO and 9% safflower oil diet for the period  of  two weeks gives non-significant results for abdominal white adipose tissue weights [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e44]. \u003c\/a\u003eIn another study, a diet con- stituted with \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA was given to hamsters for 6 weeks and reduction in the liver tissue TG levels was observed but no significant results were found for serum TC \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[45].\u003c\/a\u003e However in some other experimental studies,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ethe results were  in  contrast  with  the  above  findings \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e46,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e47\u003c\/a\u003e]. Some scientists found significant effect of PA on the reduction of TC, apoB-100 and liver tissue TG levels.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eRats that were fed on PSO showed higher levels of in- sulin in serum and glutathione peroxidase (GOP) activity with no significant difference in blood glucose level as compared to control group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[48].\u003c\/a\u003e Peony seed oil rich in PA showed reduction in glycosylated total serum choles- terol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level while an increase was observed in weight gain, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum insulin level, liver glycogen level in mice \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[49].\u003c\/a\u003e In another study, PSO was fed to rats for 21 days that in- creased total triacylglycerol (TAG)  and  phospholipid level in serum while no significant increase was observed in TC level \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[50].\u003c\/a\u003e As the level of PSO  increases  in diet, the level of PA also increases in epididymal, serum, liver and peri-renal adipose. When mice were supplemented with dietary genetically  modified rapeseed oil  (GMRO) at 0.25% weight of the whole  diet, it not  only  lowered the body lipid ratio but also enhanced the liver lipid me- tabolism as compared to the same quantity of PA taken directly from pomegranate. PSO was consistent in sub- stantially reducing the liver TG levels but  no  major effects were observed for serum TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWhen PSO was administered to dyslipidemic patients for four weeks, serum concentration of TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003edecreased from 15 to 13.08pg\/ml in the PSO group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[51].\u003c\/a\u003e Similar scenario transpired when PSO given to high fat induced patients for four (04) weeks. No change  occurred  in serum TC, LDL-C, glucose concentrations and body composition variables \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[52].\u003c\/a\u003e It was found that supple- mentation of PSO for 1 month in hyper-lipidaemic sub- jects had promising effects on lipid profiles including TAG and TAG: HDL-C ratio. In contrast, fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and sensitivity showed no mo- mentous variation due to the \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim. Diet supplementation analyzed by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[53].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eHowever when PA was given to rats with diet-induced obesity, an improvement was observed in plasma glucose and insulin levels and glucose-normalizing capacity over a glucose tolerance test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[38]. \u003c\/a\u003eAn improvement in insulin sensitivity in CD-1 mice was observed with PSO con- sumption (av. 61 mg\/day), signifying that the threat of emerging diabetes type-II might be lessened \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[54].\u003c\/a\u003e Addi- tionally, it was noticed that PSO consumption improves glucose and insulin sensitivity and fat diet-induced obe- sity in mice. When PA (1% PSO) was supplemented for the period of three months, ingestion of PA resulted in lipid lowering sequenced by reduction in body weight which ultimately reduced total body mass \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17].\u003c\/a\u003e PA also\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eimproved the peripheral insulin sensitivity without effecting  liver  insulin  sensitivity.  So,  supplementation of PA through dietary  sources  is  helpful  with  refer- ence to insulin resistance and fat  induced  obesity  in mice, independent of  changes  in  food  intake  or  ener- gy expenditure.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eXanthigen (a bioactive compound derived from po- megranate) is the precursor of  PA and is well known for its lipid lowering potential in animals and humans al- though its mechanism of action is not yet completely known. Xanthigen potently and dose-dependently sup- pressed accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes compared to its individual components; fucoxanthin and PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[55].\u003c\/a\u003e Various mechanisms are involved in over- whelming the triacylglycerides accretion and adipocyte differentiation by Xanthigen and can be used as poten- tial remedy  for the treatment of diabetic patients. Mix- ture of PA, xanthigen and fucoxanthin  acid  (70%  in PSO) was fed to mice to investigate the inhibitory effect on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. A de- creased gene expression was observed which was regu- lating the distinction process that raises TG buildup in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes treated with punicic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[56].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEffect of punicic acid on molecular events\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe most common  physiological  disorders  all  around the world like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis that are specified by the occurrence of extremely stimulated in- flammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, mono- cytes and overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These diseases can be effectively controlled by some natural dietary supple- ments. PA (PSO) is effective against ROS\/MPO-mediated tissue damage and reduces the neutrophil-activation [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA has persuasive anti-inflammatory effect and can prove as a natural therapeutic agent (as therapeutic substitute) against various inflammatory diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMolecular evidence with reference to in vivo tryouts showed that the uptake of PA regulates colonic PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, the keratinocyte growth factor, the orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, suppresses  colonic and M1 macrophage-derived TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e. PA also increased the levels of IL-17 and IFN-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003ein CD8+T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (i.e., mucosal  inductive  sites). PA modulates mucosal immune responses and improves gut inflammation through PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand -\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ\u003c\/span\u003e-dependent mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e58]. \u003c\/a\u003eLikewise, dietary PA lowers fasting plasma glucose concentrations and improves the glucose- normalizing ability eventually suppressing NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB activa- tion and TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eexpression. Ultimately it regulates PPAR \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive genes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17\u003c\/a\u003e]. Experiments have also demonstrated that PA can bind and robustly activate PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand increase\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Food_Applications\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive gene expression, finally improving diabetic and inflammatory status. Insulin resistance by TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα  \u003c\/span\u003eis associated with   mitochondrial   dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is ameliorated by  PA,  a PPAR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eagonist [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e59].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn an in vitro study, meant at assessing the efficiency and activeness of certain CLnA isomers found in PSO as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), PA also inhibited estrogen receptors (ER) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 7.2 and 8.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively; \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA inhibited ER \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 6.5 and\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e7.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e60\u003c\/a\u003e]. Thus, both CLnA isomers are effective as SERMs. These outcomes specify that PA, rich in PSO and an effective SERM, might be used as a possible breast cancer chemo-preventive agent.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSaha and Ghosh \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40]\u003c\/a\u003e revealed that the diet supple- mentation with CLnAs (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA at 0.5 % total lipids) showed significant reduction of inflammation in diabetic albino rats induced by streptozotocin. They fur- ther elaborated that the above mentioned four weeks diet supplementation led to reduce inflammation by re- ducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand IL-6, in blood and the expression of he- patic NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB (p65), once higher as a result of diabetes in- duction. Then again, one study also stated that the 400 mg of pomegranate seed oil (rich in PA) administrated twice daily in dyslipidemic patients had no effect on serum TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[28, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e51].\u003c\/a\u003e These findings divulge that the CLnAs in PSO and some other foods may be a promising therapeutic substitute approach for cancer and inflamma- tory diseases. The further studies should be carried out to attest these effects in humans [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e37\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNeurodegenerative  disorders  that  occur  due  to  the\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eaccretion of some special mis-folded proteins like in Alzheimer's diseases occupy almost same pathological features of oxidative damage and neuronal death.  PA plays a vital role in controlling these diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e61].\u003c\/a\u003e To examine the effect of PSO for oxidative damage re- duction, PSO was encapsulated in   a   nano-droplet form and  was  given  to  TgMHu2ME199K  mice  (used as a  model  subject  for  genetic  prion  disease).  PSO  as a  high  source  of  rare  polyunsaturated  fatty  acid  (PA) is now being considered as a sturdiest biological anti- oxidant. When nano-PSO was administrated to already sick mice, it not only  overdue  the  disease  appearance but the disease aggravation was also delayed. Brain ana- lysis of these mice showed that PSO lessened the fat oxidation and neuronal damage although it did not  re- duce PrPSc accretion. So, it is clear that PSO is a strong neuro-protective  agent and is not only effective against the vulnerable subjects but also for those already ex- periencing neurodegenerative disorders.   In   the   field of pharma, this  kind  of  formulations  can  be  helpful in ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[62].\u003c\/a\u003e Certainly,  nano-PSO  is  considered  as  a  safe  reagent\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eand can be utilized as  safe  food  supplement  in  diffe- rent therapies.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eOsteoporosis occurrence is increasing day by day and gaining importance as a great threat to long and healthy life expectancy. For the preclusion of osteoporosis, se- veral strategies were developed. PSO is highly effective against inflammatory and oxidative processes as these processes are involved in osteoporosis. A study con- ducted on ovariectomized (OVX) mice model, supple- mented with 5% PSO diet showed that PSO  fed  mice have significantly improved bone mineral density with prevention of trabecular  micro-architecture  impairment by involving osteo-clastogenesis inhibition and osteo- blastogenesis  improvement. Thus PSO can be suggested as preventive measure against osteoporosis \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[63].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFood Applications\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seeds considered as the waste product after the processing of fruit into its various products. Po- megranate seed oil and peels were incorporated into ice- cream to enhance the functional properties and significant changes were observed in product pH, acidity and color while milk fat replacement with PSO improved the fatty acid profile by increasing the conjugated fatty acid con- tents with elevated antioxidant and anti-diabetic proper- ties due to the phenolic contents  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e64\u003c\/a\u003e]. Punicalagins and PA from peel and seed provide the health benefits with improvement in functional properties. Pomegranate seed ethanolic extract (PSEE) possessed the anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects against hormone-dependent pros- tate carcinoma and human breast cancer cell lines and considered as nutraceutical\/functional food ingredient to prevent carcinogenic diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e65\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed extract useful in replacing artificial antioxidant in meat products to increase the oxidative stability of such products. Devatkal et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[66]\u003c\/a\u003e incorpo- rated the citrus rind powder and pomegranate rind and seed extracts in meat patties. Highest antioxidant effect was observed in pomegranate seed extract. According to such studies, it is believed that industrial by-products of fruits and vegetables are potential source of antioxidant. Pomegranate seed extract  helps to reduce the  formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat products cooked by various methods with different temperatures and heat \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[67] \u003c\/a\u003ethus pomegranate seed useful in producing safe product.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMohagheghi et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[68]\u003c\/a\u003e incorporated PSO  (PSO-in- water emulsion) as functional ingredient in juice and beverages with varying concentration of gum Arabic and evaluated the effect on emulsion stability index, droplet size distribution, and turbidity loss rate. The conse- quences manifested that the beverage emulsions behaved as Newtonian fluids, and this study begins new glimpse to produce relatively stable PSO-in-water emulsions as\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Safety_evaluation\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003efunctional ingredient in beverage industry. Encapsulation of PSO and its application in skimmed milk powder as encapsulating agent was studied by \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[69].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSafety evaluation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO has been consumed for long enough due to its safety as cold pressed oil and is considered an effective measure to reduce the occurrence and incidence of tumor and multiplicity. It is also evident from different ex vivo and in vivo research trials using mice and rats as model subjects. However, there is still very little infor- mation is present about the safety and toxic concern of PSO other than the above mentioned evidences. PA is a non-toxic, natural, orally active  food  ingredient  known to humans and consumed by humans for  centuries \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[70,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e71].\u003c\/a\u003e Possible mutagenicity  of  PSO  was  evaluated by means of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of PSO  in Wistar rats \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[72].\u003c\/a\u003e During the presence or absence of metabolic activities, PSO can neither  be  clastogenic nor mutagenic in nature. No adverse effects of  PSO were observed at a dose level of 4.3 g\/kg  body weight\/day but at  higher  concentration  (150,000  ppm) of PSO, hepatic enzyme activities are disturbed mainly due to increase in liver weight and liver-to-body ratio. A short-term safety evaluation of dietary mono- conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers was executed using a pig model. The outcome of the experiment re- vealed that intake of mono-CLNA is safe  in  neonatal \u003ca name=\"Conclusion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003epigs for short-term time period. The safety of a mixture of two mono-CLnA c9-t11- c15-18:3 + c9-t13-c15-18:3 isomers was assessed in comparison to other fatty acids having either one conjugated double-bond, an n-3 or n-6 PUFA structures (CLnA vs. CLA; CLnA vs. W3; CLnA vs. W6) and results revealed that a dietary provision of 1% of these mono-CLnA isomers for 2-weeks can be considered\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003esafe for the current animal model \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[73\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was observed that during the metabolic activation process, PSO did not show either clastogenicity or muta- genicity up to 33 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/mL through  chromosome  aberra- tion test or 5000 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/plate through Ames  test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[74].\u003c\/a\u003e  Rats fed on 2 g PSO\/kg body weight did not showed non- significant toxicity effect. According to the  OECD 423 test guidelines, the LD50 cut-off value supposed to be higher as compared to 5 g\/kg body  weight  and  PSO could be considered safe food without any labelling or classification requirement. In one 28 days oral toxicity study, PSO was administered to male and female rats at the rate of 150000 ppm with mean intake of 1.39 g PSO\/ \u003ca name=\"Acknowledgement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ekg body weight\/day and it was observed that liver func- tioning enzymes improved in plasma followed by accre- tion of liver to body weight ratio. These results could be happened might be due to physiological actions of high dose of PA. According to the  above  mentioned  data, PSO (PA) did not possess any toxic effect at such an\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eelevated level as it\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es not a part of normal diet at such high level. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of PA was reported at 50000 ppm as PSO, which is equivalent to 4.3 g PSO\/kg body weight\/day.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFuture concerns\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe emergent data of clinical trials on  animals  and human models have explored that PA is as an effective bioactive compound that can be operative for human well-being for improved health eminence and chronic diseases preclusion. A minute single dose of PA is suffi- cient to integrate the physiological health effect within weeks or months with characteristic health changes par- ticularly in clinical trials with compromised health pres- tige. The outward short-term effect of CLnA isomers supplementation in both liver and brain indicates that long-term toxicology trials in animals should be consi- dered before moving to comprehensive and long-term studies. However, there is no evidence of long term sup- plementation effects on health related consequences, so it is justified that its effect must be investigated before further supplementation for long term time periods in animal models and before moving to clinical trials on humans. PA may possibly be used as a promising alter- native in developing different new strategies for nutri- tional management and health complications. Further, to explore the potential of PA in improving human health, a continue stream line of research work is needed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConclusion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil (PSO) is abundantly comprised of punicic acid (PA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) as confirmed by  recent studies  around  the world. Considering the beneficial aspects of PA in vari- ous studies, PSO recommended as a nutraceutical and\/ or functional ingredient for food products. However, various studies  on the bioactive aspect of PA, there are still some ambiguous and\/or antithetical studies also. In some studies, the output of PA showed different results in animal models as compared to  the  human  model. There is demand for the PA studies in human models as these kinds of studies are scarce. In this way, the ultim- ate mechanism of PA on improving human health can be determined. Furthermore, the impact of the intake of PA (CLnA) as functional food on human body metabol- ism and other physiological health effects can be under- stood and finally the safety recommendations for the intake of PA can be developed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthor(s) wishes to acknowledge the faculty members and supervising\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003einstructors for constructive criticism and applause for writing this review article and reviewing it for keeping it at minimal slip-ups in technical\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003easpects with reference to the scientific literature based articles.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMN conceptualized, provided the technical assistance and guided in the data collection. MI helped for drafting the manuscript. \"It's also confirmed that all the authors read and approved the final manuscript\".\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCompeting interests\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsent for publication\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePublisher\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es Note\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReceived: 31 March 2017 Accepted: 18 May 2017\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eViuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA. 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Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2011;113:730–6.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eGoula AM, Adamopoulos KG. A method for pomegranate seed application in food industries: Seed oil encapsulation. Food Bioprod Process. 2012;90: 639–52.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eAnusree S, Nisha V, Priyanka A, Raghu K. 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Endocr Res. 2010;35:1–16.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThakur A, Mandal SC, Banerjee S. Compounds of Natural Origin and Acupuncture for the Treatment of Diseases Caused by Estrogen Deficiency. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016;9(3):109–17.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMizrahi M, Friedman-Levi Y, Larush L, Frid K, Binyamin O, Dori D, et al. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: the case of genetic CJD. Nanomed: Nanotechnol, Biol Med. 2014;10:1353–63.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpilmont M, Léotoing L, Davicco M-J, Lebecque P, Mercier S, Miot-Noirault E, et al. Pomegranate seed oil prevents bone loss in a mice model of osteoporosis, through osteoblastic stimulation, osteoclastic inhibition and decreased inflammatory status. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1840–8.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBassaganya-Riera J. Method of using punicic acid to enhance immune response and prevent metabolic disorders. Google Patents. 2014;8,822,543.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWang L, Li W, Lin M, Garcia M, Mulholland D, Lilly M, Martins-Green M. Luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic acid are natural products that inhibit prostate cancer metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(10):2321–30.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMeerts I, Verspeek-Rip C, Buskens C, Keizer H, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jouni Z, et al. Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:1085–92.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCastellano C-A, Plourde M, Briand SI, Angers P, Giguère A, Matte JJ. Safety of dietary conjugated \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-linolenic acid (CLNA) in a neonatal pig model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;64:119–25.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-21T02:47:46-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"shabir-et-al-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560869965992"},{"id":560844275880,"title":"Orally Administrated","created_at":"2023-09-14T10:23:04-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts orally-administrated\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eOrally Administrated Cinnamon Extract Reduces \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e- Amyloid Oligomerization and Corrects Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eAnat Frydman-Marom\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e.\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Aviad Levin\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e.\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Dorit Farfara\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Tali Benromano\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Roni Scherzer-Attali\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Sivan Peled\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Robert Vassar\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e, Daniel Segal\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ehud Gazit\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e*\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Dan Frenkel\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e*\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Michael Ovadia\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e*\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e1 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Neurobiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eIntroduction\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder with an unclear etiology and no cure. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, disorientation, and loss of language skills [1]. In the past two decades, a large number of experimental studies have established a pathological role for A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ein AD [1–2]. However, recent debate has focused on whether A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eamyloid fibrils or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esoluble oligomers are the main neurotoxic species which contribute to neurodegeneration and dementia. Considerable evidence has indicated that amyloid fibrils are toxic [1]. Yet, recent studies support the notion that it is actually the early soluble oligomers that are the primary neurotoxic agents [3– 9]. In particular, 56 kDa (56*) dodecameric oligomers of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewere shown to correlated with the deterioration of cognitive functions in AD model mice and their reintroduction into normal brains resulted in memory impairment [7,10].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eDespite a significant increase in our understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, therapeutic options are still very limited and aim only at amelioration of symptoms. More recent therapeutic approaches aim at removing aggregated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eand decreasing the production of the pathogenic A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e peptide [11]. Yet, novel observations suggest that the endogenous A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003epeptides may normally have a crucial role in activity-dependent regulation of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003esynaptic vesicle release [12], hence methods used to abolish all A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eproduction may in fact aggravate synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it may be advantageous to target the earliest stages of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomerization, thus removing all potential toxic species of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e. Indeed, pervious work by our group and others has already demonstrated that targeting the early process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003emolecular recognition is a very promising approach for the treatment of AD [13–16].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePlants have a long history as a rich source of new bioactive compounds for drug discovery and may have advantages in relation to efficacy. Several reports documented the effectiveness of herbal extracts over isolated material, in protection against lipid peroxidation [17] and anti cancer effects [18]. For example, a mixture of carotenoids have been found to be more effective than any one single carotenoid in protecting liposomes against lipid peroxidation [17].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eRecent studies have shown inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eplaque formation \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eby compounds from natural sources [19–21]. Still, evidence for the capability of common edible elements to inhibit A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomerization \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eremains a challenge. Cinnamon is widely used by humans, both as a spice and as a traditional medicine. It is, perhaps, one of the oldest herbal medicines, having been mentioned in the Bible (\u003cem\u003eExodus, Proverbs \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSong of Songs\u003c\/em\u003e) and in Chinese texts as long as  4,000 years ago [22]. The unique\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ehealing abilities of cinnamon are due to various components such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamyl acetate, and cinnamyl alcohol, in addition to a wide range of other volatile substances including safrole, coumarin and cinnamic acid esters [22]. Cinnamon has unique medicinal abilities such as blood sugar control [23], anti-oxidant [22], anti inflammatory [24] and anti- microbial activities [25]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cinnamon has an inhibitory effect on Tau aggregation related to AD [26], as well as pharmacological properties in the treatment of type II diabetes [22]. Studies have shown that the potentially toxic compounds in cinnamon bark are found primarily in lipid soluble fractions but are present only in extremely low levels in water soluble cinnamon extracts [27] which are therefore considered highly safe for uptake. Here, we demonstrate the use of a natural substance based on aqueous cinnamon extract (CEppt) as an efficacious therapeutic agent that inhibits A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomer formation and ameliorates AD symptoms. In addition, we suggest the use of an efficacious platform for screening molecules as AD drugs using \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003ecell culture and \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eAD fly and aggressive AD mouse model.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eResults\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eInhibition of toxic A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eoligomer species and fibrils formation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt was initially tested for its ability to inhibit A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomer formation using the protocol established by Barghorn and coworkers, which results in the formation of SDS stable off- pathway oligomers [10]. The active fraction (CEppt) was isolated as described previously [28]. Briefly, cinnamon bark was ground into powder and the active fraction was extracted from the powder into an aqueous phosphate buffer solution. CEppt fraction was then precipitated from the cinnamon extract by KCl. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was incubated with increasing concentrations of CEppt, and the reaction mixtures were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by western blot analysis using a specific anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (6E10) (Figure 1A). The results revealed a dose dependent inhibition of oligomer formation, where a low concentration ratio of 1:1 (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e) showed total abolishment of the 56 kDa (56*) neurotoxic oligomer and an increase in the level of monomers. It seems that CEppt prevents the monomers and the early nontoxic intermediate  oligomers  (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria\"\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e18  kDa)  from  further  growing  into  the toxic 56 kDa oligomers. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the ability of CEppt to inhibit on-pathway A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomer formation. For that purpose A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was dissolved in DMSO followed by dilution with PBS to a final concentration of 0.4 mg\/ml. The solution was incubated at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC and samples were taken after 1, 3 and 6 hours for evaluation in SDS gel. The results present a similar pattern of inhibition as was the outcome of the off-pathway experiment (Figure S1).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe debate regarding the comparative contribution of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomers and fibrils to the pathogenesis of AD has not yet resolved, we therefore wanted to examine whether CEppt may inhibit the formation of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibrils as well as that of oligomers. We monitored the ability of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e to form amyloid fibrils in the presence or absence of CEppt for nine days using the Thioflavin-T (ThT) binding assay. While the solution of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone displayed a lag-time of about 50 hours, the lag-time of the solution containing CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eat concentration ratios (w\/w) of 5:1, 1:2, 1:20 was significantly longer (Figure 1B). Moreover, relative to the maximal fluorescence intensity reached for A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone, the maximal fluorescence intensity measured for the samples containing 5:1, 1:2 (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eshowed 100% inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillization\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(Figure 1C). From the ThT experiment an IC50 of 0.7 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml was calculated (Figure S2).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillization by CEppt was also tested. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e peptide is the major component of senile plaque and the ratio of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\/A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e has been found to be increased in AD patient's brains [29–30]. Similar to the results using A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, CEppt in the highest concentration was able to totally abolish fibril formation, while lower concentrations showed a tenfold decrease in CEppt's ability to inhibit the fibrillization of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e compared to A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (Figure S3). The slightly decreased inhibition ratio of CEppt may be a result of the high propensity of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e to rapidly aggregate \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003e[31].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs an additional measure for estimating the effect of CEppt on A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibril formation, samples were taken from the ThT experiment (Figure 1B) after nine days of incubation and were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). While the fibrils formed by A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ealone were abundant, large, broad ribbon-like (Figure 1D), the fibrils formed by the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ein the presence of 1 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml CEppt (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, 1:20) were of a smaller diameter and length, and were found at lower frequency (Figure 1E). Moreover, samples containing 10 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml of CEppt (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, 1:2), and 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, 5:1) were devoid of fibrils and contained only small amounts of truncated fibrils (Figure F–G). These results are highly correlated with the ThT assay results.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInhibition\/disassembly of an ongoing process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibrillization\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePresently, AD diagnosis is based on cognitive and behavioral symptoms. As these symptoms emerge relatively late in disease progression, current therapeutic intervention begins after signifi- cant neurodegeneration has occurred, thereby limiting its efficacy. Therefore, we tested whether CEppt could inhibit an ongoing process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillization. To that end, a second kinetic experiment was performed, in which 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml of CEppt was added at three different time points during the nine day period of fibrillization (0, 24 and 72 hours). Even after 72 hours, during which the process of fibrillization has already reached a plateau (Figure 1H), the addition of CEppt completely eliminated the fibrils and only a limited number of amorphous plaques were detected (Figure 1I–L).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCEppt inhibits the cytotoxic effect of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etowards cultured cell line\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe next examined whether CEppt could inhibit A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-mediated cytotoxicity on the rat neuronal PC12 cell line. A control experiment showed that on its own, CEppt is not toxic to the cultured cells up to a concentration of 1 mg\/ml (Figure S4 A, ref CEppt). In contrast, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils taken at the end of the ThT experiment (Figure S3) were highly toxic to these cells (Figure 2A). Remarkably, when incubated with A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils, CEppt displayed a dose dependent inhibition of the cytotoxic effect of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils, with cell viability restored to 100% at CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio of 2:1 (Figure 2A). Similar results were obtained when A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils (Figure S4 A) and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers (Figure S4 B) were used, where very low CEppt's concentration exhibit total viability restoration of the cells.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe effect of CEppt in an \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Candara\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003etransgenic fly system\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhile CEppt exhibited dramatic abilities in the \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eexperiments, we wished to examine the effect of CEppt \u003cem\u003ein vivo, \u003c\/em\u003eby using a \u003cem\u003eDrosophila melanogaster \u003c\/em\u003emodel. This model of transgenic flies express the human A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e protein in their nervous system, via the Gal4-UAS system [32]. Crossing male flies carrying the pan-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 1. Inhibition and disaggregation of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eassemblies \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vitro. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Determination of a dose-dependent effect of CEppt on soluble off- pathway oligomer formation. Soluble oligomers were prepared [10] with and without increasing concentration of CEppt. Concentration ratios (w\/w) of CEppt: A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e are indicated. The control is A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (0.6 mg\/ml) alone. (B) The kinetics of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) fibril formation with and without the inhibitor as assessed by the Thioflavin-T biding assay over the course of 264 hours. Concentrations are expressed as CEppt: A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w). Control - A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e only (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e■\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e); 5:1 (*); 1:2 (o); 1:20 (\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e); 1:200 (  ); 1:2000 (\u003c\/span\u003ec\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e). (C) Endpoint of ThT analysis measurement T = 264 hours. Concentrations are expressed as CEppt: A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w), control is A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003eg\/ml). (D–G) Transmission electron microscope images taken from ThT\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eanalysis after 264 hours. (D)A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone, (E) CEppt:A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (1:20), (F) CEppt:A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (1:2), (G) CEppt:A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (5:1), (H) Samples of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) was incubated alone (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e■\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e) or with the addition of CEppt (100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) at various time points of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eaggregation,A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eaggregation was monitored by ThT assay. CEppt was added at 0 hour (\u003c\/span\u003eb\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e); 24 hours (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e•\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e) and 72 hours (\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e). (I–L) Transmission electron microscope of samples taken from the disaggregation assay after 200 hr. (I) A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone, (J) T = 0 hour, (K) T = 24 hours, (L) T = 72 hours.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003edoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g001\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eneuronal elav-Gal4 driver (on their X chromosome) to females carrying the UAS-regulated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene results in AD flies expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e in their nervous system. Characteristic symptoms of these flies include impaired locomotion and memory, which decline with age, as well as markedly reduced longevity [32]. We fed flies either on regular Drosophila medium or medium supplemented with 0.75 mg\/ml CEppt from the beginning of their larval stage through adulthood, and each class of adult offspring was monitored daily for survival and locomotion (climbing) ability [16,32–33]. As reported, flies expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e showed a markedly reduced life span (16 days) compared to the 25 days of control flies (offspring that carried the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but did not express it because they lacked the Gal4 driver) (Figure 2B). The CEppt diet rectified the reduced longevity of the AD flies to a level that was not statistically different from that of the control flies (Pv = 0.0005) (Figure 2B). In contrast, CEppt had no significant effect on the life span of the control flies. CEppt also ameliorated the locomotive defects of the AD flies. While the control flies showed above 90% climbing ability at days 4–10, AD flies struggled to climb up the test tube, showing only 30%–60% climbing ability (Figure 2C). In contrast, AD flies fed with CEppt displayed climbing ability almost identical to the control flies (Figure 2C), while no effect of CEppt was observed on locomotion of the control flies at all days tested. Two- tail ANOVA statistics showed Pv = 0.0001 for all four classes. These results show a specific and marked phenotypic recovery of the AD flies fed with CEppt diet.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo Further estimate the therapeutic ability of CEppt on AD flies, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewas extracted from fly brains over expressing the Arctic (Arc) (E22G) mutant form of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e, which is associated with enhanced A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eprotofibrils formation and early-onset familial AD [34]. These flies exhibited reduced life span and deficient locomotion as described above for A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies [16,32]. Low molecular species of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewere detected in the soluble fraction of extracts from A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies following immunopre- cipitation with 6E10 followed by western blot. The results revealed that monomers of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewere not detectable in the wild type (Oregon-R) control flies (non transgenic flies that have the same genetic background as our Alzheimer's flies). In contrast, in the head extracts of CEppt-treated flies, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003emonomers were detected and their level was increased by 20% in comparison to the non- treated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies (Figure 2D). Moreover, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etetramers that were present in non-treated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e flies [16,32] were absent from extracts of flies fed with CEppt (Figure 2D).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe effect of CEppt in an \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Candara\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003etransgenic aggressive mice model\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe further examined the \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eeffect of CEppt on an aggressive AD mouse model [35]. The commonly used transgenic AD mice harbor three familial AD mutations [36], and have served as useful model for studying A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003edeposition, amyloidogenesis and the cognitive impairment associated with AD neuropathology. Yet, the majority of AD mice fail to develop the characteristic paired helical filaments that comprise the neurofibrillary tangles of AD and, importantly, do not show the characteristic overt neuronal loss in brain regions most affected in AD patients. Therefore, in this work we used an aggressive AD mouse model that displays the majority of AD symptoms. These transgenic mice co-express a total of five familial AD mutations (''5XFAD'') and display early (2\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003emonths) plaque formation, impaired cognition (4 months), and neuronal cell death (9 months) [35]. Mice were continuously administered with CEppt in the drinking water (100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml) from the age of two month for 120 days, and then mice were analyzed for changes in cognitive abilities, presence of oligomers and plaque loads. A new object recognition test [37], performed at the age of 180 days, revealed a significant improvement of memory in the CEppt-treated 5XFAD group compared to the untreated group (Pv = 0.034) (Figure 3A). Moreover, the cognitive performance of 5XFAD mice treated with CEppt was almost identical to non- transgenic mice having the same genetic background. This result does not reflect an effect on motor functions since there was no statistical difference in the ability of the 5XFAD treated and untreated mice to perform the rotarod test (data not shown). These results suggest that CEppt may have cured the defective cognition of the 5XFAD mice.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFollowing the behavioral assays, the animals were sacrificed and soluble and insoluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efractions were extracted from hemi- brains. Treatment with CEppt led to a remarkable reduction of 60% in the level of the 56 kDa toxic A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomer (Pv = 0.0011) (Figure 3B–C) compared to the untreated 5XFAD mice. This is the first demonstration for the ability of a natural compound to reduce the formation of the toxic 56 kDa species in an intact animal. In addition, significant reduction was observed in the number and mean size of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eplaque cores in the corresponding 5XFAD hemi-brains. Frontal sections of the hippocampus treated vs. untreated mice were stained with the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-specific 6E10 antibody and revealed a reduction of 42% in plaque load following treatment with CEppt (Pv = 0.0043) (Figure 4A–B, E). Furthermore, when stained with Congo red, a specific amyloid- binding dye, a 63% reduction in amyloid plaques was observed (Pv = 0.034) (Figure 4C–D, F). A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ereduction of about 35% was calculated from the total insoluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efraction as determined by western blot analysis (Pv = 0.021) (Figure 3D). Taken together, these results suggest that treatment with CEppt reduced A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003edeposition and improved cognitive function in 5XFAD mice.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAD is the most common cause of late-life dementia and a leading cause of death in the western world. While the etiology of AD is not fully understood, compelling evidences has accumulated over the past few years for a correlation between soluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eand the extent of synaptic loss and cognitive impairment [1,4,6–8]. Thus, it appears that the most promising strategy for developing therapeutic agents to treat AD and other amyloid-associated diseases is by targeting the early molecular recognition and self- assembly processes [14,16].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eHere, we have identified a novel herbal substance, based on aqueous cinnamon extract (CEppt) that can serve as an efficacious inhibitor of both the oligomerization and fibrillization of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c\/em\u003e. In contrast to the raw cinnamon bark, which is considered to have hepatotoxic effects [27], our method of preparation results in a highly potent non-toxic compound which is easily manufactured at low cost.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePervious studies have already demonstrated the powerful usage of herbal extract in arresting amyloid fibrils. Examples for extensively studied naturally occurring compounds are the (-)-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 2. CEppt alleviates toxic effects of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e– cell and fly assays. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Samples of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003eg\/ml) with or without various concentrations of CEppt were incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells culture. To exclude any toxic effect of CEppt, CEppt alone (9 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) was pre-incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells (ref CEppt). Cells viability was determined using MTT viability assay. ** Pv\u003c\/span\u003e,\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e0.005. (B) The effect of CEppt on longevity of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e- expressing flies. The life span of four classes of flies was evaluated. AD flies grown on regular medium (black line), AD flies grown on medium\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003econtaining CEppt (black dashed line), Control Flies (carrying the A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but not expressing it) grown on regular medium (grey line), Control Flies (carrying the A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but not expressing it) grown on medium containing CEppt (grey dashed line). (C) The effect of CEppt on the climbing behavior of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies. Four classes, each containing six-nine vials with 10 flies in each: AD flies grown on regular medium (black),AD flies grown on medium containing CEppt (grey), Control flies (carrying the A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but not expressing it) grown on either regular medium (striped) or on medium containing CEppt (white), were analyzed using the climbing assay. Results show the percent of flies climbing to the top of the vial after 18 seconds, during the course of 10 days. Pv\u003c\/span\u003e,\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e0.0001. (D) Head extract from 4 days old flies. OR-control flies (left), A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e- expressing flies unfed (middle) fed with 0.75 mg\/mL CEppt (right) (n = 40 in each group). Accumulation of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003etetramers is evident only in A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e flies which were not fed with CEppt.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003edoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g002\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eepigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and Curcumin which is derived from the natural turmeric. Both EGCG and Curcumin have been reported in several studies as a potential neuroprotective strategy for neurodegenerative disorder such as AD and Parkinson disease (PD) [38–39]. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, no study has yet demonstrated the ability of a natural substance to reduce the level of toxic 56 kDa oligomers, which are thought to be a major neurotoxic species of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e[7,10].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn order to determine the pattern of inhibition and to understand which phase of the amyloidogenic process is inhibited by CEppt, we performed various analyses and followed the kinetics of amyloid fibrils formation and their morphology. CEppt changed the shape of the nucleation curve, causing a longer lag- phase and a considerably lower amount of amyloid fibril formation (Figure 1B–G, Figure S3). In addition, we demonstrated that\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt stabilizes the non-toxic early off- pathway oligomers and prevents their further assembly into the toxic 56 kDa oligomer species (Figure 1A), as well as inhibiting the early formation of on- pathway oligomer assemblies (Figure S1). Furthermore, we found that CEppt can arrest an ongoing process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibrillization and to disassemble preformed fibrils, a characteristic which is very important when dealing with neurodegenerative disorders whose symptoms emerge relatively late in the disease progression when fibrils have already begun to form. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of CEppt on A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eassembly \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003ecorrelate well with its effects \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c\/em\u003e, where CEppt completely alleviated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-engendered symptoms in transgenic fly and mice models of AD.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn contrast to the majority of AD transgenic mice models, in which formation of amyloid plaques takes about 6–12 months [36], we used an aggressive 5XFAD mice [35]. These model mice\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 3. The effect of CEppt on cognitive performances and A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eoligomer formation in 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Object recognition test of transgenic AD model mice (5XFAD), non-transgenic littermate (W.T.), and 5XFAD treated mice. Placebo 5XFAD mice were given drinking water (n = 8); W.T mice were given drinking water (n = 8); treated 5XFAD mice were given water with CEppt (100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) (n = 7). One- way ANOVA tests show Pv = 0.0413. (B) Soluble fraction of mouse brain homogenates were analyzed by western blot probed with A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eantibody 6E10.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003eWestern blot band signals for 56 kDa in (B) were quantified using densitometry and displayed as Percent of 56 kDa toxic oligomer band intensity.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eInsoluble fraction of mouse brain homogenates were analyzed by western blot probed with A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eantibody 6E10, quantified using densitometry, and displayed as relative intensities of total A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003esignals.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003edoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g003\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin6.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 4. The effect of CEppt on A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eplaques formation in 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Histological images of frontal cortex sections stained with A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eantibody 6E10 from vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, and (B) CEppt-treated 5XFAD mice. (C) Histological images of frontal cortex sections stained with Congo red from vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, and (D) CEppt-treated 5XFAD mice. Scale bar = 100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003em. (E) Quantification of\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003ethe % plaque load area of hippocampal sections from 5XFAD mice with or without CEppt treatment determined by 6E10 staining. (F) Quantification of the % plaque load area of hippocampal sections from 5XFAD mice with or without CEppt treatment determined by Congo red staining. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g004\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003edisplay large amyloid deposition burden at a very early age (2 month), and exhibit intraneuronal A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e, neurodegeneration and neuronal loss [35]. These characteristics could be a disadvantage for evaluating drug candidates that are moderately efficacious and could be overlooked when tested in such an aggressive model, as opposed to the common more moderate models which may recapitulate the slower progression of AD in humans. However, the fact that CEppt caused a significant reduction of the amount of amyloid deposits and of the soluble 56 kDa toxic oligomer in the brains of the 5XFAD mice, and dramatically improved their cognitive performance suggests that CEppt may be likewise effective in the more typical AD mice models and in human patients.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSeveral reports have indicated the presence of polyphenol in the cinnamon extract [27,40]. Moreover, several studies have shown that polyphenols can inhibit the aggregation of various amyloido- genic peptides [41–43]. We hypothesize that CEppt may interacts with the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003epeptide at a very early stage of its self assembly through the polyphenol entity to inhibit its aggregation, thereby preventing the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e- mediated toxicity.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAlthough these results clearly show the ability of CEppt to inhibit the progress of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaggregation, it is important to note that the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Moreover, in this work, the ability of CEppt to cross the BBB was not tested. It is possible that several active molecules in CEppt or their derivatives may cross the BBB, yet it is possible that CEppt possess a peripheral mode of therapy. Since CEppt is comprised of several molecules, characterizing the active compound and understanding the mechanism of action will require further work.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo conclude, we have identified a novel prophylactic approach for AD, utilizing a natural substance, which is currently very common in human diet. The CEppt fraction is orally bioavailable and very safe \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ein vivo. \u003c\/em\u003eWe demonstrated that a minimal concentration of CEppt is capable of inhibiting the formation of both A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etoxic oligomer species and amyloid fibrils in both the test tube and in the intact animal, and can correct the cognitive impairment in AD animal models. The agreement between the results obtained \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c\/em\u003e, in cultured cells, in flies and in mice suggests that together they can be used as an efficient platform for screening molecules as drugs for the treatment of AD. Moreover, we believe that the CEppt, which has a unique herbal supplement profile of actions with multiple components, would have an advantage over crystal-purified drugs containing only a single component, and could be developed as novel precluding, easy to administer, prophylactic treatment of AD pathogenesis.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eMaterials and Methods\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt\"\u003eEthics Statement\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe mice were housed and maintained in the animal facility of Tel Aviv University, and all experiments were in compliance with protocols approved (Permit Number is: L-10-027) by the TAU animal care committee.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCinnamon extract\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCinnamon bark was ground into powder using a coffee grinder. The active material was extracted from the powder into an aqueous phosphate buffer solution 0.02 M, pH 7 overnight and centrifuged.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe supernatant was kept at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC until use. CEppt fraction was then precipitated from the cinnamon extract (CE) by KCL 0.3 M and dissolved in 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7, or in water, as needed.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eA\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolution\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSynthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland) was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of 0.4 mg\/ml and sonicated in ice water for 20 sec to avoid pre-aggregation. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolutions were prepared by immediate dilution with 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) to a concentration of 40 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ ml and further diluted with CEppt solution to final concentration of 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml (containing 5% (v\/v) DMSO).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThioflavin T binding fluorescence\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt was dissolved in ddH2O to a concentration of 10 mg\/ml and then diluted with 10 mM PBS buffer, (100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of (0.01 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml–1 mg\/ml). 40 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e solution was immediately mixed with the cinnamon solutions to final concentration of 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eand various cinnamon concentrations (0.01 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml–100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml). The samples were incubated at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC and the fibrillogenesis rate was monitored using ThT fluorescence analysis. The respective excitation and emission wavelengths were 450 nm, 2.5 nm slit, and at 480 nm, 5 nm slit. A 10-fold diluted sample was taken and mixed with 900 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el ThT 0.4 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eM. The fluorescence of ThT was measured using a Jobin Yvon Horiba Fluoromax 3 fluorimeter. Each experiment was repeated in quadruplicate.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDisaggregation assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSynthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland) was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e0.4 mg\/ml and sonicated in ice water for 20 sec to avoid pre- aggregation. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolution was prepared by immediate dilution with\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 40 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml (containing 10% DMSO). CEppt was dissolved in ddH2O to a concentration of 200 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml and then diluted with the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolution to a final concentration of 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml, same amount of ddH2O was added to the W.T sample as a reference. The CEppt was added at various time points- 0 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours. Samples were monitored using ThT assay as describe above.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTransmission electron microscopy\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e10 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el from different ThT fluorescence samples were placed on 400 mesh copper grids covered by carbon-stabilized Formvar film (SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA). After 1.5 minutes, excess fluid was removed, and the grids were negatively stained with 10 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of 2% uranyl acetate solution for 1.5 min. Finally, excess fluid was removed and the samples were viewed in a JEOL 1200EX electron microscope operating at 80 kV.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of off-pathway soluble oligomer formation\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eA\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e intermediates and toxic oligomers (56 kDa) were produced according to Barghorn \u003cem\u003eet al, 2005 \u003c\/em\u003e[10]. To avoid pre-aggregation,\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003esynthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was pretreated with Hexafluoro-2- propanol (HFIP). A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was dissolved in 100% HFIP, sonicated in ice water for 20 seconds and incubated for 2 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC under shaking at 100 RPM. The inhibitor CEppt was dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 40 mg\/ml, sonicated for 1 min and then diluted in DMSO to several concentrations (1 mg\/ml–20 mg\/ml). After evaporation in a speedVac, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was resuspended in DMSO (with or without the CEppt in different concentrations) to 20 mg\/ml and diluted with PBS (20 mM NaH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 2 mg\/ml and 1\/10 volume 2% SDS (final concentration of 0.2%). The A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etoxic oligomers were generated by a further dilution with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO to final concentration of 0.6 mg\/ml and incubated for another 18 hours or more. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaggregation products were then separated using a 15% Tris-Tricine gel followed by western blot analysis by a specific anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (6E10) (SIGNET).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of on-pathway soluble oligomer formation\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo avoid pre-aggregation, synthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was dissolved in 100% HFIP, sonicated in ice water for 20 seconds and incubated for 2 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC under shaking at 100 RPM. After evaporation in a speedVac, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was resuspended in DMSO to a concentration of 9 mg\/ml and then diluted with or without CEppt at different concentrations to a final concentration of 0.4 mg\/ml. The samples were incubated for 6 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaggregation products were then separated using a 15% Tris- Tricine gel followed by western blot analysis using a specific anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (6E10) (SIGNET).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCells cytotoxicity assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePC12 pheochromocytoma cell line was routinely grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 8% Fetal Calf Serum, 8% horse serum, 100 U\/ml penicillin, 100 U\/ml streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSub-confluent cells were harvested by trypsinization, counted and diluted in the cell media to 2610\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e cells\/ml, then cultured in 96 wells plate (100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el\/well) and incubated over-night at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. In order to exclude the effect of the serum, the wells were washed once with serum free-DMEM. Then, into each well added 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of DMEM with A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml previously incubated with or without CEppt (as describes above) or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers that were incubated previously with or without CEppt. The A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers were first precipitated with acetone to exclude toxicity of the SDS and HFIP from the oligomer preparation protocol of Barghorn \u003cem\u003eet al, \u003c\/em\u003e[10]. Each treatment was performed in four repeats. After 24 hr incubation at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, cell viability was evaluated using thiazolyl-blue-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. Briefly, 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of 5 mg\/ml MTT dissolved in PBS were added into each well. After 4 hr incubation at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of extraction buffer (20% SDS dissolved in 50% dimethylformamide and 50% DDW solution, pH 4.7) were added into each well and the plates were incubated again overnight at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. Finally, color intensity was measured using ELISA Reader at 570 nm.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCells viability (%) = O.D. (570 nm) in the presence of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewith or without inhibitor*100, and O.D. (570 nm) when only inhibitor was added.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFly keeping\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFlies were reared on standard corneal-molasses medium and were kept at 25\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. As Drosophila females can store sperm cells in their bodies, crosses were conducted using virgin females collected no longer than 8 hours after eclosion at 25\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC or 18 hours after eclosion at 18\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. Adult offspring (F1) from the crosses were\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ecollected up to 9 days after the beginning of their eclosion at 25\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC in order to avoid offspring from the next generation (F2).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFly crossing\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eMale flies carrying the driver elav\u003csup\u003ec155\u003c\/sup\u003e-Gal4 (on their X chromosome) were crossed with females carrying the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene (located on an autosome) under the UAS promoter in a homozygous condition. This resulted in first generation (F1) female offspring expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e in their nervous system. They served as our Alzheimer's Drosophila model. Male F1 offspring, which carried the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but did not express it (because they lacked the Gal4 driver) served as a control.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSpecial fly feeding\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt dissolved in ddH2O was added to standard corneal- molasses medium about 10 minutes after cooking (0.75 mg\/mL). The compound was mixed thoroughly into the medium and the mixture was aliquoted into rearing vials. The vials were kept at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC until use. Crosses were performed either on regular Drosophila medium (control) or on medium supplemented with CEppt. Animals fed on the appropriate medium from the beginning of the larval stage onwards.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLongetivity assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFlies expressing one copy of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e reared at 29\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC on medium with or without CEppt were separated to four classes: 1. Females expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e, on regular medium. 2. Females expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e, on medium supplemented with CEppt. 3. Male controls (lacking the Gal4 driver), on regular medium. 4. Male controls (lacking the Gal4 driver), on medium supplemented with CEppt. For each class, six plastic vials each with 10 flies were collected and fresh food was given every three days (whether with or without CEppt). The number of viable A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-expressing and control flies treated with and without CEppt was recorded daily post eclosion. Differences in survival rates were analyzed using the SPSS 11 Kaplan-Meir software package.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLocomotive (climbing) assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTest tubes of each of the four classes mentioned above, each containing 10 flies were tapped gently on the table and were let stand for 18 seconds. The percent of flies which climbed to the top of the test tube was then calculated over time. Each class had six independent test tube repeats. Statistical analysis was done using StatSoft Statistica 7, parametric ANOVA testing.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eImmuno-precipitation and western-blot of fly head extracts\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eForty freshly decapitated heads from 4 day old OR-control, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e-42\u003c\/sub\u003e flies treated and non-treated with CEppt (as described before) were collected and homogenized in 30 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el PBS\/protease inhibitor\/1% SDS [16,32]. Homogenates were then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 25 seconds and the supernatant was further immuno-precipitated with specific 6E10 anti-A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (1:10) over night at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. Samples were boiled for 6 minutes, and were then western blotted and membranes were boiled in PBS for 10 minutes before antibodies were introduced. Total protein levels of the samples were quantified using Bradford analysis and a total of 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg protein were loaded in each lane. Since samples were loaded after IP with specific 6E10 anti-A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody, no marker protein levels could be measured.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObject recognition test\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAfter 4 months of treatment with 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml CEppt solution or water, the mice were tested using a novel object recognition test\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(ORT). Object recognition is distinguished by more time spent interacting with the novel object [37]. Memory was operationally defined by the discrimination index for the novel object (DI) as the proportion of time the mice spent investigating the novel object and the familiar one.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eImmunohistology\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e6-month-old 5XFAD mice were sacrificed (transcardially punctured and saline-perfused) and their brains rapidly excised and frozen. The brains (left hemisphere) were cut in 14 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003em coronal  brain  sections,  using  cryostat  at  220\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC,  and  used  for histological examination. The slices were stained at Bregma\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e21.58 mm with Congo-Red staining [Sigma-C6767] and Anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e(SIG-39320500 R\u0026amp;D) and visualized by fluorescence microscopy for quantification of the amount of vascular amyloid depositions. Quantification of hippocampus A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eburden was done in a blinded fashion way using Imaging Research software from the NIH in an unbiased stereological approach.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSoluble and insoluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ebrain quantification\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eRight hemisphere of each mouse was homogenized in 1 ml protease inhibitor dissolved in PBS. Homogenates were then centrifuged at 113,000 g for 40 minutes at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, and two fractions were obtained: soluble and insoluble. The insoluble fraction was dissolved in 1 ml 5 M Guanidine Hydrochloride, 50 mM Tris, pH 8 and was incubated over night in room temperature with gentle agitation. Soluble and insoluble fractions were then\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eby western blot with 6E10. By 1 hour concentration ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt) could dramatically inhibit the higher MW oligomers  (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria\"\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e60–80  kDa)  while  increasing  the  level  of  monomers and low MW oligomers (4–10 kDa). At lower concentration ratios of 2:1 and 4:1 (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt) the formation of higher MW oligomers was still inhibited while the level of the monomers and low MW oligomers was decreased, yet an increment of intermediate oligomers (15–20 kDa) was observed. By 3 hours the monomers were less affected but there still was a very efficacious inhibition of the higher MW oligomers while the intermediate oligomers were increased at ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt. By 6 hours the main species that were inhibited were high MW and protofibrils.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure S2 \u003c\/span\u003eConcentration-dependent inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillogenesis. CEppt was added at different concentrations to a fixed amount of 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e. After incubation for 264 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, ThT fluorescence was monitored at an emission wavelength of 480 nm (excitation at 450 nm).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure S3 \u003c\/span\u003eInhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e assemblies \u003cem\u003ein vitro. \u003c\/em\u003e(A) The kinetics of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml) fibril formation in the absence or presence of CEppt as assessed by the Thioflavin-T binding assay over the course of 312 hours. Concentrations are expressed as CEppt:A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w). Control - A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e only (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e■\u003c\/span\u003e);\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 64pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e•\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eresolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred using standard semi-dry conditions. Proteins were resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a 0.45 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003em nitrocellulose membrane at 100 V for\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e30 min. (Bio-Rad) using a Semi-Dry Electroblotter (Bio-Rad). After transfer, the membrane was blocked overnight in 5% (wt\/ vol) nonfat dry milk in TBS-T (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% (vol\/vol) Tween 20) and washed 3 times for 10 min each in TBS-T before and after adding the antibody. All antibodies were diluted in 5% (wt\/vol) nonfat dry milk in TBS-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eT. The membrane was incubated with 6E10 antibody (1:1000) (SIGNET) for 2 h at room temperature. After wash with TBS-T, the blots were incubated with Anti-Mouse HRP secondary antibodie (1:10,000) (Jackson immunoresearch laboratories) for 1 h at room temperature and developed with enhanced chemi- luminescence (ECL) reagents (Pierce). The protein band was visualized using X-ray film. Gels were analyzed using densitometry and bands were normalized to Actin.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eData comparisons were performed using the Student's t test when two groups were compared or one-way ANOVA analysis of variance when three or more groups were analyzed. A \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e,0.05 was considered significant.  *, Pv,0.05, **, Pv,0.005.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eSupporting Information\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure S1 \u003c\/span\u003eDetermination of  a  dose-dependent  effect  of CEppt on on-pathway A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e soluble oligomer  formation. Soluble oligomers were prepared with or without increasing concentration of CEppt. Concentration ratios (w\/w) of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt are indicated. The control is A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e 0.4 mg\/ml alone. Samples were loaded on SDS gel after 1, 3 and 6 hours followed\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eanalysis measurement T = 312 hours. Concentrations are ex-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003epressed as CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w), control is A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure  S4 \u003c\/span\u003eCEppt  alleviates  toxic  effects  of  A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb  \u003c\/span\u003eoligomers and fibrils in cell assay. (A) Samples of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml) with or without various concentrations of CEppt were incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells culture. To exclude any toxic effect of CEppt, CEppt alone (1 mg\/ml) was pre-incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells (ref CEppt). Cells viability was determined using MTT viability assay. (B) Samples of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers (0.6 mg\/ml) with or without various concentrations of CEppt were incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells culture. To exclude any toxic effect of CEppt, CEppt alone at the highest concentration was pre-incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells (ref CEppt). Cells viability was determined using MTT viability assay. * Pv, 0.05, ** Pv,0.005.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eAcknowledgments\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eWe thank Yaacov Delarea, Dr. Yosi Lereah and Dan Davidi for help with electron microscopy experiments and Prof. David Gubb for fly stocks. We thank Anna Shusterovitch for graphic support, Michal Levy-Sakin for help with the fly work, and the rest of the Gazit and Ovadia research group for fruitful discussions.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eAuthor Contributions\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eConceived and designed the experiments: AF-M AL DS EG DF MO. Performed the experiments: AF-M AL DF TB RS-A SP. Analyzed the data: AF-M AL DF TB DS EG DF MO. Contributed reagents\/materials\/ analysis tools: RV DS EG DF MO. Wrote the paper: AF-M AL DS EG DF MO.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eQuerfurth HW, LaFerla FM (2010) Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 362: 329–344.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eVan Leuven F (2000) Single and multiple transgenic mice as models for Alzheimer's disease. 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(2008) Polyphenol- induced dissociation of various amyloid fibrils results in a methionine- independent for\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-14T10:23:04-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"orally-administrated-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560844275880"},{"id":560844243112,"title":"Potential Clinical Relevance","created_at":"2023-09-14T10:23:03-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts potential-clinical-relevance\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 188pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl1-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl2-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 175pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl3-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl4-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e10 (2014) 1353\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e1363\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 173pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOriginal Article\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 64pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl5-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003enanomedjournal.com\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: the case of genetic CJD\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMichal Mizrahi, Bsc\u003csup\u003ea,1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Yael Friedman-Levi, PhD\u003csup\u003ea,1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Liraz Larush, PhD\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e, Kati Frid, Bsc\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Orli Binyamin, MSc\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Dvir Dori, MD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Nina Fainstein, PhD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Haim Ovadia, PhD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:13pt\"\u003eTamir Ben-Hur, Md, PhD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Shlomo Magdassi, PhD\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ruth Gabizon, PhD\u003csup\u003ea,\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:12pt\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepartment of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eCasali Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eReceived 8 November 2013; accepted 24 March 2014\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl6-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNeurodegenerative diseases generate the accumulation of specific misfolded proteins, such as PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e prions or A-beta in Alzheimer's diseases, and share common pathological features, like neuronal death and oxidative damage. To test whether reduced oxidation alters disease manifestation, we treated TgMHu2ME199K mice, modeling for genetic prion disease, with Nano-PSO, a nanodroplet formulation of pomegranate seed oil (PSO). PSO comprises large concentrations of a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid, Punicic acid, among the strongest natural antioxidants. Nano-PSO significantly delayed disease presentation when administered to asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mice and postponed disease aggravation in already sick mice. Analysis of brain samples revealed that Nano-PSO treatment did not decrease PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e accumulation, but rather reduced lipid oxidation and neuronal loss, indicating a strong neuroprotective effect. We propose that Nano-PSO and alike formulations may be both beneficial and safe enough to be administered for long years to subjects at risk or to those already affected by neurodegenerative conditions.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrom the Clinical Editor: \u003c\/em\u003eThis team of authors report that a nanoformulation of pomegranade seed oil, containing high levels of a strong antioxidant, can delay disease onset in a mouse model of genetic prion diseases, and the formulation also indicates a direct neuroprotective effect.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKey words: \u003c\/em\u003eNeurodegeneration; Oxidation; Prion; PSO; Nanoparticles\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl7-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eNeurodegenerative diseases are late onset fatal disorders that affect large numbers of individuals in our \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003esociety.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eSince clinical signs typically present after considerable irreversible loss of brain cells have occurred, therefore there is a clear unmet need not only for delaying disease progression in diagnosed patients but also for preventing disease manifestation in subjects at risk. Ongoing efforts in the search of disease modifying agents are mainly focused on screening for molecules that can dismantle or inhibit the formation of misfolded \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ekey\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003edisease proteins \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003eaggregates,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewhich individually characterize each of these conditions, such as Amyloid β in Alzheimer's disease (AD), α synuclein in Parkinson's disease (PD) and PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e in prion diseases\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl8-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFunding: This project was funded by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and by the Agnes Ginges Center. At present time, a commercial entity (Granalix) is being formed based on the presented results\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCorresponding author. Department of Neurology, Hadassah University\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHospital, Jerusalem, Israel.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eE-mail address: \u003ca href=\"mailto:gabizonr@hadassah.org.il\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003egabizonr@hadassah.org.il \u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e(R. Gabizon).\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e Equal contribution.\u003cspan style=\"color:blue\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1549-9634\/© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esuch as Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003econsidered the hallmark of neurodegeneration\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6,7\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eA complementary concept would be to look for therapeutic targets common to all neurodegenerative diseases, as is the case for sensitivity to oxidative \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003estress.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn fact, most of the aggregated key disease proteins mentioned above are \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003eoxidized,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eand in prion diseases oxidation of Met residues in PrP helix 3 precedes the acquisition of protease resistance by this protei\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAlso brain lipids are oxidized in these and other brain diseases\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,13\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esuggesting lipid oxidation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-16\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIndeed, oxidized phospholipids generate compounds such as 4-oxo-2-nonenal and acrolein, which are predominantly toxic to brain cells\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e17\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eConsistent with this, we propose to investigate whether safe α-oxidant reagents could be beneficial for individuals at risk of developing neurodegenerative conditions, constituting today a large fraction of the world populatio\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1,\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18-22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo this effect, we tested whether administration of pome- granate seed oil (PSO), either in its natural form added to food or as a water soluble Nano-emulsion, can delay the clinical advance\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl9-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl10-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Treatment_of_TgMHu2ME199K_mice\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand ameliorate prion and neurodegeneration pathological features in TgMHu2ME199K \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003emice,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ewhich model for genetic CJD (gCJD) linked to the E200K PrP \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003emutation.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e24\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAs of today, therapeutic intervention in all forms of human prion diseases had \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003efailed.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-28\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePSO comprises a unique component, punicic acid (PA), a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid considered as one of the strongest natural antioxidants\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eUnsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, similar to PA, were shown to readily cross the blood brain barrier \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e(BBB).\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-32\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePA is present only in PSO (60-80%) and in \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e(40%),\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eand was effective in protecting tissue lipid profiles in inflammatory disease mode\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003els.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePSO lack of toxicity and partial bioavailability was already established in hum\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eans.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAn additional antioxidant, β-sitosterol, which was demonstrated to accumulate in the plasma membrane of brain ce\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003ells,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eis present in PSO at significantly higher concentrations as compared to oils from other plan\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003ets,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eindicating PSO may constitute a natural compound with stronger antioxidant activities than its individual components.\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo increase the bioavailability and activity of PSO, we generated water soluble nanoemulsions hereby denominated \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003eNano-PSO.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis approach, as is the case for delivery systems such as phospholipid micelles or \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003enanoparticles,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-40\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003emay change the target and distribution of the oil components between different organs, thereby enabling a longer circulation which may increase the levels of PA available to pass the BBB.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K mi\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003ece\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eexpress human-mouse chimeric E199K PrP on a null (for homozygous) or a wt PrP (for heterozygous) background. Mice from both lines suffer from progressive neurological symptoms as early as 5-6 months of age and deteriorate to a terminal condition several months thereafter, concomitant with the accumulation of a truncated form of PK \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eresistant.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,41\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K mice exhibit typical pathological features of human CJD and of general neurodegenerat\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003eion.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis model therefore represents the most stringent challenge for candidate therapies in neurode- generative diseases.\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe show here that administration of PSO significantly delayed disease onset in TgMHu2ME199K mice, constituting a proof of concept that a natural antioxidant may fight neurode- generation. Nano-PSO delayed disease onset and progression in a considerably faster mode and lower dose than natural PSO. Most important, it was only Nano-PSO and not PSO that could prevent further advance of disease when administrated to already sick TgMHu2ME199K mice. No aberrant side effect was observed in the time frame (months) and PSO doses used in these experiments. Analysis of brain samples revealed that while accumulation of PK resistant PrP was not affected by PSO formulations, brains from treated mice exhibited a strong neuroprotection effect, as seen by decreased lipid oxidation and neuronal loss, as well as increased synapthophysin expression and neurogenesis.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Methods\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMethods\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Animal_experiments\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAnimal experiments\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAll animal experiments were conducted under the guidelines and supervision of the Hebrew University Ethical Committee,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eScore of disease signs.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl11-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl12-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eScore    Disease signs\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl13-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl14-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 141pt\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInitial hind limb weakness\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e1.5    Partial hind limb weakness\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 141pt\"\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSignificant hind limb weakness\/paralysis\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e2.5    +Legs clasping\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e3    +Full paralysis in one limb\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e3.5    +Significant weakness at the other hind foot\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 141pt\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFull paralysis in both limbs\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDeath\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl15-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl16-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewhich approved of the methods employed in this project (Permit Number: MD-11746-5).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTreatment of TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePSO and Nano-PSO were administrated to TgMHu2- ME199K mice modeling for E200K CJD expressing human- mouse chimeric E199K PrP on a null (for homozygous) or a wt PrP (for heterozygous) b\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eackground,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eas described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. In the PSO experime\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003ents,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1-\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003emouse pelleted feed to which PSO was added as described below was unlimitedly administered to young and older mice as applicable for as long as described in the table. Nano-PSO was administered either by gavage 5 times a week as in experiment4 (150 μl\/day), or by adding Nano-PSO to the mice drinking water (experiment 5). At the end of the experiments, mice were sacrificed and their brains processed for pathological and biochemical experiments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMice scoring for disease signs\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K mice were followed twice a week for the appearance of spontaneous neurological disease. Mice were scored for disease severity and progression according to the scale described here and in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. No clinical signs: 0; Initial hind limbs weakness = 1; Partial hind limbs weakness = 1.5; Significant hind limb\/s weakness or paralysis = 2; Significant hind limb\/s weakness or paralysis with significant legs clasping = 2.5; Full paralysis in one limb = 3; Full paralysis in one limb, and significant weakness at the other hind foot = 3.5; Full paralysis in both limbs = 4; Death = 5. Mice were sacrificed at designated time points when required, according to the ethical requirements of the Hebrew University Animal Authorities when they were too sick or paralyzed to reach\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003efood and water, or after losing 20% body weight.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePreparation of PSO-enriched food\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e1 kg of mouse pelleted food (Harlan, Taklad) was dissolved in water and subsequently supplemented with 25 ml of PSO (Flavex, Germany). Mixture was next reassembled and dehydrated as pellets.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePreparation of O\/W pomegranate oil nanoemulsion by sonication\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA nanoemulsion with 10.8% oil fraction was prepared as follows: 1.56 g of Pomegranate oil, 0.65 g of Tween 80, and\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e0.39 g of glyceryl monooleate were mixed by a magnetic stirrer for 20 min. 2.5 g from the above mixture was mixed by a magnetic stirrer with 0.277 g of glycerol, for 15 min. 2 g of the glycerol mixture was then added drop wise to 8 g of deionized\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Dynamic_light_scattering\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGroups in in vivo experiments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:60px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:39px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:115px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:47px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:200px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:103px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 39px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTreatment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eExp #\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGenetic background\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGender\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNumber of mice experiment\/control\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDays of treatment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 20px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTg\/wt\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\/4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\/7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e76-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\/7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e190-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNano-PSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\/6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNano-PSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\/10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-bottom:  solid #231f20 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e236-300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewater. A crude white emulsion was obtained. At the second stage this crude emulsion was sonicated using a horn sonicator (model Vibra-Cell, Sonics \u0026amp; Materials Inc., USA) for 10 min at 750 W. The samples were cooled in an ice water bath during the sonication process. A bluish nano emulsion was obtained.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDynamic light scattering\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDroplets size measurements were performed with a Zetasizer Nano-S (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). Size measurements were performed in triplicates after dilution of the emulsion in water. The coarse white emulsion droplets size was in the range of few microns. The average droplets size of the O\/W nano emulsion used in these experiments was 135 ± 12 nm.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThe survival curves were compared using the Kaplan\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eMeier analysis with log rank test calculating Χ squares on one degree of freedom, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalues and medians were calculated and are stated through the manuscript.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThe clinical score severity curves in mice were compared between control and experimental groups using Mann\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWhitney test (two tailed) and performed on the means + SEM (number of mice in each experimental group are detailed in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Western_blot_analysis\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWestern blot analysis\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eBrains from TgMHu2ME199K mice at the designated end point of the experiments were homogenized at 10% (W\/V) in 10 mM Tris\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eHCl, pH 7.4 and 0.3 M sucrose. For Proteinase K digestions, 30 μl of 10% brain homogenates extracted with 2% sarkosyl on ice was incubated with 40 mg\/ml Proteinase K for 30 min at 37 °C. Samples were boiled in the presence of SDS, subjected to SDS PAGE and immunoblotted with α-PrP pAb RTC\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Immunocytochemistry\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eImmunocytochemistry\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFour μm thick sections of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded brains of treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice were evaluated for the levels of oxidized phospholipids with EO6 mAb (Avanti) and for the levels of neuronal synapses with an α-Synaptophysin pAb (Novus).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Neurogenesis\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eNeurogenesis\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFor identifying proliferating brain cells (neurogenesis), 10 months old wt, as well as Nano-PSO treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice were injected intraperitoneally with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, Sigma-Aldrich, 50 μg\/1 g body weight) for 7 consecutive days. Subsequently, mice were\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eanesthetized with a lethal dose of pentobarbital and brains were perfused via the ascending aorta with ice-cold PBS followed by cold 4% paraformaldehyde. Tissues were deep frozen in liquid nitrogen, and next serial 10 μM coronal sections were immuno- stained for BrdU (rat α-BrdU, Serotec) as previously describe\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003ed.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e42\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eResults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDelay of disease onset following administration of PSO in food to young and asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eGroups of asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mice (TgMHu2ME199K\/wt and \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K\/KO),\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eas well as 7 months old TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice already presenting significant neurological signs (see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003efor description of disease scores, and \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003efor details about the experimental groups) were fed either with regular rodent food or with food enriched with pomegranate seed oil (PSO) at a concentration of 25 ml oil\/kg. Since mice consume about 3-4 g of food\/day, we may assume treated mice received about 100 μl of PSO per day or 700 μl of PSO\/week. Disease progression in each TgMHu2ME199K mouse was evaluated by frequent scoring of clinical signs, and by calculating twice a week the average of group scores in the treated animals as compared to untreated littermate groups generated from the same male and several of its sibling females. Administration of PSO in food to young TgMHu2ME199K mice was initiated just before they reached 3 months of age, the first time point in which PK resistant PrP can be easily detected in the still asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mic\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003ee.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,41\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eControls and treated mice from the same experiment were sacrificed simultaneously (at 270 days of age) and thereafter their brains processed for biochemical and pathological analysis. In the older mice, treatment commenced at 200 days (average score in the group = 2) and continued for 9 weeks before termination of the experiment. No adverse effects were observed in any of the mice following the long term administration with the oil enriched food.\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eFigure 1 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eshows the effect of PSO administration on the clinical presentation and advance of the disease in TgMHu2ME199K mice. Results were similar for treatment of heterozygous and homozygous TgMHu2ME199K mice (panels \u003cem\u003eAI \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBI\u003c\/em\u003e), consistent with our recent results indicating that wt PrP does not participate in disease presentation in the genetic mice\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e41\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand show a significant delay in disease presentation in the treated mice (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.02 for both panels \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB\u003c\/em\u003e, see methods for description of statistical analysis). To better understand the meaning of this result for medical practice, we evaluated the progression of disease for individual mice at two clinical time points, as represented by the percentage of mice under score 2 (\u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003epanels \u003cem\u003eII\u003c\/em\u003e), or under score 2.5 (\u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003epanels \u003cem\u003eIII\u003c\/em\u003e). We found that PSO administration in food could confer a beneficial effect to most treated mice when data was estimated for the more advance stage, as depicted by the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e2.5 score (difference in medians between treated and untreated groups were 60 and 80 days (panels \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB\u003c\/em\u003e) (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.04, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 3.9; \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.02, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 4.1)). At score 2, less than 50% of the mice reacted to the treatment, as indicated by a median difference of only 10 or 20 days respectably (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eN \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.05). These results indicate that the beneficial effect of PSO on disease presentation (for most mice)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl17-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFigure 1. Natural PSO delays disease onset in TgMHu2ME199K mice. Young TgMHu2ME199K\/wt and TgMHu2ME199K\/ko mice or 190 days old TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice were treated with regular or with PSO enriched food for the designated time course (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mice were scored for disease signs as described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Figures (I) in panels (A), (B) and (C): Average group score as related to age of mice. Figures (II) in panels (A) and (B): % of mice under score 2 as related to age of mice. Figures (III) in panels (A) and (B): Percentage of mice under score 2.5 as related to age of mice. Figure (II) in panel (C):% of mice aggravated by 0.5 score.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ecan be observed only after long term consumption of the oil, and in many cases manifest when disease is already well advanced. As for the treatment of older and sick mice, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC \u003c\/em\u003eshows no difference in the average group scores or on the progression of disease for individual mice between PSO treated and untreated mice 200 days old sick mice (panels \u003cem\u003eI \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eII\u003c\/em\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOverall, these findings constitute the proof of concept that PSO may serve as an anti-prion\/neuroprotective compound, but also present the limitations of such treatment; it requires long term administration of the anti-oxidant from the subclinical stage, while results may be apparent only when subjects are already affected.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIncreased delay of disease onset and of disease progression following the administration of Nano-PSO to young and old TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo generate a more effective and bioavailable formulation, we emulsified PSO to form oil nanodroplets with an average diameter of approximately 150 nm (see methods), hereby denominated Nano-PSO. As stated in the introduction, such formulations may allow for a longer circulation time of the now dispersed drug and thereby larger \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003eactivity.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e43\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003epresents\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ethe results of an experiment comparable to those depicted in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003efor PSO enriched food. In this case, Nano- PSO was administrated to TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice from 70 to 270 days by gavage (15 μl PSO\/day; 5 days a week or 75 μl\/week). As in the previous experiment, treated and untreated mice were sacrificed at the same time point, to compare pathological parameters. The dose of PSO in the Nano-PSO formulation used in this experiment constitutes approximately 10% of the PSO administered as enriched food in the experiments described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Panel \u003cem\u003eAI \u003c\/em\u003eof \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows a significant difference between the average group score of disease as related to the time of Nano-PSO administration (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.001). When comparing effect on individual mice, panel \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eII \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eIII\u003c\/em\u003e) indicate that administration of Nano-PSO resulted in a more rapid response to treatment as compared to TgMHu2ME199K mice treated with PSO enriched food. Already at score 1 (panel \u003cem\u003eII\u003c\/em\u003e), which is a very mild and early diagnosed disease condition (see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) there is a 40 days difference between the median of treated and untreated mice (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.002, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 9.55). In addition, the graph in panel \u003cem\u003eIII \u003c\/em\u003eshows that while the median difference between the treated and untreated groups at score 2 was only 65 days (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.0082, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 6.98), 50% of the treated mice never reached score 2 during the duration of the experiment. In fact, none of the mice treated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl18-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFigure 2. Administration of Nano-PSO to TgMHu2ME199K mice significantly delays prion disease onset and progression. Young and old TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice were treated by gavage with Nano-PSO (young, panel (A)) or by addition of the novel formulation to the drinking water (older mice, panel (B)). Mice were scored for disease signs as described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Figure (I) in panel (A): Average group score as related to age of mice. Figure (II) in panel (A): % of mice under score 1 as related to age of mice. Figure (III) in panel (A): % of mice under score 2 as related to age of mice. Figure (I) in panel (B): Average group score as related to time of days of treatment. Figure (II) in panel (B): % of mice aggravated by 0.5 score as related to time of treatment.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewith Nano-PSO reached score 2.5 in the frame of the experiment (see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAI\u003c\/em\u003e), as opposed to 50 to 80% of the mice treated with PSO food. These results indicate that Nano-PSO can delay both the onset and the progression of disease at a much shorter time frame and at a much lower dose than natural PSO, indicating this and alike formulations may be suitable and effective for treatment of humans at risk, as is the case for mutation carriers of pathogenic PrP mutations\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e44\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNext, we administered Nano-PSO to TgMHu2ME199K mice already suffering from severe disease (individual scores of mice were between 2.5 and 3 at beginning of treatment), and then scored the mice 2-3 times a week to establish further advance of clinical signs. In this experiment, Nano-PSO was added to the mice drinking water for 5 days each week (9 weeks total). The calculated dose of PSO for each mouse was 30 μl\/day or 150 μl\/week. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003edepicts the results of these experiments. Panel \u003cem\u003eI\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003edemonstrated a significant difference (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.05) between the average rate of disease advance between treated and untreated mice. Indeed, Nano-PSO was able to detent clinical deterioration for the duration of the treatment (63 days) and even to maintain a difference in scores between treated and untreated mice after treatment was terminated.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePanel \u003cem\u003eBII \u003c\/em\u003epresents the individual deterioration by half a score ratio of treated and untreated mice. It shows that Nano-PSO administration delayed the advance of disease for each treated mouse and that the difference in the median of both curves was again significant (42 days, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.01, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 6.635). We therefore conclude that while natural PSO exerts a statistically significant anti-prion activity at some conditions, it is Nano-PSO that is suitable as a suitable therapeutic agent. A direct comparison of the beneficial activity of PSO versus Nano-PSO at different scores of disease is presented in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eTable 3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTable 3\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl19-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eComparing the clinical effect of the effect of PSO to Nano-PSO.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eExperimental group    Parameter measured    PSO    Nano-PSO\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl20-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eYoung, asymptomatic    Δ = The difference in medians between\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 120pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003etreated and untreated groups\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eScore 1 = no difference    Score 1 = 40 days\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 126pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eScore 2 = 10 days    At score 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≫ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e⁎ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003edays\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 126pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.082\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 292pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eScore 2.5 = 80 days\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 292pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.04\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 49pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eNo score 2.5 in\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e⁎ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003etreated mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 120pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOld, symptomatic    Δ = The difference in deterioration by half a score ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eNo difference    42 days \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.01\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl21-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl22-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e* \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eStatistically significant.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNo reduction in disease related PrP in PSO\/Nano-PSO treated TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eDisease related PrP forms, mostly resistant to digestion by proteinase K (PK), are the main markers of prion diseases, and are also considered the major\/only components of the infectious prion \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003eagents.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn our TgMHu2ME199K model, mutant PrP can be detected as a PK resistant and truncated form (PrP\u003csup\u003eST\u003c\/sup\u003e) already at 3 months of age, when mice are still asymptomatic for the disease. PK resistant PrP levels increase with age, in parallel with disease \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003eprogression.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e41\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows individual brain extracts of TgMHu2ME199K mice treated with PSO or Nano-PSO (from experiments 2 and 4, 270 days at end point) when immunoblotted with α PrP pAb RT\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003eC.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNo difference in the total PrP levels was observed in the corresponding groups before PK digestion, indicating that administration of PSO in both forms (panel \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eas PSO, panel \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003eas Nano-PSO) had no effect on PrP expression. Most important, no reduction in PK resistant PrP was observed in the treated brains in spite of the profound difference in disease score between treated and untreated mice (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigures 1 and 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Actually, the signal for PK resistant PrP even increased slightly in some of the treated mice, as was the case for scrapie infected mice treated with Simvastati\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis implies that PSO does not interfere with the pathological process or aberrant metabolic pathway which leads to the accumulation of disease related PrP in TgMHu2ME199K mice, but may rather induce neuroprotective pathways that manifest as reduced cell death. Such a mechanism may even explain an apparent increase in prion protein accumulation in the treated brains.\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePSO formulations protect neurons from death\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNext, we immunostained paraffin embedded brain slices from wt mice as well as from treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice with an α-synapthophysin antibody. The samples used were from experiments 2 (PSO) and 4 (Nano-PSO), as in the experiments described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Synapthophysin is an integral membrane protein located in presynaptic vesicles\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,47\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDecreased levels of this and other synaptic proteins are considered a general marker of neurodegeneratio\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003en\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-50\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand were observed in the brains of CJD patients, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infected cattle and scrapie infected mic\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003ee.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e51\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-54\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eFigure 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eshows that while synapthophysin levels were largely reduced in the untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice, as seen by the reduce number of brown dots, as compared to age matched\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewt mice, such immunostaining was significantly restored in the treated mice from the parallel groups for both experiments. This indicates that early treatment with PSO formulations may prevent not only the advance of clinical signs but also the presentation of general neurodegenerative features of prion and other neurode- generative diseases, as is the case of synapthophysin expression.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eNext, and to further establish whether PSO formulations can inhibit neuronal death, we counted in age matched wt, as well as in treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice frozen sections the number of cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, as manifested by DAPI staining. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003eshows the results of such an experiments for sick TgMHu2ME199K mice treated with and without Nano-PSO (experiment 5). Indeed, while the brains from the sick TgMHu2ME199K mice presented significant neuronal loss as compared to those of wt mice (see thinner blue sections and numbers in the graph bellow), such reduction was partially prevented by the Nano-PSO treatment. Indeed, differences between cell numbers in treated and untreated sections, as well as between non-treated to wt mice were statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.01 or \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0007, respectively). Death of neurons in the hippocampus was shown to correlate with \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003edementia,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e55\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esuggesting both that our TgMHu2ME199K mice model is a good model of neurodegeneration and that Nano-PSO exerts a strong neuroprotective affect in the most severe conditions, as represented by treatment of already sick TgMHu2ME199K mice.\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNano-PSO may restore hippocampal neurogenesis in sick TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eNumerous new studies demonstrate that during normal aging, certain areas of the brain retain pluripotent precursors with the capacity of \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003eself-renewal.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e56,57\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis feature, also known as adult neurogenesis, may be impaired in neurodegenerative diseases such as CJD and \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003eAD.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e58,59\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo evaluate levels of neurogenesis in treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice, we injected Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a synthetic analog of thymidine commonly used in the detection of proliferating cells in living tissue\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003es\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e60\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto wt and TgMHu2ME199K mice of several ages as well as to Nano-PSO treated TgMHu2ME199K mice (experiment 5). Mice were sacrificed a week after the first injection and new neurons in the granular zone of the dentate gyrus were detected in frozen sections with an α-BrdU antibody. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC \u003c\/em\u003eshows that at 4 months of age, when the TgMHu2ME199K mice were still asymptomatic, there was no significant difference in the number of new cells between their brains and those of wt mice. Contrarily, in\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 109pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl23-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFigure 3. No reduction in disease related PrP in PSO\/Nano-PSO treated Tg mice: Brain extracts of mice sacrificed at the end point of experiments 2 and 4 were digested in the presence and absence of PK, as described in the methods, and immunoblotted with α PrP pAb \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003eRTC.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePanel (A): PSO treated mice, last 2 lanes represent scrapie infected brains (RML, and wt mice). Panel (B): Nano-PSO treated mice, last 2 lanes represent scrapie infected brains (RML, and wt mice).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eolder mice already presenting signs of disease (6 and 10 months of age) the number of new cells in TgMHu2ME199K brains was significantly lower that the corresponding new cells in age matched wt mice (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.002), indicating reduced neurogenesis, at least at this age, is a feature of neurodegeneration more than a property of aging. While only marginally significant (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e0.12), the number of new cells in Nano-PSO treated mice was higher than in the non- treated mice, indicating a possible additional neuroprotective property of Nano-PSO treatment.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePSO protects cell lipids from oxidative insults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAs reviewed above, lipid and protein oxidation are important features of all neurodegenerative \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003ediseases.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,12,61\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo establish whether Nano-PSO can reduce lipid oxidation, we immuno- stained paraffin embedded brain slices brain from wt and form control and treated TgMHu2ME199K mice with EO6, an anti- oxidized phospholipids \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003emAb\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e62\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewhich was shown to detect oxidized lipids in MS \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003eplaques.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003eFigure 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, we show that while we could not detect any α-EO6 immunostaining in wt mice of different ages (no dispersed brown color or specific features), TgMHu2ME199K mice brain sections from experiment 4 presented strong EO6 immunostaining in all cerebellar layers (dispersed brown in general and in cerebellum's Purkinje cells). These results are consistent with our previous findings, indicating a large sensitivity of TgMHu2ME199K mice Purkinje cells to disease aggravatio\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e63\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur results also show that Nano-PSO treated sections present considerable lower levels of EO6 staining,\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eboth general and cell specific, as compared to the parallel untreated brains. In samples from experiment 5, mice treated when already sick, we show that EO6 may also recognize star like plaques in the brains of the untreated, but not in the treated TgMHu2ME199K mice. These results demonstrate that lipid oxidation may be an important feature of prion diseases and that Nano-PSO formulations can reduce\/prevent such oxidation, concomitantly with inhibition of cell death and disease aggravation.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDiscussion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA significant number of natural anti-oxidants are ubiquitously present in a healthy human diet. Many of them, such as Sulforaphane from Broccoli, Curcumin and EGCG from green tea were recognized for their neuroprotective properties in cells and tested in appropriate animal \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003emodels.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e64\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-66\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eHowever, their in vivo activity was limited by the sub-pharmacological doses presented in food, their poor bioavailability to humans, rapid chemical degradation and reduced distribution to different organs in the body, in particular the CNS. In this work, and after PSO by itself was found to be clinically active in its natural oil form, we made an effort to overcome such limitations by tailoring a more active formulation in the form of Nano-PSO.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe show here that administration of PSO in food may delay the onset of spontaneous genetic prion disease in the TgMHu2ME199K mouse line, constituting a proof of concept that natural antioxidants\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl24-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFigure 4. Neuroprotection of PSO formulations (A) PSO and Nano-PSO restore synapthophysin expression in sick mice: Paraffin embedded brain slices of wt, as well as PSO and Nano-PSO treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice (experiments 2 and 4), were immunostained with an α-synapthophysin antibody. Magnification in all pictures is × 20. (B) Nano-PSO protects hippocampal cells from death: Frozen sections the number of cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, as manifested by DAPI staining. Statistical analysis of average from 4 mice in each group was performed by T-test.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNeurogenesis in treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice: Slides of mice treated with BrdU and subsequently stained with an α-BrdU antibody were counted for reacting cells. Average number of cells in slides of 4 mice was plotted in the graph. Statistical significance was evaluated by T-test.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003emay exert a beneficial neuroprotective effect. However, it was only Nano-PSO, a novel formulation in which natural PSO was converted into soluble nanodroplets, which generated an impressive clinical effect at a much lower PSO dose for both prevention and treatment of progressive prion disease in the TgMHu2ME199K mice. Our results also show that the mechanism of activity of PSO formulations was not prion specific, or at least not PrP specific, since the long term administration of the oil did not affect the expression of mutant PrP or its accumulation as a PK resistant PrP form. Rather than a specific anti-prion effect, these PSO formulations, concomitant with an impressive clinical outcome, presented a wide neuroprotective effect, in the form of reduced neuronal death and lipid oxidation and increased neurogenesis, which may be valuable also for the treatment of an array of neurodegenerative conditions. Indeed the combination of an unsaturated fatty acid that can most probably cross the \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eBBB,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand the increased bioavailability conferred by the nanoparticle fo\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003ermulation,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003emay explain the impressive neuropro- tective activity of Nano-PSO.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe search for disease modifiers for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is focused mostly on screening for\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ereagents such as antibodies or small molecules that may dismantle or inhibit the aggregation of misfolded specific key proteins, as is the case for PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e in prion diseases\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e67\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eA-beta in AD and synuclein in Parkinson's disease\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e68\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-71\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eor reduce the expression of the normal key proteins, in the form of siRNA\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003es\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e72\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eor other molecule\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003es.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e73\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWhile these pathways may well lead to effective drugs, we propose an alternative approach in the form of brain protection from common neurodegeneration features, as is the case for neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Indeed, Nano-PSO generated a strong clinical effect with an excellent safety profile which may allow its prolonged administration to individuals at risk. The formulation described here, oil nanodroplets of a specific size, may be further improved by optimizing particle size, Nanoemulsion ingredients, stability features and physicochemical principles of preparation. Pharmacokinetics experiments in progress in our laboratory may help to fine-tune the most active formulations, before we engage in clinical trials.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eIndeed, since Nano-PSO can most probably be classified as a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003esafe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ereagent, even in the levels of safety of a food supplement, such trials may come about soon enough. A comprehensive clinical\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 109pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl25-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFigure 5. PSO protects brain lipids from oxidation: Paraffin embedded slides from Nano-PSO treated and untreated mice (experiments 4 and 5) were immunostained with the EO6 antibody. Initial magnification in all pictures was × 20.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003etrial for CJD patients was recently described\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWhile the results for doxycycline were negative, the experimental design may be useful in our and other cases. In addition, we speculate that once sophisticated disease specific reagents become available, they may well be combined with general neuroprotective agents such as Nano-PSO for the best possible outcome in patients and at risk individuals.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eHamacher M, Meyer HE, Marcus K. New access to Alzheimer's and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003eother neurodegenerative diseases.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExpert Rev Proteomics \u003c\/em\u003e2007;4(5):\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003e591-4.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0010\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAguzzi A, O'Connor T. 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Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0020\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eScience \u003c\/em\u003e1982 Apr 9;216(4542):136-44.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0025\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOlanow CW, Prusiner SB. Is Parkinson's disease a prion disorder? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0025\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0025\"\u003eNatl Acad Sci U S A \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2009 Aug 4;106(31):12571-2.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0030\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePrusiner SB. 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Prions, prionoids and pathogenic proteins in\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0290\"\u003eAlzheimer disease. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0290\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrion \u003c\/em\u003e2013;7(1):55-9.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0035\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eButterfield DA, Kanski J. Brain protein oxidation in age-related\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0035\"\u003eneurodegenerative disorders that are associated with aggregated proteins.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0035\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMech Ageing Dev \u003c\/em\u003e2001;122(9):945-62.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eHajieva P, Behl C. 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Punicic acid is an\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf6040\"\u003eomega-5 fatty acid capable of inhibiting breast cancer proliferation.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf6040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInt J Oncol \u003c\/em\u003e2010;36(2):421-6.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanello T, Frid K, Gabizon R, Lisa S, Friedler A, Moskovitz J, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003eOxidation of helix-3 methionines precedes the formation of PK resistant\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003ePrP. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS Pathog \u003c\/em\u003e2010;6(7):e1000977.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0050\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. 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Novel heparan mimetics potently inhibit the scrapie prion\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003eprotein and its endocytosis.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiochem Biophys Res Commun \u003c\/em\u003e2003;312\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003e(2):473-9.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRinne JO, Brooks DJ, Rossor MN, Fox NC, Bullock R, Klunk WE, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e11C-PiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloid-beta load in\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003epatients with Alzheimer's disease treated with bapineuzumab: a phase 2,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003edouble-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLancet Neurol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2010;9(4):363-72. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf9270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazier MW, Mot AI, White AR, Collins SJ. Immunotherapeutic\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf9270\"\u003eapproaches in prion disease: progress, challenges and potential directions.\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf9270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTher Deliv \u003c\/em\u003e2013;4(5):615-28.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePeretz D, Williamson RA, Kaneko K, Vergara J, Leclerc E, Schmitt-Ulms G,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003eet al. Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003einfectivity. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature \u003c\/em\u003e2001;412(6848):739-43.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eWhite MD, Mallucci GR. RNAi for the treatment of prion disease: a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003ewindow for intervention in neurodegeneration?\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCNS Neurol Disord\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003eDrug Targets \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2009;8(5):342-52.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003eKarapetyan YE, Sferrazza GF, Zhou M, Ottenberg G, Spicer T,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2e3092; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003eChase P, et al. Unique drug screening approach for prion diseases\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003eidentifies tacrolimus and astemizole as antiprion agents. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:blue; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc Natl Acad Sci\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003eU S A \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2013;110(17):7044-9.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-14T10:23:03-07:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"potential-clinical-relevance-1","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560844243112"},{"id":560843882664,"title":"How Do EPA and DHA Enhance Your Wellness?","created_at":"2023-09-14T05:33:17-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat are EPA and DHA?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"What are EPA and DHA and why it is so important\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W60P3.jpg?v=1702363237\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are two types of long-chain \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e. They are essential nutrients crucial in maintaining overall health, particularly in supporting cardiovascular, brain, and inflammatory processes. EPA is a type of omega-3 fatty acid found in certain fish, algae, and fish oil supplements. DHA is another type of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid found in fatty fish, algae, and fish oil supplements. We will review the benefits, dosing, and possible side effects of these potent fatty acids. Tahiro’s Algae Omega 3 has a combined DHA and EPA dose of 450 mg.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the Health benefits of EPA and DHA?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe health benefits of EPA and DHA are essential to understanding how these fatty acids can improve your mental and physical functioning.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFights Inflammation: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003eOmega 3 fats such as DHA can have anti-inflammatory benefits\u003c\/a\u003e.  Inflammation is implicated in rheumatoid arthritis, heart and gum disease, and other autoimmune conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduces the Risk of Early Preterm Births: \u003c\/strong\u003eWomen who consumed 600-800 mg of DHA during pregnancy reduced their risk of premature birth by 40%. [1]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproves ADHD: \u003c\/strong\u003eChildren and adults can have lower levels of DHA, and one review showed that DHA supplements for children with ADHD showed improvement. [2]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupports Muscle Recovery After Exercise: \u003c\/strong\u003eDHA and EPA  can help reduce muscle soreness by reducing the inflammation caused by strenuous exercise. [3]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEye Health: \u003c\/strong\u003eMore study is needed to determine the full range of benefits from DHA and EPA. But we do know that DHA and EPA supplementation decreased eye pressure (a risk factor for Glaucoma). [4]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce Your Risk of Certain Cancers: \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic inflammation can be a risk factor for cancer, and higher intake of omega-3 fats has been linked to lower incidence of pancreatic, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. DHA may also suppress cancer cell growth. [5]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePrevent or Slow Alzheimer’s Disease: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003eAlzheimer’s disease\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eis a devastating condition without a current cure or treatment. People with Alzheimer’s have lower levels of DHA. Some evidence suggests that a higher intake of omega-3 fats before brain function declines may improve mental abilities. [6]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLowers Blood Pressure: \u003c\/strong\u003eGood blood flow and circulation are critical to heart health. EPA and DHA have been shown to reduce blood pressure. [7]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFetal\/Neonatal Development: \u003c\/strong\u003eDHA is necessary for eye and brain development in babies. When women are pregnant, they need adequate DHA to ensure the proper mental acuity and functioning of their babies. [8]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMen’s Reproductive Health: \u003c\/strong\u003eDietary fat intake affects sperm health.  Low DHA is found in men with low-quality sperm and infertility problems. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce Depression: \u003c\/strong\u003eAdequate intake of EPA and DHA is associated with a reduced risk of depression. [9]\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-omega-3-increase-serotonin\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-omega-3-increase-serotonin\"\u003eEPA increases serotonin release\u003c\/a\u003e, a critical hormone related to mood.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"How much EPA and DHA per day for benefits?\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/Health_benefits_of_EPA_and_DHA.jpg?v=1705500631\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/Health_benefits_of_EPA_and_DHA.jpg?v=1705500631\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Dose of DHA and EPA Do You Need?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRecommended doses of DHA and EPA vary widely depending on the health conditions you want to treat. [10] Studies show varying amounts of EPA and DHA for heart disease, \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003edepression and anxiety\u003c\/a\u003e, cancer, children, and pregnant women. A general guideline is 250-500 mg of EPA and DHA combined per day.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eSide Effects of DHA and EPA\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can expect few if any, side effects in appropriate recommended doses of DHA and EPA. However, higher doses could have adverse effects, such as\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBlood Thinning and Bleeding Risk: \u003c\/strong\u003eEPA and DHA have natural blood-thinning properties, which can benefit heart health. Still, in higher doses, they may increase the risk of bleeding, especially when combined with other blood-thinning medications (e.g., warfarin) or if you have a bleeding disorder.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGastrointestinal Distress: \u003c\/strong\u003eSome people may experience bloating, gas, indigestion, or diarrhea, but usually, when taking higher doses of EPA and DHA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFishy Aftertaste or Burps: \u003c\/strong\u003eFish oil supplements containing EPA and DHA can sometimes cause a fishy aftertaste or fishy-smelling burps. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInteraction with Medications: \u003c\/strong\u003eAs a precaution, if you take any other medications, especially blood-thinning ones, check with your health provider before taking products containing EPA and DHA.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePotential Allergic Reactions: \u003c\/strong\u003eAlthough rare, some people have allergic reactions to\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003e fish oil or omega-3\u003c\/a\u003e supplements. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhy Choose Vegan DHA\/EPA Supplements?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChoosing vegan DHA and EPA supplements can offer several benefits, especially for individuals who prefer plant-based or vegetarian lifestyles. Here are some reasons why you might consider opting for vegan sources of DHA and EPA:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlant-Based Lifestyle: \u003c\/strong\u003eIf you prefer a vegan or vegetarian diet, you can still acquire essential omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA and avoid fish. Vegan supplements provide a cruelty-free and ethical option.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSustainability: \u003c\/strong\u003eOverfishing to obtain omega-3  can harm marine ecosystems.  Choosing vegan sources, such as algae-derived DHA and EPA, supports more sustainable practices and reduces the pressure on fish populations.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePurity and Contaminant-Free: \u003c\/strong\u003eFish-derived omega-3 supplements may contain contaminants like heavy metals such as mercury, PCBs, and other environmental toxins. Vegan DHA and EPA supplements derived from algae are often cultivated in controlled environments, minimizing the risk of contamination.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNo Fishy Aftertaste: \u003c\/strong\u003eFish oil supplements can sometimes lead to a fishy aftertaste or burps, which some people find unpleasant. Vegan algae oil supplements are less likely to cause this issue.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDigestive Tolerance: \u003c\/strong\u003eSome individuals may experience gastrointestinal discomfort or indigestion when taking fish oil supplements. Algae-based supplements may be gentler on the digestive system for sensitive people.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMedical or Dietary Restrictions: \u003c\/strong\u003eIndividuals with fish or seafood allergies or those advised to limit fish consumption due to medical reasons can benefit from vegan DHA and EPA supplements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePregnancy and Breastfeeding: \u003c\/strong\u003ePregnant and breastfeeding women who want to ensure adequate DHA intake for fetal brain and eye development may choose vegan DHA supplements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive and Heart Health: \u003c\/strong\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids, particularly\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\"\u003e DHA and EPA, are associated with cognitive function\u003c\/a\u003e, heart health, and other benefits. Vegan sources provide these nutrients without the need for fish-derived products.\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why Choose Vegan DHA\/EPA Supplements\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/Why_Choose_Vegan_DHA_EPA_Supplements.jpg?v=1699260316\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/Why_Choose_Vegan_DHA_EPA_Supplements.jpg?v=1699260316\"\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-09-14T05:33:17-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:08:17-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"inner_main_first\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"next_blockss_sections\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith overwhelmingly positive reviews, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro’s\u003c\/a\u003e Vegan Omega-3 supplement is a plant-based alternative to traditional fish oil supplements, providing a sustainable and vegan-friendly source of these essential nutrients. We source our Vegan Omega 3 from algae sustainably grown in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSouth Carolina, USA\u003c\/strong\u003e. Our Algae-based omega 3 supplements are manufactured in a state-of-the-art FDA-registered GMP-approved facility that adheres to the highest quality and safety standards.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"benefits-of-epa-and-dha","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560843882664","image":{"created_at":"2023-12-13T05:00:43-08:00","alt":"What are the benefits of taking EPA and DHA?","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W60P1.jpg?v=1702472443"}},{"id":560840540328,"title":"Is CBD Hemp Oil Safe for Elderly Sleep?","created_at":"2023-09-13T03:04:43-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eIs CBD Oil Safe for Seniors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUnderstandably, some people would be sceptical about CBD since it comes from the cannabis plant. But CBD doesn't contain the ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) that produces a high. CBD is available as an oil, but CBD is also sold as an extract and infused in numerous food, drink, and beauty products.  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSafety concerns revolve around the lack of FDA oversight on CBD products and product mislabeling.3 But CBD oil is considered safe when patients are educated about its use and any anticipated adverse effects.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"CBD Hemp Oil for Sleep in Elderly\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W59P3.jpg?v=1705566127\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBenefits of CBD Oil in Older Adults\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe benefits of CBD oil for older adults continue to be studied and reviewed with renewed interest in its use as an alternative to riskier pharmaceuticals. Some of the benefits of CBD oil:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePain Relief: \u003c\/strong\u003eA review of CBD use for pain 4 showed relief from chronic pain. There is growing evidence  5 suggesting that cannabinoids are beneficial for a range of medical conditions,  including pain. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnxiety: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment\"\u003eAnxiety is a common mental health \u003c\/a\u003eproblem for older adults affecting up to 20% of the aging population. 6  One study 7, although using younger adults, found that anxiety decreases with CBD use.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInsomnia: \u003c\/strong\u003eSleep disturbance is often linked to chronic pain, anxiety, inflammation, and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-does-the-beginning-of-dementia-feel-like\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-does-the-beginning-of-dementia-feel-like\"\u003esymptoms of dementia\u003c\/a\u003e. When those conditions are treated, sleep usually improves. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne cannot overlook the significant benefits of CBD oil without considering the risks associated with opioids and other medications, which can have multiple side effects.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat to Look For in CBD Hemp Oil Supplement for Sleep\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003eChoosing the best CBD hemp oil supplement\u003c\/a\u003e can be overwhelming. Oils placed under the tongue provide absorption directly into the bloodstream avoiding the digestive system, which can cause any drug to lose potency. A Forbes review 8 recommends using these criteria on what to look for in CBD oil:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMade from plants grown in the U.S.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHave a certificate of analysis (COA)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAre third-party tested by ISO 17025-compliant laboratories\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAre made with all-natural ingredients\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOther considerations include additional ingredients found in CBD oil. Understanding what these are can help you decide on the best product for your needs. These can include: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCannabinol (CBN)\u003c\/strong\u003e can help treat glaucoma and chronic muscle pain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCannabigerol (CBG)\u003c\/strong\u003e can treat neurological disorders. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMelatonin\u003c\/strong\u003e can help with jet lag and anxiety.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eL-theanine \u003c\/strong\u003eis an amino acid that can induce relaxation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChamomile.\u003c\/strong\u003e Chamomile is an herbal flower that has long been used to treat anxiety and insomnia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLemon Balm\u003c\/strong\u003e is another botanical that may have antioxidant characteristics. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/valerian-officinalis-valerian-root\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/valerian-officinalis-valerian-root\"\u003eValerian root\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e is used to treat fatigue, insomnia, and anxiety.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) \u003c\/strong\u003ecan help with the treatment of anxiety and insomnia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-sleep\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-sleep\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) \u003c\/strong\u003eis a neurotransmitter that can treat sleep \u003c\/a\u003eand help with anxiety\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the side effects of CBD for the elderly?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are documented side effects from CBD. 9 Dosing can be tricky due to individual tolerance and reliance on product strength information. Some reported side effects:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncreased sleepiness\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDecreased appetite\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncrease liver function tests\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHypotension\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDry mouth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLightheadedness\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMonitoring side effects and adjusting dosage can often moderate or eliminate these effects.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDosage - How Many Drops of CBD Oil Should Elderly Take?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCBD oil has the advantage of being able to calculate the dose that is best for you. You can start with a small dose and go up from there. But calculating CBD oil dosage can be confusing and should depend on what conditions you are treating.  Without FDA approval, there is little guidance on how much CBD a person should consume.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe do know that based on clinical trials on CBD and sleep have mostly involved doses between 25 mg and 1,500 mg of CBD per day. 10  According to CNET 11  25 to 75 milligrams per day is recommended for anxiety and sleep disorders. Consult with your healthcare provider and err on the side of starting with a low dose.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eTips for Managing CBD Oil for the Elderly (Refer to mixing with other medication that relevant for elderly)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eManaging CBD oil for older adults requires careful consideration and attention to their specific needs and health conditions. Here are some tips for managing CBD oil for the elderly:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsult a Healthcare Professional before introducing CBD oil or any new supplement to an elderly person's regimen.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStart with Low Doses and gradually increase it over time. This allows the elderly person's body to adjust and helps identify the optimal dosage that provides the desired effects without causing adverse reactions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChoose High-Quality products from reputable manufacturers that have been third-party tested for quality, potency, and purity. Older adults can be more sensitive to impurities.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMonitor for side effects by attending to how the elderly individual responds to CBD oil. Monitor for any changes in mood, sleep, pain levels, or other symptoms. Keeping a journal can help track the effects and make adjustments as needed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBe aware of potential drug interactions that could affect efficacy or cause unwanted side effects. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDetermine specific health goals for which CBD is being used. Whether it's pain relief, improved sleep, or anxiety reduction, tailor the CBD regimen to address these goals.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncorporate CBD into a routine. Consistency is key to experiencing the potential benefits of CBD over time.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBe patient.  The effects of CBD can vary from person to person and might take time to become noticeable. Encourage the elderly person to be patient and give the CBD regimen a chance to work.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStay informed by keeping up-to-date with the latest research and information about CBD. Regulations and understanding of CBD are evolving, so staying informed can help you make well-informed decisions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePossible drug contraindications include the following\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs: \u003c\/strong\u003eCBD could potentially enhance the effects of blood-thinning medications\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e 12\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAntiepileptic Drugs (AEDs): \u003c\/strong\u003eCBD Interactions with specific antiepileptic drugs can occur. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBenzodiazepines: \u003c\/strong\u003eCBD might interact with medications used for anxiety, potentially amplifying their effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImmunosuppressants: \u003c\/strong\u003eCBD could potentially affect the metabolism of medications that suppress the immune system. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart Medications: \u003c\/strong\u003eInteractions with medications for heart conditions 13 occur due to CBD's potential impact on blood pressure and heart rate. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCBD oil has been found to be a effective and safe supplement as an alternative to traditional pharmecetuicals for older adults who want to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well?variant=43202015133864\u0026amp;selling_plan=942604456\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well?variant=43202015133864\u0026amp;selling_plan=942604456\"\u003eimprove their sleep\u003c\/a\u003e. The key is to start with a low dose and adjust as needed for efficacy. It is also crucial to monitor for any side effects and other medication interactions.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-09-13T05:27:22-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-05T23:19:48-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCBD can offer numerous benefits to older adults, particularly in improving sleep quality, alleviating pain, easing anxiety, and addressing chronic sleep conditions like insomnia. However, it's essential to prioritize consultation with a healthcare professional before integrating any new supplement into your routine, especially if you're already on chronic medication.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDespite the proven benefits of CBD, some individuals may still seek an alternative approach. Tahiro propaietry Sleep Well Formula is a natural solution designed to promote restful sleep without the use of CBDand with less than 1mg of melatonin.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eExperience the tranquility of natural supplements and embrace a night of deep, revitalizing sleep with Tahiro's Sleep Well Formula. Its powerful bled of California poppy, Valerian root, magnesium, GABA, and Griffonia seed, this formula offers a natural approach to addressing sleep disturbances. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"cbd-for-sleep-in-elderly","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Sleep","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560840540328","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-21T05:16:48-08:00","alt":"Is CBD oil safe for senior citizens?","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W59P1.jpg?v=1708521408"}},{"id":560840474792,"title":"Battle of the Ocean Oils: Krill vs. Algae, Who Wins","created_at":"2023-09-13T02:42:48-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is krill oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou likely have heard of algae, but Krill oil may be new.  Krill oil is a potent derivative of sea crustaceans, and algae come from freshwater lakes and aquaculture ponds. Both contain Omega-3 fatty acids,docosahexaenoic acid  (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e have been widely studied for their health benefits ranging from heart health to cognitive function and cancer protection. We will review these beneficial natural substances and the significance of their impact on your brain and physical health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHealth benefits of krill oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKrill oil has multiple health benefits, and continued research will provide additional support and information about the value of krill oil.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Krill oil may help reduce inflammation and is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids 1. Omega-3 fatty acids help lower triglyceride levels and reduce the risk of heart disease by improving overall cardiovascular health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3s, especially DHA, are essential for brain development and maintenance. They may help support cognitive function and reduce the risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment\"\u003ecognitive decline\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eJoint Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Krill oil's anti-inflammatory properties 2 could help alleviate joint pain and stiffness associated with arthritis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCholesterol Levels\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some research suggests that krill oil may help improve the balance of good and bad cholesterol levels in the body.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSkin Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to healthy skin by maintaining its elasticity and moisture. Omega-3 is also being studied for its wound healing and skin disease treatment. 3\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive Health: \u003c\/strong\u003eKrill oil has a high content of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and choline. Choline is a nutrient essential for healthy brain development and function.  Krill oil also has eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been found to have a neuroprotective effect on the brain. 4\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eSide Effects of Krill Oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKrill oil is considered safe for most people when taken in appropriate doses and monitored for any potential side effects. 5 Here are some possible side effects of krill oil:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAllergic Reactions\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some individuals may be allergic to krill or shellfish, which can cause symptoms like itching and skin rashes. More severe reactions could be difficulty breathing and anaphylaxis. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDigestive Issues\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some people might experience gastrointestinal discomfort such as indigestion, bloating, gas, or diarrhea when taking krill oil. These symptoms are usually mild and tend to subside over time.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBlood Thinning\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3 fatty acids in krill oil have blood-thinning properties,6 which can be beneficial for heart health but might pose a risk for individuals who are already taking blood-thinning medications (like warfarin) or have bleeding disorders.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eElevated Blood Sugar Levels\u003c\/strong\u003e: Krill oil might influence blood sugar levels. Individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes should monitor their blood sugar levels if considering krill oil supplementation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is Algae Oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae oil is derived from various algae species, which are simple aquatic plants that use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy. Algae are rich in multiple nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids essential for human health. Algae oil is particularly known for being a plant-based source of omega-3 fatty acids, such as \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003eeicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA\u003c\/a\u003e)  traditionally associated with fish oil.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHealth benefits of algae oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMany of the benefits of algae oil are attributed to Omega-3 fatty acids, DHA and EPA.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3 fatty acids found in algae oil have been shown to support cardiovascular health by reducing triglyceride levels and reducing inflammation.Some studies suggest that omega-3 supplementation, including algae oil, can reduce heart disease risk and improve overall heart function. 7\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Health and Cognitive Function\u003c\/strong\u003e: DHA, a type of omega-3 fatty acid in algae oil, is a key component of brain tissue and is essential for cognitive development and function. Research suggests that DHA can improve cognitive performance and reduce cognitive decline.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInflammation Reduction\u003c\/strong\u003e: Omega-3 fatty acids, and DHA from algae oil, possess \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-3-and-the-immune-system\"\u003eanti-inflammatory properties\u003c\/a\u003e 9 that can help mitigate chronic inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is linked to health issues, such as cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and certain autoimmune disorders.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEye Health\u003c\/strong\u003e: DHA is also a major structural component of the retina. Algae oil consumption, particularly its DHA content, may contribute to maintaining healthy vision and reducing the risk of macular degeneration (AMD) and other eye conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eSide effects of algae oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae oil are generally considered safe for most people. However, as with any supplement, there is a possibility of experiencing side effects, although they tend to be relatively mild and infrequent. Here are some potential side effects of algae oil:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGastrointestinal Distress\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal discomfort, such as indigestion, bloating, gas, or diarrhea, when taking algae oil supplements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAllergic Reactions\u003c\/strong\u003e: While algae oil is not a common allergen, some individuals could have allergic reactions to specific types of algae. Possible reactions include skin irritation or difficulty breathing.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFishy Aftertaste or Burps\u003c\/strong\u003e: Like fish oil supplements and krill, algae oil capsules can sometimes cause a fishy aftertaste or fishy-smelling burps.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBlood Thinning\u003c\/strong\u003e: Algae also contains Omega-3 fatty acids, which due to their blood thinning properties, could interfere with blood thinning medications, including those in algae oil, which have natural blood-thinning properties.  Consult with your health provider before beginning Algae oil to ensure compatibility with any prescription medications you take.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePregnancy and Breastfeeding\u003c\/strong\u003e: While omega-3 fatty acids are important for fetal brain and eye development, pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their  healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements, including algae oil, to ensure safety for their specific situation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEffect on Blood Sugar Levels\u003c\/strong\u003e: Some research suggests that algae oil supplementation may influence blood sugar levels. Individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes should monitor their blood sugar levels if considering algae oil supplementation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eKrill Oil vs. Algae Oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Krill Oil vs Algae Oil: What's the Difference?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W57P3_1.jpg?v=1694627922\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth krill and algae oil contain EPA and DHA, the essential omega-3 fatty acids vital for health, and both offer similar health benefits due to their omega-3 content, including supporting heart health, brain function, and inflammation reduction.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae Oil: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSuitable for vegetarians, vegans, and those who prefer\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e plant-based sources of omega-3s\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGenerally not associated with common allergens, some individuals could be allergic to specific types of algae.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGenerally considered clean and free from potential contaminants present in fish.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae oil might have a lower risk of causing allergies due to its plant-based origin.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003eAlgae oil is a more sustainable source of omega-3s than fish oil \u003c\/a\u003esince it is cultivated in controlled environments without impacting wild fish populations.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKrill Oil:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBecause krill are a vital part of the marine food chain, there are concerns about the environmental impact of harvesting krill,\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNot suitable for vegetarians or vegans due to its animal-derived source.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKrill are less likely to accumulate contaminants than larger fish, making krill oil potentially less prone to contamination.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt may trigger allergic reactions in individuals with shellfish allergies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich one is right for you?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"vegan algae omega 3 supplement\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W57P4.jpg?v=1694628112\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUltimately, the choice between krill and algae oil depends on individual preferences, dietary restrictions, sustainability concerns, and potential allergies. Before adding any dietary supplement to your routine, especially for specific health conditions or problems, consult your healthcare provider to determine the most suitable option.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-09-13T05:27:09-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-10T05:39:36-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe facts speak for themselves. Krill and algae oils are powerful natural substances that can improve physical and cognitive health. Tahiro’s Algae Omega-3 from algae Softgels are superior supplements, delivering all three essential fatty acids directly from the source. Each serving of  \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro’s\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e Algae Omega-3 includes 300mg of DHA, 150mg of EPA, and 40mg of DPA, providing the nutrients that matter most \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\"\u003efor optimal brain function\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e and body health\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"krill-oil-vs-algae-oil","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Omega 3, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560840474792","image":{"created_at":"2023-09-13T11:17:31-07:00","alt":"Krill vs Marine Algae: What's the Best Supplement Source","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W57P1.jpg?v=1694629090"}},{"id":560840147112,"title":"Seas the Day: Finding the Best Algae Omega-3!","created_at":"2023-09-13T00:36:15-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"custom-post-frst-section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"content-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"content_below_video-youtube\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"next_blockss\"\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are omega-3 Fatty Acids?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" title=\"Omega-3 fatty acids are essential\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential\u003c\/a\u003e to the functioning of your body and brain.  Omega-3s provide energy and are found in high concentrations in your eyes and brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are three main types of Omega-3 fatty acids 2:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). EPA is a marine omega-3 found in fish.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDHA (docosahexaenoic acid). DHA is also found in fish.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eALA (alpha-linolenic acid) which is a form of omega-3 found in plants.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are examples of omega-3 fatty acids?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are in foods such as flaxseed, soybeans, and canola oils, fish, and dietary supplements. ALA is plant-based, and DHA and EPA are fish based. ALA is an essential fatty acid you must get from food since your body can’t produce it, so you must get it from food sources. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome food sources of Omega-3s include\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCold water fish such as salmon, tuna, sardines, herring, and mackerel.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeeds, and nuts including walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlant oils like canola, flaxseed, and soybean oils\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFoods that are fortified with Omega-3s\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eA Natural Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Algae\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003eAlgae and fish oils are the primary sources of omega-3s\u003c\/a\u003e. Algae are vegetarian and, for vegans, might be a better choice. In one study 3, algae oil supplements were found to have the same nutritional value and benefits of salmon. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother 2-week study 4  in 31 people, showed that “taking 600 mg of DHA from algae oil per day raised blood levels the same percentage as taking an equal amount of DHA from fish oil.”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich algae are a source of omega 3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae and seaweed are important for people who are vegetarian or vegan because they are one of the few plant foods containing both DHA and EPA.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe forms of algae are seaweed, nori, spirulina, and chlorella. Let’s look at each of these in the context of their Omega-3 content.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeaweed\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eTypes of seaweed that all have Omega-3  are\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003enori: \u003c\/strong\u003eis dried seaweed and has EPA, an important source of Omega-3.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ekelp: \u003c\/strong\u003erefers to brown algae from the Laminariaceae family. Kelp is used in Japanese dishes, including miso soup and udon. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewakame: \u003c\/strong\u003ewakame and nori are macroalgae, which are large algae. There are three kinds of macroalgae: brown, red, and green. Nori is a type of red algae. Wakame is a brown alga, which we commonly call kelp.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ekombu: \u003c\/strong\u003eis dried edible kelp.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edulse: \u003c\/strong\u003eis a red algae that grows in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and is also referred to as sea lettuce. also known as sea lettuce.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003espirulina: \u003c\/strong\u003eprovides a small amount of fat, including both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids 5 in an approximately 1.5–1.0 ratio.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is the best algae for omega 3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBecause fish can’t produce EPA and DHA, they get it by eating microalgae.  So, the source of Omega-3s in fish comes from algae.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMicroalgae from the Schizochytrium (a DHA-rich fish oil alternative containing small amounts of EPA) and Nannochloropsis genera (“marine microalgae with high photosynthetic efficiency and can convert carbon dioxide to storage lipids mainly in the form of triacylglycerols and to the ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are particularly high in omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA  and EPA .\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow can I ensure I'm getting enough omega-3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIt is estimated that 95% of people don’t get enough DHA and EPA from their diet \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e alone.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGuidelines for omega-3 intake \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e will vary depending on several factors, but there is no absolute on how much Omega-3 a person needs. Some of the factors or health conditions that can determine doses:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGender\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAdult vs. pregnant adult, breastfeeding or children\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHeart health\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDepression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAlzheimer’s disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCancer\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current recommended amounts of Omega 3 8 are based on five factors from the National Institutes of Health.  \u003cbr\u003e*As total omega-3s **As ALA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"543\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePregnancy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLactation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBirth to 6 months*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7–12 months*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1–3 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.7 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4–8 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9–13 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14–18 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19-50 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.4 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51+ years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich omega-3 algae supplement is best for me?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"next_blockss_sections\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAll supplements are not created equally. Now that you understand the importance of algae to overall health, cognition, and well-being Tahiro’s Algae Omega 3 is the best choice. Why? For these reasons:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eConsuming omega-3 fatty acids from algae-based supplements is getting them directly from the source rather than from fish that have accumulated them through the food chain. This method of consumption carries fewer potential risks compared to consuming fish, such as exposure to environmental toxins like mercury and PCBs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAlgae-based Omega 3 supplements are more sustainable and ethical than fish oil supplements, as they do not contribute to overfishing or harm to marine ecosystems.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOur Algae Omega 3 supplement is a plant-based alternative to traditional fish oil supplements, providing a sustainable and vegan-friendly source of these important nutrients. Omega-3 supports the production of neurotransmitters, the communication molecules that allow neurons to communicate with each other.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" title=\"Omega-3 fatty acids are essential\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are essential\u003c\/a\u003e to the functioning of your body and brain.  Omega-3s provide energy and are found in high concentrations in your eyes and brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are three main types of Omega-3 fatty acids 2:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). EPA is a marine omega-3 found in fish.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDHA (docosahexaenoic acid). DHA is also found in fish.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eALA (alpha-linolenic acid) which is a form of omega-3 found in plants.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are examples of omega-3 fatty acids?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are in foods such as flaxseed, soybeans, and canola oils, fish, and dietary supplements. ALA is plant-based, and DHA and EPA are fish based. ALA is an essential fatty acid you must get from food since your body can’t produce it, so you must get it from food sources. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome food sources of Omega-3s include\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCold water fish such as salmon, tuna, sardines, herring, and mackerel.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeeds, and nuts including walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlant oils like canola, flaxseed, and soybean oils\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFoods that are fortified with Omega-3s\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eA Natural Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Algae\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003eAlgae and fish oils are the primary sources of omega-3s\u003c\/a\u003e. Algae are vegetarian and, for vegans, might be a better choice. In one study 3, algae oil supplements were found to have the same nutritional value and benefits of salmon. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother 2-week study 4  in 31 people, showed that “taking 600 mg of DHA from algae oil per day raised blood levels the same percentage as taking an equal amount of DHA from fish oil.”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich algae are a source of omega 3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae and seaweed are important for people who are vegetarian or vegan because they are one of the few plant foods containing both DHA and EPA.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe forms of algae are seaweed, nori, spirulina, and chlorella. Let’s look at each of these in the context of their Omega-3 content.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeaweed\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eTypes of seaweed that all have Omega-3  are\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003enori: \u003c\/strong\u003eis dried seaweed and has EPA, an important source of Omega-3.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ekelp: \u003c\/strong\u003erefers to brown algae from the Laminariaceae family. Kelp is used in Japanese dishes, including miso soup and udon. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewakame: \u003c\/strong\u003ewakame and nori are macroalgae, which are large algae. There are three kinds of macroalgae: brown, red, and green. Nori is a type of red algae. Wakame is a brown alga, which we commonly call kelp.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ekombu: \u003c\/strong\u003eis dried edible kelp.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edulse: \u003c\/strong\u003eis a red algae that grows in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and is also referred to as sea lettuce. also known as sea lettuce.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003espirulina: \u003c\/strong\u003eprovides a small amount of fat, including both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids 5 in an approximately 1.5–1.0 ratio.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is the best algae for omega 3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBecause fish can’t produce EPA and DHA, they get it by eating microalgae.  So, the source of Omega-3s in fish comes from algae.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMicroalgae from the Schizochytrium (a DHA-rich fish oil alternative containing small amounts of EPA) and Nannochloropsis genera (“marine microalgae with high photosynthetic efficiency and can convert carbon dioxide to storage lipids mainly in the form of triacylglycerols and to the ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are particularly high in omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA  and EPA .\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow can I ensure I'm getting enough omega-3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is estimated that 95% of people don’t get enough DHA and EPA from their diet 6 alone.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGuidelines for omega-3 intake 7 will vary depending on several factors, but there is no absolute on how much Omega-3 a person needs. Some of the factors or health conditions that can determine doses:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGender\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdult vs. pregnant adult, breastfeeding or children\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart health\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDepression\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlzheimer’s disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCancer\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe current recommended amounts of Omega 3 8 are based on five factors from the National Institutes of Health.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e*As total omega-3s **As ALA\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e  \n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"543\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAge\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMale\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePregnancy\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLactation\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBirth to 6 months*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e7–12 months*\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.5 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1–3 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.7 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.7 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4–8 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.9 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.9 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e9–13 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.2 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.0 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e14–18 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.6 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.1 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.4 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.3 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e19-50 years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.6 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.1 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.4 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.3 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"174\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e51+ years**\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"50\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.6 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1.1 g\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\" width=\"113\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich omega-3 algae supplement is best for me?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W58P3_135fa599-d3f9-4e13-99a8-f65ac9843fd8.jpg?v=1705564260\" alt=\"best algae omega-3 supplement\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W58P3_135fa599-d3f9-4e13-99a8-f65ac9843fd8.jpg?v=1705564260\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAll supplements are not created equally. Now that you understand the importance of algae to overall health, cognition, and well-being Tahiro’s Algae Omega 3 is the best choice. Why? For these reasons:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eConsuming omega-3 fatty acids from algae-based supplements is getting them directly from the source rather than from fish that have accumulated them through the food chain. This method of consumption carries fewer potential risks compared to consuming fish, such as exposure to environmental toxins like mercury and PCBs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAlgae-based Omega 3 supplements are more sustainable and ethical than fish oil supplements, as they do not contribute to overfishing or harm to marine ecosystems.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOur Algae Omega 3 supplement is a plant-based alternative to traditional fish oil supplements, providing a sustainable and vegan-friendly source of these important nutrients. Omega-3 supports the production of neurotransmitters, the communication molecules that allow neurons to communicate with each other.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eConsuming omega-3 fatty acids from algae-based supplements is getting them directly from the source rather than from fish that have accumulated them through the food chain. This method of consumption carries fewer potential risks compared to consuming fish, such as exposure to environmental toxins like mercury and PCBs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAlgae-based Omega 3 supplements are more sustainable and ethical than fish oil supplements, as they do not contribute to overfishing or harm to marine ecosystems.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eOur Algae Omega 3 supplement is a plant-based alternative to traditional fish oil supplements, providing a sustainable and vegan-friendly source of these important nutrients. Omega-3 supports the production of neurotransmitters, the communication molecules that allow neurons to communicate with each other.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-09-13T00:36:21-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T23:55:07-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"which-algae-has-the-best-omega-3","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560840147112","image":{"created_at":"2023-09-28T04:40:45-07:00","alt":"which algae has the best omega-3","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W58P1.jpg?v=1695901245"}},{"id":560830283944,"title":"What Are the Health Benefits of Ashwagandha?","created_at":"2023-09-08T05:40:30-07:00","body_html":"","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-09-08T06:31:25-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"What Are the Health Benefits of Ashwagandha","handle":"what-are-the-health-benefits-of-ashwagandha","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560830283944"},{"id":560830185640,"title":"How Does California Poppy Eschscholzia Benefit Your Health","created_at":"2023-09-08T04:42:21-07:00","body_html":"","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-12-19T23:45:03-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"How Does California Poppy Eschscholzia Benefit Your Health","handle":"how-does-california-poppy-eschscholzia-benefit-your-health","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560830185640"},{"id":560798007464,"title":"Skin Health Benefits of Omega 5 Punicic Acid","created_at":"2023-08-22T22:05:07-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are the Omegas?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe three well-known Omega fatty acidsare Omega-3, Omega-6, and Omega-9, with Omega-7 and Omega-5 also in the mix. Omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and Omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) are bothconsidered essential fatty acids, meaning your body can't produce them, so youmust obtain them from food sources or supplements. Omega-5, predominantly foundas Punicic acid, is derived primarily from pomegranate seed oil and offersdistinctive health benefits, although it's not classified as an essential fattyacid. On the other hand, the Omega-9 oleic acid is non-essential; your body canproduce it, but it can also be acquired from food sources. Consuming the rightbalance of Omega-3, Omega-6, Omega-5, and Omega-9 is crucial to support youroverall health and well-being.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs Omega 5-Punicic Acid good for your skin?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYes, \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003eOmega-5 Punicic Acid is incredibly beneficial \u003c\/a\u003efor the skin. Punicic acid is a specific type of Omega-5 and the primary component in pomegranate seed oil. With its unique structure among unsaturated fats, it is considered a powerful antioxidant. This structure aids in keeping cell membranes flexible, which in turn improves cellular functioning. As a result, Omega-5s offer a myriad of potential benefits, from disease prevention to improving overall health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Does Omega 5 Do for the Skin?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 has a significant impact on skin health and appearance. Premature aging due to factors like UV radiation, pollution, and exposure to tobacco smoke results in wrinkles and an increased risk of skin cancer. Additionally, harmful external factors, such as extreme temperatures, harsh skincare products, and blue light exposure from screens, can compromise skin integrity, leading to sagging skin, dryness, and a generally poor appearance. Omega-5 plays a vital role in combating these challenges by simulating keratinocyte proliferation in the skin, offering a multitude of benefits:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCollagen Production:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs we age, collagen production diminishes, impacting skin elasticity and hydration. It's estimated that after the age of 20, our dermis layer produces 1% less collagen each year.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 aids in skin health and response to inflammation. For instance, patients who applied topical Omega-5 post-laser treatment experienced reduced itching and swelling. It's also beneficial for those with skin conditions like eczema.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProtection Against Toxins and Environmental Stressors:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 offers a shield against many of the harmful external factors previously mentioned, ensuring your skin remains resilient.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePrevention of Premature Aging:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith its protective properties, Omega-5 can combat the signs of aging induced by sun exposure and other damaging elements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWound Healing:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 can expedite the wound healing process, restoring the skin's natural barrier and function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDoes Omega 5 Have Other Benefits?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5's multifaceted benefits are not limited to just skin health. For instance, its role in cholesterol control is evident as Omega-5 supplementation has been associated with an increase in beneficial HDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, it has the potential to mitigate the risk of dementia by reducing the accumulation of beta-amyloid in the brain, a protein closely linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, Omega-5s are instrumental in supporting the health of brain membranes, which subsequently can lead to enhanced memory and overall brain function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBest sources of Omega 5 for skin health.\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile direct dietary sources of Omega-5 are limited, here are some primary contributors:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate Seed Oil:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\"\u003eThe richest source of Omega-5\u003c\/a\u003e. The seeds themselves can be incorporated into salads and smoothies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGrass-fed Full-fat Dairy:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eContains higher fatty acid content.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFatty Cold-water Fish:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSuch as wild-caught salmon, tuna, herring, sardines, and mackerel.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNuts and Seeds:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMacadamia nuts, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseed are good examples.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlant Oils:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese include soybean, flaxseed, coconut, canola, and palm oil, although Omega-5 content may vary.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsiderations for Dietary Preferences:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEven if being vegan or vegetarian doesn't limit access to Omega-5, achieving enough just from food can be a challenge. High-quality supplements enriched with fatty acids offer the protection and health benefits essential for skin health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan you get it from pomegranate juice?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen pomegranate juice is extracted, it is primarily from the pulp and not from the seeds, the source of Punicic Acid. Therefore, the concentration of Omega-5 in the juice, if present at all, would be negligible.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-mce-fragment=\"1\" id=\"Omega-5-Benefits-Your-Skin--Nano-Omega-5-Takes-It-a-Step-Further\" class=\"title new_blog_article\"\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"brain protect nano omega 5 supplement for skin health\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W565P3.jpg?v=1705566900\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/01W565P3.jpg?v=1705566900\"\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-08-22T22:51:28-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-05T03:53:11-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter exploring the advantages of Omega-5 and underscoring the importance of supplementation for adequate intake and optimal skin health, it's time to spotlight \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\"\u003ethe prowess of 'Nano Omega-5'\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. Utilizing the precision of nanotechnology, punicic acid is meticulously transformed into nano droplets, enhancing its bioavailability in the bloodstream. This ensures efficient delivery to vital organs, especially the brain and skin cells. The advantage of nanotechnology lies in the amplified surface area of nano-sized particles, facilitating better cellular absorption. In contrast, non-nano forms may not be as readily absorbed, potentially leading to nutrient waste. Nano Omega-5 thus guarantees optimal absorption, ensuring that the body reaps the full benefits of this crucial component, contributing significantly to overall brain health and in particular skin health.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"is-punicic-acid-good-for-skin","tags":"Key Ingredients, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560798007464","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-25T02:03:37-08:00","alt":"","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/wKyEnNBA.jpg?v=1708855417"}},{"id":560795189416,"title":"Cinnamon Oil Uses and Health Benefits","created_at":"2023-08-22T00:21:55-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the Health Benefits of Cinnamon Oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon oil is much more potent than the dried spice cinnamon. \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/cinnamon-oil\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/agricultural-and-biological-sciences\/cinnamon-oil\"\u003eCinnamon oil\u003c\/a\u003e [1] is produced from the dried inner bark of the shoots of the coppiced trees of \u003cem data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamomum zeylanicum\u003c\/em\u003e. Most cinnamon trees are found in Sri Lanka, India, and Brazil [1].  While research on the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\"\u003ecognitive benefits of cinnamon\u003c\/a\u003e on humans is yet to be concluded, significant scientific evidence has been established through studies conducted on live organism models (in vivo) and at the cellular level (in\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003evitro). These investigations have provided valuable insights into the potential health benefits of cinnamon oil on humans. Here are some of the documented health benefits of Cinnamon oil:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBlood sug levels\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eResearch is mixed on the effect of \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4609100\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4609100\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4609100\/\"\u003ecinnamon on blood sugar levels\u003c\/a\u003e, but a 2015 review [2] showed that cinnamon may reduce blood sugar levels. Subjects with type 2 diabetes who consumed cinnamon daily had lower glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePrevention of Alzheimer’s disease\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eAlzheimer's disease remains a devastating condition without a definitive pharmaceutical prevention or cure; current medications only aim to delay its progression. However, researchers are now exploring the potential of plant-based spices and plants in providing positive outcomes.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3030596\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3030596\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3030596\/\"\u003eIn a significant study\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[3], mice treated with cinnamon extract exhibited a reduction in Alzheimer's-related features, including amyloid plaques, and demonstrated improved cognitive functions, offering promising insights for potential preventive approaches.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePrevention and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have lower T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial part in the immune system and protects against disease. Cinnamon treatment has prevented the loss of proteins specific to T cells. Also, scientists have found that cinnamon resorted myelin levels in mice with MS [4].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduction in risk of cardiovascular disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigh blood pressure is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease. In one\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003estudy on animals, cinnamon reduced blood pressure [5].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCancer prevention\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2014\/642942\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2014\/642942\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2014\/642942\/\"\u003estudy\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[5] noted that cinnamaldehydes may have antitumor and anticancer properties.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAntioxidant effects\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has powerful antioxidant effects. A\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33066854\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33066854\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33066854\/\"\u003ereview\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[5] of studies on the antioxidant effects of cinnamon supplementation resulted in a significant reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP is a protein made by the liver that increases when inflammation is present.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAntibacterial effects\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch suggests that cinnamon oil has antibacterial and antifungal effects on oral health and can prevent and treat oral infections and cavities. Cinnamon oil can also be used as an antibacterial preservative for foods to extend shelf life and as a preservative in cosmetics and hospital disinfectants.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"uses and benefits of cinnamon essential oil\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/uses_and_benefits_of_cinnamon_essential_oil.jpg?v=1692691046\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is the best way to use cinnamon oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile aromatherapy provides temporary relief and cosmetic products yield hair and skin results, they may not extend benefits to the entire body. To fully harness the potential of cinnamon oil, consumption is recommended. However, ensuring adequate intake of this remarkable ingredient can be challenging, especially as its health-promoting properties may diminish during cooking.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSo, how can you unlock the full potential of cinnamon oil? Highly recommended are \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003ecinnamon oil supplements\u003c\/a\u003e, easily available and suitable for daily use. These supplements allow the beneficial compounds to gradually accumulate, promoting optimal results throughout your body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs Cinnamon Oil Safe to Consume?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCeylon, considered true cinnamon, is native to Sri Lanka and southern parts of India. It’s made from the inner bark of the Cinnamomum verum tree. Cassia cinnamon contains Coumarin, which can be harmful in large doses [6] Cassia contains approximately 1% coumarin, while Ceylon contains only 0.004%, or 250 times less, which is so low that it’s often undetectable.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon and its active ingredients, including cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, cinnamic acid, and eugenol, are all listed as safe and non-toxic on the FDA Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list. Consumption of cinnamon and its active ingredients should be moderate as part of a balanced diet, and it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before consuming high amounts of these compounds or taking supplements containing them.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhen to Take Cinnamon Oil Supplements\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon oil supplements are widely recommended to a broad spectrum of individuals, especially those with specific health conditions or concerns. Thanks to the extensive range of benefits mentioned in the article, these supplements hold promise for individuals seeking improved heart health, blood sugar management, cognitive function, and more.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance, incorporating cinnamon oil supplements into their daily routine may help promote better blood sugar regulation and reduce sugar cravings. Similarly, those looking to enhance their cognitive health or manage neurodegenerative concerns might find it beneficial to take cinnamon oil supplements regularly.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor those who seek to optimize their cognitive health and take steps toward the prevention of early brain degeneration, Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 Cinnamon presents an unparalleled choice that surpasses conventional 'Cinnamon Supplements.' Its brilliance lies in groundbreaking \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\"\u003enano omega 5 formulation\u003c\/a\u003e and a unique delivery system, achieving optimal absorption throughout the bloodstream, including the brain, potentially crossing the blood-brain barrier. This patent-pending formula creates synergy between two neuroprotective ingredients in Brain Protect™: Punicic acid, also known as \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003eomega-5\u003c\/a\u003e, and the star of this article, cinnamon, to achieve optimal health benefits.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile its daily serving (two 600 mg softgels) may not immediately reveal a significant amount of cinnamon, its formulation in nano droplets dramatically enhances bioavailability, equivalent to a much larger consumption. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of neuroprotective benefits throughout the body, including the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"Nano-Droplets-of-Cinnamon-Oil--Current-and-FutureBenefits\" class=\"title new_blog_article\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-08-22T02:08:13-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:16:48-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe studies on cinnamon oil are united in their findings of the many health benefits of this spice, but more research is needed to unlock cinnamon’s full potential. Existing research supports using cinnamon oil for a wide range of health conditions and protection from several neurological brain disorders. With Tahiro’s nanotechnology, you can have confidence that the ingredients in Brain Protect bypass digestion, cross the blood-brain barrier, and deliver these key nutrients to the brain. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"uses-and-benefits-of-cinnamon-oil","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560795189416","image":{"created_at":"2023-08-22T02:20:41-07:00","alt":"","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W53P1_1.jpg?v=1692696041"}},{"id":560791945384,"title":"Does CBD Oil Help with Essential Tremors?","created_at":"2023-08-21T00:23:02-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat causes hand tremors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA tremor is an involuntary, rhythmic movement of a part of the body. Tremors can potentially affect any part of the body, including the hands, arms, legs, head, and even the voicebox.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are many different potential causes of tremors, including: \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEssential tremor (caused by a degenerative process, which is usually age-related)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eParkinson’s disease\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStroke\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain tumor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLong-term alcohol use\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWithdrawal from alcohol\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCertain medications\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExposure to certain toxins, including some pesticides, solvents, and heavy metals\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone levels)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLiver disease\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKidney disease\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigh or low blood sugar levels\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCaffeine\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are essential tremors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEssential tremor is the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499986\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499986\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003emost common\u003c\/a\u003e type of action tremor, affecting up to 5% of the population [1]. An action tremor is a tremor that occurs only when performing activities. When at rest, the tremor does not occur. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEssential tremor most commonly affects the hands and arms. As it progresses, the head and the muscles that control the voice can also be affected. This condition becomes more common as people age, although it can also affect younger people.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAbout half of all people with essential tremor have a family history of the condition, meaning that their close relatives also had essential tremor. However, researchers are still working to discover all of the risk factors that can lead to essential tremor. It appears that the process involves degeneration of certain brain regions, although more research is needed to understand this condition better.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre There Any Supplements That Help Essential Tremors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough there is no cure for essential tremor, there are medications that can be helpful for some patients. Many patients prefer natural alternatives to pharmaceuticals, and would like to use supplements instead. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5884259\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5884259\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eresearch\u003c\/a\u003e has shown that injections of high-dose thiamine, or vitamin B1, may be helpful for some patients with essential tremor [2]. Deficiency of vitamin B12 can cause tremors, so taking this (orally or by injection) \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24852503\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24852503\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003emay be helpful\u003c\/a\u003e for some people [3].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome patients have reported positive effects from using herbs that calm the nervous system, such as valerian, skullcap, or passionflower. It’s important to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29086684\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29086684\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003euse caution\u003c\/a\u003e with these medications, because they can cause significant side effects and can interact with prescription drugs in potentially dangerous ways [4]. It has also not yet been proven that any of these herbs are effective for essential tremor.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition, some people have reported success with using cannabinoids, such as CBD, for essential tremor. Many patients have reported dramatic improvements in their condition from the use of these products.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe use of cannabinoids for treating essential tremor is still considered experimental. Although there have been some promising studies, there’s still not enough evidence to definitively conclude that cannabinoids have beneficial effects on essential tremors. However, the research that we have so far is encouraging.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Do Cannabinoids Help in Treating Hand Tremors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5877694\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5877694\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eendocannabinoid system\u003c\/a\u003e is involved in a variety of functions, including the control of movements in the nervous system [5]. Cannabinoids, which are substances found in cannabis, act on the endocannabinoid system. This raises the possibility that cannabis – or certain chemicals derived from cannabis – could be useful in helping to control tremors. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThrough the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids tend to produce relaxation of muscles. Relaxation is known to help reduce the symptoms of essential tremor, and therapies focused on relaxation are often a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7851235\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7851235\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003emajor part\u003c\/a\u003e of the treatment of the condition [6]. Cannabinoids could help facilitate muscle relaxation, which would likely be beneficial for people with essential tremor.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCannabinoids also help to protect cells in the brain and spinal cord from damage, which can help to preserve their function. Because essential tremor is \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7427947\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7427947\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebelieved\u003c\/a\u003e to result from degeneration of certain brain regions [7], it’s certainly plausible that cannabinoids could help to slow the progress of the condition.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDoes CBD Help with Tremors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"How Do Cannabinoids Help in Treating Hand Tremors?\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W55P3.jpg?v=1692792573\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCannabidiol, or CBD, is one of the major cannabinoids found in cannabis. It’s attracted a significant amount of research attention for its antiinflammatory properties, and appears to have a number of potential health benefits. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUnlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, CBD does not cause an alteration of mental state. This makes it much more useful as a potential treatment, because it will not interfere with patients’ ability to function in their daily lives.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-021-00818-4\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-021-00818-4\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eResearch\u003c\/a\u003e has shown that a synthetic cannabinoid injected into the spinal cord reduces the symptoms of essential tremor [8]. Somewhat surprisingly, the researchers discovered that the cannabinoid acts not on neurons (the cells that produce electrical signals), but on astrocytes, which are support cells that help to maintain the proper environment within the spinal cord. These supporting cells contain receptors for cannabinoids, and respond to the presence of substances similar to CBD.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33465546\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33465546\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOne study\u003c\/a\u003e gave a single dose of CBD to patients with essential tremor, and observed no effects on their symptoms [9]. However, this doesn’t necessarily mean that CBD is not effective. Instead, it could indicate that CBD needs to be taken consistently over a longer period of time in order to have an effect. If a patient tries CBD and doesn’t notice an immediate effect, they may need to take CBD for a longer period before concluding that it doesn’t work for them.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/results\/NCT03805750\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/results\/NCT03805750\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c\/a\u003e found that patients using a combination of CBD and THC showed a trend towards slightly lower tremor severity and improvement of their symptoms, when compared with those taking a placebo. However, they also reported frequent side effects, including trouble concentrating and sleepiness, which were likely related to the THC contained in the treatment [10]. The effects found in the study were not huge, but there was an effect of the cannabinoids. More research will be needed to clarify the effect of CBD on essential tremor.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan Hemp Oil Help with Hand Tremors?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough hemp oil is also derived from the cannabis plant, it doesn’t always contain CBD. Whether or not there is CBD in hemp oil depends on the specific type. Hemp oil that’s labeled “full spectrum” or “broad spectrum” \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7281216\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7281216\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003econtains\u003c\/a\u003e all of the chemicals naturally present in the plant, including CBD [11]. However, if a hemp oil is not full or broad spectrum, then it may not contain any CBD. It may have been filtered or processed in a way that removes the CBD from the oil. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to CBD, full or broad spectrum hemp oil also contains a variety of other cannabinoids, as well as other potentially beneficial compounds like flavonoids, terpenes, and terpenoids.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s important to note the difference between hemp and marijuana. Both are derived from cannabis plants, but they’re different types of cannabis plants. The plants used for marijuana contain relatively high levels of THC, the chemical that causes the psychoactive effects of marijuana. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy contrast, the plants used for hemp contain very little, if any, THC. This means that you don’t have to worry much about hemp interfering with your ability to concentrate or remember things in your daily life. You absolutely cannot get high from taking hemp oil. However, broad spectrum hemp oil has THC specifically removed, ensuring that there won’t be any cognitive effects from taking the product. With full spectrum hemp oil, there might be a little THC.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCBD Oil vs. Hemp Oil for Essential Tremors\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf both CBD oil and hemp oil could potentially help with essential tremors, how can you decide between them? \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCBD oil is purified to contain mainly CBD. In this process, many other potentially beneficial chemicals are removed. By contrast, full or broad spectrum hemp oil contains CBD, along with a variety of other compounds.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCBD oil can also be made from either type of cannabis plants – hemp or marijuana. As a result, CBD oil that’s produced from marijuana plants may also contain THC. If you’re trying to avoid the psychoactive effects of THC, such as interference with memory and concentration, then it’s important to check that your CBD oil doesn’t contain THC.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp plants don’t contain much THC, so if you choose hemp oil, you don’t really need to worry about THC. A broad spectrum hemp oil has the THC specifically removed, to ensure that you won’t experience any unwanted cognitive effects from using the product.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDosage for Hand Tremors\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is currently no officially accepted dosage of CBD for essential tremor. More studies will be needed to determine the optimal dose. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33381646\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33381646\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eone study\u003c\/a\u003e on CBD in Parkinson’s disease (another condition that causes tremors), the dose was gradually increased, from 5 up to 25mg of CBD per kilogram of body weight each day. At 25mg, there were early signs of liver damage in some people, but there were very few side effects up to 20mg per kg per day [12]. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBased on the results of this study, it may be beneficial to try a lower dose first, such as 5mg of CBD per kilogram of body weight per day. (If using this method, multiply your weight in kilograms by 5 to find your personalized dose.) You can gradually increase this until you get the desired effect.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31909680\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31909680\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eAnother study\u003c\/a\u003e found that a dose of 300mg of CBD was effective at reducing tremor in people with Parkinson’s disease [13]. This is similar to what many people would take if using 5mg per kg.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSince we don’t yet know the optimal dose for CBD, the best advice may be to start with a lower dose, and increase it if this is not effective. If you take any pharmaceuticals or have any chronic medical conditions, it’s a good idea to check with your doctor before starting any new supplement, as it’s possible for supplements to interact with medications or cause side effects.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBest Type of CBD to Use for Hand Tremors\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen choosing a CBD product to try for hand tremors, there are a few things you may want to keep in mind:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp is grown industrially, and this process may involve chemicals like pesticides. To help protect yourself from the potential toxicity of these chemicals, you may want to choose one that’s grown organically.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA full or broad spectrum hemp oil contains not just CBD, but also a variety of other cannabinoids, as well as other potentially beneficial chemicals. If you want to get the benefits of all of these substances, make sure to choose a hemp oil that’s either full spectrum or broad spectrum.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you want to avoid the effects of THC (such as trouble with memory and concentration), choose a product made from hemp rather than marijuana. A broad spectrum hemp oil has THC specifically removed, so that you don’t need to worry about any THC-related side effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe best dosing of CBD for essential tremor has not yet been researched. Many people start with a relatively small amount of CBD and gradually increase this until they feel an effect.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMake sure to talk with your doctor before starting any new supplement, particularly if you take any medications or have any chronic medical conditions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"suren sharma","user_id":82364432552,"published_at":"2023-08-21T00:48:01-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:18:14-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCBD has neuroprotective properties, meaning that it helps to \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003eprotect the brain against degeneration\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e. Even if you’re not currently experiencing any neurological issues, you may want to consider using CBD in order to help prevent degeneration, which could cause serious problems in the future. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro’s Brain Protect combines broad spectrum hemp oil with \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003eomega-5 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e, to offer more powerful protection for your brain. Omega-5 fatty acids are also shown to help improve brain function and protect the brain against degeneration. Brain Protect uses a \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-nano-omega-5\"\u003enanoparticle form of omega-5s\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e, which improves absorption in the digestive tract and allows the fatty acids to cross the blood-brain barrier, so they can exert their beneficial effects on the brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDuring the sourcing phase, Tahiro’s selection protocol for broad spectrum hemp oil adheres to an efficacy-driven methodology, which involves subjecting the hemp to in-vitro biochemical and cell-based assays. This process guarantees that each batch of hemp used to make Brain Protect maintains uniform therapeutic attributes and efficacy, mirroring the standards we assessed in our pre-clinical trials. Because it contains no THC, you will not experience any unwanted cognitive effects from Brain Protect. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you’re hoping to protect yourself from brain degeneration, this powerful, scientifically-backed combination of ingredients can help. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"does-cbd-oil-help-with-essential-tremors","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560791945384","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-25T03:48:43-08:00","alt":"Does CBD Oil Help with Essential Tremors?","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W55P1.jpg?v=1708861723"}},{"id":560727883944,"title":"What are the Health Benefits of Hemp Oil?","created_at":"2023-07-31T04:30:28-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the Health Benefits of Hemp Oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe multiple uses of hemp seed oil have been studied for many years, and we continue to discover the value of hemp seed oil for a number of conditions.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePain relief: \u003c\/strong\u003eFinding alternatives to opioids for pain treatment is a critical area of interest.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7281216\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7281216\/\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA 2020 study\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e1 investigated the analgesic effects of “full-spectrum” whole-plant oil extracted from the hemp plant on mice's mechanical neuropathic chronic pain sensitivity. The study showed that common, commercially available, and easily reproducible full-spectrum hemp oil induced significant anti-allodynic (pain) effects lasting over 6 hours. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCardiovascular health: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/6-health-benefits-of-hemp-seeds#TOC_TITLE_HDR_3\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/6-health-benefits-of-hemp-seeds#TOC_TITLE_HDR_3\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe gamma-linolenic acid (Omega 6) found in hemp seeds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e2  can reduce inflammation, which can impact your risk of diseases like heart disease. Also, animal studies show that hemp seeds or hemp seed oil may reduce blood pressure, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduced inflammation: \u003c\/strong\u003eInflammation has been linked to various diseases, including cancer, asthma, diabetes, and cancer. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21784145\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21784145\/\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStudies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e3 have shown that Gamma Linolenic acid, found in hemp, acts as an anti-inflammatory. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHelp with skin disorders: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3931201\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3931201\/\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStudies\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e4 demonstrate that hemp may help with eczema, dry skin, acne scarring, and psoriasis. Also, hemp is useful as an anti-inflammatory agent that can help improve sun-damaged skin and can prevent skin aging. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHormone balancing: \u003c\/strong\u003eScientists have found out that the Gamma Linolenic acid found in Hemp Seed Oil may improve and reduce symptoms associated with PMS, such as menstrual cramps. It can also reduce symptoms of menopause, such as depression, hot flashes, and irritability.  One \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3033240\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3033240\/\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003estudy\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e5 suggests that “the physical or emotional symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome are potentially caused by sensitivity to the hormone prolactin that may be related to low prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Hemp oil’s gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) assists in the production of PGE1.”\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain health: \u003c\/strong\u003eHemp seed oil contains fatty acids necessary for the brain to function properly. Hemp seed oil is also rich in other compounds such as calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, and vitamins E, B1, B2, B3, and B6, all promoting good brain health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W54P3_480x480.jpg?v=1692598825\" alt=\"Health Benefits of Hemp Oil\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W54P3_480x480.jpg?v=1692598825\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eUses for Hemp Seed Oil\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to all of the health benefits of hemp seed oil, it also has other uses. Taking a supplement provides the strongest benefit of hemp seed oil but can also be used in cooking and salad dressings. Hemp hearts are available commercially for use in smoothies, cereal, and salads.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEnhanced digestive health:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe know the\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4808672\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4808672\/\"\u003e omega-3 essential fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e found in hemp seed oil can reduce inflammation in the digestive tract. 6 Omega 3 fatty acids help digestive tract problems such as inflammatory bowel disorder. The fatty acids in hemp seed oil promote good microbes in the gut flora, improving digestion and overall digestive health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTopical application:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor Stronger Nails: \u003c\/strong\u003eMassage into nails to promote stronger nails, cuticle repair, and softer hands and feet.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor Healthy Skin Treatment: \u003c\/strong\u003eAs a moisturizer, hemp seed oil can prevent moisture loss and regulate your skin’s oil production. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHair Health and Appearance: \u003c\/strong\u003eThe essential fatty acids in hemp seed oil can strengthen hair, add shine and moisturize your hair while promoting hair growth. Anecdotal reports from people who apply hemp seed oil to their hair report less dryness, dandruff, and itching.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhen to Take Hemp Oil Supplements?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-bottom: 50px; float: none;\" alt=\"The Health Benefits of Hemp Oil\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/BPH_2_1_1.jpg?v=1690803420\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect?variant=43232522338472\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect?variant=43232522338472\"\u003eTahiro’s Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5 Hemp Oil\u003c\/a\u003e is specifically designed and produced with nanotechnology, enabling the neuroprotective ingredients to reach all body organs, bypassing the digestive system, which is known for preventing supplements from serving their intended use and crossing the blood-brain barrier.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro has specific recommendations for achieving optimal brain health with Brain Protect™, which is packaged in three individually sealed containers, each with 30 servings, providing 90 servings in total. Taking Brain Protect™ for a minimum of 3 months in the morning before breakfast or between meals is recommended.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Medications Should not be Taken with Hemp Oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp can have interactions with some medications. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/hemp-benefits-side-effects-dosage-and-interactions-4767355\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\/hemp-benefits-side-effects-dosage-and-interactions-4767355\"\u003eDo not ingest hemp when taking cardiac glycosides or diuretics\u003c\/a\u003e 7.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"Cardiac-Glycosides\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCardiac Glycosides\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCardiac glycosides, such as Lanoxin (digoxin),\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003ecan slow down the heart rate. They are used for treating heart failure and irregular heartbeats. Hemp can slow the heart rate. Taking hemp with cardiac glycosides could slow the heart rate too much, so talk with your doctor before combining hemp with Lanoxin. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDiuretics\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDiuretics are drugs that cause you to urinate more often to reduce body fluid which can lower blood pressure. Diuretics include:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiuril (chlorothiazide)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThalitone (chlorthalidone)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLasix (furosemide)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrozide (hydrochlorothiazide)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncreased urine output may lead to a loss of potassium. Hemp can also decrease potassium, so taking diuretics and hemp together may result in unacceptable and dangerously low potassium levels, which can interfere with heart function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-07-31T06:05:07-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:20:23-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003eBrain Protect™\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Nano Omega 5 Hemp Oil contains our high-potency pomegranate seed oil, Omega-5, and full-spectrum hemp, protecting the brain from harmful oxidative stress (thought to be the number one source of brain degeneration and diseases), helping to keep your brain younger and healthier as you age. Why is full-spectrum hemp oil essential? Full-spectrum hemp oil is made from whole plant extracts and contains multiple compounds such as cannabinoids, terpenes, and essential oils. Our nanotechnology allows Brain Protect to cross the blood-brain barrier, ensuring you receive the maximum benefit for your brain and body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-are-the-health-benefits-of-hemp-oil","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560727883944","image":{"created_at":"2024-02-26T00:54:16-08:00","alt":"Hemp oil supplements health benefits ","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/hemp.jpg?v=1708937657"}},{"id":560700948648,"title":"Is Cinnamon Good For Memory Loss?","created_at":"2023-07-19T23:18:46-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eDiscovering the Memory-Boosting Components of Cinnamon\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has been found to have several components that can potentially improve memory function [1]. Some of these include:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamaldehyde\u003c\/strong\u003e: a compound that gives cinnamon its distinct flavor and aroma, which has been shown to improve learning ability and memory retention in animal studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEpicatechin:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ea flavonoid that has been found to enhance memory and increase blood flow to the brain in human studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEugenol:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eanother compound responsible for cinnamon's aroma, which has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could help to protect brain cells from damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProanthocyanidins:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ea class of flavonoids that have been found to improve cognitive function and memory in animal studies.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese components work together to potentially \u003ca data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eprovide cognitive benefits when cinnamon is consumed\u003c\/a\u003e as part of a balanced diet.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eThe Potential of Cinnamon as a Treatment for Memory-Related Diseases\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has been found to have potential therapeutic effects on several memory diseases, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has been shown to have anti-amyloidogenic effects, meaning it may help to prevent the formation of amyloid plaques that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease [2].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVascular dementia: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has been found to have vasodilatory effects, meaning it can help increase blood flow to the brain. This could potentially help to improve cognitive function in individuals with vascular dementia [3].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLewy body dementia: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has been shown to have neuroprotective effects that could potentially help slow the progression of Lewy body dementia [4].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFronto-temporal dementia: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon's anti-inflammatory properties may help reduce the inflammation in the brain that is associated with fronto-temporal dementia [5].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProgressive supranuclear palsy: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon's potential to improve cognitive function may be beneficial for individuals with progressive supranuclear palsy, which can cause problems with memory and thinking [2].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNormal pressure hydrocephalus: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon's ability to improve blood flow to the brain may be helpful for individuals with normal pressure hydrocephalus, which can cause \u003ca data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment\"\u003ecognitive impairment\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[4].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease: \u003c\/strong\u003eAlthough research on cinnamon's effects on Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is limited, some studies have suggested that it may have neuroprotective effects that could be beneficial for individuals with this condition [4].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan you Use Cinnamon for Preventing Age-Related Memory issues?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon may also have potential benefits for preventing age-related memory issues. Studies have shown that cinnamon can improve cognitive function and memory in healthy adults, particularly when performing tasks related to attention and working memory [6]. Cinnamon has also been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help protect the brain from age-related damage [7]. Additionally, cinnamon may help regulate blood sugar levels and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in the brain [8], which could be important for preventing cognitive decline associated with type 2 diabetes.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCinnamon Consumption in Human and Animal Studies: A Promising Approach for Memory Loss Recovery and Prevention\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOver the years, there has been increasing interest in the potential of cinnamon as a natural remedy for memory loss. Several human and animal studies have been conducted to explore the effects of cinnamon consumption on memory recovery and prevention. Among these studies, one involving elderly individuals with age-related memory issues found that cinnamon supplementation significantly improved cognitive function compared to a placebo [9]. Another study conducted on rats found that cinnamon extract enhanced memory performance and reduced oxidative stress in the brain [10]. In a third study, cinnamon supplementation was shown to improve spatial learning and memory in mice [11]. These findings suggest that cinnamon may have promising potential as a natural intervention for memory-related issues in both humans and animals.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eUsing Cinnamon for Tau Tangles, Amyloid Plaques \u0026amp; Dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has been found to have potential therapeutic effects on dementia by targeting abnormal protein structures that form in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease.. Tau proteins form tangled clumps in the brains of individuals with dementia, while beta-amyloid forms larger structures known as plaques. These abnormal protein structures are believed to contribute to cognitive decline. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeveral studies have suggested that cinnamon may help to prevent or slow the formation of both tangles and plaques [12]. Additionally, cinnamon's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may also contribute to its potential benefits for dementia, by protecting brain cells from damage. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile further research is needed to fully understand cinnamon's effects on tau tangles, amyloid plaques, and dementia, these initial findings are promising.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are The best Ways To Maximize Cinnamon Effects\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you're looking to get the most out of your cinnamon consumption, there are a few things you can do to maximize its effects. First and foremost, don't forget to move your body! Engaging in physical exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, which can potentially enhance the benefits of cinnamon. And besides physical exercise, mental exercise is also crucial Reading or engaging in other mentally stimulating activities can also improve memory and cognitive function. Plus, if you want to take it up a notch, try pairing your cinnamon with other brain-boosting foods like berries or nuts.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003ePrecautions on Consumption \u0026amp; Daily Intake Limit of Cinnamon\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile cinnamon can offer potential health benefits, there are some precautions to keep in mind when consuming it. For one, cinnamon can interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners, and can potentially increase the risk of bleeding. It can also cause allergic reactions in some individuals, especially if consumed in large amounts. Additionally, some types of cinnamon, such as Cassia cinnamon, contain higher levels of coumarin, a compound that can cause liver damage if consumed in excess. Therefore, it is important to be mindful of the type of cinnamon being consumed and to stick to recommended daily intake limits. The European Food Safety Authority recommends a maximum daily intake of 0.1mg of coumarin per kg of body weight. Overall, consuming cinnamon in moderation, and consulting with a healthcare provider before using it if you’re taking medication or have any health conditions, is important for ensuring its safe and beneficial use.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow to Combine Cinnamon Rich Nutrition for Maximum Absorption\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can consume cinnamon in a variety of different ways. The active ingredients in cinnamon are mostly water-soluble and heat-stable, so you can get the benefits when you cook with this spice, add it to foods or beverages (including coffee), or make a tea with it. Additionally, consuming cinnamon with other foods that are high in antioxidants, such as berries, pomegranate  and dark chocolate, may also help enhance its health and brain-boosting benefits.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome people prefer to take cinnamon supplements, in order to ensure that they’re getting enough of this powerful spice every day. This can be a great way to incorporate cinnamon into your daily routine, but you’ll need to stay within safe limits for cinnamon consumption. Excessive consumption of cinnamon may cause health problems, including liver damage, so it’s important to ensure that you’re not overdoing it. If you take any medications or have any health conditions, it’s best to talk with your doctor before you start taking any supplement, to ensure that it’s safe for you.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-07-20T00:06:52-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:21:50-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has been shown to have tremendous potential in preventing age-related cognitive decline and protecting against memory loss. But to ensure that you're getting the maximum benefits from this powerful spice, it’s best not to rely on cinnamon alone. Combine cinnamon intake with other brain-boosting foods like pomegranate, berries or nuts, and ensure that you’re engaging in physical exercise and mentally stimulating activities in order to protect your brain function for the long term. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnd if you're looking for a\u003cstrong\u003e \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003ehigh-quality cinnamon supplement\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e to take your brain protection to the next level, look no further than Tahiro's Brain Protect™.This breakthrough formula combines the power of cinnamon with pomegranate seed oil, which is rich in \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOmega 5 fatty acids\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e The combination helps to support brain health and promote neuroprotection against oxidative stress. With its nano-formulation and scientific backing, Brain Protect™ has been proven to improve cognitive function and potentially prevent or slow down cognitive decline.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\"\u003eProtect your brain with Tahiro's Brain Protect™\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e - the natural cinnamon supplementation you can trust. Click here to visit our website to learn more and order your supplement now.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"is-cinnamon-good-for-memory-loss","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560700948648","image":{"created_at":"2023-07-20T04:58:57-07:00","alt":"Cinnamon Good For Memory Loss","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Is_cinnamon_good_for_memory_loss-img3.jpg?v=1708939903"}},{"id":560646717608,"title":"Unveiling the Cognitive Benefits of Cinnamon: How Does it Enhance Brain Function?","created_at":"2023-07-02T23:51:34-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eThe Powerful Components of Cinnamon that Support Brain Health\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon contains several compounds that may have beneficial effects on brain function. Here are some of the key components of cinnamon that may help to support cognitive health [1]:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamaldehyde: \u003c\/strong\u003eA compound that gives cinnamon its distinctive flavor and aroma, and which has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEpicatechin: \u003c\/strong\u003eA flavonoid that may improve cognitive function and protect against age-related decline.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEugenol: \u003c\/strong\u003eA compound that has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and may help to protect against neurological damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamic acid: \u003c\/strong\u003eA phytochemical that may improve cognitive function and protect against brain damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProanthocyanidins: \u003c\/strong\u003eA type of flavonoid that has been shown to improve memory and cognitive function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMethyl eugenol: \u003c\/strong\u003eA compound that has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and may protect against cognitive decline.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePolyphenols: \u003c\/strong\u003eA group of compounds that have been shown to protect against damage to brain cells and may improve cognitive function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is The Link Between Cinnamon and Brain Function Enhancement\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt has been found that cinnamon contains bioactive compounds that have been found to improve cognitive performance and support brain health. One of the key compounds in cinnamon, cinnamaldehyde, has been shown to stimulate the expression of neuroprotective proteins and enhance brain function in animal studies. Human studies have suggested that consuming cinnamon extract may improve cognitive function and memory, and may even reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression [2].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHuman Studies on cinnamon Consumption \u0026amp; Brain Function\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you're curious about how cinnamon can benefit your brain, you'll be happy to know that there have been multiple research studies looking into this topic. Several studies have found that supplementation with cinnamon or its components improved memory, learning, and attention in healthy adults [3]. Another systematic review and meta-analysis found that cinnamon use improved blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes, which may have implications for cognitive function in this population [4]. These findings suggest that cinnamon may have potential as a natural treatment for cognitive decline and other neurological conditions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCinnamon's Impact and Potential Benefits for Brain and body Diseases\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has been shown to have various potential health benefits, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeart disease: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon may help reduce risk factors associated with heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar [5]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCancer: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has been found to exhibit anti-cancer properties in laboratory studies, particularly in relation to colorectal and cervical cancer [6]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHIV infection: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has been found to inhibit the replication of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, in laboratory studies [7]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTooth decay: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon has been found to possess antimicrobial properties that may help to prevent tooth decay and gum disease [8]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAllergies: \u003c\/strong\u003eCinnamon may have anti-inflammatory properties that could help to alleviate allergy symptoms [9]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eParkinson’s Diseases: \u003c\/strong\u003eThe use of cinnamon can reverse the changes in the brains of mice with Parkinson's disease (PD) on a biomechanical, cellular, and anatomical level [10]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eExploring the Potential of Cinnamon Components for Age-Related Concerns\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has been shown to have potential in addressing age-related concerns, such as cognitive decline. Compounds in cinnamon act as antioxidants, which may help to protect the brain from oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. These are known to be key factors in cognitive decline [11]. Additionally, cinnamon may help to improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, which can help prevent age-related diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease [12]. Both of these conditions can have a significant impact on brain function, as well as impacting other organs throughout the body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCinnamon’s Neuroprotective Properties for Learning Enhancement\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon has also been found to have neuroprotective properties, meaning that it can help to protect cells in the brain from damage. This may help to explain how cinnamon can enhance learning and memory. One study showed that cinnamon improved cognitive function in people with Parkinson's disease, possibly due to its ability to protect neurons from damage [14]. Another study, which was conducted on rats, found that cinnamon extract improved spatial learning and memory by increasing the levels of certain proteins in the hippocampus, which is the part of the brain responsible for memory formation and retrieval [13]. These findings suggest that cinnamon may have potential as a natural therapy for improving cognitive function and protecting against neurological diseases.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003ePrecautions and Risks when Using Cinnamon\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile cinnamon has many potential health benefits, there are also some precautions and risks to consider when using it. Some people may be allergic to cinnamon, which could lead to symptoms such as skin itching and irritation, swelling, and even difficulty breathing.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon also contains compounds that may affect the liver’s ability to process certain medications, which could lead to drug toxicity [15]. Coumarin, a compound found in cinnamon, has the potential to cause liver toxicity in large doses, particularly in people who are already taking other medications or who have medical conditions that affect liver function [16]. Therefore, it is recommended to consume cinnamon in moderation and purchase products from reputable sources. If you’re taking any medications, check with your doctor before you start taking cinnamon supplements or eating large doses of cinnamon. (The amounts of cinnamon usually found in foods are low enough to be safe.)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhen is the Best Time to Consume Cinnamon?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe best time to consume cinnamon may depend on individual preferences and health goals. Some people prefer to consume cinnamon in the morning to help regulate blood sugar levels and boost brain function throughout the day. Others may prefer to consume it in the evening to aid in digestion and promote relaxation before bedtime.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn conclusion, cinnamon has been shown to have numerous potential benefits for brain function and protection against various diseases and disorders. However, it is important to exercise caution when using cinnamon as a supplement.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-07-03T00:44:40-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:32:57-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIf you're looking for a natural and effective way to protect your brain and potentially prevent or delay cognitive decline, Tahiro's Brain Protect™ supplement may be the answer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThis breakthrough patent pending product combines the power of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003ecinnamon with pomegranate seed oil Omega 5\u003c\/a\u003e, both of which have been scientifically proven to support brain health and help to protect brain cells against damage from oxidative stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eDon't wait until it's too late - \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\"\u003eClick here to try Tahiro's Brain Protect™ supplement\u003c\/a\u003e today and give your brain the protection it deserves.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"does-cinnamon-help-brain-function","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560646717608","image":{"created_at":"2023-07-03T00:44:31-07:00","alt":"The Cognitive Benefits of Cinnamon: How Does it Enhance Brain Function","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/image_525.png?v=1688376773"}},{"id":560626008232,"title":"How can anxiety cause cognitive impairments \u0026 dysfunction?","created_at":"2023-06-26T02:48:27-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eHow Anxiety Works in the Brain: Mechanisms of Production and Regulation.\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnxiety is believed to be produced and regulated by various brain regions, including the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex.The amygdala, a small region in the center of the brain that’s responsible for processing emotions like fear, plays a central role in generating anxiety. The prefrontal cortex helps regulate emotional responses and exerts inhibitory control over the amygdala. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSerotonin, a chemical in the brain that’s known to be important for regulating mood, is also implicated in anxiety regulation. Understanding the mechanisms of anxiety production and regulation in the brain can help identify potential treatment options for individuals experiencing anxiety-related cognitive impairments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Anxiety May Impair Cognitive Functioning?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearchers have identified various mechanisms through which anxiety impairs cognitive functions. This is what happens in the brain when it’s subjected to continuous anxiety over time [1]:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnxiety activates the stress response in the brain, which triggers the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline from the adrenal glands into the bloodstream.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese stress hormones affect circuits in the brain that are involved in cognitive processes, such as attention, working memory (the short-term memory used to complete a task), decision-making, and problem-solving.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the short term, stress hormones can enhance certain cognitive functions, such as attention and memory, by prioritizing the processing of information related to the stressful situation.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, chronic or excessive stress leads to a negative impact on cognitive functioning over time.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChronically high levels of cortisol, for example, have been associated with reduced hippocampal volume and impaired working memory in individuals with anxiety disorders.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditionally, anxiety can lead to rumination, which is repetitive and intrusive thinking about negative events or feelings. This can further impair cognitive functioning.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOverall, anxiety can lead to cognitive impairment through all of these mechanisms, and potentially in other ways not yet discovered. This demonstrates the importance of effective interventions to manage anxiety and promote cognitive health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Brain Functions Can Be Impaired by Long Term Induced Anxiety?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLong-term anxiety can have a negative impact on various brain functions[2], including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAttention\u003c\/strong\u003e: Anxiety can lead to distractibility and difficulty sustaining attention on a task.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWorking memory: Anxiety can impair working memory, which is the ability to hold information in memory and manipulate it in the short term.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDecision-making\u003c\/strong\u003e: Anxiety can cause individuals to avoid making decisions or to make decisions that are overly cautious or risk-averse.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProblem-solving: Anxiety can interfere with creative thinking and problem-solving abilities.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExecutive functioning\u003c\/strong\u003e: Anxiety can impair the brain's ability to plan, organize, and initiate complex behaviors.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEmotional regulation: Anxiety can lead to difficulty regulating emotions, such as increased sensitivity to negative stimuli or difficulty coping with stress.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSleep\u003c\/strong\u003e: Anxiety can interfere with both the quality and the quantity of sleep, which can further exacerbate cognitive impairments.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHippocampal function: Chronic anxiety can lead to reduced volume and impaired function in the hippocampus, which is a brain region associated with memory and learning.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrefrontal cortex function\u003c\/strong\u003e: Anxiety can impact the function of the prefrontal cortex, which is a brain region involved in decision-making, attention, and working memory.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNeuroplasticity\u003c\/strong\u003e: The ability of the brain to adapt and change in response to new experiences is known as neuroplasticity. Chronic anxiety can reduce neuroplasticity, which can have long-lasting effects on cognitive functioning.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important to note that anxiety impacts each person in a unique way. The specific cognitive impairments experienced by individuals with long-term anxiety may vary depending on the severity and duration of their anxiety, as well as individual differences in brain function and coping strategies.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBehavioral Changes and Symptoms Associated with Anxiety-Related Cognitive Impairment\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnxiety-related cognitive impairment can result in a variety of behavioral changes that may significantly affect daily life for some people [3]. Some of the behavioral changes associated with anxiety-related cognitive impairment include:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAgoraphobia\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFear and avoidance of situations or public places where escape may be difficult or embarrassing, such as public transportation or open spaces.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with agoraphobia may experience severe anxiety or panic attacks when faced with these situations, and will generally try to avoid them when possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial anxiety disorder\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFear of being judged or evaluated by others in social situations.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with social anxiety disorder will tend to avoid social situations, or will feel extreme discomfort when faced with them.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePhysical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, and blushing may occur in social situations.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIntrusive thoughts, memories, or nightmares related to a traumatic event.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with PTSD will often try to avoid reminders of the trauma, including people, places, or activities that are associated with the traumatic event.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey often display symptoms of excessive nervous system arousal, including irritability, difficulty sleeping, and hypervigilance.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIntrusive thoughts or images that are unwanted and cause anxiety.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCompulsive behaviors or rituals that are performed to alleviate anxiety, such as excessive hand-washing or repeatedly checking locks.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with OCD feel a sense of relief after performing these compulsive behaviors, but their anxiety returns shortly afterward.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)\u003c\/strong\u003e:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExcessive worry and anxiety about everyday events or activities, and difficulty controlling or managing anxious thoughts and feelings.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFrequent physical symptoms of anxiety, such as muscle tension, restlessness, and difficulty sleeping.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow does anxiety affect Memory structure dysfunction?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnxiety can have a negative impact on memory structure and function. Research has shown that chronic anxiety can lead to structural changes in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, which plays a critical role in memory formation and retrieval [4]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigh levels of stress hormones such as cortisol, which are released during periods of anxiety, can also interfere with the processes of memory consolidation and retrieval. This means that, when a person feels anxious or stressed, it’s more difficult to form new memories and to remember previously learned information. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditionally, anxiety can cause attentional biases, where the brain’s focus is narrowed towards the perceived threat.. This makes it difficult to pay attention to and learn anything that’s not related to the threatening situation. These factors can contribute to memory dysfunction in individuals with anxiety disorders, such as impaired recall and recognition of information. Seeking treatment for anxiety may help to alleviate these memory impairments and improve cognitive functioning.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eClinical Studies Related to Anxiety \u0026amp; Cognitive Impairment Cycle\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eClinical studies have investigated the relationship between anxiety and cognitive impairment and have provided insights into the cycle that can occur between these two conditions. For example, a study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders found that individuals with anxiety disorders had significantly lower performance on cognitive tasks compared to healthy controls[5]. Another study published in the Journal of Anxiety Disorders found that individuals with social anxiety disorder showed greater cognitive impairment in areas such as working memory and attention compared to individuals without the disorder [6]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s been established that anxiety can cause cognitive impairment, but it’s also possible that cognitive impairment may lead to increased anxiety [7], creating a cycle that can be difficult to break.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4 data-mce-fragment=\"1\" id=\"Natural-Treatments-for-Cognitive-Impairment-Caused-by-Stress---Anxiety\" class=\"title new_blog_article\"\u003eNatural Treatments for Cognitive Impairment Caused by Stress \u0026amp; Anxiety\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMany people are searching for natural ways to combat anxiety and stress, without the use of prescription medications. Natural treatments for anxiety include various relaxation techniques, including meditation, deep breathing exercises, and progressive muscle relaxation. These techniques have been found to be effective in reducing anxiety and improving cognitive function. Different techniques work for different people, so it’s best to try various techniques until you find one that works well for you. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditionally, regular exercise has been shown to reduce stress and improve brain function. A diet rich in \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e, found in foods such as salmon, walnuts, and flaxseeds, has also been linked to improved cognitive function. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eTaking omega-3 supplements may be beneficia\u003c\/a\u003el for those who do not consume enough of these fatty acids through their diet or who would like to make sure that they’re getting enough every day to preserve their brain function. Some other herbs and supplements, such as lavender, passionflower, and ashwagandha, have also been found to have a calming effect and reduce anxiety. They may not work for every person, but many people find them useful in relieving anxiety. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement, as some herbs and supplements can interact with medications or have serious side effects.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-06-26T03:18:44-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:32:01-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn conclusion, taking care of our mental health is crucial for living a happy and fulfilling life. Stress and anxiety can have significant impacts on our brain function, and increase the risk of cognitive decline. Fortunately, there are natural ways to manage stress and protect our brain, such as meditation, exercise, and proper nutrition. Additionally, natural supplements, like those offered by Tahiro, can provide extra support for brain protection and stress relief. By prioritizing our mental health and incorporating healthy habits into our daily routine, we can better safeguard our brains and live our best lives.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you're looking for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\"\u003enatural supplements to help protect your brain from cognitive decline\u003c\/a\u003e, support stress relief, and raise your stress level set point, Tahiro offers a diverse range of high-quality supplements, including algae-based omega-3 fatty acids, stress relief, and sleep well products, tailored to meet different health needs. Tahiro's supplements are scientifically formulated to support brain health and help reduce stress and anxiety. Click here to visit Tahiro's website to learn more about our brain protection and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003estress relief supplements\u003c\/a\u003e and how they can help you live a healthier, happier life.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"can-anxiety-cause-cognitive-impairment","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560626008232","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-26T22:59:42-07:00","alt":"How can anxiety cause cognitive impairments","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/43abc55d-2e9a-43b1-b7b8-e9e08c842f12_1.jpg?v=1703677239"}},{"id":560625877160,"title":"What are the 4 levels of cognitive impairment","created_at":"2023-06-26T02:11:14-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eIntroduction to Cognitive Impairment\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive impairment is a condition that affects a person's ability to think, reason, and remember. It can occur at any age, but becomes more common as people grow older. As part of the aging process, the brain undergoes natural changes that can result in cognitive decline. This decline can manifest as mild forgetfulness or\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003e more severe forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s important to remember that although dementia is common, it is not an inevitable part of the aging process. A large study in the US showed that approximately two-thirds of all adults showed some level of cognitive decline, with about one-quarter to one-third experiencing dementia [1]. In addition, cognitive impairment does not occur only in the elderly. Younger people can also experience cognitive impairment, which may be due to injury, illness, or other factors. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRegardless of age, cognitive impairment can be a frustrating and challenging experience for both the person experiencing it and their loved ones. This is why understanding the causes and symptoms of cognitive impairment is the first step towards effective management and prevention.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eThe Four Levels of Cognitive Impairment and their symptoms\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive impairment exists on a spectrum, with various levels of severity. There are a few different systems that can be used to classify the severity of cognitive impairment. One of the most common systems classifies cognitive impairment into four different levels, ranging from no cognitive impairment to dementia [2].\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNo cognitive impairment:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople in this stage show normal performance on tests of memory and cognitive function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn some cases, people in this stage may have some changes in the brain resulting from aging or from a disease process, but these are not yet causing noticeable impairment of brain function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSubjective cognitive impairment (also known as subjective cognitive decline):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this stage, which can also be known as subjective cognitive decline, there is some decline in cognitive abilities. However, the person is able to compensate for this, and continues to function well in their daily life. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe affected person is usually aware that their cognitive abilities are declining, and they may experience anxiety about this.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis stage may occur due to the normal process of aging, or it may be \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-does-the-beginning-of-dementia-feel-like\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-does-the-beginning-of-dementia-feel-like\"\u003ethe early stages of a disease process that could lead to dementia\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome studies have shown that, worldwide, up to a quarter of all people over age 60 have subjective cognitive impairment [3].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMild cognitive impairment:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this stage, impairment of memory and cognition has progressed beyond what is normally expected as part of the aging process.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe affected person may forget names, misplace objects, and forget appointments more frequently than expected for those of their age. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with mild cognitive impairment are usually able to live independently, as long as they’re in a familiar environment and are using skills that they’ve learned very well (such as shopping, cooking, and driving to familiar places). However, they may struggle if they encounter new situations, because they have difficulty solving problems and learning new information.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis stage may progress over time. However, not everyone with mild cognitive impairment will go on to develop dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn cases of severe cognitive impairment, the person can be diagnosed with dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with dementia have trouble with the daily tasks of living, even when they’re in a familiar environment.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the advanced stages, people with dementia may lose even basic cognitive functions, such as the ability to communicate through language and to recognize loved ones.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt's important to remember that the symptoms of cognitive impairment can vary widely between individuals and can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, illness, or the natural aging  process. If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms, it's important to seek medical attention to identify the underlying cause and begin any treatment that you and your doctor decide is appropriate. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive impairment may not always be obvious, especially in the early stages. Studies have shown that doctors are unaware of cognitive impairment in more than 40% of patients who have it [4], so it’s very important to bring up your concerns rather than to assume that your doctor will notice any issues.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCauses and Risk Factors of Cognitive Degeneration\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are certain factors that increase the risk of cognitive degeneration, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAge-related changes to the brain\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGenetic predisposition\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChronic stress\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLack of sleep or poor sleep quality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHead injuries or trauma\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExposure to toxins, such as heavy metals or pesticides\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChronic conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease, which can damage blood vessels in the brain\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSubstance abuse, such as heavy use of alcohol\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNutrient deficiencies, particularly in vitamins B12 and D\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile some of these factors, like genetics and age, are beyond our control, there are steps we can take to reduce our risk of cognitive decline. These include prioritizing sleep, getting regular physical exercise, eating a healthy diet, and quitting drinking or the use of other substances.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCurrent Studies of Cognitive Impairment Symptoms \u0026amp; Treatments\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch into potential new treatments for cognitive impairment is ongoing, with numerous studies exploring various interventions, including medications, behavioral interventions, and lifestyle changes For example, one recent study found that a drug targeting a protein associated with Alzheimer's disease improved cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment [5]. Another study found that a combination of physical exercise and cognitive training improved memory and attention in older adults with cognitive impairment [6]. Yet another study explored the potential benefits of a Mediterranean-style diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats, for improving cognitive function in older adults [7]. In addition to these studies, researchers are also investigating the effects of alternative therapies such as acupuncture and meditation on cognitive impairment. These studies offer hope for developing more effective interventions to preserve cognitive function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHealth implications of cognitive decline \u0026amp; degeneration\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive decline can have significant implications for a person’s quality of life, impacting their ability to perform daily activities independently. Severe cognitive decline, also known as dementia, can be a major burden for both patients and caregivers. Cognitive decline has also been linked to an increased risk of physical accidents such as falls, as well as an increased risk of depression and other mental health conditions. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition, cognitive impairment has been associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even premature death. Although researchers are still investigating this issue, some evidence suggests that the relationship between cognitive impairment and these chronic diseases may go in both directions, with cognitive decline increasing the risk of these conditions and vice versa [8]. Therefore, it is important to prioritize cognitive health as part of overall health and wellness, and to take steps to reduce the risk of cognitive decline.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eNatural Treatments for cognitive Impairment Dysfunction\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNatural treatments offer a promising approach to improving cognitive function and reducing the risk of cognitive decline. In addition to dietary changes and regular exercise, getting good sleep is crucial for \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003emaintaining brain health\u003c\/a\u003e. Studies have shown that poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation can have negative effects on cognitive function, including memory and attention, and chronic sleep deprivation increases the risk of dementia [9]. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNatural treatments for cognitive impairment also include the use of high-quality supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and vitamin D, which have been shown to support brain health and may help to slow cognitive decline [10]. Cognitive training, which generally includes activities such as memory exercises and puzzles, is another approach that may help to improve cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-06-26T02:39:03-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:35:51-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn conclusion, cognitive impairment is a growing concern in the overall population, and it can have significant impacts on daily life and overall well-being. While there are pharmaceutical treatments available, natural approaches offer a promising alternative to support cognitive function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline. By incorporating healthy lifestyle habits, such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and good sleep, along with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003ehigh-quality supplements\u003c\/a\u003e, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their brain health. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you’re interested in adding supplements to your diet to support brain health, you should check out Tahiro's formulas. We offer a range of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/omega-5-supplements\"\u003enatural supplements, including Brain Protect™\u003c\/a\u003e, Vegan Omega 3, Stress relief and Sleep Well. All of our formulas are scientifically designed to support brain health, and to help protect against cognitive impairment.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-are-the-four-levels-of-cognitive-impairment","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560625877160","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-26T23:07:34-07:00","alt":" The 4 levels of cognitive impairment","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/image_533-transformed.jpg?v=1709469877"}},{"id":560602218664,"title":"Tahiro Debuts Brain Protect™ Nano Omega 5:  A Breakthrough in Neuroprotection.","created_at":"2023-06-16T06:44:55-07:00","body_html":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003eIn recent years, brain degeneration and related disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, have emerged as a focal point in scientific research. This surge in attention is driven by growing awareness and concern over neurodegenerative diseases. Extensive research continues to explore the diverse triggers of brain degeneration and dementia-related conditions. Among these triggers, oxidative stress stands out as a primary contributor. It occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), commonly known as free radicals, exceeds the body's capacity to neutralize them. The implications of oxidative stress in various neurodegenerative diseases have been substantiated by laboratory and animal model studies, underscoring its significant role in disease pathogenesis.\u003cbr\u003e“Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that cause damage to cells, and antioxidants are molecules that can neutralize free radicals by donating electrons”, explains Tahiro Co-Founder and Chief Scientist, Professor Oded Shoseyov, a renowned TED Speaker and a distinguished faculty member at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he's recognized as an authority in nano-biotechnology. “The critical need for an effective supplement that could successfully neutralize free radicals in the brain, ignited a two-year process of exhaustive research and innovative development, resulting in a powerful outcome. We are proud to introduce Brain Protect™ nano-Omega 5. A patent pending proprietary nano formulation that supports brain health, by effectively reducing oxidative stress, and promoting optimal cognitive function.”\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/Group_427320321_480x480.jpg?v=1686941663\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-metadata=\"\u0026lt;!--(figmeta)eyJmaWxlS2V5IjoickdhRTY4Nkw2QVB1cGgzOFVrcjl6SyIsInBhc3RlSUQiOjgzNzU2NjQ2OCwiZGF0YVR5cGUiOiJzY2VuZSJ9Cg==(\/figmeta)--\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan 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Ronit Shaltiel Karyo Ph.D, MBA, Director of R\u0026amp;D and Innovation at Tahiro gained years of experience in researching CNS related indications, with the focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases explains: “The two active ingredients in Brain Protect™ are engineered into nano-sized formulation enhancing their bioavailability for optimal absorption into the bloodstream. Utilizing nanotechnology and a self-emulsifying delivery system enables these powerful neuroprotective antioxidants to better absorb the digestive system, a hurdle for many supplements, ensuring effective delivery to all body organs, including the brain.\"\u003cbr\u003eDr. Shaltiel Karyo further explains, \"In the first quarter of 2023, third-party testing conducted in both laboratory and living organisms demonstrated the product's potential to prevent or slow down cognitive function related to neurodegenerative diseases.\"\u003cbr\u003eBrain Protect™ is available in two distinct formulas: Nano Omega 5 Hemp Oil and Nano Omega 5 Cinnamon. Both formulas feature the leading neuroprotective ingredient: Nano Omega 5. Extracted from pomegranate seed oil, this potent antioxidant contains a 90% concentration of punicic acid also known as Omega 5. Each variation of Brain Protect™ is thoughtfully enhanced with a secondary active ingredient, carefully selected to address specific health needs, and provide additional benefits.\u003cbr\u003e\"The Nano Omega 5 Cinnamon variation expands the reach of Brain Protect™, making it accessible to individuals residing in countries where hemp oil has not yet been adopted or is regulated. This broadened accessibility echoes our commitment to promote global brain health and ensure that as many people as possible can benefit from our innovative, science-backed formula,\" concludes Dr. Shaltiel Karyo.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/image_547_01286a05-a1a4-4a8d-8bf3-31991fc6a29d_480x480.jpg?v=1686941684\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-metadata=\"\u0026lt;!--(figmeta)eyJmaWxlS2V5IjoickdhRTY4Nkw2QVB1cGgzOFVrcjl6SyIsInBhc3RlSUQiOjI0MjExMjAwOSwiZGF0YVR5cGUiOiJzY2VuZSJ9Cg==(\/figmeta)--\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan 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CSCcf1MA4fx+gNuF828JIJw\/IIBw\/m0BhPMHBRDOvyOAcP6QAML5dwUQzh8WQDj\/ngDC+SMATxHOvy+AcP6oAML5DwQQzh8TQDj\/oQDC+eMCCOc\/EkA4f0IA4fzHAgjnTwLcIZz\/RADh\/CkBhPOfCiCcPy2AcP4zAYTzZwQQzn8ugHD+rADC+S8EEM6fAzAm6i8FEM6fF0A4\/5UAwvkLAgjnvxZAOH9RAOH8NwII5y8JIJy\/LIBw\/oo+HOjBtZqxXatblY5dLE98ylpvMhEnR3u70\/G+uGWzMf96heF4W2m9fX4WRiqjbYRJeRku7PYkPxKPDP+r35v1DO2yymwO+uFYeV5ME93SmQ6FaH0w5GRbFG8y338+QQWlV2bSKfy8aK\/XH5+LAL29wek9zuh7+H14kv1w1hsMgbIhY4nEycCjPMsZPiR0BLw0C\/dNrNEWLZ8dbHP23BF4xVwB2Gbdta7yjvz\/bXIHj2naY2yranV7KjxHtEzuiOmM8q4yC3CJ0jsyEep5yhuLhzkTBzxzdhANtvG2tMqSuJub4yoX4YlHalcvwXsU7Y6n+2pPLQ\/MarxYqxUDtfdwn0fSdVCrvRFIDhUVKRLMJRaDy4dHyrItq0vJpy8pLlNHLGZvfDDsF6V\/td4IBP25ajrmdEJlurkWSRWAo7tmbg2lW9KXanVsIiNdN0VYa3U83B8\/f1CkhSbRY+Z4WZ84a4TkJVpdRqT39GDECUZa3hr0ZwxMXb6ALYcyj6Cv2JGWcGDVFzLqSnFOa6xVCeFTXu5MeF6NlN4FWx2M4kqsrmBKg9MhvctweiBnXdr7VVYyW5Ywx1UAOZgP7Di9TI8L7XbvNA1rAesya8hxrDkm4Gwbv2xnrydufjiNoNBJzjRUKcmQvUjgxtlwStwzbPdYX\/VKT2eGJhhqgmXbrDq3NUN6H7HR6Nzp4fnJXsQOo5f6yY1LxP6il7c59p15wcFYFPMNWl9i2WzSAUjo8coug0lm5xVar+72hsNt4mDrFERqpI\/sIYhTGjtTGN8Hl1drvUYO6O88fXSWRFA5lU7dqS2njjl82E\/m9\/hwfFqi7YakPS7GY2\/s7kbhDMuiVvWJ\/UEcc0vqXbpPDv629ddofVk51SHlZbcJ2PUj1ecUaA2IOzJm9mI6POIcwa2ED1IwrxTN+83RGGWK4cwg2uwNYYWW7du6p5CdZZUruNlX3gqKb49H2L9zRiqRJCm7GyAjQDKQrOTy0Q6syC1jJ8bTsJq67sIs7A6m0SyZGmmLDqXzSxuy1spb3hnv7\/cYQsGa0\/n5eFtZEWLQjGGX2TRCQ\/sXMu\/1zzqDtHSh8i2XElnCTE8JAjBf2OmEuZh9J1xowVl3m1JA7Zgzg671piySm+l0t2yUwcic1JRMPZydG0PuxsPk7DP79xPu4J9kVBcqhuxL3A8wJ1oWPlL3ah2c398eDx37yGRol+3KwjGTSBh4xA7EUgb0PVxnarC2LF3MFsE0W57nIQlwmIDDB+Ocy1xthCOx78yQa2uc5qwPonCdNd+QPZVxnB+ZCIFmHxzs7jZGw\/MtZv1sb2ioMyWiAGfFEO8fzGR0xvxavt4iXzJOfb18hPK0wl1oziCcGJW4EEUIMMW0Pj6YVJj+WC90L67zdi00zGrlgYvNhFUesNzYQTrL9P5fKIJw9sBEAVIpMySNgQuJACGW3uruYBiesuOKTCEs8DfcGMs9XAcCOcKyybq4tYrwf3U2dkZywwHb7vS8LGh7HBxsSwBoGzJBqBdiM1GlyXiEWtqWlg9Gu0O5cJKLhDTLlUHUiYtCRFyt2m4X4\/q1XoRi2SXL7MRYy1VPDraHg2gPZtKwdLc9boe9\/eq8e9KId7iRTAWvTLS0wahFBoKZDHsua8KqsRuco6dIjyMWEcV1WOjCohRdnO\/mzf9PnFH83jBIrUhcxbK2TxQwj8aJuUJ6woZsnBhj7VHnzBTDdyAeT3buzeRIEm9mKZpMw14fiuVob3yOucYPK4TMYF90D\/KVtrg5xuxVRrviTJr2NpXuH1i1pLLXxCUZS0EpPDvYiS8+4\/CrnM\/N5awuEjExMSTP4IjISuSOPJopFVuxZ4Puu8rF4lbX+OT6UCNsS5Lh6IHgOvvFaBh6pc96DHYHGGAkl1qW50fYZBrMIftz01nytjBQK8ktmiIIH0fstcBJiSe5OG6fIWzMOGLKrMsmxDmHiOm5g653TGxi2XWgwO5\/GqshWyHyjEmkN7SSjFpurgiC29smuQ9wTx30BQzsGJKaxF4qpW78EOdC8jyCxvYkUuZ52wnacPkEUzlHFWOBqvfwuM0cGiqVq+c3Cf2Z6KbiSsK9JNLBlok3epLKy0RDkHF3E+ZuL+vjxsspCM4sp5geKOKHWRCooLVh4p7EqJqw7TZv6W7eCsKzNQP8ftQ74vAQHezuEvZG7QfimZquoVk7uGUz2Q1m6rtUJjp7WmyF8RdZfrKcsESyP4smkGsczMRlEPeRcswUq8HWLBsH+WUo1sfTHfRWXlxge85EoFfYdPLb0Xh4MAvd1ouh2kkP6tNaHXE93txwTSqvst6t+767TshXt\/J3BwC6ahxGuYTHHM9kHLdju3FzlYcdTjQ3MzrYD9B51iFSOFtOzzkQRRYbiBbgZ5w+wLJNXQ4vhn6xjCsTMXjc8N+hVjew5qy\/catpRCes4q0j08QuQXAOS8B8mxefKwobs+ARWX8B64S7EQjYls5LpNzKojxZISGs3mqcEozn3k5m\/PV1+\/YkSxCy0RIo5x4bLGGFsPiGX2qfsm1ZKxtvwG5zirc2IWCNGKSsOb2PBOOqRKxFrPbkPVkmW+QufzB7yDlTBcKIrKwNQ+DOvLtV9lHFcqVa6jbWu7aYOD63ifb5KiNETe92JVLRy093kl7g\/TKJ+dFpZpHjLvY3lfUG3G5PW7GpzliTX8Wnpu7BdEAPdX8QTYa980aM18S3MVkjtfS\/OTzghOZam5gMM0k1\/B6OR1Q4YwfaNGWtcNjj5LBnK2QnBmkr7HNARpcA0SOz1IA46aVwGHLQQAiztYPhbCCth9P1QTjsb9qlYIF2UAXmHmHQ6VsxrsIYoPh8tZ6c21Py4W78xdKSeM6cZqz1BMrGBjSXmNalhJs\/6k\/Ej2bMoQNlz6JNPJ9JvNLbXITZZv8RDUoqA6DSw6bUouspcqt4VIPE0so0B0BSzm1bpVTiIpPbWSycEVwC3zHKXrnHDxZs1drAdo5mIpDC5RvY2bnKJdSsOZYGkaUZv1pobFlDgfbk3Txo58nUxmdDtx2Ph\/1TZnVxmxH99USsvRRteUDYYnq+QrSEKtH4AJtmJqsvk2XzxUOeDLtsOBxzvBN5YfHp3RnEZZRU2503NaTMCaccyM50zCkxuzXonw7ROkaPXHgcOOK6fn\/AgVAGkJ0NkLpZb39SicZ33E58mqFgYKcQCmcGJcRhPy9hh8wO\/kqcyUoBk2yMjlfy5Z0\/k6S2yty8FRr5lkyfxiKcsSSZfLVZlgi+XIKjvz6QNi9V3XtvL2AdWKAAjwFlZOdzglrooPqkeoHADkBHJqNe7inzAJ7T3wgV8r4c21JzZrLBi9sme70oVEvKM4BF3j7BesW3sc9XmVTWEjxlJt0\/ooy\/Y1F3jOxs5yS1qKcOoqb1f+UogKq+Q+Mr4ohPpMfQfsAbziXC9P3ftXphGunEBKT+CWczftvaXbRqWd3kQNteOIiC8e7MmYZAimj0nZrozHjUmfRZJteRXwG3PhgOY5qfIm931BjzM0wiUJvxqS9qwu4mW1ro\/m\/HVh\/4FzWjvIjJ\/4rmqJMqmu8fX9KE3A\/tAR\/0xs\/HuQ0OEHIWdhoaA2KsmnD6C\/T1bG08Hg0HhLGG5+MWPo\/F3uMgKXE1OyZm515CPw6dGpopeFNcINZgjv75GO38hKTgrUmBcfHnBb8QF4irMEe\/LUan+oPXYrtB+W\/oyCD7IIWENVIfd8sqOEsYl\/xRqkQ6LLhPpHC2U4L94xRWeiS4T6ZcymYPvUcvtP4dfdEeFhJSevkhIxQIzQaYidLqb+h2nMWtYo1m5zdlQ2tM+wiC+qqnvx6vtdky54v9Xq3uh5vBLurEtwMlFdIHz+9IF2zC34rId1l0YhtTsvY+TWAwMvSLgvpKfRCfLuGebuTNhESxtJ0HKP5KfIBlmkS5PxPnzTL\/uXhfthenjGp+lhkr3syg\/iKmC5PdeI27DBu4LS5W+tc5F5nUUrgbqY96+mXs3ik0UxmpD3n6Bz03QBnwm7V6wTxrjYAshURUggQvh9PvxJbIUZVzmC0wA\/jhxabzuAinRxL1i9RHPP1yDm9E1vPTsHCwzWKJs\/EryZk3kIMzt1X6G3oBxVn6A1r\/izGxxmV9k1bjOGO7OIkrVGVDUzn1OyYM7dzjK2PYElcwvr3T095kT+wvm\/aquuoQyhKeTLDxq5RVdfVhnCU9NUON8lxqpN9SP1Y99CJoW6GdlGwi9BLwU49XD7sAaYk7gi+ymair1MNj2BZtSjYVYbxGPWIRY8m22LHjECodm+ds8XNlhupsM4T0HxfDtujbDDtZ9Fdp9fg4Y8vuFVITmBpx3tvfH4+qcog84ITOyn73QinuwX2zgx5O75zihehKQlIaoGChdJmdKk31PWkqu33J1KRJXpQmwXbIXQbo702jA9wMtOeecDqm6MXporp7OmSfLU24IL+w0C23mnKNcmEpQUbjNKgZd+mp4qI8KzrLNU0Kl+xO93HLzsaKsYmZD7l7NpSJin8Mih7jsaHt61BYcT3IN3HvmU\/DSKs\/idFV5of8n+IR31dlleUU+ddscqZ3qJPzYr64iDKewis89WVPVqmDZ1Y159W4H8vc3s7GpznM9BujRnsd\/4yZitR36D9K8IRi0wWf0Mm9gXpxhptUsQLC6yUZ9WmjnWY6BEWwS+sXm6YLg\/5g3uiPG1zb3oEI6hnqtQw0Kvf6rXa1TRlDfXPq+LzkQCueTyO8dsYYmWULWfTT5zeAKw60Bc+gZhI2W00ytvCZEQaEM8OapBb1bGIQyfUgVzguYwuf00fcsFCs7ogrmWOprCXI7+O00rdLJLWokoCVqGEDFpRdtoCwROuCM17Uyzz1W6m9uGHHwrAuvwBpq25gFNLnUC745nlLUo6Mp+Bu6VbVdem8JalblLFT6qHqQamsJbjTYpB99XD14CRjC1s2b37Z8kj1kHnOFge7uA9zr+LR86wtv8dWsCiheEwaYWm+NTT+S6Q+qPUTHGxLuvOJKbqQyc2HUJZwV9rdCMf74Qxf+Qta35JGWJrTtuUYKVS3LqIs3Z7c+aCdiOV4Ug13MYbzWWeKf0SnCVoy0YcoXjWnKIxns\/H+Rbj86GGaizF69ZxoXjKQPW+CsKOgyNyPHaZpj9ncKZ2TvEbLPo5Di05GmHZGzfQbTftxOdfltw8Fzl7kbY\/FjWB8ZeMygPtph7O9TdBvdGgZYoL8GYc0Y0qwb3JYFhdfHEEXlXmLQ9KUFVqG\/fMOZ5tK0G91aGkqQf6CQ5qmEuzbHDYw62vRWM30pPyit8fGZPf4ZE5m6sHqhovhrWg0I\/mphBgZVVBYbpexhc83eRkXdp0+nEnnLcnQoJq9vuwQkOyn85aEBkEVWQlMj1FSta7uM8iTB\/aXJmV13uRtaUl9UptsOem2Y0gDf2KLMNHGPZkXfMoWEA3AQTup\/tRmrY9B\/tM232QTY3cPBvdLrZPqbxfQpv0K8YuILn3VFqU7botK6j+4or3BsO+qbkzH8pr6a7bEdcssIdj\/uIC1QgD67yzasDH8g3C4y+T8vcXH2zRVVFX9EAchkC38y2kU3iNLfx+L\/sMWbX4LU1e\/a3Ouz26laOnDHhfyDDpUX8uo35OtOc58ZKGG6QUywrFhpprqz7nECkbI9kZvH13qTUXBPushQO62Ro6yxu3+QVFIe3ESSCQyKXj5vKBAO6fndg7T90N6zsp4AB\/S6idSuDa1uAV6XQpVml8I\/aQOe8nvD+5Sr09RNXEBwunZMDBBVzr9axwLTACMQkPfUu9JoeQnPWvq1+d9JS4ltz8f1RzzUJb48qRNkWqr30w11SayND6QVX5\/mrLWI8P\/xib9liYTl6RG8AEJnhC1NXl2WZZ22JM7gQ+mGgjM65wAIZvlzYseMTJ\/PO9qZc46Uv\/k6S\/Ni8xSMEMmOKb+3VP\/U9tArHjQiJn+uMtL9A0fx0Zrv671X8ZzIwd3eKh\/0oQ2E5zPYRrMf5tjqozUnLk5+1GU4E1ttl724f8+x1Lf4v55jisidSyW6WpEgf63eZk4WkmE81+0+t+aE\/Ohbw4cVf\/VYjusvFP7VfU\/mGFzdrzIbfzbNLGpByzeRM2YUvUPWn3KGyHOh94IvFVTtAOea4qdM1W2qwMJan\/RU9\/rDfE5EcGzg\/CcoX15Rr3GM51zriQOqlavi13gIkNH4aJkX\/lJPMp+OG4iDNsojXqVp94uero\/MexellG\/5J0zYU95i8DBGB86hJ\/6kRS6aH\/qukxtiyzZoXJzPpuG8S9hX+upH3Xlxd4Ox5M8DCPmXL3YU692JZXR5GCWXF18xlM\/5QpkZyZQj+68wWHK47MYHiMJr\/HUz2JAtgw+wFyfkQlmeD\/naGvhrNeXAX3WUy9xOP+szAQOuv5+h2my02Ptz9fC0YE1wF\/w9A94ZrVa43OxlYzYTdW7LRr7crA\/Wij5NVtCBSsbETOq3mORlnxLdg6D\/nVib+gURzh\/dLC\/LvLHmeZLnvpfVo8pKNHtuOArnvoeIhsYUCb7iAHszvesnvk16wiJYtTH5zlbXJC1tQbRH0k\/xFScuABpiYuhCeDFotKwd4eXXoi15H6E4lVQn6l5DoMmXLOIsWTV\/QHjqQ5IILmWxOVscW0m2oVxOYMRgeD6dN6SNLYRgYXffz9aPfIwzpLehWQgBWknBOfkURdiLfndHCj7BF7ND6ZpTz1ZPfEQyhI+z05CwEEWXERESz9pEWXp0BGCG2YRItn9nqaevIixZNtoHQZdgo0RAS79Lam8pdixD51EBtQbtbpxnrXl\/V0xIjVOSYQUzBoqraILkJYYXTRtj9dZA63k8BpnLcFZO5YCs27lIq4P9TmJQmFMPq\/1yzQzZ2RTpICyV+jI7H7z36rdo34aiyUedbA\/Hs\/2mBoW9Y2OjvNzxF3RtnqLti22ZXIirpYFgOEvO0IWinXaMfF45lQ9V70LtgmO3sPkV7m5uY+Ypvg203BUGohFk6cS73ZcEnPyVU2Us+cuMr+m1e\/GNtlG9QRdNSuw6SxyTn1Yj6hL9IWsMf6f0ur3TMxueOjZxce0+khcIJvcDMYxAb38\/bhsPrsVmUVGIgQf13gAF1Dk548bPqnVHxgChMNcU92r\/szMRY\/9cErMX+bRXUuI355n4zMLIPb\/89bNK8KTJpk3WY+T6q\/mDOTWQDg8AIMv6DPhecIyp08zsy\/KcKlxdozX4osJbe5NCdEx31\/W0lOx6Bz+9wrh7niKd0PURwZ4r\/5PLrpcZcuK8Ej1f9YzlluiODLz6mue+i8sCB3daxB7Rk\/pKLvkGLtISAuYjnwfO140m7ubL\/XC\/e2wbxi8NENchwDVXi3sD+zr1E9kiN8iFKyzrDLdc5LEDvZjXjTYnww5FcTvlJq9UTiU4b7e25vtm4Dk32XUOzwJ3rSwM+rvM+qXvd4OgzShl2pvmwjsmnqnd1ZIwJhGv5BR70owRWzNwT7jEUdtwualfjUpk\/NP4XzA9kTJmz31\/qREcBRG6osZ\/d40Fk\/3PVr9RoJqhRw\/kWAjgp\/KqPclJdIVc78QqS9l1G8m+DZrO6pjIOj4FxJssDOeQPnVjP4bD+di1O\/Fsit9e6enft+h451U0O\/xiLXvDwgRC2HAxHLy\/npG\/QF7ceoujQn9mMeSsLnjeL\/EU3\/IHoZbzna7KzcD\/5RRf+bZhWd5jIxU+mg62\/+OKHXLRgXn1uUbGfU5VtVg7elkTf2l1x\/vEKAkDpnm\/c8Z9VfwJlLO+NJXvxEHdf0lbxNtmns\/XqaHiZ6Qpc96nz73qmP5pSq37pzxZSSZmmDztiNqVR71cJGqmvlOIFer3P1vyMc1BN+NkV7Nfkwg06k7KOvIJNtNsDnzubb1RmvL3vUumXwhXzzlEMsGYR4ZrOBE4LKknCBviRFzTB2wPXMY0ui86PEckf45QG9qbshsIXLFyLLgglQVi80NooatZvNLtt2SM5wLHh5X8aIZHDDkehXjYswNoJd6ZSGC42nWaTpA4F7vab1Y6FNyHlYYHJZ1\/uZj00lqyQnfnMcb4XGo1KcIJhnxpu0FKP05m6IRJU2E31K8yVOZzQWMuqFWCYKK+YGrKjZa8t2kVr5U6QTktXwMbKMlX76TLzxYKm+OrNRLvnkDlgnMc6HuVvwdkWzQZklTtXIW0cyX5BMi8TM8+UhcCmsflSwvIuMHJSuL6OTFyepmJagUqiJcR+StkvlOGZm1La695UenR5OvmxxLPoAmTZlOdA+P+fgijWn9AqITcyLbj4vzuuQCsouzu7TQaJVASIPJFF7mkK5mgr\/c4U2LCfYKh7UNJOgrzSc06u2u\/Ojab7UrvrR3lZ3KYqMjT3RSq3R1rVLvxvN2TS1\/V5K5VkqSibxOipLc9bFIiT1PjP1ceN+SEt40iU85EpzIKFi0CtufiLFQg7pXeW3Jct7A8nG6SBvueTtvo50HpPMhksYGfdjNHxuhdYtVZBOGPMX2HRewdTQ+BHOWEUjMjpc3e0jTNQBZitW7YHVBuU\/hnM3EFUjPLGmFY5rZ++Rxi3lRquKvFjpm6Q1r3th7k8ZS5T6F88YEyX4atxTTYWdHPbN76pk0\/G4oOO9gE+vxgmRmRGo4AbHbvd9T2bPjGaETMh\/wVG7\/IBrsmNwHPbVkWbcTck\/PBK6Go9PEFrFZlmAz5uDhd83wKTCs89JawhIDPGZLLEnnIjo1a8OtFkHqcWc5v6vmPlx5uRH9tYYOVv1wl3oI0\/3j\/e1BuO5+0lO3Q83spKvXk4ofZnjp53S54sXpVHZuiFTaEGl5b9uqlLCV3cB8s7JLN1jNSr3styrtrry57AbyEQVbkFloYX7pztjjIaAhsmd8jIVZIC7JqFfs4o7suDh+I1C94WZcI8M+Nr+1XFNZ7sDn1StSN2eW\/eOsXnrky5OpvNfAzTS8IvUJT60sNG\/w7ElyZLUwyiwesM28StvXqjaHEC1Ubkub8jLb\/BTdTCGJjt9FM12YrXrR78pjZRCLtZuH+oacoAaj0y67pvXAucDyct9hP+lpr5JCLzKBx0z69ClPydmAqfomxG2hZDUatWajbndFRX\/xfeSzgtJfbd0KXw4UbIj2O0Lu80DKPBon1TLsrl9CLOzLRC\/fxliX\/RISAol8Dino2q\/mSjE7bwdTLi110nj3kG8x1qQy7ptOqt3q1Iv5tg+ozVcr3ds6z1abG4KFx6kW3uS8hOQYlIsq1a2oZbZMTpaDMEQSY7JTs5wvul8OqMAXH8J+hnW+vvKlODcdGYPsBn6VDdSUOm8SKEdXZaacl5ZujIg\/7vN4KmcrRNvDGzQAXZ8hkXhggG6I6XrSSdRm4lBuNOk6AyjMMD6H\/gx2DM+s5U68wNO5yDTNvbnBUYrmtO1VOjqwzKXhLki0he1vIcSpLmnf3fSDYqtivuygik1ZIO0+eOAVA9mwMyfzm\/mEJltu10RFcicDM59Lxhu7U1DLzbvbZYNc2RAXejUw6CPBVsU4XGunGvKMEuhoqxMI5lghbz7dcRx3Xj7OZZTuREW8WqIffipkhyGzLyrjwhISEhdi1UmMJcwTU5CPhj3gQzAWZuKQzIk1ZaKhXhtLUeXsK4yVlx0CImVw2z4YYoTMAvw9Jm\/AgYhDvcx0\/EJI3rCG9QMOylNyWctpZP1gb2UIaGp\/HVW+SG2vHx+8ekOOAeofWOVFlIwZtf1HNoP++NyI86A8Z+JMgr3MqRwSEdHbcLRzfo5dkgEwEdOZiwbl1LI8q5xGpm+N3SrlSMdKYT48lTV+nNFh1anPMzpxtvECulX7PZCM8LH1cmb9wClXJ6bRCZcY4xn34c5Ow+h\/puznKQbKlhaGDGHVfC1DtcxHZ\/RisZsRbGLNfnYOEuXflcDzH\/8IZRwE8nID2WA0E0\/lf2YxbUGk\/tXTi8\/WI9YIN0t+Qr0PsTM7TGIu4ewbLt7yYN5CGzSXSqxyglq4PUJ4koLU5VEGA9+eB39waC6I\/eSIybHKUkF8DmJo1Fval7NymfAiKPLLSd82nQ\/bNo4TCsLA3812WByPiBPApDfMm17IXtVzEJPAmdIRmANcwi9vSJR33bwb4nygIEznHNeGlFs+b45Jj3Lhji87p5He2wGlRnnRuzL5wY3cI1Fu2LTk5yoxxt78rciBnbOuCUVwhE58jW21emGo8ci8QXZUrptSF41rtr\/rXPNIuVrVR1Hsac8SOK3aVsdmZo7jGTdTcnwRtylGRn06o06YBXOT+WpPXQI713yL1mc2WhL3mEsBDNWoMx1WRvXwHMcAUJctslbf8NTliyhjdli9K0xjwZnBpD2WKWZ+r0xQhfP5fePlrqqrmEK75tzHZPTVSXYuI\/\/i6WsOddXOQqqv1x4iqMSifjZMfCWJ\/V2XCFVAvyWo3zSXgQQT3NZHXC71PHb+Ywv2eKclJS7kdkLszin\/7vjhPgbrVJ0dnJNlnYBAtWrMir6r0Liri1ME7DWDW0ky7EftYllOpeSyp+a6Z4IisktGKqcRa4N1bb0QdSjTafsKzfMOzE8WzENSFtyrMTrpo5c1eb1v82Ff7jArfUi9BFU4nyAzuwTRThn3Luuzf9hAq3fUcY+mOx0DebPBjMWmwiz+VIQtyJ6Tuy5WMbdnLsOAlkJh1KavlC8n9JV9bFm5F8kvoFZ20QTWOY1bnUzHZ5E\/iewf4U7m9AABkK2M\/BpTklqSo6ycu8D0MgfxWOToxGoGLkQlKNxgCBdHXGX+0LXkRtVbOTAj0fEQZX+OO5JZbDh70dHkLjKapUXKLTdLh6cjnrOVTboj8XkWcKc3OtuLJAQeukdHmO4JVyBD122E2DP5UigCb+J9ttKGlYZsTT5QLKxs3O6JSttyw7Q63umZ8WwrL4UO2HzQFvs1hP5hjsUhl65Ky9GZw+TEaAz1g0NaaK63oXc3M4mR8tosKMKMj2jNo9LmJ8VArgW9N55Fk\/HMZb2IQ4aDY61LKtt1y41tzlF9MwasqFX5SmwUxiNXlnXVCpjICWemWYVIoZZtFiMCdT+QnRiF22YjDHYIhorzT3Ou9Ui9NoPzltiexE9A3+eRXtXyOQebYLFuy8s5XK8mtbc5gsc\/wFkes9+Yxl6XUXoUnksy3gV9LEkfM0DxaMAwlkFUtpSVUT08d2gIDKqfdO71GZz0+Dw3E7MtdzrCdbkyRxOKcJ3LRZIzrejDzcbdCxb40Lso5pNCZ80vidRbMionyl20EuplokXxcwLrFsm8na0jWi6faZMP4hqHamM9+zgS37T+4tw3TZdURj4IV+FgaFYsT1DRgpzSarVK22a8xarYTnMbSx8mhgsDk1czp5l7eaWI4XQ\/FyOTCWQSCUTJTyhQz2hhZvSwF81i4bDc1RtY\/AvRAWy4iXlrBnOcYp9FPFG6hH9me1FeYpGtcAaQr5l4kaFPlDSZFftrKCTywqalRxfpaJD0yDF1nYjU2zN6sZPGdhACm1shriBibusyl5Yl8rpEpWS+CHFm9DJlHNDtrz6JULCsGFsmHMOIzWvbvLcpDuz8HC9epThpXCIT9qrINqDLXLzOtsPejCVFT30JVJiYgyoQHk5yusPGQaPSIe+GiJbpM9OJEUyY0lPP+Q7E0bicUs9DFcW+W5cwJ0bbGPdXoHX79DNUr8yo5URouTxdGW\/T0FnGqZb1aj9kQwnrlucRdBY1NhY4Uq\/K6DU7xbHVjdSrM\/LVnUUbGanXZPQxmprS2zV13KxZTFO2CosmnFjANy9iJ6l+rziKjiRmX5KZxfRdOiE3Fxoixhkt3zRKVumdGXX52YX1eBe+Ieq5NSWwwNxdKd\/QWsdNC1hthEirq1KmIzZBkXojvuGMBXYm400ZdY1kg2QW35xR1yaLkjeHkoCFum6Xi8OoMWpD7Opqdf1esv7vzqgbAmaYE3tvsnfnQWhixJFzDsVqMAE4hRPUFKURhOtSMiJPbw9ZQBMBcOqEgNjGWqGdR4isTFhvQ3rnYsIrg6jZY6VEkPQMfCvc7xG4HJ22oV2WBE8IvMlmZkCyqMsqS0MF8d1yLiy8zLGb9WwhMMxnPwDbhpqx7E9M5eUIVEe+K4ITVpvHlVHBeReoICsHEY1LBSBE+5tzZu8JZuMJzhYskt3TjVAvKA6STFlhOu71d+BJwH2heGdx2t6PTZnR1FR9AHs3iRmrD3FQncTy2kyjbQxefRBlq8GYoSjvIUIl+pxuykNsDWDuEd2iqld6OstUOK2P1HsyOmeWV71I6yWBCr0IDbFG9MESoO4Nna4u93Z2aEBl1UokoZAgCQ+uxvm2dORZ6kicL47p98iin6PWzK+i6VROHTWgEyfOeSa7nvjrx23Dzd75IRMJ4kS0IMTmFiSjL0kNLZHX92XUpbtw2nRhhWV1meFeQQqQeozk+cbBLBr0Q3+0M8TOcAwVy8zSXm4Im0wqdvRedcUgKnJ0RouHGPRhZ9QfB1z0n1EfyeirDKoVplBXb8erHqkPZ\/Q103DHKmwQvuAgRONdFGtZXWvaKeBX7ewF5gff63TYDv06U+ZzSiQAJ\/P2Uk9dPxkTbzo\/2skbsSGkpm5IfmbINUJoHEP5FNSD8IJm5+XdScVeDlTpEiN4SGmwu1vcO5Dj1Vpq1jDI2u7tSxIrM58yqFOMoGDvjZthpiJrYbfeOZurRMaUslC0sLQj3KO8+RkHc9reY\/YERRPL25z2ZfqRhfIA4zvd2TtPE3plciFu9WLE8fiOTC6OX5PxxeLCJRdDiEcIS2vBRMQZo5uHSH2U3VuyBWlPyLLbAjVNC\/VFDrnJxbBLrfjBjlkp5bmPvpe6JOaPWqj4Lx\/phLQkQupxYgUu2wOVnsaFhs\/HsQrpgINBEkzk\/sTP12Gm1quNfJtUcz1vL3i9fLVi\/p6bjbADyNc8Wn7g\/kZUrmbuB5bS91TLcSOt0D7EmTe29M0bS9qwXHNprksx1\/zIhobZBB7g2mhNebusmMvhQxJ\/7EUSTMsaX8Pin6dy4X2TKaYH2beoz2L+9t1lj\/q8uBvu5Y3FvIvQq59USYJM6lJ5YpDcVbg\/tGOz8mc35E8u2D9NYcOx5v7E\/dWvUkVWEijr39nJV2Wmc\/UGdzmSI7PE7Y38GTEzZctJpstlR0yystGSP+TXMgXkV9P5NOER+63sNTPFR2mF5Jid\/Mq69OY4ter2L62coL\/dGrfH3WqjccpcR10yHzpyFiaZZB4+g5s7R+enpw8kfGICVInc1eLZNXEbVspG86GZyyY0bH8GH6nPZeZvAUSOcNFNiYTmdB+EEaxPUp12F6XtU+x9cdWAOyqUjNoDsTt6ZC0OW\/XC1WZCL0w2pR2CrckF+VcO9cUS+JSK97MPfyQV5mdTNAsjMy\/KZCHk\/rbY4BqHeTUXlyYCZsP1HJ0WX3t45k3F\/PlEZsNoR1a4yFWw0OTMZ2pMltxSYP6UocstmwZcZoUFb5gP9azaqycuerGsOHhuytk2tdwXyUs\/VXWfb1H5FpeJVamm5S9KWeH26vlNkkzefbgqW5bv6ebKN\/PvUvkW\/l0u38q\/K2X5hu5q+Xb+PVKWc4L0fy25Rzi63uBqQaBjaBIaEwAeF5oTZcFegsEhuXThGuIyc+t7eUf+vaLm1zukV1blo+JXlQR3danNv9eUROSvXa9sdAyP64CK+aYbwPU1ewVyA2pI8iC5fX+wL4+EHiLTZIzSQ4MaEw3wMOnVw7mrED6PuJN\/Hllal9qPyhcK0s1Huzu4x7Sk5ce2ZACPc3f6j5e\/IUP6BPkjkqRPRL9InhTYPx355FP2c\/IYD5IbAzNBN8lgbhbELTK4W923028rmE+n314oyco8JWgarb\/DdOGpWyZ5WrNSbNsBPz1odFrmyyfPqNRkPM\/k5CYjfFY1XzB\/TOzZ8R9GfE6h026becnbi1SggvTfXQMhsO148UrAdg59ka48Jgd4vdFpW14bRGqxQ2YlyzVopFvyt8OqJfuduJNVf8NeWJ8Sy9iSp6TqebG4JT3RXD7KoLNzAXxI3YaGb5U7YXOTSeb2tlx0AzwLmZQPl9nOleMNsyXChqEzf74tiDM3k2nHmVvIdOLMrWQ248xtZLbizO1k7pKMGdLdiejeI0pQMKv6rXMVea5I2Fy3v810s+v+lue9KLb9G6JcxPvFU4S9gT35SJajyIhgI3GyYLkYTtEuxTgxFjJzy8m6rMQrYPu0GlMc4VqYSLvFrgV+vlUsW2ZH09fs8mdT7RCPB81KPVmQEzYSD3QJYyG5lAQRNKJ0mciCZXZ5u+X70jPgKwgGFRoWf6WMjvQqESqLuloGQXqNpLZf15rexsJ2HU0IOeD1wpb0Bkkdqwflm3KJGK\/5gxfMxEPn2v4wN6kPx83o1OrJGj6iJH8WId7AH1lC9h38qFJFXuQ1zJb46NL8G3aP8WvNMmYvAH7sum+iXI\/DtFidezyS7bfMH9x4QjyGJ0pzyA\/gk6wiPrlSD3yk2rT0LW58N0rqpu0mfD6Z6Jtj\/bmFPVv434Y9TH9Z8Skt82cq7yCJm3sqsLRo6j0tiI3Z0zEwrL99FvAMzAwB1jj7TBqRZp\/tTNVz2vhqdjmQiYb4LICFQl7+ViZQkVVtVn2ZEeszlJycV+rrImi+MzTrogKkCOOG7W\/FSh3QyTxXPtL4qWpD+lfFxt3ZMStcs09UgOBYMy02DHWpkrfEzQS6s3bowbWn+1G\/KL+CMd+ZMR9tMpEG61uEbNmyof8jG3q6yAfPVm6+hCob+a7gOViZeGJtjFc\/4Bx\/+NiVKYpT2XSvqwnw2+8bqvn3DcnoEhEV8YcWiTOYwbz5Q3cX+SwiOa940dfeKuOMoDKvOtvzvzelDSAYKQHh\/R96zwAA7P13eBVVF\/8NT4YQQug9Ug8tQoSINBFCOCIiInIjonIrYqgCdwgYEDG2ISTnzEFAiNRQDFWMlIAIAUI40kSaSO+EXqUJSBPe73edDPfK+77X88\/z++d5rpvrGvbK+szae+219+zZ+0wLCjKNAkbR1IM3zwUV8xnuQaOCXO8WT3ilx8tNmzXt0PTFTh8P7teo2Vv\/SXgh8TWjjFH2fqftI4PKGZWMKkZwcJBhmEZwUME2g3p9PLBP\/FAjJCj0K8MwChtFmeCfJCWNtaZhBBlSlFHdCDYLdurxYR\/Xc\/9X+5ehWCLoExj+2nlaXZoGwbRYwRovDnEN7dfH9c6ghLjernZ9esQN7ef6V8KHPeL7J\/YY2n9QvKvPkKH9B\/YY2of79RjqGjSsT4KrSQPXwP5xccSD+wwaHNfH9WHcoJ494uI+dfVI6OOK6z+sf\/yHrk\/6I6\/efViX\/j3quXq4+vb\/8GPgwQmDBvTpNbRPb9fQQa6hCf1p3\/NTV8MGTRrUQyH44+OE3n3iXYP6uuL7fJwwqHefD\/vE90mAO8P6uHr3H9Knx5A+Q+q5hnzcq5+rxxDXi3GJ\/fr0H9gn4ekhrh7xvV2deiT8p3\/8kEHxT2On\/tChwD5DhtCjgJeufoFq9hoU36tPQny9Gq4hPT4d4uqUMKgv9huU4PpXb\/j2Zr9BQ\/p8OmhYlKtGx\/8fL2Dauz\/DM8QV16eHVGRwwqAPpRzguEFDhtD9ngk9+se7+n4c34v7ine9Bn0YD0vs1H\/g4B79Exgd+AnrvoM+ju\/NCPbti+jQ3fhBiHc8VAzKRx\/3iOs\/9FNmG9e\/bx9XXzhK\/ZCPsX9Cn4QhCNtQV4+4IYgp4pHg6tsDbdSfkcLfrl5omA9RbMKQp+HDwIEfw4tP0ShwacigXv37IGe0blyPhA\/7RLm69EPc8loBUt+PE5BFAu0G00lEB+0FlWtYjyFDXfEfD+wJCsf6IyrD+veGpwg73JJGxq6v90fneulJzV99UnNXnddferUu3EDesJUoSTfr1eNjNDL0iEH\/Xn169EQf6d2nV1z\/eAQu3jWwz8BBCfAY3g\/t1z8e7f2hq0dPVHcoKiwdbxCC0bt\/AlxA\/PrHD+2TgChxN0JX7x79oWYco1ytP2X04TZpD8RzMDqkOBfX\/z99XK2lDTslDBqKvE4lz0aB8I97DUoYOgR+O7XK18yDsTu7PQ+JIXGDPhni6j3ok\/j\/P\/15cMKgXug1bKYuPfr1Txjk6tF\/II41pHFxfYb1x5GHEtEI\/QfCpyFob2kt9GIW07d\/fI\/4Xigmr7WiTlkzXC\/2ZOUDuTV3vTxkKKLXf0g\/NAUq0rDBc88\/KerV+F5RLvD43uiusAFnq\/ZKGPQJGzn+YxydrBLyZ4UDYYEr8b0\/HjIU8e\/9MZwb5OoPHdpvSP8hrDSq1AOB6NWHPWIInEUc+vbv5Uro\/yG6LMqS\/ZF\/\/14IAeKFHHr0HsZ6oAF6SrgDR2heR3wJHR+9Pb5\/j\/o9cejzGEIHikezDmH3cA2AM2g4RBKN6HTE+EHDkDsCnK8Sg+I+psjODRMeK7CDog\/MUGzvPhi6At1EHO\/Vp37\/+L7oiWjQhEGDExh4VBvODPw4DkOPdAUcWC4Mj+zqrBx2HMbDJt7VcxB6WlyPnoPQ1E5vRf7MfZCMsEMGugaiN8QNQUUDDfLhIHRf9MGhfQajPwWOOhSCDj8Idez5qdQXQ10fdCv+J3nFu3hcIJqo4NCPe\/MIkBA4xyJEjEzQo+1aILs+OHbhLyVXn75omh69ZFjB3xg2GNy4Puh1qEjvj3sNdWobiBvaCr2Qo3hgb9jjsEDQ4tGJUQ1R5lmiS0P6mGPawB695bgdiiLfevPFeq4+A3sO6g0\/8Dd6DmKOQyLQY3p9PJSDX\/0+vXFSw4Dap0dCr371XOjnOKR69YsfFDfow7yBC2PYR+iBykEEAMHGQMfjCQcS24QdkqbMtZ70Yxy4IjOPQYNxeuufiL\/\/v7uetMgpayr7+5Pe1GMwMuuBEw8Cka9nBboLKvofhB\/VYtNKlNB4eR2URQcOIdQ50IPrYwc0h3QhlB7XM65HIoZolEiAMZ\/thPo5Z658LhrlRhpGbAX8l+4qUN2oA2FcUN1X+qBn9h9kdO7zIYKSYOT9Xd\/5OzIoLOx\/Z\/3\/nfUD5xEUjPPc\/8766tj8f+ZZP+xFfdYPexln9f+d9VEOK\/G\/sz6yw2mG\/lLiWRuG\/6fO+mFdRJlniS4N6X9nfaeDsujAIYQ6B3rw\/62zfphh5hbCav5\/\/\/7373\/\/\/l\/zr1C+fwWCnivE2X36k+n8m30G9m89KK73k\/n8E8XWoOeMFPwkGOwzjBa2YfQoWC7IGGm4nuWvfMEjjdycQsjJXRC\/D+JnwxRjSwWAZMOYolhQiBlgp03f7DejC6Tkx2bIMGCPcaam6csI4IcKDwu5zqzB3zJ908E9htFA8etBIeeYP3bwmr65gR16qh3OmSHnCwR2WGX6xgV2mKB2OF8g5GhwYIfLAReww2a1w9HgkAMFsYPXuFnc9E0J7HBX7XCgYMjekMAOT5u+hdjBaxjl1A57Q0J+KxTYwW2mXGnRgztEqR1+KxSyO2+HIabn1MKPsMPeD4KTjZKh3MEquLtQCEZm2WG+6ZsQKELXIrdQyPHQwA7rTF9aYIdFaofjoSH7Cgd2OPgkB13NfYVDdoUFdrhh+hYEdjihdtgVFrKjCHawjU8Lmr6xYU25g47DjiIhO4rKDveqmr5JyME2LB2HHUVD1heTHT59xvTNlB2MGmqH9cVCsorLDveeN32LZQdLByqreMjSErLDp23MlG6NKmAHo4XaYWmJkFUljJCMEkGGKZ1O+qkRi372hWHNM4KCzKTExg00KRDypWG9gx+9zZGJHb7WJJg2q42gAmZyt3+V06RgyOeGcdUICjaT7wz\/SJMQ2vQwggqayeX3L9WkEMoxIg0cDylpZ4tpEgob4xrLSYls2FyTwnnlFDJT7rTtp0kYcrP+MoJCzRTP6XWaFAExyhpBhc2U8uVvaFIU5VhzjKAw09N5eBFNioEYtY2gIqYn7Xq4JsWZWwR985wq10iTEnm+FTU97V3tNSkJG\/cs1tSTeipek1IsBzUtZnoOhqZoUho2aDL65io\/XZMytIFvwaan39gfNCkLEoi1J3PeKk3KMTfEGl7frbFXk\/J5Xhc3Pd3rX9akAm2+YNy8nfuGaBLOchC3Eqb3ztESmjwFGz9Gj2KmNy25kiYVQVifkqY3psjTmlQCsaKMoFKmt+dnjTWpjHKMekZQadMb0r2FJlVArM1STuTElzWpitxYTrDp3VnpDU2q0QbRQTkJT\/9bExcIywk1veXDYjWpztzQd+B11ttxmtQAodcFTO\/RzZ9qUjMvoiGmt2SHFE1qsRy0tml6G38wTpPaIDyy4HXXLmmaRJAEvH74wWxNngah12VMb3rrfP2gDnwzNkh02pRdq0ldkkB0LqRt0SQSubEceD16\/i5NngHJ8zpz1RFN6oHQa8Rg7+KzmtTPiwHKCWl8Q5Mo2qCcgqY3o9U9TZ6lb+ijxUw7ohXOe\/8lDUjEa3u4WViT5\/JyK2Da7UPzjSEN8zwINe0zW0tr0oi5oU3LmnbTG\/mO7cbM7SFjYLebVVWTJiCMQWHTPhxZS5OmIDwW4EG9c3U0eT7Pg3KmvXlBlCbN4IFV3Agqb9oHM\/P1+BdA3M0lt0sZLTRpnpdbGdNOHviiJi1gw9YuZdpvv\/2aJtHwjT0kzLQX\/NpRk5YkGENAVtfurElMHkFu20e+pUkrEuSGiFa93VUTNz1AREuadnylDzR5ESRwlNjWnj6atM6rTwXTrjjpP5q8RJta0gr1KiRo0oYeoBXgQU76J5q8DBt6gNxK\/vqFJm1BmBtqWqNdsiavMDfUFOU0nu\/VpB0JyoHXm58do8mreV6XMO3Ym6matEc5HPlQTsPNUzR5jbmhHHjdpla+kbwDbOh1uGlPap\/v2H4dxF9VjoV+ixZo0hGExwLKWT14sSb\/yisHZPvOpZp0yiNPmfbxej9r8gbJXalpg99Xa9I5r6bwYOt4vyZv5nmAY6HyW5s16YLceCwgovElt2nyFkheRI20fKPL23nlwOsp3fZr8g5t4DV6YsbqQ5p0JUFPxBH88JljmvwbhEcwbIoePaXJuyC0QR\/t\/vo5Td5DfdhH0aaDC\/6pSTcQtim8bn3opibv53ld0bSPTrurSXfYWJ\/SA1+z4YYmH+R5EGz6chuYmsSCcBTDNHJro2BNeiA3jokFTF\/CyEKa9MzzoIjp8\/cO06QXbSLYCr5+PxTTpDfKYSuUMX0N40tq0oc2G8QmrWc5Tfrm2ZQ0fT2fDtfkQ9gwbqhP3MhKmvSDDeuDGHTxVNGkPwhjUMz0PYqppskA5MZeVcn0zXfV0OQ\/tMFRghh0yqqpSVxeDJDb9KkRmgzMyw02bT+rq0l8nk1l05farZ4mg2DjRqxLILdFz2ryEQj7QRXTlzy5oSYJIBZiXRgLgGNNNBkCrwPHgq9pi2aaDAVhROEb5uqafJznG1aNWH3VdNTDWEgtFpKU2CZdk0+QFQsJxVR99IeaDIcNg1YVU\/VnymvyKWyMZ+hYcmLZ1zVJJIFj1czktEXzNPmM5A82dXJW1XuafA7CpsYk\/sraypp8AcLcipgpiWGvavIlfUPQML0Pe+sLTb7KC0CwmTL4+AxNrCBkx4Iwv39UNEejEUHMD3VFfmNbXdMoKehJhp7EM4U0GulkWNj0rH9QQaNkQQhrKdMTdjFSoxQiduAKpqfT4mYaeegGmwkz9inLOmvkFSsMZVgA5EbGamQLQpgwM6\/zxjCNfI7z4abn6ESPRqNYFs8PT5meWtXTNfpaMpQh3TMgY4VGo50MXaan6rXNGo1hhgYyLG96+vbO1WgsEeck5UzP4g4PNfqGKDCR8SY2DdNoHBGtKpnemZHhGo0XD6W9vK19VTVKdTzEvHH6jxEafUsrthcmju6VURpNYFkGjlzMXc\/cbqHRRFoFwusNKfyKRpOcssJNb+wz\/9JoMjP0IxpVTG\/wjfc0mkJkofNiVVSncH+NprIsdpsipnf7VwkapdHKgBU8HJz6lUbTaEUPscSYMG+URtNpxREWzmeVm6LRDMd5LFlKN0vXaCatGN7qpndF8kKNvpOyXpcMD1derlG6kyHcaNwqW6NZzJBuwPm3l\/ym0WzJEM4jUInr92o0R6xQZQRq5uGTGs2lFQMF51u\/cVmjebSi84jhuRl\/azRfEDLE7KJNV1Oj75kh3cApfP\/JQhotoBXHblgt+LmYRj84VpgSNG9VRqMMWgWqbHf4+ymNfnSsMP05blXTaCER64U5U4PoWhotYoY8IWEJk\/S4rkaLxQodG3OWLgXzdewlRBxtMNGZP+w5jTKJONOBh1kRz2u0lIgeYtrSPjNao2VOKxfBSuoXt0Y\/iYcIL9zY2v4VjZZLhnDDxFw9u71GPxNxCQg3Fq7IdxCtIKIbiEaM+y2NVkpZiAYyHFcg3\/GVRau8DGs8+kCjVUTMEFbLvX00Wk1Eq0qm3TZpgEZriNijEI0pSwdqlO1EAxluXP+RRmtpxQyrYFG1dphGOXTeQqCqYW7+6hcaraMVz5MFTTvRStLITyuOUXBjezWfRr84biBQ9xuM0Wi9WAUC1eFWqkYbWBY9RIbHr07WaKOTYZBphxnTNdrEDPnjHqbb06fO0WgzM+RJqrRpL\/57vka\/EvHnFtTLXSbfkLKFGbJeaK\/UZcs0+o1WbC\/0qFrRWRptFYQehdXssEVrNNomGW6QDNtN2qTRdrFChjj0DlfbptEOIh56NUw78sjvGu2UaKySGEYP2a3R72IViOHOgQc02iVWiCEb5csjGv0hHqJRMG50aJ1vZNtNxHEDx1f3++c12kNkREhZmSOvarTXKasmmnLCTY320crdTNy4PvKeRvuJ6Aai0fqVxxodkHohGrVMX\/sgU6ODtHKXZqP4OpcsqNEhWrFRMNV\/uCVEo8O0Yr1M0xdcO0yjI7RiDENNX8fZRTU6Siseeshw2M8lNDpGxAxrmD6rVL6x97hEQ9rLZ79fVqMTTllYJOw+XF6jXCKWhVl1YkK4Riclw6tS5dKfVdTolFihyihrdaPKGp0mYlnIMHhpvlnKGSdDrDumrHJpdJb1YqPAqvW0mhqdc6wqmL6Dc2prdJ5WnDpiGdHzTB2NLogbaEqsI8JaP6PRRSIeDnB+b0iURpeI6DxQ5eQGGl12EKLRN6iRRleIGA20V\/HVjTX6UzyM4hnWF16+mUZXiXiGRZUNo4VG15wql5AFzVuO\/rpjEoYVza2hGt0QHzAKcUkTHaHRTVqxicPNkVkhlzX6i4gTtmJY1GS+p9EtIrZIGFY1Z1dqdNspC9czsjb\/qdEdx\/OCZsquw9U0+lsylBEvpfu+LhrdlQzRIsXMlKvVR2h0T6zEjZQvo5dodF+s4AZWPUXrb9XoARHnBnBj+nuXNHooGcINzPPL\/1hCo38c56uZnl0RnIc8QY+YIc9QoaYnvMALGj2WDBHekrgSMP0NjSwTiK2PDOd\/HqfRCF5HYoZY2lztmq\/KSYIQDaywmn41WaORROzVKOvLuAyNkp2yKpmezR02aZRCK3pomJ6iYbs18hDxchai0aXYWY28Zl40TNNT3HdPI1uscCzgh\/KFq0I08tENttdTpreTu7RGo2jFFRZ+EL+VXEWjr4mYISbY4YlPazTacaMmrFY+p9EYlsVBHlPl8EmtNBorGSJQmCpnF31Vo29oxWhgnt\/935xfPUHjaMV5PmbsSTe6aTReEBoFzs8P7qdRKhGdB9p67yONvnUQ3Lh69TONJjhuwPnUFrZGE8UKzhcwvU2XjddokhON4qa37PVpGk2WDHHdCUuArHULNZoiCOdQ1Kvb7lUaTWVZrBesrLMbNUpzrOBGrbt\/aDTNcaO26X3U5KhG02nlrsZDz1sj6KJGM4h46CEam1vd0WimIEQDk42mbYM0+o4eMoaY2Gxx5+ts6UR0Hj\/Qvru1iEazBN1lWfbCuFIazXbKwurgUWoFjebQiquDCPwe\/lK+LjqXiFYFTLtngkujeU40DNPuNL62RvNpxePraUzLO0dq9D3d8NtSr1sPGmq0gFasF2bRnhSeNZ6gH2hloVEwe5lSKl+fz6AVuw2qfGn7Sxr9SCs6j\/lV9F+varRQEDKEG2M\/76TRImZIN7A8dIW8rdFiWvFMBKvrh97TaIljhWleUq8eGmXSimMUrCZU6qfRUscK9YqYN1CjZUSsF+Zyw2MTNPqJGXK0wfJwa83hGi0XK5wCMIueXvdzjX4m4vkaHeBq2lcarSBiB4CHxmspGq0koofoAKl7R2mU5XQALG2sv77RaJVYYZxHo6RGTtRotTiPRkGgznSaptEaIgYK7XUndLZG2URsL9SrXeoCjdZKWagXopFWIN8IkEOUF424wpkarSOiFTzMSfxJI7+UFfCw5Kx848YvRPQQB2yNf\/s1Ws8MecAiUMvf3KTRBidQWEbNTdiq0UZa8WyOyK\/YtUOjTYIQeXSAdu\/u0Wgz3WAHQKDSqhzS6FdBCBTcuDT\/hEZbHDcQqIObzmj0G8tioBCNjG0XNNoqGSIayPDhjasabXMyxHW0SyVvabSdVoE5qv1w\/H2NdkhZ6Ngoq+PrjzXaSSuWhXnjrlWmRr8T8dDDpHf1nIIa7XIyxKS3Z1CoRn8QMYaY2dbbHKbRbiK2F9Cwl4pptMdBmPTm+EtotJeI3aYs5sOf5htg9xEFDiLf4DfKarSfiG5g0tusfL6x94ATwzDTlznvKY0OihX6BtZKWV0qaXSI0WCg4PypD7nceIIO04rOA0WedWl0xEFwY2jPmhodddxAWZdu1NbomFNWddNXtmBdjY4zQ84ckGHly5EanXAyDDd9ExLra5TLDDn9RlM+\/LGBRieZIZsSa6X5hRtpdIpW7PNolI6Xm2h0mlZsFKxE7s55XqMztOIBCw8Dy40n6KzjYXVZbngd\/TnJDZWqYo64E3pOo\/OSGw6uklhuBL+m0QVBURwMk7sVYMd4gi5KhhgMcT0kcWhvjS4R8bgrheXGH3M1ukzESoViuXHuiEZXWBZbpCQuo9SuptGfRHQDVzcSz3XR6KpTXyw3zu2N1+garRhbZDjs2nSNrhMxQ1yYCc7crdENIgPRwCy6\/RcFNLrplIUlgDW0pEZ\/Sb0QDawptnRiT3uCbkmGqFcJ01PyUkuNbhPx8McS4O0X3tLoDhE9xPWXmU8N1uhvKQsxxAWdc8e\/0OguUSDynqg7YzS6R0SrsqZn2JppGt0nChzjnpzPlmn0gChwjHuCZ2\/R6KETDZTVfOo+jf4RK5RVxvQkdT+t0SPWiz9tVcCP21ZBjR4TcXTFSiRsZGmNrAJAbMpSpndxYY4MT9CIAnllYe7d+UotjZKIeNyVMb13ekZpNFIy3MAqe9Mat9YomVasMq4C5LzyukYptGKj4NJM7sp3NfLQipHHwiF5Q0+NvIIwQOEy0IKsOI1sIvYNTMs7VBiika9AXngZqNRPNRolbiBQqHLYRI9GXzNDVhnT8sVFxmk0mlYsC2ulzl3zHQ5jaMXBAVbDrs\/RaKxjhasbFVtmavQNkYUjBYGKeWutRuMERfH48vbctFWj8UQGrMJMb\/DBAxqlihs4NWC9WWfCcY2+FYQlAAK1\/eBFjSY4gUK36dflukYTpSx0mzqmt+iRBxpNIrJasgPY4XeDNZoiZaEDYAaYMSJMo6mCcJhjspGdxXPoE5RGxA6AWdnYnDIaTSNiF8XUK\/fZChpNFzeiODjYN89X0WgGEQcHTFE2rqmp0Uynysgw9V6ERt\/RihliHjJ3aX2N0onYlHD+zoFGGs2ih3QeZW059rxGs52ykOGESi00muNkCDfOvfiiRnOJ6AYmh3fvvaLRPJYVaGU7tGu+0818QdLK9rv3O2n0veMGnK\/TLN8pYAGt6Dx+mb\/fsqtGP9ANrlLRyh2Oddcog1ZsZZR1vG9vjX50yqqL9ebcDzVayAwtnOWxmssJjtdokSB0bMxsd40bqtFiIvZDRKNGl0SNlogbiAa6TeNlX2iUKQjdBlX21Byh0VIiVhkx7Fo3RaNlRHkxzNg2SqOfnHqhKYcXHqvRcvEQTVkdi69nJ2j0s2SIwQEZHn0wWaMVToaoV8YL0zRaKVaBemVPnqlRliDUC2UVLzxbo1WCUBbay7VvnkarBQXaa1n3HzVa47iBDL+cvlijbLFChqjyuH7LNFrrVLmwaZ8am6VRDq04iqKshu3XarTOKQuNYth+jfxihUZBP9w9ZqNGv0hZgX5Yq\/42jdbTKq9eK1bs0miDUxbWZcm39mi0kVY8p6Aflr92UKNNLIv9sA6OlM9OaLRZUGDQW51yTqMtzJBuIBodSlzR6DciRgNWM7de12grUZ5Vgy53NNpGRCs4n1TigUbbBcF5TF\/DChoa7XCqjAn29TlBGu2k83459Hxd9wVr9DsRqxyMtVKlUI12SVloFJTVvmqYRn84ZWFa3nBtEY12M8PAAes7PLO4RnuYITs2ViJnXi+p0V4i1gvLjXrbSmu0TzJEZ4Mbbx8vp9F+xw04H\/1FBY0OSIZwvqDpi7Ce0uigZCg9yrfz98oaHaIVGwVriikTqml0WBAOPSxS3K9X1+gIEdsLHl7KyHe6Oep4iLXSrldra3SMVjy+EMPDzz6t0XHxEDEsY\/qSSkVqdELQBvHwSsFnNcqVDOEhIj8hp4FGJwUh8rCaObChRqcEwQrRaBvRWKPTghANtFfJy001OkPE9sKltK79XtDoLFFeexmywnqCzjnRCJYV1ipHf54mgcZKShwapNEFqa801sjEuV00ukgruofrL90umxpdcgrC4mtKszc0uixWmIfgWk\/WD3M1uiJlIeyFzZS4Qfk8\/JNWbGJctXn4aoRGV4noRgkzZdSkzhpdY4ach5QyUyo2GaHRdbFC2MuaKRnrpmt0gyiwpkhp5t6q0U0ilgUPt4y+o9FfRPQQ1ykWNuJx9wTdEoTGqmF6blWpodFtCRSulmKREv1lPY3uCJIYekaVcmv0NzNkDLFk2\/1nvka5yyqz9bF+qegdqNE9QRsE9YycqNF9B1UxPRk7sjV6QMQBCgu9m\/\/s1+ihoCiG19Ps+A2N\/hEPEV4s9Kw5jzV6RMTOhqly72OFNHpMxAkAlhuhNcpoZAUToV6YRS+U8eQJGhGcFyjMoru05+H\/BCUFw0P2KMzz7+6K0mgkEZ3HPL\/yi9EaJRMZqDLK8r\/5qkYpTllYK\/Wr8qZGHnrIVg41vaNKv6+RVzKE89VMb9QH\/TWyacWmxPKw844hGvkEIYZY6N1ZwqnXEzRKEPohVnMVN6Ro9DVRXnhzdo7RaDQRw4t69SwzVaMxTr0Qw9BjszUaK84jhihrYa\/FGn3DDFkWMuw0aIVG45wMsVa628yv0XhacTBEWZVvb9Yo1SkLy8Ocz3Zr9C2teHyVgPM3j2g0gVY8zBGokLTzGk2kFQMVYXojF93UaJIgNAqc31nknkaTHecjMQMcEKTRFCkrmkOlPTaB5+snaCoRh0rMG3NLldAoTcpCU2JG0VB+H3iCphGx22AStVHOoU\/QdMeNcFxk6VlZoxksKzCjsAdsqqHRTCILvRcTm8\/fqKvRd1IWYoifqXcWjdIonVYGrDBTck1qrNEsWjGGWCstq9Zco9m04kFE5w+4NZrjOI9oTMp+WaO5kmEgGhfqv6rRPKK8aAyv01Gj+U6GmCp3KPamRt\/TiqdyRKP7obc1WiAeol6IxuA++Y7KH2jFaGA+vN7VU6MMQejYaOUJEX01+pEZspURqHOb4jRaSCsGCmUN\/1eCRouIWBbqtTXsE40WO\/XCmn3mtc80WkIrDg6hpp0ZMUKjTHEDvbeMaZuvezVaKmgDf36x9zYZr9EyIv78ggzPrZis0U9EzBAxbHZshkbLiRhDdID2\/fOdsn8WFCU9qlv1HzVaQWTACoFanLFUo5VSLwQKVu7GKzXKcqwQqNS1azVa5QQKh0Pf2es1Wk0rHg5YVDYr+JtGa6QsGfTsUd\/v1CjbyRAdoPvoPRqtpVVeB2iQekCjHJaV1wGs545rtI5WrBfKKr3mtEZ+pyxc7Dv33QWNfqEV5xtYfd\/911WN1ktZGA9xpLQvc0ujDWKFIwXOHy2Wb\/jaKAjOw43FZf7RaJPjBn6Zb\/3Q0Ggzy2JTYpHSvmuwRr8KQqNgPtxlZiGNthCxs2HVk51aVKPfiNgomNlGbMw3Hm6lhwwUJvNX7dIabSMKHCm+SefKarTdcR6LFPPfFTTawbLYezHPj4yrqNFOZsjBARk27pxvFP3dyRDT8ukbq2q0S6wwRiFQbb9wafQHy2KgiuDCx6GaGu0mMhAoZHi3ytMa7XEyxIWq9P11NNpLxA4Aq4zFz2i0j4hWKKvzh\/U12u+UhfYKXLV5gg4QWUBY2gTfbKTRQSL2KCxSFu9pqtEhKQvnZSw3ViQ10+gwETsbYhhYUzxBR5wYFjMN6C87+qNOQXWwptg7WKNjRIG1\/MjE7KkanWBB7BhYOHT7pLZGuYIwGPKqzYXhGp0kYocPwVWbl1dpdIqIGeJySbdroRqdphsGooRLM1deaKnRGadS4WZKp9rvaHSWVuzVT5kpuS1GaXROypKhJmVwx5UanXcyfMZM2f\/CHxpdkAwPs\/U9DTvxWHiCLkqGaP0w05NYzqXRJUForCKmZ\/0Ydown6DIzDNTLE\/bTKxpdcdyoZ3qyF3TR6E9a+dvx4PIE7\/pIo6tEPLhwGahD\/3xVvkbEqRdWBxOyZml0nYiHCep1dEq2RjfEedQLq4Na3bdqdJOITQmrAR8f1ugvIlrhMtCy5hc0ukXEIwiXge7ff6TRbSJ2AEzz0seFaXTHiUZ905tYpJRGf4vVNxzxvDOLV9ToLuvFEQ9XN1rn5ov8PSKeXouZ3r6nmmt0n4iHA+b5Yf3bavRAykK9MOld\/NrrGj0k4mAINzqtf1ujfyTDDayy99a3AzR6RCtWGaue8O8\/1ugxrdgomMxHVxipkVUQVow8ApVb42uNRjjvh4gyvatnjNcoiVaGxY7t7d4xTaORBVEWO3Y902vWWaJRsiB0tvqmd\/6atRqlSIbfGEHPmt6tOZs18ghCWVgexg\/6XSOvIHRROF965z6NbMf5Yqb3UrujGvnoBhsFVmN\/P6\/RKMcKS7Z+7XlSfoK+lrIwEGGhNzrrrkajJUO4gZnSlCRTozFEjDzmPBnNC2s0logHLKbKDzeU0OgbKQt9A2f5jk3KaDSOiO0FK1eLChqNJ6IVpnkJCytqlCplBTzcuDvfkPItET3EtGH\/qKc1muBEA2603hKp0USWRTcwUyq7M0qjScyQMyVMbPoObKLRZEGIPDLMasATyhM0xckQboxq2kqjqY4bmCrfHdJaozRasVFQVtiPr2g0zSkLM9t34\/MdX9OJLEQe86u4+29qNIMZ8pSHad6jW101mknE4wtW477srtF3RLSC8zU+7aVRuuM8PBy7oq9Gs+gGPYRV7qdxGs12rNBeHVcO0mgOrdheaOXYQcM0mkvEVkZ4l038XKN54iHCi26TPM3SaD4Ruw3Cu79oskbfC0J4EY0LL\/k0WiAI0UC9EneM1egHcQP1wox9+7gJGmUQ8TQahlXPX2ka\/SgZ4tSGsjLfmKnRQkEoC4FqfWSORoucQOH4Whz+vUaLWZaBVkaGxuxFGi1xMkSVU5\/5SaNMQagyPJzbM0ujpYLgIWK4wr9Go2WCEEO0V2jDdRr9RDfYXnCj4qVNGi0XK7iBemUM2abRz069UFb5pTs1WiFWgbL61dit0UqnLGSYePigRllOhlg5XqhwVKNVtAqcU+zVxjmNVktZ8BBWHUZd1miNY4V+WHXIbY2yBaEfYkU8eOoDjdYyQ57anjJ9sZGGRjlEgXmUb9QDU6N1jvOY2bZOC9bIL2Whs2HGfumzQhr9QsRoYBZ980CYRuuJ2DdQ1vTKxTXa4JSFqxud1pTQaCM95EGEqxvNc0pptEkyxKCHyfypYuU02kyrQHv5Rm8ur9GvtKKHtXDtoEZFjbYQ5T3yM\/O5Khr9pjJse6mqRltpxQxLwPm2NTTaRsQ5G6rcrEFtjbY7VUZ4r++M0GgHrRheLPSmZNbVaCcRj2V4aJ6qp9HvjodYbmSkRWm0S5AcRL7lrzbQ6A9BsAo2fd3MhhrtJmLkYdW2YGON9hDRCuvNq2ubaLRXEHovljZZsrR5gvYRBUbsvKXNE7TfiUZFk68RK+7oD7C+gZdEjIxJDdPoIHOjD8Fc2gzX6BARPS9ojswadk+jw8yQfSYUS5vMvhodEYQjqAqWNuV+0+gokYWuG4ylzeVwjY45ZWElcuWpFzQ67lSqiJlyKu4tjU4wQwMZ4nJJwkqfRrnMkPXChQ+z9TyNThLxQMblknGVt2l0iohhr2amuPr\/rdFpQRhdsQQ4OK6kRmeI6DxWPa4FLo3OErHPPGV6+rmiNDonSAYNz+If2mh03qky1hSRezprdEGsUC+sXxKmxGp0kdHgEQQPVw\/\/TKNLtKKHWG6Y477W6DIRq1zY9LRfMUujK0QMVHXTM27Oco3+JOJvFMjw4J4NGl0VFMjQdf+QRteImCHq1e\/8FY2uE+XVK3PhfY1uOPUqYXo\/35yv994kCowMXld8eY3+cmJY0fQeT6qi0S1aBQ4Hr1kvX6PcdtzAcmN+8SYa3SFiDAua3nYVW2r0NzPk4QA3rnRtr9Fdx40ipjdj4Bsa3RMr9F7M8zta3TW6LwhjFzy8GTJAowd0gx7iOsWki4M1eihIOpt39bxPNPpHkHQ2b\/dLSRo9cjxEhpUf5zuIHosVMoQb7jXjNLJCiOBGddN7ZsZkjUYIkr7hDW36nUZJgtA3InB149UMjUYKwrgBD3d+n6lRckiehw2wfsleqVFKCALl7yhVbpC6WSOPZBio8t79f2jkdTLEijj18kGNbGbIFTHWtiv+PKuRjxmy92IZ9W7vaxqNohWdL2t6H2U+0OhrscJKH9OhcXYBjUYTMYaYAZ65F6LRGMkQfQNWjUcW02isY4VJlH2rpEbf0CpwpNhTFlbQaBxR4Eix46wqGo13ooH58Naw6hql0or9EFaVd0Zo9K1jhTXF510jNZpAD3mGwvql6JvPajSRGVqoF37qr3wi3\/E1SVAtQQ1iozWa7CDMbN0nW2s0hWWxi2IG2KVVW42mCkJnwwzwzJbXNEpjhpwBwipr6VsaTXOsEN52Ld7TaDqtGF4sUrr91UOjGbTi4IBA1bvXR6OZTqDg\/OiR\/TX6jlZ0Hq0882ScRumC0Mq1TPt658EazaIbnF\/BefOjYRrNFis4Dzcm3P9MozmOGw1M+1byVxrNZYY8iDDp3XjNo9E8Zsg+j74R\/uPXGs2nFfsGnO8XP16j72lF50vicuSJCRotoBVjCA+3T56m0Q+OhzURwxrfaZRBq8ATi3ZMqfka\/ciy6CEm8+O2Z2i0kFY8KoNN+9TNTI0WiRXaCzFcfne5RouJGEOssNokrdZoiSCZA9hvr1qnUSYRM3zOtOus26DRUrphnZIqN39rp0bLnCojwykn\/tDoJydD\/EwRd3afRsuZIU83aJTs5KMa\/SzIlAxLtjul0QonQ7iR+\/o5jVY6buBYdh+8qFGWWAWO5d27r2q0imXlHctnut\/WaLUgHLBAd0480GiNg3BNJLlBkEbZRGwvXGRZ+FKwRmvFDbQyJthdZoVolCMI9cJU2T03VKN1guA8psp29SIa+Z0qV8ME+1xRjX6hFVsZHrqTSmi03vEQi5QBE0trtIGIAyyWNp2\/KqfRRiL2eSwBuh0J12iTlIUjBfUKnlBRo81ErBesrk6qrNGvRLTCpZlJ\/6qq0RYinm6wpkh\/urpGvxGxYyMa\/a7U1GirEw1cjZqytLZG28QKZ3NctUmf\/LRG26Ve6ACocsaxSI12CIqS8C57IUqjnZIhwosqR+9roNHvRHlVrnWwoUa7iFhlNMrOcY01+oNlsVHgxp05z2u0m4huoMpYK2m0x6kyLgNB\/7Sj30sTHkEl5TKQRvuImFsRrJXivtFoP5GBUPDWstcaaHTAKaiCmXy4lU+jg7QKHAvJ9zvd0OgQESuFtVLRI3U1OsxQMEpYv0wv3F6jI0Rs4pJmSuTbPDU8QUeZIZ1HhqvLL9ToGK2YIZZR7V\/ertFxIoa9mJly8PfzGp1ghgxUmOlpfDtMo1yxwnkN6POB7PBP0EkHPWV6Np5lT3uCTgm6yxh6ig6K1ui0E0MTC6KFnTU6Qyse4ygrYVJfjc4SsaxQLIiKD9XonDiP8FbEgmjBaI3OE3F1gLLa31+k0QVmyLLgYeqZXzS66HhYBOuX6gc1usQM2Tfgxt22NzW6LEjc8LoGF9ToChHdKGl62zxVXqM\/BUXRDW8\/Hw\/kJ+iq4was7n7P4+4JuuZYhWCeH54vvNdZL3abKpjnP\/OKRjfECs5jPtz7pS4a3aQVx2TMh0NXv6\/RX7RivbjqkfXLE3RLEDKEGx2f+kSj28yQbmChl1AvSaM7tOLoCqvye8do9LdjhSo3Pz9Fo7u0yqty93fma3TPsUK9kgYs1eg+EeuFdVnEydUaPWCG7PNYHm79cLNGD8VKDiJv\/JCdGv1DxIMIq4PSb+\/T6BFRYLj2Nl2Rq9FjInqIVu7622WNrEJ5rYz1y4XzdzQaUQgeckjBTCnkdpBGSYWQIeuFmVLXzBCNRtKK7YU5T8b+ohol04rDNWZK2cVKa5QiCB5i2tBxcgWNPEQ8UoByx1fWyOsgZJgwurpGNlFehsHln9bIR0SrSqY9qWQ9jUYR0XlMbC60elajr51ARWJN8XtjjUazyrwvDpMo8wBPDU\/QGCK2MqZeXdJe1GisIEy9Spn2\/BfaafSNuIFWRuTvZrym0TiivMi379tJo\/GSYcD56aPf1ijVcR4enqrUTaNvxQoewo3GJ3poNIFl0Q2sejyd+mg0Uaw2SHi7vjBIo0m0YnjhxqVGQzWa7LiBKWXDDZ9qNEWs0OdRr+DfvtBoqpQVqNfb10ZqlOZkiHrN\/NKn0TSxQr3CsOp58RuNprMsDuZAZnqqRjMchB5V9tFEjWYKQo8qi\/byTtPoOyIeeohh1vOzNEonYgzhYdgPczWa5XiIaHSLy9BoNq0YDbgRlbBYozlEdAPR8D\/4SaO5TjSQYejXqzSaRytmiH54eNxajeaLG4F+WK\/BRo2+pxWdRyt\/OetXjRYQ5bVyyenbNfrBcQMZdn1mt0YZtGKG6FEZ0\/dp9KO4gR4FlJhyQqOFDkI0OsRf1GiRZIhoYHl4\/O+rGi2mFUdsOH99yW2NltCKziPDpIz7GmUSMUNM88IqGhotdeqF1cHik6ZGy2jFDDGlvNu9oEY\/0Q32XkxfXQmhGi2nFcdDzFEXFCui0c+CECjMvTtvLqrRCkHwEJPeyl+X0GglEVsZlzCCx5bSKEvcQGfDxYiFg8pqtIpW7POo8oqq5TVa7VQZGXY9F67RGidDTJWDt1TSKJuIkcclp6K1qmm0loinbJS1vF8NjXKcsiqjrAa1NVpHKze6KMrqOaKORr8QsSx4OODYMxqtJ8rzsOy6KI02ENEKjVK5UkONNko0Ao0yf0VjjTYJQqOgrI6Dmmq0mRmyLIT3bqcXNPpVrALhDSwcnqAtTpXDZeHgdvS\/MTdeVKqChcPyKRptJbIQwMJYOBydodE2FsRTQxEsHOZU1Gg7rQxYheAiSzMOoU\/QDlqxO5U0k9P+OKLRTloxShG4yPJDTY1+Fyv06oa4yFKzpUa7BM01ghpJpYYUKER9Or97g0b82AhqbI688tvzGu0hMqKNoCZm8pWBLo32CmpiBDU1k09Vna3RPiL3q0bQ8\/ChVHmN9osPKYx5St8FrTQ6IDF\/bAQ1wzWg7Pc0OsgMjTeNoBdQ30X5yjpE5K5uBDXH4uWbExodFvSaEdTC9NT5orRGR+iG9ZYRFG16+p6tpdFRIoa9iemZW7qVRseYIavc0vSc+vIDjY7TyupjBMVIbOc7Mc+lidWRQ1NSYvBhjU6KCYYmXpXrMlqjU4J6sD8nd\/NyFvcEnWaG7M\/h6DDZPTU6Q8TOybfSXdyi0VlmyK5eykzO2vpIo3OCcOyYaKxrFTU6T0QPC5opiRtba3SBZRk48EPMlLB1n2h0kVYMIK7lpRWZq9ElsUJvR+vXefugRpel9a\/Sw5SehW5odEUyhIclTc\/9dvmi8Scz5IGAxVrrutU1uupk6DI9x0fU1+garQwEqrzpqfV3W42uE\/EV061MT9yJnhrdEDeyjCC36Vm+YJhGN8UqiBNXz8OMMRr9JVY4HuFhm35pGt1yPIxEd\/LP1+g2M\/TjuCuGrpu7XqM7ROwABU3P4D8PafS3IDRKKdOTNeCWRnfFDcQQSyEjPEije0QcnbDEmzs2TKP7kqE47213pLxGDxzn6+MSVaEqGj1khrxZDou11WERGv3DDNle1XDBLrGRRo\/ECsN7BC7YXWyp0WNBATfmvtJGIys0zw3T9N4a0l6jEaGwYu\/FOi68fxeNkgT1YHi92UM5636CRobCQ4YXzsc++FCjZCI6jwVv8n8+1iiFiB0bbtT5Mkkjj5QFN+B8hyH5DnOv4zwin\/Zdqka2ZIgqY7Uec2WmRj4iC2WhXj2DF2o0SspCvVBWSMnlGn3tlIWla+fo1RqNphX7Bqp8p+ovGo2RsqIkw4rf7NRorJMh3BiwZq9G3zBDuoGrqMV\/ParROGbILhpiepcVvKTReFpx3EBZ+8Nva5TqlIVuU+vlBxp9K1boNliRzT1kajSBKNCx7TsTCmk0UdxAeCviAtCaYhpNIuJvMrhgd7hEvj4\/mchA5DE7rTe1skZTWBadh1VOjRoaTXWsOCFfWEejNKdemCQ3W8850hM0jVaMPH6Tb5\/YUKPpgpAhVhPdQl7QaAbdYOQRjaii+Q6imYIQDUz+v\/z1RY2+I2IHQIa7mr2sUToRM4TV7JhXNZpFRCuE99aSDhrNpocML+rVdn9njeYQsV5YdnUd+2+N5hLx0MPqL+MNnl6foHlSFs5fiGH2kp4azXdiiNXEqU19NPqeVjz0EMOh\/gEaLWBZjCEuXng6fKTRD4JqCZqyI9+pLcNB9LDjlxr9yLLoIfpG9sIRGi0UhL6BBVTHpl6NFjFDY4NYuaqN12ixY4UYLlswSaMltGIM0V4bY2dolEkrtheiManvLI2WCkI0EMM6PeZrtMyJIVq50yc\/aPQTrdjKcGP2hYUaLXfcQJ9fnv6TRj8TGQgvIh8SmW+0WUFkAcHD8BV+jVayLHqIei3I3KRRliDUCx07ccVvGq0SNIe\/NtvbP8o3Rq0mCvzabFctm2+MWuNUGc63jTygUTY9NOAhnJ\/y0zGN1hJZQGivjFZnNMqRstBeKCv6t4sarXPKQr16nriikZ9WrBcOosZnr2v0C8viQYQMPUX+1mi9kyHaa3H1+xptYIZsL5RlfPuPRhuJWBaWyf22GxptEoTIYym07NUCGm12ysKKbOPeYI1+pRXHXiyuOw4upNEWx3ks8YaNDNPoNyJ2G7hhncg39m5lhnQDS7wt3UpqtI2I9YJVQrnSGm0nohXW3atTy2q0QxCqjNX63InlNdpJxPaCh3HvPqXR746HyHDYinzj\/C5aMUMEqvuqqhr94QSqgukb2sal0W7JEOMGLno+TK6p0R7JEL0XS9f5p2prtJdWHA8R+Y4b85049tGKkYeHBz\/Id+LYT0QPEUN\/z\/oaHSBiDJHhgErPanRQEDJEoG6ueE6jQ4IQKFQ5+7PGGh12qowOsDOkqUZHxHl0AFxtvCs3+z1BRyVDXG1EhoF19xN0zMnQlGXUOkd\/nCZs4mpYRs2N0egEET0vhWVU47Ya5QpCfUPMkVndl2t0UhAqhcV14paGGp2i54HWT057daZGp2kViG1y1vzjGp0hYlmVsYw6xg7\/BJ1lhm7MeaphGXW1lUbnxQrOY0EU9n1\/jS44oShspvhXTdLoIq3YZ7BW6jghW6NLRHSjhJlyvCpXWE\/QZbrByyu4RLWiewGNrhCxsQqbnkd\/V9LoT2bIsrB+aXs2SqOrjodYpKTHv6zRNckQXRdLtgufddPoOhHDi4toDbp9otENIgOjK8oaPmK8RjedsrC02R22QKO\/6CGrHGx6Ku76WaNbRGwvXOaLPb9Jo9uC0KNQ1oI\/Dml0xykLHga\/d12jvx0PMX2NcBfU6C4zZI\/C6qD9myU1uudYYe59tU8Vje6LFZzHzDa1XS2NHghC38AiZcWKfJF\/KBkivJh7v9uyuUb\/0IpVRlmP2rXW6BERy8JyI\/2ZVzV6LBmiA2AJ0Gb4WxpZhYHYXpiW97vQU6MRhfMCBTfK14\/XKKkwyqIbKGt1s2EajWSGLAsZdk9J0ijZyRBVDts6RqMUsUKVEd7FnaZq5BGE8OLSW+de8zXyihsPJcNhG5ZqZIsVMkSVK7Zfq5GPiFVGo8Ss3qrRKGbIRkF4Y+vs0+hrQQgvMgwuclSj0U6GuOhZ57OLGo0h4lGJaGyvcVujsU40wjGlbJRvPPxGrPALBqZDYyeFaDSObvCAxQQ7940iGo2nFauMaUPDcqU0SqVVwHk72VNWo29pRecxD5kUk29wmOB4iIsXV3NdGk2klYFBDzMlt\/W0RpOkLBwp8HB34foaTRYreIgJdq0d+YblKWKFCTYmNk2faarRVCJ2NrgR+ly+wyFNMoQbEab97i63RtNoFeiH9sLHL2k03alXJK5DzX5VoxnMkL\/MoKzdP3TSaCYRy0J4a736jkbfSVkILya9w1a\/q1E6UWAgskN\/\/kCjWY4b9Uw79p0+Gs1mWXxWETFsOCtOozlEeTFM7p2g0VyWxRjCw0nrP9ZoniB4WB0XWBt9qtF8QThfY456\/\/HnGn0vZSGG6IcdIkZqtIBW7IfoUTNPejX6gVbsUXAjc+pYjTJoRTdQL7NIqkY\/0or1ehFXbHdO1mihWH0lR8q5mtM1WkQrHinIMMszW6PFRMwQjRLWPt85ZQkzZKOE4Iptm0UaZRKx92LhELVzmUZLJUMMRGhK651VGi1zmhIX3\/ffy9HoJ8kQQwrCe0Eu8z1ByyVDhBcrx+bv5BuIfha0gbNNu6h7r0YriDjbRJUr\/3JYo5VErDIaJT45V6MsIjYKllFW9HmNVomHgWXU7uNXNFrt1AtNWWfETY3WiBWaEuFNvHlbo2wihhcZFv3zvkZrnQwxLV\/2iqFRjuMhZpur5xTQaB0RA4X58JkV+cZDv5SFwQGzze2rQjX6xSmrKuaoo\/INletpxS9aVjF97tbFNNrAsiy0MlYi7e2SGm2kFesFN1ILltFok6CAG4mh5TTa7LiBJcCCQxU0+pVlsb1g1WlNRY22OFZYbnw+uopGv9GKHQDLjeAdLo22ihtzJIaLI2tqtI1WjGFZ07e\/ZYRG28XqIVvZl1uurkY7iNjKuKRo74zUaKdkiEBhTdGwTJRGv4sVDiJ4eP9AA412EdFDVHluk0Ya\/eFUGc4HlhtP0G4pC84\/WW48QXuYIYcvZBhYbjxBe50MS8ly46Cj3ycmqFRJc8SdBVka7WdB7IR8uXe9lzU64KBQXLWpUFyjg0R0ryyWG58P1ugQy2Jsca0n7YttGh0WK7R+MC57HSqj0RGxQnfCEuBKocYaHSWi82Wx3Ej9l0bHiFgWr9qU+UKj40RsEaxE0j74QaMTTpRKmildGm3XKJcesspVTM\/Ne\/lieFIQWh\/T8uaRlTQ6xbLoPJYbSS8+o9FpQWh9zPO3RsVodIaI9UKGJW+9ptFZImYIq65Fuml0johWWPWk7+qv0Xl6yEbhIqV\/kkYXiFgvLG0atJ+h0UUiNkoYFinvLNfokpSF0yvWFDm\/\/6LRZSeGWIlMf2GPRldoxUEDHp6pyYH3CfpTyoKHKKve2scaXaUVy8IFgtVpIRpdo1Ug8t7jy8podJ1WgUB5k3LyNcoNokCgvBGzamh0kxnSDcxst\/4ZpdFfRAwULnxcfT9ao1vMkPXCzLbkm201uu1EI9z0GqH5uugdZsjzNeo1d8d7Gv1NlFevLWf7aXRXykK9UFbcjXzH1z2nLCwB3p3\/qUb3mWGgKb2P6qVo9IAZMryoV42LX2v0kIj1QqDaHp+o0T+SIQIFNy5FztbokXLj8IkMjR6LFdyA1Zd9V2hkheVZVUC9Kq3TaEQYrDjIoynHVcl3VCaFwcO8pmxs7NFoJK3oIZryYIcTGiUTsSmxtn2YfUWjFMkQgwOQa9ffGnkchBng7I+CNPIS8VjGWf5WvRCNbKdemDbEecM08tGKzmOKknOXZ94naJTjITLclVlWo6+dDDEra1vkKY1G08pAt8FcbsqEahqNkbLgPKbKkVVrazRWEDoAPIz+vI5G3wiCh2Wx+PrzGY3GEQUGWDt9xnMajSdiWQhUw6ef1yiViIFCWcmnWmj0LRHLQjT2vtlKowmsF6NRApPeIm01mkgUWFTaWSde02iSEyjMyho076TRZJbFjo056vrGb2k0hYhzVHi49z\/vajRVEDxElSOOva9RmiBUGc5n9e2l0TR6SOdR1taqAzSaLlYoCxkefWuQRjMEIUMsAeJPDNVopiAsAeCh0eRTjb4TBA\/hRuf5n2uU7rhR3bR7dx+p0SyxwrQBVwGGRXo1mi1W6FGIob1ijEZzaMUYwvmKS1M1mktE59FFFzafotE8ZmggQ7TXow0zNZrvtBfm+cOqztHoe1pxBECPsr\/7QaMFLIs9CmuKw+8u1ugHWnEEQIb1RizXKIMoL8MYc41GPzoZIrzj1q7TaCERw4sq50Zt0GiRIFQZa\/aErC0aLSbiiI1FSpuc7RotoRscD+HGpBG7NcoUK7iBRcqF6AMaLSXKW6Q0P3FUo2VODNHKy144qdFPYoVWRqA2Fjyr0XJxA4GCG+XrXdboZ1rRDazL+p2\/ptEKsdog3ab5rnsarSSy0Mphpi8iKt9kKYsZcrTBEiDqWJBGq2jFaGC5cTAnWKPVtGJnw8zWFV1IozVOlbES6da\/sEbZYoXIFzR9beOKaLRWysIvGHDj6priGuUIghvIcMqMUhqtczKEG1Z6GY38jhvIMHtHOY1+cTLEEqD3knCN1kuGc9ijfMWLVdJoAxF7FMra\/0cVjTY6ZcHDso+rabSJVvQQGT4MqqHRZiJmiPBu3lxLo1+JGF5kWLzN0xptERTI8G7buhr9RsQMsSDyF6mn0VapMjoAnB\/Q6VmNtjnOI1Bzv3hOo+1ihUBhRdzxg8Ya7SDi8IWy3l7zvEY7ifLKCqx6nqDfnbIqyKrnhqPfRZPA4Z+U2CZdoz9YKbYIv6A6+kONdtOKhwmWNt2eKa\/RHrGSs2FyYr2PNNpLxCjh+kvapt802scMWSmsRAJ3Sz5B+x3PseqZbzbU6IBkiFEIi5TGY17X6KDKcOPrIzU65GQYbqYUX5Sm0WFacSIaaqZM37BDoyNErDLWZfXuPNLoKN1gxyhoerqnltDomFjh4MLqYH6JSI2OO25gnt9+XRONTjDDwMjgGff8SxrlSoboGOGm52CbdzU6SRRw3uPaNUSjU0R0Houvfv1Ha3SaZbGVUVbm299pdEasUBYWX3d7rdDorFihyigr5rPNGp0Tq0BZnrInNDovVijrKdOzM+imRheIAiO5d\/TLwRpddAKFWXT3KmEaXZKy4CFmtubcchpdJmIHwLWDiLI1NbpCFDhMvFsjGmj0p1MWVgfTHzXR6Kp4iEbB3Nu\/Olqja4LQD3ExoueMlzS6TsTDAVaefzpqdIOIVnA+MvctjW7SQzqPawcdO\/XS6C+iwDTPe\/PveI1uOc5jCbDx96Ea3aZVoFG8\/SqP0OgO3WCjoKyi347S6G9asSxEPrP5JI3uEuVFvssvszS6R0TnUeXhzy3R6D7LYpWxwqpcdoVGD4g48JbB9ZfCfo0eMkOeXlHlU4f3aPSPU2VYLV92SKNHjhWi0TX5T40eC0I00Dceyvn6CbKKEKFvYGKz66MCGo0oAg85fGHh0PNBqEZJgtA3MDkc+u+iGo0kYr0iTDukSymNkonoBmYvXUeW1SilSF69Ik279aAKGnnoIS9GYBJV9pOqGnmJ2Ci4TtG3eS2NbEEYiDCXyzoUqZFP3ECjYM4T9lqURqOI2DcwU+oW0kijryXDgPOL672g0WjHeSxSJoXnO1LG0Io9Chn2u\/KiRmOJmGEIPCzdTqNv6AYjj\/C2n\/66RuOIGF64cXRSZ43GO24gUJuT8h1fqVIWAgWr8LbvafStY4WyzIbdNZrglIWZ7YR6vTSaKAjjIZzv2zDfuXISEZ3H3PvumjiNJtMNnnzhRljLIRpNcdzA9PVmnWEaTZUMMX3FbDP49qcapUmG6L1oyvIjLI2m0YpNCef7RadoNF0QnEe3ad7ap9EMZshug3qNPvmNRjNpxXqhrKr\/majRd0QsC\/UaHJGmUbpTL7jxbukZGs0Sq4Ab9cJnaTTbcQNN+eXK7zWaIwhNiYXersRFGs0l4kAEN041XK7RPMcNTOa3Vl2p0XxaBcYNe3qhXzT6XhC6KPrGlfq\/arRAnA\/0jS\/rbNfoB0GoF9zoFLVLowzHDVzDal5xj0Y\/siyezbHqKfrFIY0WMsPAudLuXi3fGXaRkyGi0a7IKY0WM0NGA\/V6d8MFjZYQsV5wfuHFqxplsqw857+8dlOjpU5ZiGHfI7c1WiYZIoboNs02PtboJ2YY6Da+c\/NNjZYTsdtggj02uKBGPxPRCsuorr8V0miFIIy9fH3f8MIarRQkgfKNerWoRlmO83Dj83XFNFpFqzw3IqqU1Gg1UZ4bV0+W1miNoIAbd8eV1ShbENzAlRRXzwoarRWEsRfz\/K0Vn9IohzFke5UwfbuHVdZoHRFHUdQrO7aaRn6nXrhckrnfpdEvtGIro6zDF2tqtJ6IZSHDUy8\/rdEGJ8NqWIquqaPRRnEeP9ogGrHvPKPRJkGIBqo8IKS+RpsFBapcWh4Ee4J+ddyAVeBBsCdoi2MFNzbuaaTRb4LgBpZRgQfBnqCtzJCDAzy8Iw+CPUHbxAoeosqBtdITtN2psmkatvFpQUe\/gyaBY5w3pGm0UxAOkypYKxV1afQ7feCYXMQcmTX2hka7iAygUlgrdeuh0R\/MkPXFMirtoyka7RaETmiayVlh+TLcQ0QPseq58u98bux1KoWlTeLbz2u0T9xAx6iOK0S+fhrtZ4Y81yDDtIsejQ44GWJdVufcDI0OihWcx7osa\/AqjQ6xLDZxETOl3XPXNDpMFIiG58raUhodcTIsa3oaj6ym0VGiwATbk\/hSU42OEdGqiOlZH9pGo+NOWbiGFRbVXaMTRBYQFkSduw\/XKJco0J08af\/5RqOTUpZ0J8+p09M1OvXfQHnq9Fyg0Wmxgoe4GjX46RUanWFZDFQJ05NV6A+NzhLx8McKy3jngkbnmKElY5enXZsHGp0nYrfBpLfdz6EaXWCGBqqMGfuVX8tpdFGs4GEIrjhkVNbokiBkiCXA8rVPa3SZGdJ5XLU5WL+JRldoxSMFS4DEF1pq9Kcg9N7Wpndm1CsaXSUy3Ayvt\/VXHTW65oQXZfWN6aLRdVqxrIKmN6x9N41u0EPOKFCvxXZ\/jW7SivV6yvTunjZUo78EYSSHG8Nyv9LolnIj7bsUjW7Tim6grJgfx2h0h4hlmVg55kzR6G8iRgMZen6ardFdQcgQbtRZl6HRPeVGhy8zNbrvWCEa131ZGj1Q0ZiwZZNGD2lFD1FW1pFdGv3jlAWro2n7NXrkWL2EM\/zikxo9ZlnWRo7k3lrjbmuUVJRWMpJ72z16rNHIorDioYdrB8PWF9Qo2bHCTMm+F6ZRiiBpL\/vwtJIaeYrmOY\/pUNxnZTTySlkyHto5s57SyJYMZTy0dw2sopHPyRCTqJ6v5xt7R9EqEHm78Zu1NPpaypLI256bkRqNphVjiCVb+OcNNBojCEcl5t79\/myk0VgiCyMAPFy9oJlG3zgeIoYd7BYajaMVY4hodF\/n1mi8eIhoYJqXebatRqmCNsjSJmlnJ42+JeLSJgxrpX+9o9EEKQtDJao8f9G7Gk0UhCojhs2ej9VoEhFjCKuwlr01mkxEK1R5+uZ8x\/IUp8rwMGp+nEZTHQ8RQ\/fTQzRKY4bWHIlG6qlPNJpGK0YDF3TOhH6p0XRBGEWxLmuamqzRDCILCJFvV\/VrjWayLEYeVX73rXEafUfEKqNe9d6boFG6Uy920eaTNZpFK3ZROL8rZJpGs+kGnUeVa9SfpdEcWlmoMlp56IV5Gs0Vqw1Sr7Z\/LNFoHhHrhVbu+v4KjeYzQ7Yylmz91qzS6Hta8VhGlVd\/uU6jBbRildHnRydv0OgHIvZ51Ov47c0aZUiGqBdWPQ0q79DoRyKeibBka713j0YLmSEHWIR3786DGi1ywgsP+y4+otFisYKHcKPZ8hMaLWFZdAMZjjp8VqNMJ0P03sqrL2i0lBmy98L5xS9d1WgZM8xz3v\/glkY\/0YrOo1E637mn0XKxQqNgadPwRUOjn8VqDt3wHZ5parSCiG5gPjy3V0GNVjrO45pI3J4QjbJoxWjgutLb+0M1WkU3AiOb71HtohqtphXLwjx\/y6XiGq0RhFaG84PnlNQom8iC8\/CwYlAZjdY6HqKsU4PLapRDK5ZVx\/QtbFJBo3X0MPD1H9+t1RU1+sWxwnIj56t84\/x6QXLA+tpWcmm0gYjRQL0aVK2h0UYi1qssllH7a2q0iYgzWLhxanGERpuJ6AbWShlD6mr0qzgfJVbLf6+n0RbHCpe3Pp\/wrEa\/EbHbAG0u1VCjrQ6KwJWvbxprtI2IHTuSC6J7VR39DvrAnyL5tdZbv2i0kyjQ+iMTzyzX6HfJDe5h1dOtSCONdglClApjQeQaoNEfRJa0fnLavp812u20fgUzuXjTWxrtoRuBQT5lUs0ojfY6GWJBVOvRmxrtoxXri0XK8gYpGu0XhIOripnS5rNVGh0gsoCqmSm7j\/yp0UGWFegznoZbi2h0iIh9xsT65WQljQ4LQotUwvplG9rxv+gIET3EciPMF63R0f9Gw1OregeNjomHEg1PXO2+Gh1nhoFoeJaX\/lSjE7RiWVgrPfxxvEa5RKwyVlhtjv6o0UkiAwhrpdFBmzU6xbJ4asBloN2f7tHotCCZsHkqFrik0RmnXmVMT7Np9zQ6K2Vt4LnG6\/4Og8Z\/0TlBONdg1XOmdmWNzguCh5i+2s1wcP0XXRA30EULmN6FrzXW6KLjBtZKqytEa3RJrNB7sSDqfr+1RpdZFo9WZJg0oJNGV5wMMWMf17SrRn8yQ\/YNzNgbt47V6CozDBxf3oPWQI2u0SrP+YffDtfoulNWGyyIYi2NbjBD90gjqLbpjfokXyvfFFTNCAoyvZ1bz9ToLyLrHXZR77CPF2l0S9xAt4EbFff+pNFtxw04Xyd9jUZ3xArO44JOh5\/ydZu\/WRZbORzrl+TDGt0l4o+luNaT2v68RveI6AY6QNPJf2l0XxA6ABYOV7sYGj0QN6Qf2u6\/C2r00HEec4O2xwpr9A+tAu1lh58uptEjKUvayx6QVFajx7RilVHWwyIVNbKK5ZWFeWPwTZyG\/otGFKMVhhTMQ8rXxQnlvyipGMtClTGj6PevuhqNJGI\/LGvaiYUaaJTMDAOnIXv0yiYapRDRQ8wbq77YQiMPEccNXOsZ\/LCVRl6WxZ8pkGHrXS9rZNOKGcLDvf9+TSMfreghqnyuVGeNRokVqowM77Z7R6OvBSFDxNDe3U2j0U4MEahxWbEajWFZDBRm0aeO99VorGSIWTQyvJUxQKNvnAzh4f1x8RqNEyt4iFlZ0S1DNBrPsix0NnSbql0SNUqlFbsN0PV\/f6nRtw7CfHj9B0kaTSAKjDZ22T9SNJooZUVJo0T4Rms0iYiN8iJi2C1Vo8mS4VcS3lHLJmk0RRDCi1VP5ejpGk1lhgbqhbLiN83WKI2IZSFD99QFGk1zMkR4d9dYrNF0J7zobIdDl2k0g1bsbMiw3sYVGs0kYoaYKue8nq3Rd0Q8jcKqU7t8s5R0IlphkXLqj80azaLzPHHAjcYTt2s0m1Z0Ax3A0+kPjeYQsQNgBJji3a\/RXMkQI0Al074QcUyjeWKFfohoNH87V6P5TjTQyq2jz2j0PTNkK8P5LrcuabSAiM7Dav7K6xr9QEQrHA5Zg\/7WKIOIbqAfhk36R6Mf6SH7YQgufOwwNFpIxBhiqrwitYBGiwRJNHzuqBCNFktZiAZmthe+KKzREqKAh76bh4pqlElED\/F7fsU\/S2i0VMrCpAJWNaaX0miZY4UrKR2W5Bt7fyJiF8VVm8ZTK2i0XDLEKaCS6es+oKJGPwtChliJhJiVNVrhtBcuRhS9XUWjlSwr0Ci+5ftdGmURscpFsNxoWEujVUQ8vlBW30+e1mi1U1YVXGQZUFejNbSyYIWyEjLraZQtKIpDiu\/zog00Wiv1wpBS1\/TV2vScRjlihTMsyoq63VijdYJQFvpG0xbNNPJLhugbcN4w8p04fnGcr841xafPOPr1YoKBN9QccSf0nEYbWBDDzrftdYjRaCOteEiWwUWWFfs02iRWG+h5cmI\/n0abieg5X55W96ZGvzJDdqdiZkq3gmU12kIrtmMwLrJUa63Rb7TiYYJrIokde2q0lYixxXIj7NAXGm2TDFEvXC5JK7JEo+1EbCxcf6mz\/YxGO5wAYuHQsXthjXayLI54WG5MaldFo98FwUMsAY5\/UF+jXYLmsMqeiNfdGv1BNwJV9sS9+45Gu8UKGeKKw\/KPPtRoDxFbH5cwHk7+QqO9zJDHHa6JtDk\/QaN9YoVAIcPRC2drtF8QMkSV9+7O0ugAEauMtVLFtds1OkjE8GJN0TPxkEaHnBiiymkJ1zU6TA9ZZczzb67DsPZfdEQyhIeYo06aHabRUbHaQOe9zYdW1eiYWMF5TES7e+tqdFys0A8xVTbTmmp04r8eequWb61RrljBw2DTu3766xqdZFlsFGTYe8FbGp1yMqxgeq1aPTQ6zQwDy0Pv3Ih4jc5IhnPYe73tZnyi0VlaMbxw48rFkRqdEyu4gWiMu\/21RueJGA1cBVgeOlmjC4Jw1kCGB4fN0ugiETNEo3ye9INGl4jYKFh8ufpkanSZHvIgKmF62+xbq9EVIvZDrF8ufP6bRn9KhqgXYjjqyO8aXXViiKs2C945otE1WrEfVjG92zuc1eg6y7LQyoj89d75RpsbgmoJKvvhY41uOgjn6+mNQzT6i4geYopy9d2iGt0SN9BeOJW7y5fS6LYgiaFdunI5je4QBWJo9x4TrtHfLCsQQ3vYy9U0uksUiKHd7qnaGt2TDOEhJjZp7epodN+JIWYvC0KiNHrADNmx4cb93xpp9JCIbmAiWjSpuUb\/EBkIL8rqXuRFjR45ZSGGcb+11eixWMFDXCDIudZBI6s4ECOPGO4c\/KZGI4qjXnkxTB\/2jkZJRIwhfki\/ef5djUYyQw4OsNq4q7dGyY5VaazmWvfTKIXI2ixWC94fqJGHiFYM1M7BGnlZFgOF9irq\/UQjm4jthUAdf\/cLjXzF8wIVbtpXwvMdy6PEChMAdLacz3wafU032NnQlCWfH6vRaFqxKeF8z\/vfajSGVnnOL\/\/PZI3G0orOw8PNNWdq9I3jISbYe0\/O0WgcrTilxDw\/YkSGRuOlLIw28DArLFOjVLGCh7iEEbbzZ42+FSvMAdABKtdbpdEEInYAuHH1ubUaTZQM4UYEDr0\/Nmg0iVbsbKhXqvGrRpOdekWa9uyc7RpNYYb8lRXOD928R6OpRHQebmz0HdIoTRDcQOTL183VaJq4gcijKfulndZoOhGbEkfK6rcuaDRDMoTzL6NHfX5Vo5ni\/C6Oh3b3hjc0+k4yxHiIKl+vd0ejdLFCleHho0sPNJpFK3qIvtGp22ONZtMN9g3MbBuEFdBojoOwBGjeN0SjuUR0Hj+\/9\/y0sEbzWBZ\/98CMPe6NohrNFyuEFz\/1l21UQqPvxQodALPoR01KabSAiM6jrPlXS2v0AxHLwlQ5c3M5jTKI2EUxVR7+db6x90cnUPDQGlBJo4WOhxVMX50OVTVaRMThC2jZ6OoaLXZQYQRqRy2NltCNQAfwnYl8WqNMWjGGcKNoTKRGSwXBDa4Bq9XXaBkz5Nkca8CYNc9q9JNYoYuiyhfCGmm03KkyIn\/1YhONfmaGjDw8PHjleY1WSIbwEBkaXG78F610MizJ5ca95x19Fk3YZ\/hy7+DFGq0SFEEfRiYmL9BoteMDrlN0+66sRmsEIYC4upHYJVajbCJ2DL5krP9kjdYSMUNYZW0+oFEOEa2wcLgysJBG6+gh64uFQ2J6M438RKwX1i9hPeI1+oWIjRWG5cZn0zVaL2VhxONyI26lRhucAJpmyuid+zXaSCse47jwUXnOI402EbH1Mc\/fXz9foDYLQr0wz6\/6F\/rnf9GvgnAslDQ9vZ\/KV68tdJ71qmZ6Ft7rrNFvYoWykOGtfR9qtFUQMsQSIPrhFxptc+qFywrxi8ZotJ1l8XyN1cGKTj9rtEMQYlgLS5v3t2u0kyjwFT9Pm\/1nNPrdcQPrl9EP72u0i4gxxGxzwJBCGv3heIj5cHCHEhrtFit0m4KciFbQaA\/d4MGFuXeHSbU02ksruoH1y+AfntVon1ihynCj7GcvabTfcQNWC998TaMDjhVWBx1rf6DRQUHoolhT3PzoPxodohs8UuDhpAtDNTpMRA\/hxuoHX2l0xHED0eiy16vRUVrlRePuiW80OiZuIBpYRk2vOkOj44LQlFg4uOflO8xPELGzwY3e5VZolOu4URUXWf5cq9FJuhF4jYzXtW2jRqckQwwpWDi0Of2HRqdpxQ6AevU9eESjM4JQL7gRdua0RmcdN1CvudmXNTrHslgvWLV76W+NzjtWcCO30mONLkhZcAO\/YCfZwRpdZIZ0HlPlCWWLaHRJEE4oQPMnltLosoPCMPUqH67RFZbF0SbEtLcOraTRn4LQATCL7vbIpdFVZsjOBquo8zgN\/Rddc6wwbfAPbqDRdVqxKTGX213neY1u0CoQXntuVAuNbjqBwi+91yu20ugvWnG0wUzJ7NxGo1ssi30ezncZ3l6j24LgPAIV0aOLRneIGChM85qeelejv4nYlKiXPS9Wo7tErBeuYaW9\/6FG98RD\/ICJel15HKfRfadeuArQ\/MpgjR6IFa4CwGr7ix9r9NCxQgzDoz7V6B9aMYYF+ZmhLzR6RA956KG9oveM1OgxrdhecH5nN59GVgmigPOux2M1GlEizw0EKu5yqkZJJVgWAoWZbc7iKRqNZIaB0cYuOWCGRslEdANlzf5rtkYpTlmo8tUT8zXy0IpVRln+sxkaeQWhLHhYetYSjWzHQ0x6e\/f+WSMfrXhCxJGyYl+WRqME4UjBumxLo2yNvmaGXJfBKm3Seo1GO1ZwY+GtTRqNoRXdwHrz0cptGo2lFdebCNS4Pbs0+oaIgUKVXe\/v12gcEauMJUBC+BGNxgvCkILwBpfJ1SjVCS+i0fnxaY2+pRWjgT4\/d\/B5jSbQefZ5ZLiizlWNJjoZor3Mcjc1msQM2V7oonsr3tFoMjPM66IRqx9qNIVWrDKmlEerB2k01SmrrukzwwtolMYMLTQKfi0v2i5Eo2mCIliWr+zYwhpNd8oyUVbnohrNIGIMMR+O2FVco5mCUC94WHxPSY2+czysjl\/mfyutUTqtAj+z+2LkmsgTNIsecvgqbPr6ra+g0WxasZVRVklXRY3mOGXhIkvT8pU1mssM+YMDrtpUNappNI8ZsovCjTpLXBrNpxXdCDd9ndbX1Oh7Ij\/Ci5XI6r8iNFpAxI6Nsnruq6vRD05ZcD4u+RmNMhznUVZqYn2NfmSGLAvRePhjA40WMkNGA27MLYz1y3\/RIlrRDSwPO15uotFiWgU6Nr9qqtESWgU6dmD98l+U6XhYkOuXT9s4+qU0CXTdpMS932u0TApCdyqG9UvlFI1+Eiu4hwsf3TZU1Wi5WCFKWKQkzu2i0c9E7GkFsX4JmqjRCskQbkRg\/XLnkUYraYV2LGwGvdInrseQ\/oOMN\/sM7N96UFxvuPCVYbxcoOxvHdNu3b6583zpZr\/vHbtzWKH5JU68F2wUzCxsPLHp3OfDj+N6JDwx+WlH9Ot3hn6Subvml+PDxjw\/643PPjsCk\/QQo2ihIFQNxRuFjFDD+D\/7R7Gg4l8FGUaJVSUMw0hKbNwAV6K+Tu72r3LJd4Z\/lFx+\/9KUtLPFUiIbNk+507Zfiuf0upTy5W94Og8v4km7Hu45Va6Rp72rvSf1VLznYGiKx1V+uqff2B88mfNWee7W2OvpXv+yt3PfEO+doyW8acmVvDFFnvb2\/KyxN6R7C2\/kxJe9Oyu94U14+t\/e8mGx3qy347xHN3\/qLdkhxdv4g3Herl3SvA8\/mO1Nb\/2Dt03Ztd4LaVu8o+fv8mauOuLdu\/isN6TxDW9Gq3t2RKsC9nCzsN0+tJh9Zmtpu+mNcLvdrKr24chadr1zdezNC6Lsg5mN7UsZLezkgS\/ab7\/9mr3g14726tqd7e0j37Kr3u5qx1f6wLb29LErTvqPXa9Cgp2T\/old8tcv7Brtku3G87325mfH2LE3U+2Gm6fYbWpNtye1n233W7TAXj14sb1951L7eL2f7Qa\/r7a3jvfbld\/abMeX3GYbabvsKd322xmrD9kPnzlmFz16yu7++jl7cME\/7daHbtpHp931NRtu+HIbmL6tjYJ9CSML+fy9w3z9fijmaxhf0pfWs5yv59PhvriRlXxdPFV8j2Kq+ea7avg6ZdX0TZ8a4Wv7WV1fard6vvCCUb7pi571JU9u6Bt7rAkvWfJgQ2O2Sed7LvhCi+TEsq8npy2al5xV9V7KlbWVUxLDXk0Je+uLlMHHZ6Q8KpqTMrbVNU\/imUKe9Q8qeMIuRno6LW7mmbKssyc3MtZT541hnqMTPZ5a1dM9AzJWeKpe2+zp2zvXs7jDQ29i0zDvzMhwb2tfVe\/0HyO87pVR3jO3W3hDCr\/ijX3mX97gG+956xTu793+VYJ3cOpX3gnzRnmzyk3xlm6W7l2RvNB7uPJyb+NW2d63l\/zmTVy\/1zvz8Elv6zcue8\/N+Ntu09W0958sZC\/4uZjdvFUZu8PfT9nHrWp2g+hadtLjunaXglH2\/GHP2VkRz9vtM6Pt4b+47a3tX7ErZre3F674lx3jfsseV+A9u8ajD+zl3j5226QB9pSlA+2N6z+y3147zO736hd2opVkb6\/ms+83GGN3uJVqH7862Q4zptvTp86xF\/8933aXWWinLltm14rOsoctWmO3m7TJPlxtmx2JCyjRQ3bbOwcesO9\/ecTu0Pqk3f3+eTtz5FX7+ISb9vWR9+zWrzz2tQ8yfZ1LFvQ93BLiC64d5us4u6hv2M8lfFapMj77\/bK+3YfL+xITwn2lP6voW92osi94aVXflFUuX+tpNX0H59T29TxTxxfW+hnf3pAoX+XkBr6+QY18xVc39oWXdxr51tCRidERI7NCLicnZr6XnHZ2JX5w+TNl1+FqKd33dUm5Wn1EypfRS1KK1t+aMv29S57yP5bw7Iqo5Qkv8IKn+\/Q3PPM\/j\/Nc7TrC0\/SryZ4v4zI8mzts8hQN2+3pUuysp7jvnnfhqhBvJ3dp763kKt7wxKe9t1Y+5w2f1MqbXfRVb\/d\/v+VNutHNOz+4n3frvY+8V69+5k1tYXubLhvvLXt9mjdr3UJvt92rvNbZjd5ad\/\/wPmpy1Fsj6KJ3c6s7dtO2QfYWd4j97tYi9sK4Uvaj1Ap2yZeq2D0TXHan8bXtGp0j7VsPGtqelGb2lFKt7EvbX7Kj\/3rVHvt5J9sV8rZ9\/dB7dlKvHvaESv3siHkD7eGxCfbWmsPt6XU\/t6+mfWUbr6XYqXtH2dZf39ipkRPtM52m2XdCZ9vtUhfYaQUW2nGFM+2cxJ\/skrNW2TX+7beXv7nJnpuw1V6xa4fd7t09dlqVQ\/al+Sfsg5vO2BnbLtgPb1y1L5W8ZT8cf9\/u+Ppj365VOFXPKejrGRTqq7c5zDfspWK+HH8JX99PS\/kGv1HW16x8BV\/mvKd8WV0q+U59WNUXedblG9qzpu\/Sjdq+sgXr+ipfjvRNSKzPU7BvfuFGPKn67s55XhqV9wmMTAx+LblbgVLJiUN7J6f9MTc569yRlCu1q6UknuuScm5vfMqwa9NTgjN3e9p\/UcBjDS3p2dKptqfkpZaet194yzPzqcGec8e\/8ETdGeMZtmaaJ+ezZZ7g2Vs8zafu8yR1P+09ZxX0ho0s7V1cuKq385Va3js9o7xpjVt7c1553Zu78l1v8oae3gVZcd4OFYZ4z6V+6g2b6PEuLjLO27nrdO+w63O8FVtmemPeWuvtuWmrN\/jgAW+dCce92w9e9Pbrct1b9MgDe2dCkB1+N9jOGBFmZ2eVsMfmlLFzn62A60dV7I1ratqp9yLsuUvr23cONLK3HHsejdjCPvfii\/bde6\/YoV1fs9+938mu06yLfb9lV7vDse728b697YVzP7RzguPtXeOG2jW6JNqNl31he2qOsLvWTUEDjbKHFx5rb312gn30wWQ744VpdvbkmXbxwrNt17559rLuP9pfTl9sj+u3zD41Nstu2H6tbdh+e\/eYjXat+tvsFSt22cm39tjlrx2063x2wk4wTturU87ZHUpcsWduvW436HLHTirxwBdW0PBdnxPk67ov2NezUqivfdUwX8O1RXyHZxb3nXm9pK\/ettK+t4+X80V\/UcEXYT3l2\/l7Zd+UCdV87ter+y5l1PTterW27\/CzT\/uSSkX6rhR81jchp4Fv5sCGvrYRjX0lLzf1de33gnSApMShQSMxWUnudtlMntLsjeSsH+amxA0yUh6+GpEyalLnlIpNRqRkrJue0sy9NWXL6DuehY2Ke25VqeGJ\/rKeZ1Qpt2f3n108Fb0DPT0jJ3oydmR7bv6z39Ps+A2PNeext\/exQt7QGmW8C62nvF3a1\/Te3RXlrfxitNf\/5qveflXe9I4q\/b436oP+3s47hnjvLEn0VtyQ4s3ZOcbbs8xUb+ix2d6FvRZ7Ow1a4b3bzO+tfHuzN+ez3d6eN494Q9LOeyMX3fTuLHLPzh4QZI9NCLVzS5WwG44sbW\/8ooI9pWdle8CmGvbnb9S1dxaNsl2TGtvLqjW3Nx5w25OyX7Yv1H\/VHl6no92h2Jt290Nv24P7vG+vd\/W0J0T0tc9tirOH\/wtHeNgn9sxrn9mZESNs83WvvbfJePvcisl2s2Mz7Pb959rdqv9oL85Yarsbr7RT1661+85ebzcr+Js96vuddvfRe+wGqQds67njduk1p+1z312w7\/7rqt2+zC37aLF79uIy\/\/haPzR87bsG+7rMLOTLTi3qi9hYwnfVLu2bdK6sz\/x3BV9kXEVf486VfdM3VvW1\/cLl63iopu9ulad96fvr+DIWP+Pr\/GHgiA6+2ci3eE9T34okZ5jeO3hktzJ1RyZmT03u9knt5MQLw5PTXl6V0u1aaMqVF1qmdKr9Tkpui1EpgzuuTNn\/wh+ehp1KexLLuTzrx9T3hP30iid7QRdP8K6PPB36j\/JMyJrlOTol21Or+1bPgI8Pe5Y1v+C5f\/+RN31cmDexSCnvzOIVva1z63v7nmruDevf1rv4tde9nda\/7b317QBv+Pcfe6MrjPTm1vjau3rGeG\/3jmles84S7\/w1a71bczZ74wf97i29c5\/3Uruj3rG\/n\/f2a3\/VOzrrrj0lybQzmhe2H24oYXdsUsZ2tahgJyysaG\/c7bL3j3rabr0l0i67M8ruO7CJndWghT2qaSv77pDWdtiPr9jvxr9ux91\/0350q6s97svudo1Pe9ljV\/S1cz+NszuuHGTHDhpmL5v4uZ08zbL3F022L7zksxN3jLW3j5tgz\/wrzc58Y6bd+gjOx+FYDsxeZKc+85M9t2eWvcK\/xg5tuM6ueGmTnTFkm11+6U67X43dduLhg\/aFCkft1QaO4FGX7apDbtuDpz7wxUYavlEPTF\/rtGDfpc8K+W4eCPNNr1zc12lNCV\/znFK+U8XK+UZvLu+bUKOib+ZzVXxtL1X1dWpbw9esQW3f9Z0RvimZdX3mqXq+jLQo3\/JXG\/i6mThyCzb2XV3bxJeV19AjY1LD0MjDR2YNu4fzcd\/ktHK\/pXS7HJ5y5akXUk7FvZWSsNKXYraelzKu8rYUV\/+\/PQfHlfS4Frg8\/VxRnsU\/tPFE7unsSZgS61k9\/DOPOe5rT\/sVszzj5iz3HNyzweO6f8jT7\/wVT+bC+97PN4d5XfHlvceTqnjNelHe+cWbeNtVbOm90rW9N2PgG96OVnfvzZAB3kkXB3tXz\/vE2\/1SkrfyY5\/XvWac98yMyd7Qpt95I1\/N8O78PtM7Onult0HqZu\/e\/X94Uy8f9K7486z33d7XvI8yH9jj7AL2mXshduORxWz7Vkl7ysIKdpxVBUdidbvyzgj7866RdtE3n7Urn2hiN4iNtt0nW9tdWrW1z2x5zc5a+pbdrsV7dre\/etj17vWxR4\/sb888GWdf7zzYNj8aZk+4\/5l9K\/kre+M1jx3+49d2v\/jxdvaJCfb2ydPsejW+s2NKzbfHbc+wT93MtJffXW63SVptv71qnV1n3Qa7+Vs77Skn\/rDjzu6zs5OP2iXbnbJzMbt2H7xo79591T7T\/bZ958QDX3KDIN\/Cl3BEzwrxueeG+uzqRXxZ54r63EklfAMmlvZ1\/qqcr9uRcF\/whIq+q5Mq+yb9q6ov\/enqvn5XavqmLK3tS5\/8tC\/jWKRv2QtRvuh9DXy1Djb07RzXmCtdaXA5shPjvknu9lqD5MOtfMn3O91IKXqkbsr0wu1TIt8elrK6\/MKU9i9vTzn4+3lP49thns8Hhns2nq3tKToo2hO5EI09qa9ndfGhHnPBaE\/7+4s8qWd+8WRWP+i52\/am1zW4oLfNU+W9\/XwYpr\/HMB0e7XU\/84q390tdvKGr3\/dmoIE7PvWJN6Fekrf83jHe5ueneLu\/M9+bNGCpN+Lkau\/WD3FED9npLf32Pm\/TFbnerr9d9l44f8cOuR1kd80MsTP2F7Wzi5W2O06uwI\/f8yv3\/Jw9v1vPD9RjSdOYn5znt+X5EXl+Ld5u37cTv\/\/OD73zi+62p1MffqMdv5IO5VfX+Xl1fkedH0znl9FtMz2V3zrnR8359XJ+ppzfI+eHx23\/g5\/4KXF+M5wfB+dXwPm5b37Xmx\/w5pe6+UlufnubH9nm17T52Wx+H5sfwuYXr\/lpa37Dmh+r5lep+flpfmeaH5Tml6P5iWh+C5offfYdPxjBLzzzU878ZjPfycGvMPMtG\/yucl6DLp\/Cbx\/zI8f8mjEmX0f4fWJ+iDjlSoseBj8vzO8I84PB\/DJwSt8FrfitX37Ul1\/v5Wd6+T1efniXX9j1nFr4EXINPswP5PJLuPzkbXLaxS38iC2\/VsvP0vL7sylpRebyi7L8dCy\/EcuPwfKrr\/y8K7\/j6lm+YBi\/zMpPsHpO+ed76uSu59dTA59JDQ+SD5\/yC6f8lOnqsAj5OCm\/Qjr3lTbyXVF+QJRfCuUnQfntT37kk1\/z5Gc7+X1OfoiTX9zkpzX5DU1+LJNfxeTnL\/mdS37QstbLD\/iJSn6Lkh+d5Ncl+RlJfi+SH4bkFyD5qUe7W8gL\/Hgjv9LIzzHyu4v8wCK\/pMhPJvLbiPwIIr92yM8a8vuF\/FAhv0jITw\/yG4P8mCC\/GmhvjJ3B7wDyg3\/8sh8\/4cdv9fGjfPz6Hj+zx+\/p8cN5\/EIeP4XHb97x43b8ih0\/V8fv0vEDdPzSHD8px2\/H8SNx\/BocP\/vG77vxQ278Yhs\/zcZvsPFja\/yqGj+fxu+k8YNo\/PIZP3HGb5nxo2X8Ohk\/Q8bvjfHDYr6dIehKTzldaW4MP+fF73bxA138Ehc\/ucVva6U07lubH9LiF7P4aSx+A4sfu+JXrfj5Kn6nih+k4pen+IkpfkuKH43i16H4GSh+70k+7MQvOPFTTVf7VJGPL\/ErS\/ycEr+bxA8k8UtI\/OQRv23Ejxjxa0X8LBG\/P9S513z5ohA\/HcRvBPFjQPzqDz\/vs73GbX6wh1\/m4Sd4+K0dflSHX8\/hZ3L4PRx++IZfuOGnbPjNGn6chl+h4edm+F0Zu9ar7\/BLMfwkDL\/9wo+88Gsu\/GwLv8\/CD7HYHSIwVpz08hsq\/FgKv4rCz5\/wOyf8oAm\/XMJPlPBbJPzoCL8uws+I8Hsh\/DAIvwDCT33wmx78eAe\/0sHPcfC7G1igFeCXNPjJDH4bgx\/B4Ncu+FkLfr+CH6rA2b8iPz3Bb0zwYxL8agQ\/D+Gzd0bygw\/8sgM\/4ZCvYfk9BX44gV9I4KcQ+M0DftyAXzHg5wr4XQJ+gIBfGuAnBfjtAE\/Si8\/wawB87T\/f788X+fON\/Xw1P9\/Bz5ft8636fH2+vCefL8Tnm+\/5inu+y54vrefb6eU19KH\/khfLbznbT14Vz3fC8+XvfMs7X+fO97bzBe18Eztfuc53q\/Ml6nxbOl+L7tr1N190zjea89XlfEc5X0bOt47z9eJ8jzhfGM43g\/MV4HzXN1\/qzbd38zXdfB83X7zNN2zzVdp2xLH3+XJse2vVAXzdNd9rzRdY803VfCU13z3Nl0zzbdJ8bTTfD80XQfONz3y1M9\/hzJc1863MfP0y37PMFyrzzcl8RTLfhcyXHvPtxnyNMd9XzBcT8w3EfNUw3ynMlwfzLcF8HTDf+8sX\/PJNvnxlL9\/Ny5fw8m27fK0u35\/LF+Xyjbh89S3fccuX2fKttXw9Ld9DKw2d\/ze0eh\/xNa98n2vKfLMh39DKV7Hynat8uSrfosrXpfK9qHwBKt90ylea8t2lfEkp30bK147y\/aJ8kai8MZSvBuU7QPmyT77Vk6\/v5Hs6+UJOvnmTr9jkuzT50ky+HZOvweT7LvliS77Bkq+q5Dsp+fJJvmWSr5PkeyP5gsiHu+7xlY98tyNf4si3NfK1jHz\/Il+0yDcq8tWJfEcihutGfOshX2\/I9xjyhYV8MyFfQch3DfKlgnx7IF8TyPcB8sV\/dljLIfbNOsP4zj6+nI9v4ePr9vhePb5Aj2\/K4yvx+O47vuSOb7Pja+vQSVbyRXR84xxfLcd3yPFlcXwrHF\/\/xve88YVufHMbX9HGd7HxpWt8uxpfo8b3pfHFaHwDGl91xnea8eVlfEsZX0fG947xBWN8kxhfGcZ3g\/ElYHzbF1\/rxfd38UVdcvbfuAc\/veDsf+fJ2Z9DdlEX32zFV1jxXVV8KRXfPsXXTKXg91m+OIpviOKroPjOJ77ciW9x4uuaPOtD2\/AFTHzTEl+pxHcn8SVJfBsSX3vE9xvxRUZ8YxFfTcR3EPFlQ3yrEF8fxPcE8YVAfPMPX\/HDd\/nwpT18Ow\/O0yl83w5frMM36PBVOXwnDl9+w7fc8HU2fG8NX1DjXdHxgjf+2lW+kUZePcN3zPBlMnxrDF8Pw\/fA8IUvfLMLX+HCd7XwpSx8+wpfs8L3qfDFKXxDCl+Fwnee8OUmfIsJX1fC95LwBSR80whfKcJ3h\/AlIXwbCF\/7wfd78EUefGMHX83Bd3DwZRt8qwZfn8H3ZPCFGHzzBV9xwXdZ8KUVfDsFX0PB903wxRJ8g4T\/wS2+E4Ivf8BPLbg21asg39vAFzTwTQx85QLfrcCXKPBtCXwtgq\/T3XC+A4EvO+BbDfj6Ar6ngC8k4JsH+IoBvkuALw3g2wF8Y8OaovFv\/cKH+\/kUPx\/X53P5fACfT9rzkXo+O8+H5Pk0PB975\/PtfJDdE+aLxq\/jHfgMOh8251PlfHycz4nzgXBPxQKX+Ig3n+XmQ9t8OpuPYfN5az5Yjfl6Jz4qzWei+fAzn3Lm48x8bpkPKPNJZG\/FvT9566Sv4UPEfFqYjwXL87980JdP9PLRXT6jy4dx+dQtH6\/lc7R8YJZPxvIRWD7ryoda+fQqH1Pl86h88JRPmPJRUj4zyodD+RQoH\/fkc518gJNPavKRTD57yYcs+TQlH5vk85F8EJJPPPLRRj7DyIcV+VQiHz\/kc4Z8oJBPDl6IOCbPAraOPiNP9\/ExPj6vFzbpHz6Bx0ft+EwdH57jU3J8HI7PvfEBNz7JxkfW+GwaH0Lj02Z8rIzPj\/FBMT4Rxke\/+IwXH+Z6cgkk8ENqhxg+QsVnpfhQFJ9+4mNOfJ6JDy5h1r2EjyLxmSM+XMSniPi4EJ8L4gNAfNKHj\/Tw2R0+pMOncfjYDZ+v4YM0fGKGj8bwGRg+7MKnWvj4Cp9T4QMpfPKEj5jwWRI+NMKnQ\/gYCJ\/34IMdfIKDj2rwmQzvgneO8CkLPk4hz03wAQk+CcFHHvhsAx9i4NMKfCyBzx\/wQQM+UcBHB\/iMAB8G4F3\/vL2f9\/Hzhn3emc9b8HmvPW+q593zvE2e98Pzxnfe4c5b2XnPOm9O513ovN2c95XzBnLeKc5bwnnvN2\/y5t3cvG2b92fzRmzecc1bq3kPNW+W5l3RvP25U7fHvKGZdy7zFmXei8ybjnl3MW8j5v3CvDGYdwDzVl\/e08ubd3mXLm\/H5X23vMGWd9LyllneGyuNiqXUYt6\/yhtVeUcqbz3FJY8DvJmUd43y9lDeB8obPnlnJ2\/h5L2avCmTd1\/yNkveT8kbJ3mHJG+F5D2PvLmRdzHydkXel4jGqMA7DXlLIe8d5E2CvBuQt\/3x\/j7eyMc79nhrHu\/B4812vKuOt8\/xPjneEMc733iLG+9l401rcndakh0s95vxxjLeQcZbxXhPGG\/+4l1evJ2L923xBi3eicVbrnhvFW+i4t1SvC2K9z\/xRife0cRbl3iPEm9G4l1HvL2I9xHxhiHeGcRbgHivD2\/q4d07vE2H9+PwxhveYcNbaXjPDG+O4V0wvN2F97XwBhbeqcJbUnjvCW8yiVj9kLeN8P4QX9F2Ibzjg7d28B4O3qzBuzJ4+wXvs+ANFbxzgrdI8F4I3vTAuxt4GwPvV+CNCfJj6dy8yx\/qJ5XveYE\/GVfyecme1+Z5ET6lW6MKxldBVlDQiCAjKcgYGWQkBxkpQYYnyPAGGXaQ4Qsy5gVZBq6pbw16ztgWVGBHkLETe5nGZDMoJKiQEYpr7UZhowjLsQ2jR1H+beAv26CEvGoVM0oaa02jIv+uYsJ3IyKIV8x5D5lhFOB\/wUEFg4ynjclBRmWjeNBTI6Cq9GnZxa\/UNuoZUWYK9g1KXrSpsMnL7EYNI9gs+Gr80D4J8T3iXP+Kj\/vU9VKP+GE9hhghjjsBLwIFBEovQ7FE0CfGWJQd0nZdAVy0N9JaGv4bMchyekvDFdZKUneFVgGFVReKGS2N2EZUzARpCcUcmLipWAjSDorfAV6n4iby6AxF2RimBQwrUgTDaBpjWB2hMFrHGMZrUDB92VG81Mqw3DGBTK0Y7MpSnkPaEAqjVoyR\/jQUFWOM3GpQWCWRaThMisKkLBTGlZZGrok99sKxGzGIVKBSqJ5\/NPZh9dxjYITqMZXqUWD1LKRSPT8ENwv+Bib0xD0ehNVLA2D1\/LORB2rjzpQUnqwRwXD\/grxYPfevqA2qJymrJwKrtzkvU2sTdkUp\/hykDaFwZwWq5\/7Jqd5iZMrqLYQJq+eeBYLquadBwerlVcoYVxA1NOrBwwYt4V0UhHotjfRnkVaFwmoAoTQaken26DzFuGjDzT1KQuGiCf65mQf6t+E+AnfRHw3rgAiGsQ8pd\/XvhgBbSZmZCKHIfS\/SiijOvR8CyjeYR4OWyOwshMYgxk0ITbHr30jdULj\/gdAenYZpnKNIxB4PkSbT9jiET1BXq4MjlICQjH2t4hC+xL5MBzuKDlA8hbQ1FegxRjN40gopHbDaimBY7yBtAIXRA0I9KHojpfNGPwiojaSsngior9ELKQNgdYfAf8yDsTJiWyBFrIxxa5DiX8lsw7jeAoquEAZHB1LJjAJawnAhZdMYu2CC8o1xLfIcKhltGA2pkBQKOgOX8YdhRFPRDUIbbEnYelMxCcJIbLOxzUPMjGnoOI1bQdiQJ7ieQrvOw77pFSFw3ypI+0JhVYPQFooaSJl9ei0IKC+9DlJx4BkR4CbSBi3R0\/xzcTyURbZGN4RgPNrEfSBPyEPGhlDsZ70HbWw2CokRwbCeQeqiIhyCf41hFUBqNUcht1AAY3ADaTpD9yuEZojBz5JC8YMIhjEVaSgVX0NIh8lQSaHoJIJhNEcazj1qQYiFCdNMR9EGW1lsO1k3BrcMfGBaNSZPUReKykijqGiAztEIig6SQtFbBMMYhrQBFckQ6kPhRVqHChu2EVCMRVqJigkQSkLBBnrMYjMhHMf2K7ZlVFyG0BP2ZbFXJBRSwhm4\/pakODBGiGD4v0Eagz3cMyGk4NBh+pujuIs8JiMtxmLHQ6gaY7i9GGHqUvEZFE2w\/Rvby1S8BOFf2Jphjy5QyLHVH9tF5PM5FMZPKMGGYjwcnExFdwjzoUDqXpOncO+CYhbSE1TshXAVipIYnG5T0RS587hGb0GKUj4RwfAnI30ABUdc\/z1sk6G4QwVGWus2thnYbkHhTgf9C3XByIsUmcIHCIb7e2TMUvwLsOsdbD9guwuFOwN73Af9EdtDKIzFGGANdOKfJMUeK0Qw\/FnY8xH2QIVk5JFU8qAAPwyk\/ptQWKtBz0HJ9GCewvgDG\/YwtlIBwb0BeyD1+2NwkGRDWAVCwfgZG0z8y6hAuVYmFFAihe0yEeS8Yi2Fgi77qVyEbTkVqK4fufsZjx1QMFLGQdCxSHOhcCdBuICtO7YLUFhNRMCRjlQaKAwl7McfSP2b8xR0juOm+ycq6oJkQOnGNhcK6x0QtoUFxbdQuKdC4cW2AMrPoLBWQuiH7Rdsr1OxDUJDbEyL5SmMHPQNP9J4dtifIWxEH09HKgfw1xBiMUy8F0gxtQrGf0YX\/Dk4G7yUCIZxFn1wcDQUP0Boio3piZaINQT\/qRgIB3GonEKpxsJowzgNO4yn1lkqBkNxAQqk7suO4joUE5D+RcVyCHeguCApMguB1+yWxuco5y7IPBTDDmNsz5twXMAeYehShokuVQrn7GKodVUqcES5XdijLELqouKpGCO2OhQ1JUVc6olgGM\/m7WE9FzBhGlsVwywF6y4csWaLgNDNwy5wxD8fG3u\/tQCKv0CRojIBhf8SlNzjHBTuuRBOYY9ZkiIz5PpEgHuwoYDx1noRqRctZL0BgUN\/f0mh+FIEafrAKPQNhA4wmYC0GxT+qRDiEZ45SEdBYWRAwNDmXoi0MhTW9xAY2ulILbSifxyEWIzbI5FmroHJfyCwnbsE0psh7AVl4YecZWnLf+w6u1pAkQ6hKzamc5GhCNwrG1sIimRvMMJhXxobfTDWQmiGjenYlmhiCLFPI\/gU3PXRGguhaEDFNNSuERQc5htT8S6EJlCUxJ5NqUD3iG0KxRl0MVGgXD8V9ON5KmKjjfTnoWgA0IwKI9rIfQEKpEZ0nsLfEgrsYbWiol+0EfsiFOlQvEjFTgS1NXpFPTRbayjYWhBwAKDLcQ+rOVrXjT1aALRkv4FghFHALu49aGGM+oZ1GFt3kDNQWMPxx5\/4A8OHxY7Eg5Fjs7UMGwdr924RDP8Z5CE9628Ip6FEaq2LQe4QjCUtA8Twwc0HSAdAYRhwr3XeIcL5V25BCBGIGybghgsKVxERjNyiSNkyrhIQwtEqJZGGQmHgaDJuIUxMpXUpdEX8uCfb318cAv75mQeOQMO\/GOWzq\/jZ9\/CPB4PsyqOBtpIyMxEuIPbslOwqPH1gIigjrzjkXgmhBiq1DmkbKKwtEPqhDzBl36Eg4ygFaxe06xGhg1SswR+5+GOBpPD9WxEM6wso91PxFv7Yjq0F8uDZgkIgmBS8KOYlpL2hMDpAiIZn7yDlVNHqCaEW9hiClK7K0cnYjUAaBoU\/CcJD1I4pqytCLOpvIc1FQIzPIeCfNVRSHAiBw8w4JGvCFGj7ZSPncBFwlgN9Fzkje8P4GxvTRFYEAkclzkrd66nww7MTqFkZbFepeAXCP9xDUjiDEEOQlZBxHgr3UQQB8bNOIzrfQ2GdgzAJCqQ4y8C74iKAUGgAuxpIDSqa4A9MQawuSLmSkKiUh+JrSVHcTBEM92Kk3aAwciBwXrMZ6S4o3BR2o6mZHoDC+hXCMZhsQXoCCvdvEE5ij61Ic1vmTXw5+zJwVBmbkBnTtY5iFco\/iHQRFP7tEKpijyyk7aKR+xwIDGpKIEW8lyAAE1AbCnSPA77\/DygkCmfxB5oWKfboJoJhtUGI5KxeH8IhmFWD8lcorFLY\/WcoSgB8G4PgLYFiAgYLWS2uRC0qY9QwMuBSdRw5k5DWpILLg9pQdIPztalojMV8BBQ4TtwRVKSLgF4TbcQGFC2MdCr8zfNGUWON4eYCAinWDwFFbj0oXC0M17NUXG9hxD4HxWDk8RzGKM4yIYCMFsFwj8Xihbvy\/EBbppIZhVzm\/g0qxOLcY1ArlG8xD3EI\/dtFxSeSQvEuTFApTE0Mt1TqRZhwqYPUXSNPkcs4tEbqgkPGfBRXAnFz34cmCpp0jFoiGBzLiwGld4WG52w\/BDesmeZWz1NYyN\/1FjYWaL0BQg9ehYIuuV8RQcbwWCpi3a0CtWgFJauVHgMT1JOpVJyCRAJ7SGiMF1tJrHKZB6NoJYqAzD4XASNN3q7+L7EbbZFKZhTcyD0Xe8SyOAMCy3czDzrk+hR\/QOEfJilMEpAZFK7B2FMqNRB\/oFLGf7Cx86T3g1C9lRH7Icwqt8JY3AyKktmmEVs3T2A4\/SbRAgSYGmOUIwQ6pTFdBh+OwsNi4BcE93fYBaOhsZaKX7DbYSgqYLsCBVuVI4kbxzpSOLpEBMO9NW8Pnr1ogkl8II9YA7FBpkylFApWfZhwjzM4Xg2YYKzD4Y00PRqKxRBwnFo+SaFoL0Jg1SZ75GB3mqRgO808KkJAppIO4+9QRmn8xfIoWM\/ij6rYgqiIhDAPx1xbpH1hbPWCEIy6j5IUlZgtguHPRMo9jHUQYOLfiJR5WFsDmTKVUii4sbt\/DTYuT9yLQDFuuFEJpNijhwgyNTAOQSGT\/+1QVsH2MxXw1D0TFCkyNe7LpDweNeI51ugoQuDUxHMs1q9yjpWUJx0RMHbIhCuEbreFEI4tDltlKi5BaIiNKU+pFCw5i0Bw70S5h6DYS8UWVBcNaSxFepSKNAjHoRiAPXOpiMWuuVB0ABBFM5CTUERCcZKK0ijmNBQhAIwB5xfWeSiQ+mVNAMF9DYpQmNykojwyvQMF87hDxWYo7kIRg+Dco+IlEQzrFSj\/pqID4ngLf7wOcC0GlYJgbQexBkA4DToSKadU7lQI\/2Cbj+0fKrJFwBwXe\/0FhbEdf1zChtR9OE9h\/YFtMxTbqPgFdBP+WAWTX6DwLwXNgXKhpDjwJkCQkI0RwbCSset+KoZjtz+w9YdSzh3v4g\/adsb2E2xF4LREBB6IHyDtC4UVByEGwfgCaQMoZG1QC3ugOGldayqEcIR6GlJOS4wZEDAtkVR6CAV0GVnMsg9ZUyDgn8U8ZFoSjwzx76CMDGw\/6XuYccu\/LKR+2HGVZ7ixMZWcKbDvLcQWwrK3QIAzcCTgHfsNp6TGZGxtqFgNoSc2ptIZMekJDJAQZG2wAKmsDSaBcG0wHKmsDdoiEE2guI7+I0uBo9GBtUEmepgoklFNKjrBD1kb5OLcyfOJ1YKDJRRW88DaAGlgbQAB83mkLXhugILnzhehQB7Wi1RMRPk4BfCQ9bfG0GpFioBAPisCzuE43XFXqxma2I1dXwCQRQIEaVkR0LJWa6R9oWAHZssaXZGyZeVHUrSsNQwpY2dZEMIRjCSknKy7kyHw2GGaifiL0A5ujkAqLfQlBP77WFJEN9CYxkrOStw4IjCiIucWIhhGEaQLomH3M3brjc3Gdh5F8ai2okCRGsPQZynIMDUGh+gaKtZhj0Oobmlsl6loC+Ef1NuWFKVkiRAY7i6im7u3wp4rJgrS5hRcaHNrY0xem68DQZtzXSBtLucatLl\/LvZgE1vTkSObeBoykyaeguCjia1JANLEEzGjYBMjDTQxBLSG7CFN7IZJLJsYeVjSbhuxBxrSfUNSFPuXCPyFItCy7rvYFS3rR4q8cH6FIC0rAlrW\/xBpbygsA3YYr90FkLJlXSEQarU0YjHDkZZ1FYMQjshybcVjNpfCQ6y6mPLIEiEW61rumYuWtYpCwL905sGWdR9DcTxM3XtFwKGNNB27Goi3USfaMLYhlRMnoizHDFP+cu9eC2EuFD8gdcPEjQixQ+T1EPQV41tIwdx3lgj8xSzvCF4PAbNYyS2zJTyBYG2Lwa7ZiM1ZaFMlxa5vi2BYzyP9jYqnQBdjYyrdCoL0oGZQ\/MTcu0JAcXnlG4cLwRmLbcVIuttAqIcJ88tIq0JhtIXAPs50O+tKYRxGAe5ZEor0lyDgn595MHBGARHQCkEiGP7HKIq7srPSVlJmJkIoqso9KqK4dDZtFBbUJlI6FMvmaI7f87lcfhsKoxyEoXCI6RRER4SF6P1WPDJ5IqzCviKkYt9EpJ9D4U+C0AWx9iFtB4U1DgK70gykLE8mKQiANRcpA+CeD6E09mBKn0VAJfxzkEqt2ID452ceEoCvUSQDwIFV\/vVGyl2NzhBgKykzEwEB4FlfAoArQRIA\/PgUcMgKRa4cl5lKfQvjQK2II0aEaqj8Pzg2qlNxAW7WgmInAliLiuUIXG0oklsGpsRcFKVHQNERCo4PuIwls2imMq2mwHk2HZOJN8ZSmYlzZYwU0cUxDQGB+E4EqX9gV8RMbJEGMoOQy9wR1HQW505HT0T5fuZBh\/yj0XHpYRL25AzcGITMakCBVH49pGD8ilZ1sZ0dQQJAwYUAuEtjPs8AxKKTuBCA3CLYGAArFATZu8xWeeU9gidwwPgH2YtHDxDEOsgDqfhMgZWwsEegVuiSrGYuejNSrJrcIiD31iLIESC75rbBbrBlKplRyEXuudgjncUZECyU72cedMiNcdQPD3MxJksA0qOQWQ3sjlQCYEEI9GYKqdIKgd7sbgyhC1oUg7P0ZlcLCNHoKy8ibdDSeMCTEgYk\/DAMSoEDhZyLusUgw2C0hgXFS9h8UBgjoBiPPzLQKhMRagoYdEAg+DeDzINiFxRsSeMwdp+ATaapPijOYxuI7TwV74ogV2gwRqG4NhDOQBGNlL\/c4vTMowm7bkQvnA8yG54tomIEuvRPUCB1b8hT8Kc8DGH8WQaKs9j1TyiqIY\/bUFivwRG0mcU68OzonysCZlfYOAnGEMrfkgP57IPCfQh\/bMDGlAMHBfk5RIR0lHAU6ZdQyBQdkYXfTJEZMoKAS01IY6DwX4bQGorrSDtAYdyC8DYUfyNtSsV9COFQML3Cg5+CH8PhXaQLofDT1gXFGaQcQNwHIYRnG9YOSWECdyEETjDX18BkJYRM\/EzBaF1vAccWQ8CpR9K2LdF\/KLzL8mdCSI+WZSYuVkLxEYQ62fgdRFLYVhIBJ2V4ydOWsQKCHR0Y0ZozD9ZwKjamf\/FqKk8wuG4HRGEnmqc60h+g4CyOS0n+sIvLbNjjNQiNoYiVFIqRIqBXI5U52ywInAD9gJSnPhGS0VbsXtaX2P6D7SMorJdB+mB7FturULB8qz7+QAqHjEWca\/sZp36omn+UCIFFb1EWhVETbqK\/waG6tEdrsgSmiGaegs28BENhKA5Ny8AfVXBovY60LhQcvVxNMHj4JcUef4lgxBbFXtyDwxNNOAhIHv6GON6RKVMphQKLTcce4odVFQSOWRjEAp7eQHFwPa8urFUOJJOIx5eJeP2DdAwUcro8jCG8OHJrxNzKQJGIyCDFj+IBhQUzP\/ZwF4RHBkz85bE9hO\/yY9BZ7I6fO6y1kmIPTF4g8JJqYA8e0rkwMVrGGLGSxzMo\/wI2pFKKCCwWewT86AQKx1hV8ZRzRXE9J5BOkEvun+GPwTmgzUUwrEIxuJ4GhfzO90pOYGlTk4oz0bgavTaQLlibp4iEolNLdG80Oc6WOLxayE+g6ONQ9INQGRvT7S3zFLex2XCsRAwUM\/BH7RgsHqFoTEUuhDbwwYSyPRUbsEcs\/pgF15OosCAgQEwxSgYU1i9QLES6l4qDEM5DUQ753ITCioHwD7aPsXGo4i+BEOSM6ubim5NyN5rdWgOzc1C416PFoPBvh\/IuFNYBCI+x1xlJsQeGGwiGG\/n4b0HhKoAGuoQWY3ooT8GBxG0g3QyF\/z5M1kGBXosUA\/Ih2MpF1z3QwGX\/70jPQGGw3JNQbIJDXMD7uQf+YCrVFuFbKLYAfEXFWij+jdx\/QNqaigkg7BcJ2J6Bgks2CGhPpE2pKAWhARSFsdWiwoCiAjamhfIUxhHEswxS\/k5tRUBIh+JlSTGGTxMBZKUIgR+9vVDIDT3doUDIcI0Le\/wJwcD4x3TkWsSQwtG1PKHhJ5McuLwHQkxO4DL5O1C4Z0Fgv\/wskKLLDo1BD41B9qkiBBz4HAo5AY1FRJhKiChshiINe+2HwhgP4RyUCZLCo9YiyLrXkj2qYPfNyBCp5CECMpUwsRSjDf54D1vAD3iEbolVWA7KSxVBfqm3mkCBa\/AIeI5h+WOwKIDCj2Y1bq0NpLMRARHqIQI5SHdlo8KZEHDCMaZKitNJaxFQcKQIchsbAoTcC0LA+CQj60PucQ1Cm7WBdCJyF+HM2sCyuCjK59nbisgx5A6nRlBYH0ABl\/PqYFyUa6cdW6KdcDqUiTH\/8SDexfNTGISu0YGUyzoRLkARjjSkJRQREPhHB2yVqcAgxLW2pPL7CARrfUyAyI91vyHdS0UWyGEo0Iuso1T4WgZmAu2xh0x6SoOchCIM4CQVHIROQ7Ed51lOeng1nkcSU0wRAgr8niZ7+Dka0F3rDhTM4w4V55D7PSiaojPco6KFCAgIlBwe2OY4xuVHT+SFOlDYA2J1hpYux2OP01D4k2GHbu2ejPQ2FEYGhH+wZWPj4OPfJQKuECGVoQW7W39BcQd5sA6cNHMmwlTGCQo4KwYIg2IFYYwZAEU6xhjODawQpDzFW4UhROCExHW2CwqedyCg2yBlg\/hLQwjHLBYnJiyFkEdZCLewNGfKRhUBrWxxDzZ7LE3wL5Z54OyBeQr8kB6yTAQZQGVXaxEE2jJlZiIg5Ab3YA\/xZ0KoiJD\/jJQOSd+vgd7xK1IuyDkK8lQhKbsMBf9mRgaCtQvRwRiDCEGxHrvkQrlEUhw\/aSIYhgd77IeCP4tbPMraIw9eMqUgwRQBv3MYnZH2hsJ6F0I0QtUHKdeCxkcQamGPEUjFVeTK2LltpGFQGKMgPETtmLK6IsSi\/l6kuQiIOwUC\/lnMQ2LXERni3y75XZwnTwlkAxG4BgaCHaYiEkhJJWcKDCRiJ4E06kCAM5IhveMBlf9Q48gthxoEOdS2QiGH2iqE9zAUs5HKoYYZpxxqHbAnAym9ioGMAhBFRZCTUBSFQo49OnMail04wthv+buqHHtIA8ceBBwvskfg2LuCPe5AwTzuiAKZ8lALHHKIsFsEOcLk2LNeRbvh2LPaA\/DYoyDtJwLaz3oTaV8ojPchxKDu\/ZGy\/XjCZ\/v5RyJlhNw+COHY42ukbD\/OKNl+kjLKIqD93KOQsv0MNjX+uXFg4x+C2gn2+IdTUUVMI0tzOvYYhxOPkWPwpgIV2RBwZYqpwYUxBesZKLBHrPwuCJNYzFyZB1L42kQErCGQyh7voNI0QRrIA4Jkij2kFJqwWObB9Dv2KPZ1zOZQk99FwCVqbE2hQMPLXSBupnURSTf2kEqL0AxNsw2pH5X2\/wrBaG5YG5iy0sVREemnHHD5bznSdOwqy5U62Gxs6chMhKPYFmArihhz5OVPPBL4YS2RGWLr3gEHrGlo29MUSoqAfe+htU6j0ANID1DBFRGqxPmfsZaK0RAWQ2EjnU+FB11oFhSJCPF3VPSD7Qwo2koKRT0RAg6kUxECk9lQhCKdj\/LRW3gTIggE6yZIRyhk+I6DcBcKdjTeVOVGjCAgaDtFkCshFnf170ElYMsUPTVPcQl77MZ2Hgr3LhDUDpXnwYZy64H80hKCASECgnuqCNh3jghyOzdWdcjtZwgrUQOcSLBgxB7rUXBF5LYBikhk74eAyT8uNmF7Hgr3FiiaY9uODemuwugg\/KUJ\/1C1hiIYPDsEhpziELqisZiyX4hwAYrKSENQJK9nSRQ7YeMBZRyF0AwbUxlyIFgy5EBgiIxtSGXIWQ1yGIrZSPMNOR2xRy4V5UFOQlEcQEaYKyj7NBR7cUDKCJONTnoeCqSBEQYCYi17IPZQXMceHGGYxx0qLiD3e1A8j0hxhDGiRZCRRkYYDjUcYXhcIS\/UgYKc3XtiNzjk9iJli1roRTx3c66LFLZoWghyfc66RcVtZHYZJveh2AtFOmb\/xlGs33CGljq4cGb2X8URWw6AHrqxAGUe7qclxR74fQmCEeuGyXUo\/K9CQAlMAxMCCDIGioAJQe5rSAdAYXSE0BqKTkg5Ich9EwL6kbsrUk4IXP8Wwch9Fynb0PU+hHC0X3eknBAYH0C4hdAzlX5AAR0jl3uyp\/i7QcA\/P\/Pg+BCLn9TwD1OFmiLwJonArq7qEGArKTMTAZ0qlyk7lZ+7VkT5zIMOpdeFUAMe1kfaBgp3Qwj9UAem7GUU\/JsRGQoWjirjWUToIBT+Z7BLLlZhzFQ6VUkR5EZdOf9TwFXPgCBBFCEe\/SUIu3aAwl0QArt6YaS1oMjl7wtV8bNEcaR0MZa5ImbuUkgZM3dpCIiZpKymCKw392AgDJrwH\/NgzPw\/oVjGzL9EhMBUibu6f4QAW0klMwqImX8hUsbMWgyBMWMedMidDQEx829E2gYKawcExExSxoyCxIyCxOxXBIIxs\/z4Ixd\/LJIUmU0RwbBSsO2HQmZEO7C9hjwYRAoSOxEwNhpvIu0NBddEMonqi5QnYSMBAk7CMgGiq4YXAmLnt5GGQWGNgvAQxy1TVlcEnIQN7pGLgPhTIPBfkqQovzOKxL\/AHb\/D0RC\/w03+mC6rzlAUd4KKucjkDBQWLo7y4DNc2YHbF7pmB4Zkw87mElxSt5wBIFg3oHBjDw7r+NkvMM7jH1IEsj2ichfE6iyCnJhlV9bdD1umkhkF4xK2rgAsjvebSfkMmzjUDASHNq9N4sdOKGqDnIKiCvKQOpTHH0ehZHoA5bvH4I\/7aFFjq2iwCwXusinPxu3HH8xkTV6u\/hX4g8VkALBc\/zz8cRZ\/zMUe9EzOh5dgj1R8pyCVwR5SO\/98\/HEXygxJEYhHIuCQxoEDwXCb6Nrc1SoABW2RSmYUGOZ07sHi\/DRh+cjDoEPuWxDOII8\/YcY6WOegOCJ\/sHVxvNhQjFuDcuPyhLyGN07xp0fjP9C2yYFhSxFwoMXgHAcFfrhAw+dg\/Y7UoMKA4F8bSLuvzVPcQoPXQ9osG4quEHDdnOcoXECCIgPCmejA71FnqKgQQwEzMqTsknLB6BwzexpCuRy5mwwpFBNFkB\/zA3v8DGHOWl53Rh7ZiMZ6CP7oQJrRMk8B\/92rkTaJgckyCN1i5LcFXKKBYiIEHFJWkqSo9r9FkJ6EhQv2CIYQi+0YXI5BAPlDstWRwirMV+WJnKtoEgrWZez3GEh+3xGhJFray2yegTAO2jeQTqIC9fJPR0GjJEXTLRJBboj0j4WCTSauXEHaCQr\/PfxRFRSpsYb1o5DbwrAuIB2wFnkcgHBvLVxD6spBKdMgsBX\/EyNp4OdllIKfPEDjRQhcX1keDUUQBIzh\/DEBtYViHISXoURqjc9TuH+BYhvSM1QUgEPol0ZznC6KYT6NqBnp+JnVmikpnNooAo+pwB48q9PEFQwl83AXgYBMmUopIrBY7GHRD+se\/qBjx5HSU2s9BLieVxfUirMKI7gljFeKEPjVL4GKvRCWwt\/DSEsiN3cuhHYoD2mgPArroOQeR6Hw74GLOBYN5GEVoM849P34zdlCeUixR5IIKBy14x4yGNHNVsiYeXAS6V8He6RSigjtsLXCRj\/kZg84ZvVHSk+tkRDgel5djL\/kUhgmY8ZbOdh9uQiYvCPtSEUnCK9AgdRy5ynwmxlGdAA5aNMhPAvFXaRRVLRBEOtBMRSl1KHiWwi1oZiHtBIVWRBKQYHUeLAW3RsCwh0gMhn9HilnZbwVx2LIMCRYrDInoX42UQj2yKViOhw6CQVc9p+kohkcOQ1FaHRgImdkov+ehwKpXyajENzXoMAegcmoG3ncgYJ53KFiI3JnpCMRaZmMPiuCBDgwGW2G0N\/CHy8AXItBHSBYMh6+Ce2f+ONTkNtQGDgoOU30z5IULf2rCNJdLTpk\/Q16CAoMtpggoOkxCfXPhBKp3K5AwYIP6QYUF9COxm2U0htBOYJU7qRZD2FwtuFG90EKxfsiYHaJdGF0wEN05DyheA52oVAlR06QRi0q4mKwls2RO26lMeUcxtb9JgZ1h8KPyhjNciSVDiECeog1FqAjFO7REN7KCfz28lYOirseTYH97FuoeH3Gv0oE+VEc3RMFH4RQChtTVpgCxysLe+BXJChgYp0FTZUUQUsWAcMStuNQ8PDw78cfL8BkewwKhmDMRO7W2xBQXF75xiGZjeRAYTFQPGVY2bLgwVU+KKZByFwTSP0tkBGEWLlMDcHN2a6NVBb\/cSCNoGiOlLcNyZSmCRSDowO3DfE2qdimUHAUFYW\/eeA+IgMlPE+FkR24VN0gO+8+otjswH1ESAP3EUHwt4SiTjYObSqurwncR4Q8rBepgO\/+1ugjlRAD3kdkuUSQaUo698AvCWgw7BEJwPuIKBi8KcrCLv7DCKAVA80lbP2w619QGD5E8h9s6FNIofhFBLkg4mbPdd\/ArvhDpubsubkYda2ZWEYhlYYUoQF2f4A9LrZE21+FgJ7r3oeUPVfOroNRw0mSwg+3CFIZoyxMrOIQrGgMfmgQnA9wmRqCle20IVrTGoNd2LXcP4nA8QQnYyi49DNKY9uNjR5RsBbiD+7BruVeBsVZbKOxSdf6XASZFrqPQWG0gAB\/JWZbYxAzCpwAWG0hsLhA+cZiGU\/vQBGbA7tfRWAvxFSFCvQXoxMU0UhbU1EUQmMomNZ0FMWhqIPUoKIthLNrAyeng2uh+BrC9rUY+VoyRfcsGhOwtWrAxao56I0xmKhjV+sNCNlrAzf8xPLQhy1mYsikO4yPQBvRMjBsGbnRmONAEYqUQTBc6FsIAtonMBXkRQ3\/BSiQuq86ihtQpGMPGemM1TK\/lL4uM8+34BBnntb7IuAyJTbuymUHbZlKZhSk8\/UCYHFyyYPlv41NHIoGOQ1lFExkpK8OxXFQpBZn3NIIv7aEsFE0yITCUezvxybVzMYup7CthO0pKNj4kuv3ULIY\/2z8wXJnAdAR93f4A54xFVcpiO\/YQyrjn4M\/UDs\/8kCK8h+IgF0fi2D4DRwF3NUwcXzAlqlkRoFRdQVhDykOu0r5yMMQh7j7GWxXkA\/rwBm3dQSKE3DodxTn\/hZ\/jFsDWxtC8lrpwMYRdoB+2PWpHJzDYzB3zkFxEVDE5jhd1FgtQ2FXp1e48nrFrui8XtEOvYFl56KJ6QyuIAe8W5gdcNfYgk5wAQqkgQpBsOhyOvaQKg+HAjFA7JkiOq3hA6OTt0KT6+ayK8+dftgylcwoMPaYnQYaw+oAyvJfwiYONQA5DSUqJg1qVAE5BUU55CF1KI4\/jkLJVLrJpxAKQ+CUy7hFYWeeYBRCKxSBgOv53BlrJgqwTq+CBmN27krYBfnnhqPhWKBVHnvAg1j+cCAu4ZcDCz5iKhpw2s2fJVALplItCqxnLPYIVJwmiISFPJCifIz\/EJBZCxEMV3TerrEtoaAtUsmMAlvA4h4sLp0mKD+3GRR0yN0YAlqRd0j5WYf0KOyBds6NRB7sQX7+kiJLtXuIBAU\/YuNfCmQMzdNIK4kQ6C7GQpN9hz91Ns6Bo\/NFCNxe8CwVGGusSCiY1nAUVaDADN8Kp2IihDJQzEYq1z23wPbaWsyQW2JegP4rLw7ouzaQyrVTCu3Qsy4ijUWX58+V8rPBVKTDo6FIgHArOpAObpmnyML2HbajVGxCcUYM1rSSQlED0aOiGbYd3KMjBGbIdBczpWBnyxhkxK1Fg0VC2LoWl4uRBudgj9stDatmDs4uMGtABcZ+iUcgQMZk3lDKH4fwD3SBCDhakfK3JM5B+VuSpHNZJIUL2IZj429JxhQI4cjsDNLKVHTCHxHYRmFrTcUiCLHYmPK3JArooxC2RFPALtNhjM6K3sI+AkUnKNB7mMopnQLO\/mJiyHPSC1Ez9knmFhuCuQR+UeKdhsBI60DBNaO7KRTdY1A+FP6xOGLaoHNlSYouuFMEjiq8IxZ7XEcRrbDHffTt5lBwIHRz5oTU4l2DFPwR+OMRTGpA4Ubf9FeF4iZM+RS2\/zKKrQKTk5LiOF6P8nmVxr8KGnR\/\/yJJYTtKBMw84Ed9KDiTd9VEZkhjZRoEQarJlRkE2JxDOfewXcF2D8R9F5lwOeCH0xAM4x9sf0PBcd5\/CxtSWQ5QQJiwKwUvfpJEbeTqlxUMIQYh5VDTAIr0MAi1sEcJpGzX3FIQ0NB+\/jQZBkV6GQgPowMp+4YIsdGBC7784c1NE\/yLZR6InNzSgH8oLlOEwPOR0tEWQuiKtmXKzES4gP6BWElHs5ZAQPlu5kGHDD8EdDROxgMd7Q8I7GhM2dHcEKz1DAQETsLlN4ajUFhrsAs7HEuRa0iNQNgnKUiIRECIDDfSvlR0gMAQdUPKEFlxEBAidxJSeoRfPMRFCzNUCZH7awgIkaSslQisJvdgvf0eCPjnZx4MEevMfxM4ZbOGQts1G1VrLALGI6TjoqHYBs\/aYWNaCH5T8POBHxFQV\/5M4z9CxfcQcqEYB1dPUZEAmzNQRCKVow0uWhiaZbbFsZqPu\/svQIFURnMKHN7FO473sqJAx5MGYP80nkOs2T+tl0QIpOx0Iph5xNiO\/TshlRXQ+xB6wglWvicVaSLI6zQwLqOY1RDmwf\/NSI+2RA+GINUUAdV0\/4KU1fSjSVlN\/3IoT1GBnuM\/jS0dtqymexocQTWtqVCwmv7JoKgmU6kmBalmGjZW05oOBSrjRh5IUc0rIiCz2yIEUlaTAobZAEH\/kPu7kOJUyIMMinSeztxQpPMga49ji1cIIqngwVYUezDdi+YVYUG0kcs9JkDhD4WAjmMxDz86jpuZWqtlpDJ2rUGorkNoly1VRgrFARHkUq6YyIGyJVpCZ4xEse71EFoj\/iuQXo+GCePeDE2chpR3CRmjILDfDQ2kB2ViNgCVi80BjY2mIMtSqwMV27MNqxkUSI1KjqIwFMlQ3F8LxXVM2U6uxTysBWpKxehonJSgyJUUivItKTAwWFFR4YZweq10DKMgM02GUAmZToEf9alAV7fqQbEVaUUqjkAIheIk9tzGPC5ASFkbSI1stCPO1Nb6GBAIPA0Y+5HKjzsbQQ5D8SNSjhW8i1sm9F2xRy4VHUFyoWgGIIoaICehKAuFrAHuojJsB1TKza5nbIkO\/NqDFOeHgMJ9DQrs4Zdfe3gM3oGCedyh4joyvYfO1RqdjMO79YoIgV\/POLzzOOLwzvUU8kKlIGAyAFsK\/rWIDlJXDnYNw25sqQEtJUUjVsApR24\/uIt+xxEbAZAbA3jHudwpgDRw6wAE6xkosEes\/L4AE5zQJA+kUDQUQXyVPThDpglTyYMCM+UegVJgIsUiD6b3+AstFvtY52eDNhPBsEKQjo6GIgPOtMUWj+1wSyjC4FQdUKRGYkyeYi4USUh\/ocKPSKLdOOU2eHRbr+GPfxArr6Q4qL4TIfDWG8bcvwkCWoUXuPzHoHAfge12mCB1r81TWNjdvw9gIRTc1ZqH7Tds86Bw\/yKC4c9G+j0UVhb++AG7\/wyFzF3TkZn0mxnQnMI2GfQMFan44yz++FpSKIqLIKnxsaOohz9qYnvAODSDMBNVfhtpPyisjyGUh8InKSo1XQTeNI+LAFAY2RDGI2wbke6Cwk1hN6LF9CAU1iYIx5HHZqS5VPwK4TT22II0tyVGu30QfgPhT2I8ZCTNdhQ8IPcjXUTFNggu2C5H2g5t6Z8JAY2b19rGLmn6YcjDBuWPqnL8fIOUg6PxGnYrgG08tn6IgR\/+83ISU4uHLAX3aWwrsYccTMtijFgDvW0u9uAtz+7J6GUYU90jJEWFeosQuPJYmIoXsSvGZesF5EMT6zmQAlDURfoYmXItZzzEXrWw3YfCqIZd\/8QfFZEej0HDVoBAh4yy8G4bSBFsctW0AIRfYH8ZgZHOuVeEwDx8IxXTEKHNUHjQUjuo6AmyFwqkfvklEYJM\/hig61SkQvEYip04gjkDtgqiWCze6LqLxzZPsOnlofBKikitEkGaz1UECuMGXGYeSP3iOgQrA39sRpoIBbsPf7fj8INTMRaB\/E2Agp92Mmdh2z0R7GjjlpwmWuMPhFCGR\/lXEiknPRzreDKTlNMiES5gwzlQJntydTocmxtbZSq2QWiKjSnndhT8nLBJ1zoFRzkAGKfh0t1oHjNQYGw1LkCB1C2DLgRZRMDEkEXEVrSCnNaZW3HGY3tLPsjDY8tIj6SiHBakTRHClogJFxFGX4SwDRRfS4ogzxYBs0bsyd9BrTUILle7TPnzKwUsHmT1mv4MFG70z9ynofgRmdamYh5ITZikSwoTHCMQAnce1eJCICnGiOWawRomgtyn5m8KhdENxWDw5UrYXw8KjrGxtZAZUn9p2kKQavonioBdpsTIuoEnev9tKPzToEBomErnooCgyR44cwVMMEhJHoh3INcnQmDKTMFGSOGJjEXG+xDcCHYc0sZUfAahDhSjkbJdrfEQ0NDyY1EYFAayl+7AVPoGha44S6YiZe+xxkHAP4t5SK9rjQzxLzfIQK+z0ZI34C\/Xny4e4UjdcsaBYNWF4uuW\/HUcitEgLaHAWOh3U5EG0g6KtQCvU5GLPDpDUQQh7gyFVV0Eec+C1REK4wU48RoUTF92FC8h+M8jOszUaoJdWUodpA2hMCqhadH4vLKQWw0KqxAyDYdJAZiUhQInuMAzlevh2A1EOK9SxlguCug\/\/mG34SJg9Yi0JEPVGcI4xI7pdkcRii0WW0VGNx5CPWyIBaakUGyG0BzbdWxvQ2EVg\/9DESmm8gQjzjhYVmNXCK5qcNOE\/9WpuIrooJ\/x1JFbiwoMZum1oUhuGXheDqebwAN8HaGQSxVuRLYOFEgNHgkUcutB0Rl5yfq6L3Z9DookSdG7GsRQgGedRJCncl0MpB\/HSG5DKDIlheJ3EQzrEkJdnwoEkcVhqDNiK0NhYYmazl+zkFoP0UtEOIIaYg+Mxyi\/AA6672F\/AcqpVGxDq4xCMOZLioB8rASc6bALhVTULAlpIhRu7t8ZiglI21ABVzldNBYhZdytZRDQEO7lSKtCYayAUBp7MJW2o4DGtH5CytZ1L4WAfxbzkH4f6AjoEhw+3OlwlvtA4NSWrzxBBPbgDyj9uTDaBAVmQob\/IP5A6uYskkIsouDfjz2rIEa8dutn\/5whKVoA1RPBgIDccfYPlGc8lBv+DXEDOfnR9fhvOlIeqbzcxENXUjmWKXCcn4BNxvlMCOGwf4iU4wF7DNeUXKziuIbiJwix2JjKwA8hVvoSBHd9+DkbCk46eRxbjaBg921MRVsIHBnv4gQgQ+WZ6MBlr2zEVRRwxE\/FYJT\/PBUl8YMGL3v5cVmWw63hbhG47IXUiM5T+Hk8+1vkXfYKR6YvQjEYmb5IxTQ41BqKyoibvCHhaRHQ6vVEkMVyOneVwcGNrtcUoCV3hWANYIh\/hrCb7bMKsd6HBkPqP5CnwMJEXmllnICCsxwsO+TGK4tnQv+3IKexpQKchYJDph8dmilmLHmK69iwh3ULCvdECHdhMlVSnCoeiYDVaxDcA7FMpNw1nUcIbJlKZhQs5s49pDianEJmj6GkQ+4rIsgtrH5eBLXmQDGdwvcQJmIXYw2EPoL5MyYqcRwZnEATX0fqa4lMHkKojIEQxSHFL1IFRZCbIzFzgKIQhLtYNTNlfxOhK5qYe7BHptME\/9KZB48h9yZkys7LeBvvInd0a\/wEi0qMhiOvwGcLimF0FU1jPOMIcr6j4EUfi0HaGwoD+8tFtM5I5TB\/H0It7BGPlD7zV37p8F8g5fnOzewfon8ypc8ixKIrfYY0Fz7zjhn+swZJiiPAgD3+7ZWH8KZDK9cnPSIY1mCk\/jVQdIHgRq9tjnR0NDJ6HsJ0dHT0PmN5tInfvyHcApFXrnHwKYO0IrziWC9+h0oKhSECptfYTCq4tM5EZjuRyrx9DQQ3FD9KCsUUEVA20glUWBC2Q5GEtCTzSIaAY1TSaY6CGX6JogugE8iE0oWi46B4nopuEGKhYDogTyERGg7FF1R8DUUSFN9JCsUyERAU7PElFb9DwXbYi3QQFcdA3oPiChQvU\/EQiii0fwkoC0NhuSBshbIF0qn09B0InaH4GCkDJEP+FbTjFEmh+EkEjrpoT+zBARbzZkmtcshUBPQYnHcMayAUskJDPn4vFNOhMNCEnCMa9ZCugsIKhvArFHtQ9FEoZOl3AwqkrkIYUSj4y6N3H4WiOhQ8kVvPQNESfZnDpBWH8ydHxW8khWKWCPJjbDonRu412BXnUSmJJu7fUSyuzsjvqFFU7BNBbrxy87TNy+1+THF5Lk2nCZbPWIdAcQKZ8+TsPoXMMDrLEkZKuSxCYMHNE7xxC7s2gGNI3SyFQjpO38ZtKDgrxqQdZ0s49neMEVseCqzDDFdR5IHUYvUp5OLg9mNPlwmF8ReIgT3+lBSOXRRB\/IgNogKOuTl0IY0tAIVxHEJJ7LEb6VNQcC0UWwOKFaikzGvmwwQxdX8rKYp9VgRJXcXyFDLYvAyTf2Jg8h6KvY4tEdtZKsaAHMYfyMu\/DQprAf7YinwysP0GBbuDewvoIoBfoSD1wwcDsXX\/QMU1\/IEBwP8Qmw2Fi0X+Bz4gtV5wFLfQJR5gT3Zc958QHqKf7kVqoJ9aayBw3JgeSA84s2icRuElBR5JadhyqMDlFh4vuCKFi2JU\/IkeaMA2DF4aKNKqIgJmYFByD6slBJq8gpR5cCbHTCVlKSJE5u2xi07RJDw6kAeHZ2bK229ZCtJAsRACfnAPcQwm4inzENeZKdOhLY1\/ZPLsxh+yew0RMNIhLcnd78J2HDam2x1FKGgYNhkUwyHUwxaDrQEV9yG0w8Z0IecmEAJzZQicK3OUTK9OxRYoOFdeiPOVzJUxwZG5csOWeXPlECgioLgenTe\/2YtWYu9HarCTUZC5Mhxz8aDDICozYj5lhRQDepeYgODGCGBVjsFpvIISxDUK4lpZTIXpGru6C675i2Kja67CsIFrbpzGY8W1f9CZ4Zr7AbKna9Y9dEC4xlRco0DX\/NhDXHM\/wq50jXnQI86hIKB8rIwhYC2OYrmrKwZ\/wJapZEYhF7m7Mcvys7hY7Mryjeat8hxCZm4o0jFIpdeGwg17Ay67YGbUgMKFCrGWTFFt\/GoBAb+gBAhb0GJaHo2WSyEdDe5GBrxom4tD3cjFGTTdBWFwthFbRVJUs5IIhvUU0mZQpCOYRmi2\/KaCIwk94HlEpiTK4+njiSCrBBFS0VOikX5OxasQukDRFWk7KvpCgGv+EUjZwdxeCPWwhw9pVSj8oyCUxh5M2UlFGIeOYiOVbuyBgH\/uJEnhUaDHGxs5W0jHfNnFqbELg3c6x2sMWn4GPZeRw+ZCEPwMaWx17FETLVFVUsSpRCv+8ACvsKq2nm9luENgwsxiTSgaYHss\/QQVuY\/xqDIUSGPlMiYETCIhVICW08pcLHjdd7E\/Qum\/DYVVEYq\/sBtSg79AUOA5gnvILxA04S8QzMMvPzwg1ydCYEZGwcZBaGDXflBgQA9EgDPBxlCkw3n+AmGVQloZCjeOAx7ZrnJIOSMz2JYYISXljEyErjj2uCdnkf4yEPDPzzwYY\/cSFMtRxf2jCIbxA1LZdT4E2ErKzETAEoijPQ55mGRAQPkG86BDxnYIzaBgKiseCFJNDo9PBKmvCDb2fRMp68v7k6S+8UhZX7nppg4Uo5Ey+\/+Dv7hg1xoioOsh5a6SEWwllcwooL6YoAfqi6FUyhcv6ZBMw5phYyr1hRCoZkMRsEtloNMovDgaTk6eJhQXoECKPhJQWH9BARPj\/9PemXhbVZxZvETApwIioiKiXplERUGC8oT77iuNraiYKHGZ14na1yE0rcYhbRPaNkkpJKJxhFYBp6s4IA5BJYjweBxnVKJocEKFg1McIiAiYiRJ\/\/Y+99n5F3qtvmsd9r77VH1V9dVXwxneZZPyaoekiJO13Mv6a6RVF25FCGmO0O3ajLANh1VC9VAJZzN7HU600XCQvqEbIV74mY0QniRvI1meJi41m4VnSMGgyjJS7Iug5TQxhsI8hH4S7icFY0lXOiDBejlzpfdd6pqDSXoO5dvYyZzBWDqBE5qJ1b2RYSDMtyGvSNGq6f9Aggh7iLqyDHOdyZ0gObGrTVrQkA7vVkL8DpXdxIlRCHknxvYRzf5fNECikykT4sk108Vtpol1FCLVKg1vDl\/4zu4sDJ7ahsHbTHyPOPwQIc2kEse3FXh0XQiHtfllzVRGCLciNJLlDnAEQvYcZw5CAMOubTRERG8ER+rP\/IiRJZAFBKSGSiLK4g0Q5mHdCgJJMcrEN+qKsOOZFdN9MTg+xIYj7EDOgmza64IqcxXCIglLiI83qUyPSj2mjuQLS182xYiw2MSXsQ7D+Bb515FCs5KujVG9Ww0fc3wl4c+Qr0lBKhBho4l+479IETdDyCLM1ldoNiR1bivO8DjTu7vUH6HGrJYObOPSCDwIIXWmdw5uC9XtQTmz1A2CdwNzdRiFkENSpa1AdYgJPZQp5Q8Ral0hp7aFmmyc2kb8zKqIqJ+nwTrgvHi7iW8vMRAQHockRudzoHY+IvQX3bmoUnhhqhGnnWTCikGK5yTsxtkHOMCiJ0R25GhEfBjrXhAprl5+uMVB148vmnPS7iYh7QJ6yesBYQ00alE0aaBbdwa9c6MEraO+4NXC6jvUIynhHLAqYTKEq0\/jfDVIZABDLm1ngpFlpB+Ak+bgiF0lTGHHxl7JjlDfsqq7K\/WUNX4hoQWLnyMcYkToZcIyRjQ7xc3lIhRq1P8vErhkZDJg0WkSsnHZuVmEpYyhDPGeI+6FoPUw0ntVFkjnFZGxEilsPe9JZ6u4nYwI3U1CRhREpagpDKhyFXQbqhjMaFSJo+pWdiLFAMSvsGOHLKiTKKKdjQk33wKToO9\/Zs9CxuKVl8EjJLwFaUT4BFQHxPWQwWTZAHpn8wWkBymE6kQTejV+Drqb10H4MDb5NxCoRUSED3wXciLGFB66iePPkaDzDYdgyCjLJg0ch3P0pmy\/sqbKTOBQ7cJDkEM4VnCo\/v75+bEcDRR5kYSdIdchCBcQLyJM1cUZuocdB27W\/lq\/vBX7I+i2gwPpPlYkPKowqQ6UwJ6vNhBhKII2vFpWI5sxYdDuTCTXVDwcQZtm9oshEgz12+WUP4NOFIny6IgK5Ms6SdQm251MuZahvhz9yKg35CK1SAfQ2RTuzLVTTBgP\/2ISalXOqsD8NLaC1EDoKonkqiOYqdIlktYwlMmGmhVP4gsl6K+Jcy2FtWMxRvnCqn8tD+IIMpnK2PgeeLGEEyAn0ugTwdEI1RZIGeFUUH1Uo1x1WjodVARVz4D0aCpQ\/WxCx5eUwpGgLHxKNI4PTtvLhLrvYRLy3UElzbTqktcoYyYN9JNS9Ka4xP5W5ed7gq4QbdecEvESA5\/iuDpxSAmnNzGUISX93Lt9LpIVMU1N3msnLYxfnUr\/9A+kcJLIVFp8IniRhDMgYxEmgApTT1qNDKKpoOoUp0OoZJgJykl6rCcnGd0uERoaiR+3PNwI4ROnGanRRPLzmeZZuBVVK252jQnlg1pxdWuKqdS3uJgzMdSBL6cggmluXUhrEe7GSV2Ih9CZobI3IYiNkmJKRksHEzXzjaR41cRjvqqbRlkgfA7Ce+znq4rL1JWzByD2RNwPdzFp0aOcqYlshfWdwb9TfpVZMGyp+P\/MARkh3SnqG53pYuKfokxbkTfvjDUl30T5eqkzrYLsS1HzjQg3mfgXWqr9JJzKeCeM9Fdu2KHue9PUjRxg0X6R0zi+i9hbwjgIzvBF3Dj1zh0QvKRFFMToeybFez\/TEWq028\/qVNNmbCRIOBqjNCGNkdAV4XhayRQPYlTNRUh4KByLEHFMOhLXg6FZflBLW7AeRA4hyGX0fTo1doQ0Eh3rKT9biPAGRN3eWuDHfnfjRiqE070i+nMx6GBiilN0GRVuJg0cCqreKpJFV\/cv9Dd1Dlk9TdQw0j3Y4onkThR1IaEj1DDS2xXRUy2kxBBOzMq1vSX8heu4\/lR5FeOyv4QnaQxTkO62VDUnyVBtIMI4BM1atLuYasGwf13IByNQ05IiTDejqwchXG1k0N5eEaFmd5n4eaGTxjn0PXmFNiaSYz3OpoYqLt1NR6h8errqCk0jbKhhnEJKx9F\/YawvjQKrmiQDxOPfZCrVnQRqkgyXQ04kXBg2niSzGyBlXDULtDPvhTD+M+rh8a+rEY1\/ozrERD2kFOoyNcafO42UX\/Ru+Fg3BpMM7tdGy64wKV41+2oxRXWDzFzMJrmJeRRDWtVCJ0Th9ZVC4EK+SNGNpipLxDuykWt0y2hqpu2UAjL3QRj\/1IqWQfw7AKUDEFILefEbK5xCHmO7QJgmhEVxIgSEUnBTrcgSLl1sG+FxqiyjKbS5FLAoTo1yU7XWomJIMxrJbEz59DzPhkaDshzOguis0GVDVBmlcO2UxdUllesvo2qQSgFxM4Q2c+Z1E3b6da\/oNxDkJl+Gy2+KJjlS6OJMcLVT2PdkUWfIRtE7GFXLVApYL45G3eu7ou9UQngCQzXmy2xxpXhj+16EEjOanmILmUQKQVdZNU0VC5ooWzdUMJZtwsY8ytY1lD7pMSNFjaZMTw\/7mdAzYHeSho4QBZ9Q0WjSwEGIFtNDCUIAezfniL4fMpJjNYemB57PeFQbNT0kiKcHk72o3VfUztPDWwweTQ+Pktw7sWmMdfUKBovR2K0+PQQEjVdmQfte6BEtoiGumnrMa0uvSUDzJshs+iD+0\/Sgy22If62gpO1W6kEyKiRM29aFbAv9xpydfYp3aw2QlQgsc1xlEqLradUzHO9wPFFRX53H6RcqtPN2E6ygQ\/y\/\/6S3ELK1zCmfcoAsGIWQM9vLdNwLITzLWbXzLiN9hNVviYwx1O+myDFN5H7exL+EGmYjVGmQ3mQTsnbXhSux8Dn2b0YIa\/hyP1+WkWUuQnoUs48gzjTWy2knPLMjj8hEirkUPB0hXg2h3HpFwqztqZX78G4s6pUtCF4hxWwJj9Gr9yEIH6wL8WGEjBTzJDyL9fkIKznxqIROfFlARbpRs8ck9IIsQuzNkSFw79yvRwqzF1XdPSCDcFTqYEKel7E6CAc8QER40bmcIKKb9dAy303CaMrT6ns4QncJmgm7IQwmZVcJvbHRBWE9W05vjRaYMIoIN6foRQBqVAp3lNBICm1GuYJMjt287HBjnhdSw4UVERzJdRmkaIiSpqXUnbzpOZq5owQRWX+GQFFx2ROkoPy4xIh1vALx\/19Zcwoc6TaAblQ2D4FWxrnY0vjL6Az5IbuD+cOOmYkNeeoqIzX8VZ0ESHoJf4tkquYl4BKEbBLWVPYURHVRRuZAJcIMekadmG7lLJWINcTfIwTKI7SMRSCIUJnsNk4oVNItJL+bL7Lhn\/AqokrxtQbZ8fWOicdM5kxvkBgrRpkVScRXVArH19uUQ6DrZZukqmUfQRZwfMaJhQi6OMtoja7NMsfXZsjTpABxAC6BZH1wlsneOIukUd5LDK6cMatbSrV9JPyJPLgzruaEIjF7E0ezJw1vIOyLEF\/Dxn6kANMBdSEMwQYpSkMRMuoeCY1sVUUhwjUK9xBMqiTLtoXkQ+skHl4\/VTvHhOnqXJOQnccMJ3P5+ZQ+hMs90AWKVPdHBKPepyydB6GOGTZcaV2lpX1IBea63omQTLFggm+yM0khZ8VxEHlvPCcUC9WzMLaAtv2UE3J4pJhAD5Qu4IRj4WckVSyA7jQTejEnpbs1o0LuZ9lQLJRoJoSqRpMQmkmqxTBvwvoD5AWJ8rpA2NcqCCouKel8ssiGKlQ9ljMLK8b0LNYThHbjxGPayYGcWkHaeADkj7RmfyPm8RMkVAeBK5QZkr0KiRArtW2xsoesQOw1E7ymPby9lnWF4LXUncoqCKss3Qmv1VgRikrq2havRaYEN6PEta28JrTXTPBaIIW9lhMm8k0uG\/JafdyEr32V+CDz29Z0rn54r9YB69cZES428ZVi7hQs7KVOCGDcpi5E2qB9eNheAjZKPRAWMUfqNob+zj4NQACrg+tCwIu6XVM7UAJEYai1IfcifSNGhyGcj6D9pHYs6VAEMI91ofZPCD8Cj5ZwCeQ4hDtI8X0JXEv43c9PjQi74CEJB9L0MQi6qApH4RAwjqwLjIuQhuFtj+E9EXZD2BrX7YCgq51aZ2wUHsN36QqsyTN6+CdXxUlG0v7ChHsKZFaKxIop3wntOxP57kIqIt\/JhnynSdO+015OvhPadyJBvgNr9h0k4Lt0DaUMQdBNBfvuIgT77mxsHIoAFr6DyHfpQlC+S7+E4LtE8fZdhjG5KpthJMscE68e9l18gmLxndC+E5HvoiJVviMQ7bushtEdENI0zuC7usfCFG1la40Y1UaxOgrC+hrLoC59ShqsPeg7oTabJteyviqltqPZSAifXDa0c005ldLONdPMzieuBJU0vAEhr1HGTBqI0DdB7VzZiRXly8bQJsbsJ5DhnPFOmd2i7jiwE6CqgfJGNxV4VrswgRgW6n+m9+i6oEKNxtaJbjNyinJ2glxE9Aj1Xx2bHEPmEhglDIYcgjAaHC5rp0DkozQOQh11uVJU+qeQBowJ1SwT2pnGg274mRA+6WQjxrrjBflIj879qS5iH8NTGm4SMODKBcqYCT0QriXFnhTHFqUov1QuKsSjfm6XISwwIvThC0NTswJXtgiMYH+5kkP3TPR7zziCiZlDf5YQbydOhjdznf5qnYQBuPEu0qaBkEmk2xc8E6G2P+SIplDVCJD5eBCE8kq6NFMF9KAb0h5XRFi6l7DrKbOnEapX0xfqc5P6qfCNJ0G2nyG1UsMbTAocVCYjhKoUZ+JgDP8aHCJhPGQYwkjQ135dIMMRJhOnetYuLydVDtfVPBrzRXq5FR+2huoICce38igFAaxpJIlUNQp6tRITEpbj\/4iAjZIHcAPRKIENcjxMwgDG2GEIRxhxwzEm3KAFmxH0xDlnAKUTaHsZb4gwO9E6kgRdhoSfQD7l9OUcGxFijeD9K8d8Dj9Qe8dELwDocpkU2zC+8Wbepbn4zaHUg0rcxlkwTWgXDqKo7cFP6aCsI2Q89f+M0u4vY\/QVyPhW33sBydJi4q2749Aj5Noy8QhmI8nyMT3TvZUNHDi6FUH36hNC0YfqzRtJ253yQquJf8o1zEPImBNSdxohVBVFAoUnUqQnERJZ4jscMzjeQdC1EsR3dNJrCL55+BJfTgCfqhTe5NYgZ34IuZZaaKheiBD+AzIaYTI4GCFdBemOcGOB\/q0zXZWGCVgWibM4cw0u0nZAD8bjKoR9KOozCXSTOiHcbMTg0ya++egUeaA3yJI30Du2sSO9MYssYFGKyACSk4LFFxtkYW4r3vqbXMYpT0LohDjTSApGD4Qnm6BS2Odk0QNZ21DVZdQ4wZvzZr65PIhesUtHI2yF4HvidzGszgXHkTlOhnQk401GUjxkEmIbqBSB7lGWsBw7ARvxVQSMGlWKSLyVVr1ECu2L0vN8WcaXxaR4U8JcvnzAF1oFIkwyKf5jHaf4QZElUFPbcNUxKqSUcJdWrSzxpaWV5MebsHkGdcNV91qYNIr33dTd\/mO76RzCbQgVEUoozmSvkfwR0ANwFknWIFyJY96VcA7C+wgDQVU3bCwX1X2DEvSOjd6M11WLMK6tC7ry0NVl+FJCR4xtRuhrpPwWGqRXetJZJgWu44xI6F8\/o\/9dM\/0cfJhGxEshFyJMNZJitknxP+RcjxCfhTxENVeAHzVRDKRopgjN5HK8aKYuXrO84h1DVDPjIvLQzPQ70M2cwxeaGVWKmqmdqpopdDNF1MxsNinUTO121ZiADZDrIaYmCMaYmyAFqpki3FIozoQZTX6GGi5FyLtBWhA0PFoQ4s4mfgmPSYsFiA2NVvrS7uBoCX0gvVlvhG+U60IN5wv\/GyH2goRyKHUXLmIfo0E3ulWvgQhpDE2FhLQKbCwjvA7pRrG4jdvY1HQ5hElELiMGSDEPMrRMyICJuMuug7S0tkdm+EKzivvx\/FaS9zfxn8mxtmDwQchgDuFqdZeJvNPBhCTEWFxNPkWUuonHRvrzBGP8uC6EtQgZqMfV\/iXwjQidCZWNMoZ3s7\/ozIuQLZzZgnVtfbUfynbAEX3prz0lDEToi\/BdI8KJJv6hfi6sEU5jSiuRQug77ZCkvg4PmuCFuRW\/hhEfJo\/CIszjyxeUC4b1dSF8zNmHOPE+QlLA0Ezd\/gIxJqvfkt1IIsLiWWy\/HqE70jmQ39CSn4PaANrr6p\/LjWS52aQobioCc4lIMWAmI8SFkHMRFPzHS9AkNYxSWsH+CNl8yPt4dA44kU7TbZBQGsXaAGZEUlKxdGu9n8OD2sekAXzxBm9Pk+JtCu0FU0\/IteUCl7ULDdSyF9ibIv2uhsJCNoZKGAsZiXAeWEXw+4qTEYR68cJErxfophyEJFqdtYVb2qRXMRHu4ZJMI2k646SLhMtpJlcA2kdlX8vDk\/Ddl+QfD34h4RhSfI7Q34jQ2YRJkyB0iolE4SYEMDjEWsu+uaE32EC2eXs3i3CmnwnGuO1RQiipdgRfTai8IjJWJaWtl8ir4uJeRqYGhjPEV9RRKSIzgasMug2JOSJth8jlerarSqGEgOHQmUMeii+R\/FuiR0Qm1+Gu18GLELJVkLF45SPwCAkbII34L2BEPVLbGkIXpY6gNuXVTpAeTQWqV03o5pJSqN+DsvApbWWkq9S9fK7XWqa7nGEDhkxGcKYV6z9Wi7bHAYRYOo5jCkJ2GWev43gY4XoNEUho44xIfAX1HvBtCcRq\/JCzU4wY+zeT4pdr9bag9mDs\/Um6ik6\/HXUe5c+R8Fsc8DACmJ5oF1YgvEiKdyVsi6F1CE3gJgkXQP7KKJ5qxLNLTYrLOU1WaTNnsSFkVFK+yLO02+Q26vANqGUg\/A0yhqLkrzEI7JNFvN3lhgMp6GfueRcPU05HKGkpQShpKYkStJSUEISasU0I3qpSzEWobQtpLPstMT7UQw1qbC0uWhtbcfdTJiFbDC4fhTAfgg3jiU2EuMipFKdHY0rqP+lVXj28hgT91xPMGQj0Kvs2rSecIIu7ezqHcIOvlI4gzzecMnkc558E3ihhPORk0k02Ut40kxBvA38tYQ7kFlI8DC6maiJsGzgzHeUXHFM4LkDQXJJ+wqFIOAZBxaUDOUDKDxv8gtAuGJNb9IaVP0tBecHLTguH8M5yXfiIQ+tQZyrjdagX+Xty9JHQBhnOIbxMtYMUl3SQ6mB64AHQl3Q0Ig1DYG5KvqSjmUmXdD3pTV\/BzaMHDkag2NzC+HJIuqRrpDdHSGggRSMCmPuSDlIrI5CiWpFwfjnEiICNapSwiTF+GDMILgdxyo9NmHWJW6VIZ3IV1UwKXJf7Cg5C8NCY03H1H+XIc3Eg0ZP9BvTidgNkLZ69D1HrYcr48leSv2pUuSahxmQR1yFUFadrKsa0sMJGClI8RhKZjDO0kTkTodYDEhF2BocjVHtBBjFW+4AlhGwPE7\/S5I7I9obQM7W+YANCrR9kI94RqjNNWnCoUqi7q8rCpyobmr0CbeBD3bVS8uHecpE0PQpRXqGMmSh+lEKRQYtcflwCqkJpKaQvUfEyGBGyNyFV2iBUqIiQrTiTPYPKLJK9hJBehLyBsMhIigdM9D+T6C95mYWu4+xLuPvXiM8ihH\/nC\/VX36XH8K6IvWvCMhjOBasSJkBYerMEHijhN5D+OPMaUHUP10NoTHYDuB1Cmg7ZQvuFbr9IlfYrRY6HPG71udaIM3ehSD7+\/SqtPHywPMzEfWfPajcqzxpl2eQjhD6gPKs1iT2E9jISEd6CDOcQypG6Wi+mc0h8kQq8AK6QsAiyEuFO0KvHVZBVCGPJ4s3oaJq5GmEYxnIJfTiTI6geayTQzfFdhBW0X7Gv\/UD2IQIYdLNCJK1FIEXYIGE9Kb5EkA2tInoxJX5Nz\/yrkRQ\/NdEtPN0GRJjAl40cIMOF\/oMU\/SdC\/6Vfge6\/yZCRCFeA7j\/5vD\/tmAHKQ\/E2CP0XbgfVf9kdkC1USigvm9B\/uhPj\/gu3QvjEmUacOpb8fJi9h1T0U26k6WVSPC3dWcIHFMruRFfsSc+q2HsUw0q4T7twAAIpSsMkkCWMQMBGdqgEjKYyUwKlgLTmSBPP4k7hTTFZ0s+5jScb8RLqgVGjSjGhWKVwPZRFFZMN11RGVXWVIiyisoW6OCobTbhUAB2VPSGKSqH8ZaKo1Ih2VA6F9OI4iUM+9+\/d0gmsUYG7FwirIS0cQocppAhTiMP0RQSHKXmylQh3gw7TayCrEE4kpaNS29Yc4RBOWKAicQ1CTwSH6WZq9x5CTq\/6WncpUfknBDBzmEIILSZwBIdpwOgmBNlwEK6DbEY4iSD8miAMZ5hwZryJHRu+kqDAJV71gglGSQrJHueMppX4Ml+u5FiFEGYg\/Jkvszk2IqQFGGJpiM8bybLaRBd\/es0XYQPkA5KDSfOdyVKK+4xjCUKkZb70IWuYi6BL2jSH4yWOORX2wr\/DxgrOpJpJiFM5nkaIDKA4n2SES3Z7hbEGKcaaCGON\/QXDAyFcDinjFQ2xYQie+AaRYjaoftfUrEBIFOexFh+CMNaMih2TFnpHKRRduiLUJ5MNj7UWQoRPcccu48utGDJZxvE6xxcS1kK6kmd7jl40RD88lPpxjODoJ+F4E1ZRDqVIEyHKogbZxhSIjApdisipCErRBcFZxlNd2QhU1+\/Il1pdCohAsZCiHkrhiimLaiobrrqMCm\/VFlCMmC9OacFT2vSeBDLHzxCwRjcjYD5t5qA8EEGtQlCNnEJVdBbqXNigETYKFqVAGGtOERcgKIuu5m3jHgm0is53KSACxUKKeiiFKuYs1NQ2VHUbBSklzPZ2UvOkro5MGjiqHL3lhHMhgzmu4NAV1re\/sfI5h19Z6oaxC\/ki1CtLIrE385VIiX2JXi6p7S1hLRNof+bNV9jO6SmY3l2qDUCY3FR\/ZelkhIEI30PQrMiuw8+HhWH\/upBrSzoWW96SjiOprl8vNbIl4bIjiegSM28gSRTpzIVnV45OErpweduRZCQFuYDl2gXivyGqKkW+NVMzWVIHsjRgLG6hMTtyJm6EcFnLhMFNeAmfsOUsIbyH0E\/C26QYQN6XjXjkPznTTnA+5FH6x9PoYpQnOZ7geEHCUsgfOfsC+A6C5oKMiSIuR9AN7IjZ9CXiW0aE1Sa6D1VcfYcPKe9zDuFnKg6SLq6f0YNNJQ3nIzjv2XVjZyPoYhviOnAtgkC52pipHsE2IJ59XkC4BoG9m+8ZM3Pqv8ohRStf5pDl90bKV7vbSXi6iSQiP2IUMZ+xLnBmJWQMZzJVfAy9vRV9ehdCSZeCrLiJ3gujZJ6tdvouMcVWOx2FUOWmQjqWbLsYqRFbbUgo9SaLUuTcmAhkKfXhxEgqkmtXHkZS7m8pyuvnRBMGF9i9fSxcy4QgXFYOG\/xbzE\/xxcnnmQT9\/YMnRD1a9wwp1JRp8hHCvaCX27mQXhxPcmjaTVtT54F82RM8AiEcCjkdQai\/HkyQ9DcaoLfLuUVXlL9ewgMmbI9woqJAj9\/SNwhgKRCGIoEw1txVVZBrZc47ISzkRGcJ68miIO9b0V+2IhwHkXfPwbt+Knh1nWRX2TLdIzKOMmeCR0q4BzKIUboIVKuyDEIzFdLFYvIURIuJUJ4xkauUQr7LlkD4ZLLhxUTN5PO43l3Vj9Ylt6ibiRaB4r629sjhY\/L8nuJWSrgNYRnCTVToKQkzqKqs\/xZcLOFiUhCfXq5aJZRNgnbzsU1CZ4ypDUI9vlI0ZnbCJ3VvhM0VzSGQk0k3pA2yksQHQrLlriNdt69JGEILtAVKN1VIdhdiOwkTRTj1LeFUuFS3Kf2w4HVVBhJz0ipmPpLwGpVZh7CJExslbM8goz6JIAIRhplw66JSTzEWgSy6aC5s\/IQzMgoWpUCyPxQpknYXyhKZmmxjgYRhnHmEg1JABIqFFPVwitcgykJNCxtUXUaFlKJWrYENb+PUchMCABwiQR24H4Kwb7uwB8JCsJeEJZCdEJaBXSRsIO+6xYR4hSIWM5q6QsYtLnBLa10YzZq\/LVhdRJb3m3geMNJV5M4owizIRgJReH5TXVjA8RzH2xLYTaZA\/p40N1QQRph4qIQ\/KMUZEKLMuFxGRaa0+kXwcM5i6tEMeX5xSPuAHdsQdsBGvzZqSbahCF5M5Y\/CQeFDvRzq\/52wTxOT148hvXDmyaAGVO0UCAPKqAFlUi2HqlLkoxhhysKnKhsaULG\/CWf6mvgersdeKEE0GIUyZsK8lQs7U1ympJRfkg1VKA2DNDYVqGmqBklPVKgIRLuKNBRhBYLeRchWIuwPvo1QYzFnR81lBilzhGo\/kuZMzVQsk6By4xpSgNmaCiODPUT2LiT9nTBtJ\/6TcZMpuKYDNRmP4PktUjUtGrrrUtKqMQi39gRV+YxFQq2pcWllb2qxkDeNcoAJHqkqhVwUlYVPlA17cx7F2ptzTYotlpJm90HIa5QxE7yZHgDlzfg7COUH2VCFwsuQRgShvCniZrJ0\/S9xe02mkPYHoNr7\/38iz4n\/Q38inw8n6TmUb2MnI2AsnUBD+ks4CiPFnkVbUhoDcau8rIgoOKpavBMkIzAZVdpcUlf8E79D5f9G5lEIJe1uj+Cpzm5GBkd\/E\/15WigdhkAtuA7gi4btCMqLIodwJqqeh\/JlBNUbKWEkycrskJW8jGBDCNlo0Pd1jyM5+YXZfu0Co1sp4p4IylLdrbABUkOsQ\/w7h06RMV04C2gbImEwxxAOv9HHl0z138eIZ3qR5VDO5Ds06yc9\/KMYmd4uqnYiGS1MHUihiwnNFtU9EITbkVfEXq1RAQjNbCbt1\/TckUaMHGUSEo3wTYPa0ZjfiIvBqJsGIh6cJpcxT44BxyH4D0ArxOUJ4FCE2omQ\/qT4Z5AY9x2cjGAJl8iyyGaitzv4I5KXAmR8q6MQpPE3moT0M\/DmMiWMgJxECb3BD8iiJwRhKF+El1A7rTGEFGdE9sLgnxhke0t4pcm\/rKqltqQA0iqWD0A4mRMDJQxlmhyI0BdBDtRNljgIAQy+GoPkgxEGYsNXYyNJehBCi5HyZ1ZE6MlbTHj8j3eVNN2BE8krtDGRHOuJFDUVl92K3yk\/yoYqFK8g5lXDX5JSg023dEp9EcCqnnrr5mSYVMGYyI7kvwzU\/38Wb4J0oP7afHaQ8IkJkxn5z0cI20PmNhV\/L7QtNvKdICMpCkwJZ5rsTrkieYmadSXEVJGsc7P\/59\/sGyriqm6iEQNJTqhU3ZgNFftO6OaKqP3sZOsO+YqkeCjKhnyXaXjId7VDTUKmQaikgYHnvKCNieRYD6MYACquRNJE+blsqELZAXyhhvk+pOiLEPBbUkCA2W4qTvF3SSUs9oUOjkhbKxlboloHzkwzIiQTXyjlTnEMnd8JAYzb1IW4LQKBhFMRsFHqgaB7hPKfbkekAQhgdXBdYHx70q55nEPCEISnKMVNJjrjMIQLETSdag1JOEaYx7qgN3d106Z2tIRJkOMQ7iTF9yU8TT3GInxmRNgV30sYQqSMQUhH0TtH4RgwjqwLpaEI36E\/+0vYC2E3hI503w4IWnBqnbFReCyE\/wE=(\/figma)--\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"As the World Health Organization estimates that over 50 million people globally are living with dementia, a figure projected to triple by 2050, the burden of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, is a pressing global health concern,\" says Professor Oded Shoseyov. \"Neurodegenerative conditions lead to progressive loss of brain function and cognitive impairments, profoundly affecting not only the quality of life for the sufferers but also their families, the caregivers' community, and society at large. This burden is further compounded by the vast number of individuals affected by Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a condition that causes a noticeable decline in memory and thinking abilities without directly interfering with daily life. By providing a supplement like Brain Protect™ that supports cognitive function and potentially slows down neurodegenerative processes, Tahiro aims to alleviate this immense societal and financial burden.”\u003cbr\u003eAbout Tahiro:\u003cbr\u003eEstablished in 2017, Tahiro Inc. stands out in the crowded nutritional supplements industry due to its consistent practice of scientific rigor and its dedication to advancing brain health. This California-based company is not just a provider of innovative nutritional solutions but also a pioneer in delivering science-infused proprietary formulas that are tested and proven in both laboratory and living organism models. Tahiro goes a step further than most by not merely relying on clinical studies of individual ingredients; they test the efficacy of their complete product formulations to ensure their effectiveness.\u003cbr\u003eTheir products, proudly made in the USA, embody the convergence of cutting-edge research, nanotechnology, and unique formulation strategies, aimed at protecting, supporting, and optimizing brain health. Tahiro’s innovative approach to nutritional science makes them more than just a supplement company - they are trailblazers in the quest for global brain health.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Maya Palatnik","user_id":20302823481,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-06-16T11:54:53-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"tahiro-debuts-brain-protect™-nano-omega-5-a-breakthrough-in-neuroprotection","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560602218664"},{"id":560353902760,"title":"Omega-3: The Potential Mood-Boosting Supplement for Serotonin Production","created_at":"2023-04-03T11:07:53-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eMechanisms of Serotonin Production and Regulation in the Brain\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSerotonin is produced in the brain through a series of steps that involve the amino acid tryptophan, which is obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is converted to 5-HTP, which is then converted to serotonin.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The production and regulation of serotonin are influenced by various factors such as \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-stress\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-stress\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-stress\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003estress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, diet, and genetics. Imbalances in serotonin levels have been linked to several mood disorders, including depression and anxiety.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eExploring the Link Between Omega-3 Supplementation and Serotonin Enhancement.\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that are essential for brain function and have been linked to various health benefits. One of the potential benefits of omega-3 supplementation is its effect on mood. Studies have shown that omega-3 supplementation may improve mood and decrease anxiety[1].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders found that omega-3 supplementation was associated with significant improvements in depression scores in patients with major depressive disorder\u003c\/strong\u003e [2]. Another study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry found that omega-3 supplementation was as effective as an antidepressant medication in treating depression [3].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt's important to note that the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/plant-based-omega-3-vs-fish-oil\"\u003esource of omega-3s matters\u003c\/a\u003e. While fish oil supplements are commonly used as a source of omega-3s, they can be contaminated with toxins such as mercury and PCBs. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae-based omega-3 supplements are a vegan-friendly and sustainable alternative that avoids these contaminants.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOverall, omega-3 supplementation has shown promise in enhancing serotonin levels in the brain, which may have therapeutic implications for mood disorders. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlgae-based omega-3 supplements are a safe and sustainable option for those looking to incorporate omega-3s into their diet.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eMechanisms by which omega-3 may increase serotonin levels (step by step)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids have been the subject of numerous studies exploring their potential benefits for mental health. One area of particular interest is their relationship with serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in mood regulation. \u003c\/strong\u003eResearch suggests that omega-3 supplementation may increase serotonin levels in the brain, which could have therapeutic implications for mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. But how exactly does this process work? Here are the step-by-step mechanisms by which omega-3 may increase serotonin levels in the brain:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are a crucial component of cell membranes in the brain, which play a vital role in the communication between neurons.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis communication is critical for the regulation of serotonin levels.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids may increase the expression of genes involved in the production and transport of serotonin, leading to higher levels of the neurotransmitter.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids may also increase the release of serotonin from presynaptic neurons, which can help regulate mood and emotional behavior.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids can modulate inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, which are known to contribute to the development of mood disorders.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAll of these potential mechanisms suggest that omega-3 supplementation may be an effective way to increase serotonin levels and potentially alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eClinical Studies Related to Omega-3 \u0026amp; Serotonin Release\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeveral clinical studies have investigated the relationship between \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids \u003c\/a\u003eand serotonin release. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSerotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep, among other physiological functions. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), appear to increase serotonin activity in the brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA study involving patients with major depressive disorder found that omega-3 supplementation led to a reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in serotonin levels in the prefrontal cortex. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese findings suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may have a potential therapeutic effect on disorders related to serotonin deficiency.\u003c\/strong\u003e[4] [5]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eThe Potential of Omega-3 Supplementation in Enhancing Serotonin Function and Alleviating Depressive Symptoms\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eClinical studies have indicated that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may help alleviate depressive symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder, potentially by enhancing serotonin function. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeveral trials have found that omega-3 supplementation results in a significant reduction in depressive symptoms after a few weeks of treatment\u003c\/strong\u003e [6]. It has been suggested that this beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids on depression may be due to their ability to enhance serotonin function in the brain. Thus, omega-3 fatty acids may be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of depression.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eVitamins Combination with Omega 3 to Treat Serotonin\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking\"\u003eSeveral vitamins have been suggested\u003c\/a\u003e to enhance the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on serotonin function and mood regulation (7).\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHere are some key points to consider:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin D:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to depression and other mood disorders. Clinical studies have suggested that combining vitamin D with omega-3 fatty acids may have a synergistic effect on improving mood and reducing depressive symptoms.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B12 and Folate:\u003c\/strong\u003e Both vitamin B12 and folate play important roles in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, including serotonin. Supplementation with vitamin B12 and folate in combination with omega-3 fatty acids may be particularly beneficial for individuals with low levels of these vitamins.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin E:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that may help protect against oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the development of depression. Combining vitamin E with omega-3 fatty acids may enhance their neuroprotective effects and improve mood regulation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-04-03T11:24:11-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-21T06:10:34-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn conclusion, while the research on omega-3 supplementation and mood disorders is ongoing, it is clear that these nutrients play an important role in brain health and functioning. At Tahiro, we understand the vital role that omega-3s play in overall health and wellness, which is why we offer a range of high-quality, natural supplements to support brain health and protect against cognitive decline.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOur \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003ealgae-based vegan omega-3\u003c\/a\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003esupplement is an excellent source of these essential fatty acids, and is formulated to support mood, cognitive function, and overall well-being. If you are looking for a natural and effective way to support brain health and protect against mood disorders, You can explore \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro's range of high quality brain supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"does-omega-3-increase-serotonin","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560353902760","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:04:33-07:00","alt":"Serotonin structure","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Omega-3_The_Potential_Mood-Boosting_Supplement_for_Serotonin_Production.jpg?v=1709542302"}},{"id":560353869992,"title":"Spicing Up Your Brain: Cinnamon's Impact on Dopamine Levels","created_at":"2023-04-03T10:20:08-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eCinnamon's Top Health Components: A Brief Overview\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFrom regulating blood sugar to improving brain function, cinnamon's health components make it a superfood worth incorporating into our diet. Here are five key health components of cinnamon:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamaldehyde\u003c\/strong\u003e: the compound responsible for cinnamon's distinct flavour and smell, which also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePolyphenols\u003c\/strong\u003e: cinnamon is rich in polyphenols, which are antioxidants that have been shown to have anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eManganese\u003c\/strong\u003e: a mineral that helps support bone health and wound healing, and is found in high concentrations in cinnamon.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFiber\u003c\/strong\u003e: cinnamon is a good source of dietary fiber, which supports digestive health and can help lower cholesterol levels.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamic acid\u003c\/strong\u003e: another compound found in cinnamon, cinnamic acid has been linked to reducing inflammation and potentially lowering the risk of heart disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Cinnamon May Enhance Dopamine Production in the Brain\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRecent research has suggested that cinnamon may have neuroprotective effects beyond its culinary uses. One potential mechanism through which cinnamon may exert its neuroprotective effects is by enhancing dopamine activity in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in regulating mood, motivation, and pleasure. A compound that acts to stimulate dopamine’s actions in the brain is called dopaminergic, and cinnamon has been found to have this effect.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStudies have found that cinnamon extract can increase the release of dopamine in the striatum, a brain region that is involved in reward and motivation. For example, one study published in the Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology found that cinnamon extract enhanced the release of dopamine in the striatum of mice, which led to improved cognitive function and motor performance [1]. Another study found that cinnamon intake was associated with increased dopamine receptor density in the brains of rats [2]. These findings suggest that cinnamon may not only \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\"\u003eincrease dopamine release\u003c\/a\u003e, but also improve dopamine receptor function. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind cinnamon's potential dopaminergic effects, it could potentially be beneficial for brain function and mental well-being.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eExploring the Impact of Cinnamon on Dopamine Levels in Humans: Findings from Human Studies\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile the majority of research on cinnamon and dopamine has been conducted in animal models, there are a few human studies that have explored the relationship between cinnamon and dopamine levels. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne study published in the Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine found that consumption of cinnamon powder for 12 weeks was associated with a significant increase in dopamine levels in healthy individuals [3]. Another study published in the journal Food Research International found that cinnamon supplementation for 60 days was associated with a significant increase in dopamine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes [4]. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInterestingly, both studies also reported improvements in other biomarkers of health, such as blood glucose levels and lipid profiles, suggesting that cinnamon may have broader health benefits beyond its potential effects on dopamine function. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003ecinnamon supplementation\u003c\/a\u003e on dopamine levels and overall health in humans.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCinnamon's Impact on Dopamine-Related Diseases\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is growing interest in the potential therapeutic effects of cinnamon on dopamine-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. Preclinical studies have shown promising results, with cinnamon extract and its constituents demonstrating neuroprotective effects and\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-protects-the-brain-against-parkinsons-disease\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-protects-the-brain-against-parkinsons-disease\"\u003e improving dopamine function in animal models of Parkinson's disease\u003c\/a\u003e [5]. One study in humans with Parkinson's disease found that supplementation with cinnamon extract for 12 weeks led to significant improvements in motor symptoms and quality of life compared to placebo [6]. There is also evidence that cinnamon and its components may help to prevent the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brains of people with Parkinson’s disease [13].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects, the potential neuroprotective and dopaminergic effects of cinnamon make it an intriguing area of study for the prevention and treatment of dopamine-related diseases.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow does Cinnamon benefit Cognitive Function by Increasing Dopamine Levels?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon's ability to increase dopamine levels has been linked to potential cognitive benefits. Animal studies have shown that cinnamon extract and its constituents can enhance dopamine release and improve cognitive function [8]. In humans, a study found that consumption of cinnamon improved working memory and attention compared to placebo, with changes in dopamine levels suggested as a possible mechanism [7]. Another study found that cinnamon supplementation improved cognitive function in individuals with prediabetes. It’s believed that this occurred through cinnamon’s effects on dopamine as well as insulin signalling pathways [9].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003ePrecautions and Risks when Using Cinnamon to Increase Dopamine\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile cinnamon has been shown to have potential benefits for increasing dopamine levels, there are also some precautions and risks to consider when using it for this purpose. One concern is the potential for allergic reactions to cinnamon, which can range from mild skin irritation to more severe reactions such as anaphylaxis [10]. If you have an allergy to cinnamon, it’s best to avoid it and to choose other natural remedies instead.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon may also interact with certain medications, including those used to manage diabetes. When used along with diabetes medications, it may have additive effects on blood sugar levels, increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar [11]. Additionally, high doses of cinnamon supplements may be toxic and have been associated with liver damage in rare cases [12].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important to talk to a healthcare provider before using cinnamon as a supplement or natural remedy for increasing dopamine levels. They can help assess potential risks and benefits based on an individual's health status, medication use, and other factors.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Long Does it Take for Cinnamon to Affect Dopamine Levels?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe time range for cinnamon to take effect can vary depending on the individual and the desired outcome. Some people may notice immediate effects, such as improved mood or energy, after consuming cinnamon. However, when it comes to more long-term benefits, such as increasing dopamine levels or \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003eimproving cognitive function\u003c\/a\u003e, it may take several weeks or even months of consistent cinnamon consumption to see significant results. It's important to keep in mind that cinnamon should be used as part of an overall healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, for optimal results.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are the Best Ways to Consume Cinnamon?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are many ways to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-cinnamon-help-brain-function\"\u003econsume cinnamon to reap its health benefits\u003c\/a\u003e. You can sprinkle cinnamon on your morning oatmeal, add it to your coffee, make tea from it, or use it as a spice in your cooking. However, if you're looking for a more convenient and potent way to consume cinnamon on a daily basis, you should look for high quality supplements which incorporate cinnamon into their formula.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you're looking for a natural way to protect your brain from neurodegeneration and dopamine-related diseases, take a closer look at Tahiro's supplements. Brain Protect™ is a supplement that features a potent proprietary \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003enano-formulation combining pomegranate seed oil \u003c\/a\u003e(an excellent source of brain-protecting omega-5 fatty acids) and cinnamon. This scientifically proven and patent-pending supplement can help to prevent, delay, or reverse age-related cognitive decline and improve cognition, memory, recall, and focus. By supporting general brain health and immunity,\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003e Tahiro's supplements\u003c\/a\u003e may also help individuals affected by Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Click here to visit Tahiro's website to learn more about their breakthrough in brain protection and order your natural cinnamon supplements today.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-04-03T10:51:12-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-04T17:46:12-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-effects-does-cinnamon-have-on-dopamine-function","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560353869992","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:08:59-07:00","alt":"cinnamon and dopamine","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_Effects_Does_Cinnamon_Have_on_Dopamine_Function.jpg?v=1703678175"}},{"id":560339878056,"title":"What is Omega-3? Composition, Body Functions \u0026 Overall Benefits","created_at":"2023-03-29T12:38:21-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is Omega-3?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eScientific evidence suggests that chronic stress and oxidative stress may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Studies have shown that reducing stress levels can help decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in the body, potentially reducing the risk of these diseases. However, the relationship between stress, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration is complex and not yet fully understood, and more research is needed to confirm the potential benefits of stress reduction in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.°\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is Omega-3 Made of?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is not just one single fatty acid known as omega-3. Instead, this is a group of compounds, containing several different types of omega-3s. Different omega-3s are known to have different effects in the body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe primary type of omega-3 found in most plant-based sources is alpha linolenic acid (ALA), which is a short-chain omega-3. Seafood and other animal sources generally contain higher levels of the long-chain omega-3s, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese compounds are found in fish oil, and also in specific plant-based sources. In order to get the benefits of EPA, DHA, and DPA, you need to ensure that you’re consuming these specific omega-3s. The levels of long-chain omega-3s can vary significantly in different supplements, even fish oil supplements. You can’t assume that your supplement contains enough of all three of these compounds to provide you with all of the benefits that you’re looking for.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Functions \u0026amp; Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEvery cell in the body is surrounded by a cell membrane, which is made up of fatty acids. When you consume omega-3s, these end up becoming incorporated into the cell membranes of cells throughout the body. Omega-3s help to maintain the fluidity of cell membranes. In addition, omega-3s serve as signaling molecules, and the body also uses them to make certain hormones. In these ways, omega-3s help to support healthy communication between cells.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThrough all of these mechanisms, omega-3s exert their beneficial effects in the body. Research has shown that omega-3s may:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce the risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767101\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767101\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767101\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eblood clots\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHelp to reduce symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4872453\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4872453\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4872453\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edepression\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImprove cognitive function in people with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22305186\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22305186\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22305186\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eage-related cognitive decline\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce the risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34749130\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34749130\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34749130\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eage-related macular degeneration\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(a common cause of blindness in older people)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupport a baby’s \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33742211\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33742211\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33742211\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebrain development\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(when the mother consumes omega-3s)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce some of the risk factors for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7827286\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7827286\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7827286\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eheart disease\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54535-x\" title=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54535-x\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54535-x\" target=\"_blank\"\u003echronic inflammation\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein the body, which is linked to a number of serious diseases\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImprove symptoms in people with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34303654\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34303654\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34303654\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eosteoarthritis\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Composition \u0026amp; Food Sources\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can choose to get omega-3s from supplements or from foods. Keep in mind that there are several different types of omega-3s, and different foods will contain a different mix of specific compounds.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn general, most plant sources of omega-3s contain mainly ALA. Good sources of ALA include flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts, tofu and other soy products.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome ALA is converted to other omega-3s, like DHA and EPA, in the body. However, research has revealed that this conversion is not very efficient, and very little DHA and EPA are produced in this way. If you want to get enough of these long-chain omega-3s, then the best option is to ingest them, rather than relying on your body’s conversion of ALA to produce them.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLong-chain omega-3s are primarily found in fish and other seafood. The American Heart Association \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000057393.97337.AE\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000057393.97337.AE\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/01.ATV.0000057393.97337.AE\" target=\"_blank\"\u003erecommends\u003c\/a\u003e[1] that all adults eat fish at least twice a week, to ensure that they’re getting enough long-chain omega-3s. Oily fish, like salmon, tuna, trout, herring, and sardines, are the best sources of these.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Science-Based Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/9EhWWlJh.jpg?v=1705495408\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eIs Omega-3 Good to Take Daily?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you choose to take omega-3s, it’s generally recommended that you take them daily. As with any supplement, it’s up to you to decide whether you believe the potential benefits are worth the risks. It’s best to consult with your doctor as you make this decision, particularly if you have any chronic medical conditions or are taking any medications.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTraditionally, the advice has been to be careful about combining omega-3s with any type of blood thinners – even over-the-counter medications that cause blood thinning, like ibuprofen. The worry was that omega-3s reduce the risk of blood clots, so combining them with other medications that also do this might increase the risk of excessive bleeding.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile this is a reasonable concern, there’s now an abundance of scientific evidence demonstrating that omega-3s \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004584\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004584\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.004584\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edo not actually increase\u003c\/a\u003e[2] bleeding risk. Although it’s always best to talk with your doctor before starting any new supplement, there’s also no evidence that taking omega-3s will increase your risk of bleeding.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDoes vegan omega-3 have as many benefits as fish oil?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you’re looking to get the full benefits of an omega-3 supplement, then you’ll want to make sure that you’re choosing one with balanced levels of EPA, DHA, and DPA. Because each of these compounds has been shown to have its own benefits, you need all of them to ensure that you’re not missing out on any of the benefits of omega-3s. In most cases, the levels of all of these long-chain omega-3s are very low in plant-based supplements. Fish oil usually contains EPA and DHA, although the levels are variable, and the levels of DPA in fish oil are generally low.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are also plant-based sources of all three of these fatty acids. The advantage of using plant sources is that it avoids the potential mercury toxicity of fatty fish, and is also suitable for people following a plant-based diet.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-03-29T13:07:22-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-05T04:50:15-08:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWe’ve chosen these plant-based sources for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" title=\"Algae Omega 3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eTahiro’s Vegan Algae Based Omega-3 supplement\u003c\/a\u003e. Rather than leave the specific mix of fatty acids to chance (as many supplements do), we’ve carefully balanced the supplement to contain the right amounts of EPA, DHA, and DPA.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhether you’re vegan or not, Tahiro’s Vegan Omega-3 offers a way to get the benefits of all three of these long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-is-omega-3","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560339878056","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:05:20-07:00","alt":"What is Omega-3? ","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_is_Omega-3_Composition_Body_Functions_Overall_Benefits.jpg?v=1709547091"}},{"id":560273326248,"title":"The Neuroprotective Activity of Medicinal Plants","created_at":"2023-03-15T06:35:01-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is Omega-3? Understanding Medicinal Plants \u0026amp; Their Neuroprotective Mechanisms\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMedicinal plants have been extensively researched for their potential neuroprotective properties. Various compounds found in these plants such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids have been shown to have protective effects on the brain. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese compounds can act as antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and can also modulate various signalling pathways involved in neurodegeneration.\u003c\/strong\u003e Current research is focused on identifying new medicinal plants and exploring their mechanisms of action for potential use in developing new treatments for neurological disorders [1].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCurrent Researches of Medicinal Plants for Neuroprotection\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCurrent research in the field of medicinal plants for neuroprotection has identified several promising candidates, including pomegranate, hemp oil\/CBD, and cinnamon [2]. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStudies have shown that \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epomegranate extract can improve cognitive function and reduce neuroinflammation \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ein animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp oil\/CBD has also demonstrated neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in models of traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Cinnamon, a commonly used spice, has been shown to improve memory and reduce amyloid-beta accumulation in AD models. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese findings suggest that these medicinal plants may have potential as natural interventions for the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich Plants Have Neuroprotective Effects on the Brain?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate: \u003c\/strong\u003econtains punicalagin, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ea compound that has been found to improve memory impairment in animal studies \u003c\/strong\u003eby reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp oil\/CBD: \u003c\/strong\u003ederived from the cannabis plant, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehas been found to have neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress \u003c\/strong\u003ein the brain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon: \u003c\/strong\u003ehas been found to enhance memory and protect against cognitive decline in animal studies by reducing amyloid plaque buildup in the brain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGinkgo Biloba: \u003c\/strong\u003econtains flavonoids and terpenoids that have been found to improve memory and cognitive function in older adults and may have neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer's disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBacopa monnieri: \u003c\/strong\u003ean herb commonly used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehas been found to improve cognitive function \u003c\/strong\u003eand may have neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTurmeric: \u003c\/strong\u003econtains curcumin, a compound that has been found to have \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eanti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, \u003c\/strong\u003eand may have neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer's disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSage: \u003c\/strong\u003econtains compounds that have been found to improve cognitive function and may have neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation in the brain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAshwagandha: \u003c\/strong\u003ean herb commonly used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, has been found to \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eimprove cognitive function and may have neuroprotective effects \u003c\/strong\u003eby reducing stress and inflammation in the brain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGotu kola: \u003c\/strong\u003ean herb commonly used in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, has been found to improve cognitive function and may have \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eneuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLion's mane mushroom: \u003c\/strong\u003econtains compounds that may stimulate nerve growth and may have neuroprotective effects \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eagainst neurodegenerative diseases.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese plants have been studied for their potential to protect the brain against damage and degeneration by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and promoting cognitive function [3].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eExplore These Medicinal Plants treatments for Parkinson’s\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMucuna pruriens: \u003c\/strong\u003eThis plant contains \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003elevodopa, a precursor of dopamine, which is often used in conventional Parkinson's treatments\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[4].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGinkgo biloba: \u003c\/strong\u003eKnown for its cognitive benefits, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGinkgo biloba has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects against Parkinson's disease\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e[5].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate: \u003c\/strong\u003ePunicalagin, a compound found in pomegranate, has been shown to protect dopamine-producing cells in the brain, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epotentially slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[6].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCinnamon: \u003c\/strong\u003eStudies have found that cinnamon can protect neurons from damage and degeneration, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epotentially reducing the risk of Parkinson's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[7].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp oil\/CBD: \u003c\/strong\u003eThis plant-derived compound has been found to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epotentially providing neuroprotection against Parkinson's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[8].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eExplore These Medicinal plants treatments for Dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBacopa monnieri: \u003c\/strong\u003eThis plant has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to enhance cognitive function and has been found to improve \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ememory and cognitive function\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003ein both animal and human studies [9].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGinkgo biloba: \u003c\/strong\u003eAs mentioned before, this plant has been shown to have \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecognitive benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand may improve \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\"\u003esymptoms of dementia\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e[10].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHuperzia serrata: \u003c\/strong\u003eThis plant contains huperzine A, a compound that\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003einhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter for memory and learning.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eStudies have shown that huperzine A may improve cognitive function in individuals with dementia [11].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate: \u003c\/strong\u003eStudies have found that pomegranate can improve cognitive function and may even \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehelp to prevent or slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e[12].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHemp oil\/CBD: \u003c\/strong\u003eIn addition to its neuroprotective effects against Parkinson's disease, hemp oil\/CBD has also shown promise in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eimproving symptoms of dementia,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eincluding reducing agitation and improving sleep [13].\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-03-15T08:23:21-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-20T23:14:43-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLooking for supplements to protect your brain and body from diseases, cognitive decline, dementia, Parkinson's, and more? Look no further than Tahiro's Neuroprotective supplements.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOur \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003eBrain protect™\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003ebrain health supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e are specifically designed to provide neuroprotective benefits and may help to prevent neural degeneration. Incorporating Tahiro's supplements such as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003ebrain focus formula\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003estress relief tablets\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e into your daily routine can lead to improved cognitive function, enhanced memory, and better overall health and well-being. Don't wait until it's too late to protect your brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTake control of your brain health and enjoy a better quality of life with Tahiro.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003evisit our shop and learn more about our supplements.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"the-neuroprotective-activity-of-medicinal-plants","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560273326248","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:53:26-07:00","alt":"Medicinal Plants for Neuroprotection","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/The_Neuroprotective_Activity_of_Medicinal_Plants.jpg?v=1709715123"}},{"id":560269623464,"title":"How To Avoid Dementia if it Runs in Your Family?","created_at":"2023-03-14T05:14:38-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eIs dementia hereditary in siblings?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIs dementia hereditary in siblings? The short answer is that it can be.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Scientific research has suggested that having a sibling with dementia increases a person's risk of developing the condition themselves.\u003c\/strong\u003e In fact, a study published in JAMA Neurology found that people who have a sibling with dementia have a \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e60% higher risk of developing the condition themselves,\u003c\/strong\u003e compared to those who do not have a family history of the disease.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, epigenetics research has also shown that lifestyle factors such as \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003ediet, exercise, and cognitive stimulation\u003c\/a\u003e may impact a person's risk of developing dementia, even if they have a family history of the condition. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that are not caused by \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003echanges in the DNA sequence itself, but rather by environmental factors such as diet, \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003estress\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, and exposure to toxins.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn simpler terms, epigenetics is the study of how environmental factors can impact the way our genes are expressed.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Recent studies have suggested that epigenetic changes may play a role in the development of dementia,\u003c\/strong\u003e and that lifestyle factors may help to counteract these changes. For example, a study published in the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/content.iospress.com\/articles\/journal-of-alzheimers-disease\/jad150817\" title=\"http:\/\/content.iospress.com\/articles\/journal-of-alzheimers-disease\/jad150817\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/content.iospress.com\/articles\/journal-of-alzheimers-disease\/jad150817\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eJournal of Alzheimer's Disease\u003c\/a\u003e found that physical exercise may lead to epigenetic changes that protect against the development of Alzheimer's disease.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow likely are you to get dementia if it runs in your family?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe likelihood of developing dementia if it runs in your family can depend on a number of factors, including the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003etypes of dementia\u003c\/a\u003e that is present in your family, the age at which your family members developed the condition, and the number of family members who have been diagnosed with dementia. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, research suggests that having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with dementia can increase your own risk of developing the condition.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor example, a study published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society found that people with a first-degree relative with Alzheimer's disease \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehad a significantly higher risk of developing the condition themselves, compared to those without a family history.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditionally, research has shown that the risk of developing dementia may be higher for individuals who have a family history of early-onset dementia, which typically \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/at-what-age-does-dementia-start\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/at-what-age-does-dementia-start\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/at-what-age-does-dementia-start\"\u003edevelops before the age of 65\u003c\/a\u003e. In fact, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ea study published in JAMA Neurology found that individuals with a first-degree relative who developed early-onset dementia had a significantly higher risk of developing the condition themselves,\u003c\/strong\u003e compared to those with a family history of late-onset dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e7 Ways to avoid dementia if it runs in your family\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you have a family history of dementia, there are steps you can take to help reduce your risk of developing the condition. Here are a few tips:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStay mentally active: \u003c\/strong\u003eEngage in activities that challenge your brain, such as reading, puzzles, or learning a new skill.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExercise regularly: \u003c\/strong\u003ePhysical activity has been shown to help improve brain health and reduce the risk of dementia. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on most days of the week. Physical activity has been shown to help improve brain health and reduce the risk of dementia. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise on most days of the week.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEat a healthy diet: \u003c\/strong\u003eA diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help to support brain health. Avoid excessive amounts of saturated and trans fats, as well as sugary and processed foods.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eControl your blood pressure and cholesterol: \u003c\/strong\u003eHigh blood pressure and high cholesterol can increase the risk of developing dementia. Work with your doctor to manage these conditions and keep them under control.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGet enough sleep: \u003c\/strong\u003eSleep plays an important role in brain health. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep each night.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eManage stress: \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic stress can have a negative impact on brain health. Find ways to manage stress that work for you, such as meditation, deep breathing, or talking to a therapist.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUse high quality supplements to support brain health from an early age: \u003c\/strong\u003eTo avoid or delay brain related issues, It's important to support your brain health from an early age with the right nutrients, as brain activity deterioration can start decades before any actual symptoms of dementia begin to show.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy incorporating these tips into your lifestyle, you may be able to help reduce your risk of developing dementia, even if it runs in your family.\u003c\/strong\u003e Additionally, using brain protection and brain focus supplements like Tahiro may also be beneficial in supporting your brain health.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Roma Knafel","user_id":82649448616,"published_at":"2023-03-14T05:32:18-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T04:34:03-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, while there is no guarantee that you will develop dementia just because it runs in your family, there are steps you can take to help reduce your risk of developing this condition. By staying mentally active, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, controlling your blood pressure and cholesterol, getting enough sleep, and managing stress, you may be able to support your brain health and potentially reduce your risk of developing dementia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, using high-quality \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003ebrain protection formula\u003c\/a\u003e and brain health supplements, such as those offered by \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e, may be beneficial in supporting your brain health and reducing your risk of developing brain issues and diseases like dementia. To learn more about \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro's products\u003c\/a\u003e and how they can support your brain health.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"how-do-you-avoid-dementia-if-it-runs-in-your-family","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560269623464","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-21T23:21:39-07:00","alt":"avoid dementia if it runs in your family","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W44P1.jpg?v=1711088500"}},{"id":560253993128,"title":"What Does The Beginning Of Dementia Feel Like?","created_at":"2023-03-08T08:18:33-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eSo What Does Early Onset Dementia Feel Like?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEarly onset dementia can be a slow and gradual process, making it difficult to recognize in the beginning stages. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is often mistaken for normal aging or memory loss,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-does-brain-fog-differ-from-dementia\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-does-brain-fog-differ-from-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-does-brain-fog-differ-from-dementia\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e making it challenging to diagnose\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. The onset of dementia can be subtle, but there are some early signs that can help detect it.\u003c\/strong\u003e For instance, forgetfulness, confusion, and difficulty concentrating are some of the most common early symptoms of dementia. Patients may struggle with daily activities that were once simple, such as cooking, driving, or remembering names.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch suggests that early onset dementia can also cause changes in mood and behavior, including depression, irritability, and apathy. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn some cases, patients may exhibit unusual behavior, such as hoarding or obsessively collecting items.\u003c\/strong\u003e As the disease progresses, patients may also experience physical symptoms such as tremors, difficulty swallowing, and incontinence.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne of the challenges of detecting early onset dementia is that patients are often unaware of their symptoms or may be in denial. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditionally, it can be challenging for family members and caregivers to distinguish between normal ageing and early signs of dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e However, it is essential to recognize these early symptoms and seek medical attention promptly.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is typically the most obvious early symptom of dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMemory loss is often the most obvious and well-known symptom of dementia. The inability to remember recent events, names, or faces can be a cause for concern, particularly if it begins to interfere with daily activities. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, memory loss alone does not necessarily mean someone has dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e It is also essential to consider other factors such as age, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\"\u003estress\u003c\/a\u003e, and lack of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-sleep\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-sleep\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-sleep\"\u003esleep\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne common early symptom of dementia is difficulty with language and communication. Patients may have trouble finding the right words or following conversations. They may also have difficulty expressing themselves, leading to frustration and withdrawal from social situations.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother early symptom of dementia is difficulty with spatial and visual abilities. Patients may have trouble with balance, depth perception, and coordination. They may also have trouble recognizing familiar objects and faces\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the Early stages of Dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe early stages of dementia can be challenging to recognize, as the symptoms are often subtle and can be mistaken for normal aging. However, there are some common stages that patients with dementia often experience. These stages can vary depending on the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003etype of dementia\u003c\/a\u003e, but some of the most common stages include:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMild cognitive impairment (MCI): \u003c\/strong\u003eIn this stage, patients may experience mild memory loss, difficulty with language and communication, and problems with decision-making and judgement.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEarly-stage dementia: \u003c\/strong\u003eIn this stage, patients may begin to experience more significant memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with daily activities. They may also exhibit changes in mood and behavior.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMiddle-stage dementia: \u003c\/strong\u003eIn this stage, patients may require more assistance with daily activities, such as bathing and dressing. They may also experience hallucinations, delusions, and behavioral changes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLate-stage dementia: \u003c\/strong\u003eIn this stage, patients may lose the ability to communicate and may become entirely dependent on caregivers for their basic needs. They may also experience physical symptoms such as difficulty swallowing and incontinence.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is essential to note that the progression of dementia can vary from person to person, and not all patients will experience these stages in the same way.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Does it Feel Being In Early Dementia Stages?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the early stages of dementia, people may experience subtle changes in cognitive abilities and behavior. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese changes may not be immediately noticeable, but they may gradually become more apparent over time\u003c\/strong\u003e. Common early symptoms of dementia include:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMemory loss\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLanguage problems\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDisorientation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePoor judgement\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eChanges in mood or behavior\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDifficulty with problem-solving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLoss of initiative\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eApathy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePersonality changes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs dementia progresses, these symptoms may become more severe, and additional symptoms may appear.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It is important to note that everyone experiences dementia differently, and symptoms may vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease.\u003c\/strong\u003e It is also common for people with dementia to experience periods of lucidity or relative stability interspersed with periods of confusion or decline.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan dementia feelings be characterized by confusion or disorientation?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConfusion and disorientation are common early symptoms of dementia. People with dementia may struggle to remember familiar places, names, or faces, and may become lost or disoriented in unfamiliar surroundings. They may also experience difficulty following conversations or making sense of information, and may become confused about the time of day or day of the week.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e In addition to memory problems, dementia can also cause changes in perception, such as difficulty judging distance or depth perception, which can lead to falls or accidents.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearches\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch has shown that confusion and disorientation are among the earliest signs of dementia, often appearing before memory loss or other cognitive symptoms. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn one study, researchers found that people with early-stage dementia were significantly more likely to experience disorientation than those without dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e Other studies have also found that confusion and disorientation are \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003estrong predictors of cognitive decline \u003c\/a\u003eand progression to dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow can I test myself for early dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several tests that can be used to assess cognitive function and detect early signs of dementia. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne commonly used test is the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),\u003c\/strong\u003e which assesses a person's orientation to time and place, attention and calculation skills, language abilities, and memory recall. The MMSE is a simple and quick test that can be administered in a doctor's office or clinic, and can help identify early cognitive impairment that may indicate dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOther tests that may be used to detect early signs of dementia include the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA),\u003c\/strong\u003e which assesses a person's memory, language, visuospatial abilities, attention, and executive functions, and the Clock Drawing Test, which assesses a person's visuospatial and executive function abilities. These tests can also help identify early cognitive impairment that may indicate dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important to note that while these tests can be useful in detecting early signs of dementia, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethey are not definitive and should not be used as a substitute for a thorough medical evaluation.\u003c\/strong\u003e If you or a loved one are experiencing memory problems or other cognitive symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Roma Knafel","user_id":82649448616,"published_at":"2023-03-08T08:18:33-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T04:43:29-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you're interested in exploring brain-boosting supplements, Tahiro offers a range of products designed to support cognitive function and protect against age-related decline \u0026amp; dementia. From \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003ememory and focus enhancers\u003c\/a\u003e to \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003estress-relieving adaptogens\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-forte\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-forte\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-forte\"\u003emulti-level herbs that support and modulate your sleep mechanism\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro's supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e are formulated with high-quality ingredients and backed by scientific research. Visit Tahiro's website today to learn more about their products and how they can support your brain health. Remember, taking proactive steps to protect your brain health now can have a significant impact on your cognitive function and overall well-being in the years to come.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-does-the-beginning-of-dementia-feel-like","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Omega 5, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560253993128","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-21T23:17:53-07:00","alt":"What Does The Beginning Of Dementia Feel Like?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W43P1.jpg?v=1711088273"}},{"id":560243802280,"title":"Omega-5 VS Omega-3","created_at":"2023-03-05T09:02:23-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhy Omega-3 Is So Widely Recognized?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe role of essential fatty acids in maintaining optimal health has been a subject of scientific research for many years. The human body cannot synthesize these nutrients and must be consumed through foods or supplements. There are several different types of essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-5 fatty acids. Each of these is a type of fatty acid that includes many different specific compounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth omega-3s and omega-5s have garnered significant research attention due to their numerous health benefits. While they’re somewhat similar, they have different specific effects on the body. Many studies have demonstrated the unique benefits of omega-3 and omega-5. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3s are widely recognized for their potential in reducing the risk of heart disease, improving brain function, and reducing inflammation in the body. Many people get their omega-3s from fatty fish. However, the omega-3s in fish ultimately come from the algae they eat, and humans can also get their omega-3s directly from algae. Many vegans and vegetarians, as well as people who prefer to avoid fish oil because of contamination or environmental concerns, choose \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3?variant=43243569676456\u0026amp;selling_plan=940540072\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3?variant=43243569676456\u0026amp;selling_plan=940540072\"\u003ealgae-based supplements\u003c\/a\u003e. Other plant sources, like chia seeds, flaxseed, and walnuts, also contain omega-3s, although they generally lack the highly beneficial long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5s are somewhat less well-known by the general public, although researchers in the field have been excited by their potential for years. Omega-5s are less common and are found in pomegranate seed oil and other more unusual plants. Omega-5s are best known for their brain protective qualities, but also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this article, we will delve deeper into the world of essential fatty acids and explore the similarities and differences between omega-3s and omega-5s and their effects on human health. From the food sources to the benefits, we will compare the two essential nutrients to help you understand the unique role they play in maintaining your overall health. Additionally, we will discuss the availability and cost of supplements for omega-3s and omega-5s so you can make informed decisions about your diet and health.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhy Is Omega-5 Is Not So Widely Recognized?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3s and omega-5s are two types of dietary fatty acids that have been shown to have a number of health benefits.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3s are more well-known and have been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, reduce chronic inflammation, and improve cognitive function.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFish oil is a common source of omega-3s. Fish get their omega-3s from algae, and humans can also get their omega-3s this way. There are also other plant sources.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5s have been shown to improve cognitive function and help protect the brain from degeneration.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5s are primarily found in pomegranate seed oil.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 and Omega-5: A Closer Look at Their Building Blocks\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 and Omega-5 are both polyunsaturated fatty acids that play crucial roles in maintaining optimal health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3s are well-known for their many health benefits, including supporting cardiovascular health, reducing chronic inflammation, and improving brain function. Several different omega-3 fatty acids have health benefits, including the three main long-chain omega-3s: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/benefits-of-epa-and-dha\"\u003eeicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ,docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)\u003c\/a\u003e and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAll three of these are found in omega-3 supplements based on algae, which are entirely plant-based. Fish oil also contains them. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a short-chain omega-3 and is generally the only type found in vegan omega-3 supplements that are based on plants like flaxseeds or chia seeds.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5s have interested researchers, particularly for their brain-protective benefits, and have been found to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003ereduce the risk of cognitive decline\u003c\/a\u003e and dementia. They have also been shown to reduce chronic inflammation, help maintain insulin sensitivity, and promote a healthy body weight. The most common source is pomegranate seed oil, although there are other less common plant sources as well. While omega-3s can be obtained through diet, this is very difficult to do with omega-5s because few common foods contain them. Supplements are a more common way to get omega-5s.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch has shown that consuming\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003e omega-3 fatty acids \u003c\/a\u003emay offer a variety of benefits, including improved heart health, reduced inflammation, and better brain function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome studies have shown that consuming omega-3 fatty acids reduces the risk of certain types of cancer. One study found that higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids in the blood were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in women. Other research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may help to reduce the risk of colon, prostate, and lung cancers.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFurthermore, omega-3 fatty acids may aid in weight loss and management. Studies have shown that consuming omega-3 fatty acids can increase feelings of fullness and reduce appetite, potentially leading to weight loss over time.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids are also critical for brain health and play a significant role in brain development and cognitive function. Studies have suggested that omega-3 fatty acids may help to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Essential fatty acids help to keep cell membranes flexible and fluid and promote healthy transmission of signals between brain cells. Research has also shown that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-omega-3-increase-serotonin\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/does-omega-3-increase-serotonin\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids may help to improve mood\u003c\/a\u003e and reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. Other benefits of consuming omega-3 fatty acids include reducing the risk of heart disease, lowering blood pressure, reducing inflammation in the body, and supporting healthy joint function.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-5 Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch suggests that consuming omega-5s, particularly \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\"\u003epunicic acid\u003c\/a\u003e (found in pomegranate seed oil), may provide a wide range of health benefits, including promoting good brain function, preventing brain degeneration, promoting good skin health, and helping to regulate blood sugar. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 fatty acids have been found to impact brain health positively. Because it’s a potent antioxidant, punicic acid can help to protect brain cells from damage, which may reduce the risk of age-related cognitive decline. Punicic acid also helps to promote good cognitive function. In fact, researchers believe that omega-5s may have potential as a therapy for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease\u003c\/a\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 fatty acids have also been linked to reducing chronic inflammation in the body, which is linked to a wide range of health issues, including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Reducing inflammation also helps to promote healthy, smooth skin. In addition, omega-5s have been shown to improve skin elasticity, which may reduce wrinkles and sagging. Omega-5 fatty acids have even been found to aid in regulating blood sugar levels and help promote healthy body weight.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich foods contain omega 3 and omega 5?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen it comes to obtaining omega-3 and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\"\u003eomega-5 fatty acids through food\u003c\/a\u003e, the two types are very different. Omega-3s are primarily found in fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel, as well as in the algae from which these fish ultimately get their omega-3s. There are also other plant-based sources, such as flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts, although these generally contain only short-chain omega-3s and lack the highly beneficial long-chain omega-3s.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5s are not found in many common foods. Pomegranate seed oil has high levels of omega-5s, but most other sources of these important fatty acids are not found in supermarkets. It’s difficult to get enough omega-5s through diet, which is why many people choose to take supplements to ensure that they’re getting enough.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Omega-3-and-Omega-5--Which-Should-You-Choose-\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 and Omega-5: Which Should You Choose?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSome people wonder which essential fatty acid is more important. However, the answer is not necessarily one or the other. Both types of fatty acids play important roles in maintaining optimal health, and a balanced intake of both is generally recommended. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish and algae, have been widely studied for their potential to improve heart health, reduce inflammation, and support brain function. On the other hand, omega-5 fatty acids found in pomegranate seed oil have shown promising potential for protecting against diseases like cancer, reducing body fat, and improving insulin sensitivity. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile more research is needed to understand\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003e the benefits of omega-5\u003c\/a\u003e fully, it is clear that both omega-3 and omega-5 can be beneficial. It’s believed that they work together to promote good health, so it’s important to have both rather than to focus on just one of them.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-5 and Brain Health: A Promising Area of Research\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile omega-3 is often touted as the ultimate “brain-boosting” nutrient, recent research has uncovered some exciting potential benefits of omega-5 for brain health as well. A type of omega-5 known as punicic acid has been found to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can help protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. One study even found that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\"\u003epomegranate seed oil, which is high in omega-5, improved working memory in older adults\u003c\/a\u003e. Additionally, omega-5 may help improve insulin sensitivity throughout the body, which is important for brain function and overall health. While more research is needed to better understand the impact of omega-5 on brain health, it is clear that this fatty acid has a lot of potential for supporting cognitive function and preventing degeneration of the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eOmega-3 and Omega-5: How They Work Together for Optimal Health\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou may have noticed that omega-3s and omega-5s seem to have a lot of benefits in common. In fact, these two types of essential fatty acids work together to promote optimal health and may complement each other's benefits. Although they’re similar to each other, one can’t be replaced by the other. Ultimately, ensuring that you have a balanced intake of both omega-3s and omega-5s is likely the best approach to protect your brain as well as your overall health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-03-05T09:52:50-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:03:41-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, omega-3s and omega-5s are fatty acids that play important roles in maintaining optimal health. While omega-3 has long been recognized for its potential to improve heart health, reduce inflammation, and improve brain function, omega-5 is emerging as a promising nutrient, especially for its ability to support brain function and protect the brain from degeneration. By incorporating both omega-3s and omega-5s into your diet and\/or your supplement routine, you can maximize the benefits of these powerful nutrients and help to protect your brain and your overall health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you're looking for high-quality vegan supplements to support brain health and function, look no further than Tahiro. Our supplements are specially formulated to provide essential nutrients for optimal brain health, including omega-3 and omega-5 fatty acids, along with other key ingredients that support brain health. Our Vegan Omega-3 supplement contains balanced amounts of all the highly beneficial long-chain omega-3s, while Brain Protect uses a \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003epatent-pending pomegranate nanoparticle formulation of omega-5s \u003c\/a\u003eto maximize the brain health benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e, you can feel confident that you're giving your brain the support it needs to stay healthy and function at its best.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-5-vs-omega-3-the-differences-and-similarities","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 3, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560243802280","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:51:17-07:00","alt":"Omega-5 VS Omega-3","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Omega-5_VS_Omega-3.jpg?v=1706428703"}},{"id":560243671208,"title":"Omega 5 (Punicic Acid) Vs Omega 7 (Palmitoleic Acid)","created_at":"2023-03-05T07:45:02-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eOmega-5 and omega-7 similarities\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHere's a closer look at their similarities and what research has shown so far:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFood Sources\u003c\/strong\u003e: Both omega-5 and omega-7 are relatively rare in the Western diet, but can be found in specific plant and animal sources. Omega-5 is found in pomegranate seed oil, while omega-7 is found in certain fish oils (such as anchovy and sardine) and sea buckthorn berries.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePotential Health Benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e: Both omega-5 and omega-7 have shown potential health benefits in preliminary studies, including anti-inflammatory properties, improved insulin sensitivity, support for healthy cholesterol levels, and neuroprotective properties.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBoth can be found in high quality supplements \u003c\/strong\u003e- While there is still much to learn about these two fatty acids, their potential health benefits have led to the development of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003esupplements containing omega-5\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand omega-7. These supplements aim to provide a convenient and effective way to incorporate these fatty acids into your diet, especially if you do not regularly consume foods that are high in these nutrients.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBoth omega-5 and omega-7 have been shown to have antioxidant properties, which means they can help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePreliminary studies suggest that both fatty acids may have anti-inflammatory effects, which could help protect against chronic inflammation and related health issues.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 and omega-7 have also been linked to potential benefits for skin health. For instance -\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eomega-7 may help improve skin elasticity and hydration levels.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eomega-5 may help protect against UV-induced skin damage.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOverall, it's clear that omega-5 and omega-7 have some intriguing potential health benefits, and their \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eunique chemical structures make them stand out from other fatty acids.\u003c\/strong\u003e As more research is conducted, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewe may learn even more about how these fatty acids can support our overall health and wellbeing.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow are omega-5 and omega-7 different?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe main difference between omega-5 and omega-7 is their chemical structure.\u003c\/strong\u003e Omega-5 also known as\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e (punicic acid)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003efive double bonds\u003c\/strong\u003e, while omega-7, also known as \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e(Palmitoleic acid)\u003c\/strong\u003e is a monounsaturated fatty acid with \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eseven carbon atoms and one double bond.\u003c\/strong\u003e This difference in structure leads to different effects on the body,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile Omega-5 is found mainly in\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003epomegranate seed oil\u003c\/strong\u003e, Omega-7 is found in\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emacadamia nuts, sea buckthorn, and some animal sources.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne study found that \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003eomega-5 potential benefits\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003efor metabolic health, specifically by reducing insulin resistance and improving glucose control in overweight individuals.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-7 has been studied for its potential benefits for cardiovascular health. studies found that supplementing with omega-7-rich sea buckthorn oil for 30 days improved cholesterol levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eComparison on how each of those fatty acids affect the body:\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 may have neuroprotective properties in addition to its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Research suggests that omega-5 may have neuroprotective properties.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA study conducted on mice found that omega-5 showed \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epromising results in protecting against neurotoxicity induced by amyloid-beta peptide.\u003c\/strong\u003e The study suggested that omega-5 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-7, on the other hand, may support heart health and improve insulin sensitivity.\u003c\/strong\u003e A study of overweight women found that taking omega-7 supplements \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eimproved insulin sensitivity and reduced markers of inflammation\u003c\/strong\u003e, compared to a placebo group. Additionally, some studies have suggested that omega-7 may support healthy cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease(2).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the food sources of omega-5 and omega-7?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\"\u003eOmega-5 food sources \u003c\/a\u003ecan be found mostly in\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e pomegranate seeds and oil, sea buckthorn oil, grape seeds and oil and fatty fish like Salmon.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-7 is found in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emacadamia nuts, anchovies, sea buckthorn berry oil, avocado and grass fed butter.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-03-05T12:36:34-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T04:54:03-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, we don’t include enough omegas in our daily diet to keep enjoying all the health benefits of fatty acids and it can be difficult to consume enough through diet alone. That's where \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro's supplements\u003c\/a\u003e come in. Our stress relief Omega-5 \u0026amp; Omega-7 supplements are formulated with a comprehensive blend of essential fatty acids, including high quiality omega-5 and omega-7 sources, as well as other key nutrients, and supplements such as\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003e Vegan Omega-3 \u003c\/a\u003ethat support overall health and well-being. With \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e, you can ensure you're getting the omega intake you need to thrive -Click here to learn more about Tahiro’s unique, high quality formulas.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-5-punicic-acid-vs-omega-7-a-deep-insight-comparison","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560243671208","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-21T23:15:31-07:00","alt":"Omega 5 (Punicic Acid) Vs Omega 7 (Palmitoleic Acid)","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W42P1.jpg?v=1711088131"}},{"id":560189243560,"title":"What Foods Have Omega 5?","created_at":"2023-02-18T12:39:44-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are The Benefits Of Eating Foods Rich In Omega-5?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"what punicic acid omega 5 benefits to the brain health\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/what_puninic_acid_omega_5_do_to_the_brain.jpg?v=1689835768\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/what_puninic_acid_omega_5_do_to_the_brain.jpg?v=1689835768\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that play a vital role in maintaining our overall health and well-being, especially when it comes to brain health. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese important fatty acids are critical for the proper functioning of our brain,\u003c\/strong\u003e as they help maintain the integrity of cell membranes and regulate the communication between cells.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to its\u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003e brain-protective benefits\u003c\/a\u003e, omega-5 fatty acids are also critical for the proper functioning of our immune system and play a key role in adding \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ea layer of brain protection from the environmental causes of cancer. \u003c\/strong\u003eThis makes it all the more important to include a variety of foods high in omega-5 in our diets.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eThe Dangers Of Not Having Enough Omega-5\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs Omega 5 is a potent antioxidant, studies have shown that a \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003elack of omega-5 fatty acids can lead to oxidative stress and inflammation,\u003c\/strong\u003e which can contribute to the development of brain-related issues such as \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003evarious types of dementia\u003c\/a\u003e and other forms of cognitive decline. On the other hand, regular consumption of omega-5 fatty acids has been linked to improved cognitive function, better memory, and a reduced risk of brain-related issues.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003e5 Foods Are High In Omega 5 Fatty Acids\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Foods That Are Very High in Omega-5\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/What_Foods_Have_Omega_5_pic2_01.jpg?v=1689861029\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/What_Foods_Have_Omega_5_pic2_01.jpg?v=1689861029\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHere are five foods that are naturally high in omega-5 fatty acids, which are known for their ability to promote brain health, skin elasticity, eliminate free radicals, and delay the aging process:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFull-fat grass-fed dairy products\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCoconut oil\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSalmon\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSnake gourd\/ Moringa oil\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important to note that the amounts of omega-5 in these foods can vary depending on various factors such as growing conditions and processing methods. Additionally, i\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003endividual dietary needs and preferences will also play a role in determining the best sources of omega-5 for each person.\u003c\/strong\u003e Incorporating these foods into your diet can help you achieve optimal levels of omega-5 and reap the many benefits this important fatty acid has to offer.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Can I Ensure I'm Getting Enough Omega-5 In My Diet?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo ensure adequate intake of omega-5, it is important to incorporate a variety of foods that are high in this fatty acid, like the ones mentioned in the previous paragraph, into your diet.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e It is also important to eat a balanced diet that includes other essential fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6, as these fatty acids work together to support optimal health.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to a well balanced diet, supplementing with a high-quality omega-5 supplement may also help you achieve optimal levels of this important fatty acid. This is especially important for individuals who may have difficulty obtaining adequate amounts of omega-5 from their diet alone, such as \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003evegans and vegetarians or individuals who are looking to enhance cognitive function and reduce the risk for brain related issues.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important to choose a reputable brand that uses high-quality, sustainably sourced ingredients and to speak with your healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile consuming too much of any one type of fatty acid can be problematic\u003c\/strong\u003e, taking a balanced and comprehensive approach to supplementing with omega-5 can help support brain health and cognitive function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"Tahiro-s-Supplements--Just-What-You-Were-Looking-For\" class=\"title new_blog_article\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro’s Supplements- Just What You Were Looking For\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"pomegranate seed oil rich in omega-5 supplement\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/What_Foods_Have_Omega_5_pic3_01.jpg?v=1689860992\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/What_Foods_Have_Omega_5_pic3_01.jpg?v=1689860992\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5 fatty acids are important for our brain health and overall well-being. Incorporating foods high in omega-5 into your diet can help improve cognitive function, reduce the risk of brain-related issues, and improve memory. To ensure optimal levels of this fatty acid, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eit is important to include a variety of foods high in omega-5 in your diet and to also supplement with a only high-quality omega-5.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you are looking for a way to protect your brain and enhance cognitive function, consider incorporating Tahiro's brain protection and \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003ebrain focus\u003c\/a\u003e supplements into your daily routine. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese supplements contain high-quality omega-5 fatty acids, along with other essential nutrients to support brain health.\u003c\/strong\u003e Visit \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e today to learn more about these \u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003ebrain-boosting supplement\u003c\/a\u003es that made only from 100% natural ingrediants.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-02-19T04:46:33-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:14:12-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-foods-have-omega-5","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560189243560","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:59:27-07:00","alt":"pomegranate source of omega 5","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_Foods_Have_Omega_5.jpg?v=1708338935"}},{"id":560187539624,"title":"At What Age Does Dementia Start?","created_at":"2023-02-17T09:10:37-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhen Does Dementia Typically Start?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe onset of dementia is a complex issue that is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile the average age of onset is around 70-80 years old, there have been cases of people as young as their 40s and 50s developing the disease.\u003c\/strong\u003e This variability in the age of onset highlights the importance of understanding the risk factors that contribute to the development of dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eResearch has shown that certain genetic factors can increase a person's risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia\"\u003edeveloping dementia\u003c\/a\u003e. For example,\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e the presence of the APOE-e4 gene has been linked to a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/strong\u003e, the most common form of dementia. Other genetic factors, such as a family history of dementia, can also increase a person's risk.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne interesting fact about dementia is that it is not a single disease, but rather a term that encompasses a group of symptoms associated with the decline of brain function. As we previously mentioned, one of the most common forms of dementia include Alzheimer's disease as well as vascular dementia, and Lewy body dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEarly Diagnosis for Dementia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOn the positive side, early diagnosis of dementia is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it allows for early treatment and intervention, which can slow down the progression of the disease- Like\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity, a balanced diet, not smoking and keeping an active mind.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSecondly, it provides individuals with the opportunity to plan for their future and make important decisions about their care.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFinally, early diagnosis also enables individuals to access support and resources that can help them to cope with the challenges of living with dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are The Risk Factors For Developing Early Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several factors that can increase the likelihood of developing dementia, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAge: \u003c\/strong\u003eAs mentioned earlier, the risk of developing dementia increases with age. This is due to the\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecumulative damage to the brain that occurs over time\u003c\/strong\u003e, as well as a decline in the function of certain brain regions and systems.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGenetics: \u003c\/strong\u003eA family history of dementia can increase a person's risk of developing the disease. In some cases, specific genetic mutations have been linked to a higher likelihood of developing dementia. For example,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes have been linked to early-onset Alzheimer's disease.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLifestyle factors: \u003c\/strong\u003eUnhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity, can increase the risk of developing dementia. These factors can contribute to oxidative \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-stress\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-stress\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/neuroanatomy-of-stress\"\u003estress and inflammation\u003c\/a\u003e, which can damage the brain and increase the risk of developing dementia.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePoor diet, obesity, and \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehigh levels of stress response\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehave also been linked to an increased risk of dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMedical conditions: \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease, can increase the risk of developing dementia.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese conditions can damage blood vessels in the brain and increase inflammation, which can contribute to the onset of dementia.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eAdditionally, some medical conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, have been linked to an increased risk of developing\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ecertain types of dementia\u003c\/a\u003e, such as Lewy body dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c\/strong\u003e: Studies have shown that individuals with higher levels of education have a lower risk of developing dementia.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIt is thought that mental stimulation through education and engagement in mentally stimulating activities may help to build cognitive reserve, which can delay the onset of dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHead injury: \u003c\/strong\u003eTraumatic brain injury, especially repeated head injury, has been linked to an increased risk of developing dementia,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eespecially chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE),\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewhich is a degenerative brain condition that can occur as a result of repeated head trauma.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSocial and psychological factors: \u003c\/strong\u003eLoneliness, depression, and social isolation have been linked to an increased risk of developing dementia.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese factors can contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewhich can damage the brain and increase the risk of developing dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEnvironmental factors: \u003c\/strong\u003eExposure to toxins and pollutants,\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003esuch as air pollution and heavy metals,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ehas been linked to an increased risk of developing dementia. These factors can damage the brain and increase oxidative stress and inflammation, which can contribute to the onset of dementia\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Can Dementia Be Prevented or Delayed?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is no surefire way to prevent dementia, but there are steps which can be taken to help reduce the risk of developing the disease and delay its onset. These include:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMaintaining a healthy lifestyle: \u003c\/strong\u003eEating a balanced diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can help reduce the risk of developing dementia. Engaging in regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, can help improve\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecardiovascular health and reduce the risk of dementia.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eQuitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption can also help reduce the risk of developing the disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStaying mentally and socially active: \u003c\/strong\u003eEngaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as reading, solving puzzles, and socializing with friends and family, can help maintain cognitive function and delay the onset of dementia.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eKeeping a sense of purpose and staying socially connected\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ecan also be beneficial for maintaining brain health and reducing the risk of developing dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eManaging stress: \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic stress has been linked to an increased risk of developing dementia.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eManaging stress through techniques such as mindfulness, exercise, and therapy\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ecan help reduce the risk of developing the disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKeeping track of memory changes: \u003c\/strong\u003eKeeping track of changes in memory, such as forgetting important dates or events, can help detect the onset of dementia early.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis can allow for early treatment and intervention,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ewhich can slow the progression of the disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTaking supplements for brain protection: \u003c\/strong\u003eSupplements, such as \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-punicic-acid\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/a\u003e (also knows as Omega 5), the primary type of fat found in pomegranate seeds, has \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003elots of benefits\u003c\/a\u003e and can help protect brain health.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePunicic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that helps promote fluidity of cell membranes and \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-do-fatty-acids-enter-the-brain\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-do-fatty-acids-enter-the-brain\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-do-fatty-acids-enter-the-brain\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eprotect cells \u0026amp; brain from damage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. \u003c\/strong\u003eAdditionally, it has been found to exert anti-inflammatory effects\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethrough modulating gene expression,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003ewhich is believed to be an important way it protects brain cells from damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt's important to remember that everyone's journey is different, and taking steps to maintain brain health can benefit everyone, regardless of their age or family history.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Natural-Prevention-For-Dementia---Tahiro-Supplements\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNatural Prevention For Dementia - Tahiro Supplements\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you’re looking to maintain or improve your brain health, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro-us.myshopify.com\/\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro-us.myshopify.com\/\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e offers a range of natural brain protection and brain focus supplements to\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e support cognitive function and protect against the onset of brain issues and diseases such as dementia.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese supplements are formulated with high-quality ingredients, including Punicic acid, to support brain health and maintain cognitive function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsider giving Tahiro's brain protection and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003ebrain focus\u003c\/a\u003e supplements a try. Click here to check out \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro’s brain protection supplements\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-02-17T10:11:26-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-13T05:36:07-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo sum things up, the age at which dementia typically begins is after the age of 65, but it can affect people of all ages. There are several risk factors for developing dementia, including age, genetics, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile there is no cure for dementia, there are steps that can be taken to prevent or delay its onset, including maintaining a healthy lifestyle, staying mentally and socially active, and taking supplements for brain protection.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"at-what-age-does-dementia-start","tags":"Cognition","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560187539624","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:52:20-07:00","alt":"When Does Dementia Typically Start?","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/At_What_Age_Does_Dementia_Start.jpg?v=1710332704"}},{"id":560101687464,"title":"How Does Brain Fog Differ From Dementia?","created_at":"2023-01-19T09:57:15-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is Brain Fog?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe term “brain fog” is commonly used in popular culture but is not technically a medical term. It generally refers to symptoms like trouble concentrating, memory problems, decreased mental clarity, and issues with cognition (such as feeling that one’s thinking is slowed down). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain fog is generally a temporary condition. Various factors, such as stress, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, and certain medical conditions, can cause it. People who have medical conditions like chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, or chronic pain are more likely to experience brain fog. People who are going through menopause and those with other hormone issues, such as thyroid disease, may also experience brain fog. The symptoms of brain fog are likely to improve when the underlying cause is addressed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Does Brain Fog Differ from Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is a progressive condition that affects many aspects of cognitive function, including memory, concentration, and mental clarity. It is usually caused by a disease or injury, such as \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease\u003c\/a\u003e. Dementia is a serious condition that can greatly impact a person's quality of life. People with dementia eventually become unable to function independently in their daily lives. Although treatment may help somewhat with the symptoms of dementia, there is no treatment that can cure or reverse dementia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCompared with brain fog, dementia generally involves more severe symptoms and a progressive decline in cognitive function over time. People with dementia eventually lose the ability to function well in their daily lives, while those with brain fog may experience some declines in performance but can still manage their own lives.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/9FduAHdU.png?v=1690104847\" alt=\"Stress relief\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Causes Brain Fog and Memory Loss?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain fog and memory loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/stress-response-in-the-brain\"\u003estress\u003c\/a\u003e, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, certain medical conditions, and medications. Chronic stress, for example, increases cortisol levels, a hormone that can affect cognitive function. A diet low in essential nutrients can also contribute to brain fog and memory loss. Certain hormonal conditions, such as thyroid disorders and menopause, can also cause brain fog and memory loss. Additionally, certain medications, such as antidepressants and antihistamines, can also cause brain fog as a side effect.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Do You Protect Against Brain Fog?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/GPJeu6XU.png?v=1690104722\" alt=\"How Do You Protect Against Brain Fog?\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several ways to protect against brain fog, including eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and reducing stress. Eating a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps to provide the brain with the essential nutrients it needs to function properly. Adequate sleep is also important for cognitive function, as the brain uses sleep to consolidate memories and restore neural connections. Ensuring you get enough sleep will reduce your chances of experiencing brain fog. Reducing stress through techniques such as meditation, yoga, and exercise can also help protect against brain fog. Additionally, regularly engaging in activities that challenge the brain, such as doing puzzles or learning a new skill, can also help to keep the brain healthy and may protect against brain fog.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-19T10:03:32-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-11T07:27:20-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain fog can be a frustrating and disruptive condition, but understanding the causes and ways to protect against it can help you improve your cognitive function. In addition, supporting your brain’s long-term health may help to reduce your risk of developing dementia. If you're looking for a natural supplement to support optimal brain function and protect against brain fog, consider Tahiro's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain Focus supplement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. Tahiro’s Brain Focus is a unique blend of natural ingredients that are specially formulated to support the brain's overall health. This includes ingredients like Bacopa Monnieri, Ginkgo Biloba, and Phosphatidylserine, which have been shown to improve memory and cognitive function. The supplement is available on \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro's website\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, and it's a great choice for anyone looking to support their brain health and protect against brain fog.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"how-does-brain-fog-differ-from-dementia","tags":"Cognition, Focus","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560101687464","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:00:04-07:00","alt":"Brain fog vs. dementia in the brain imaging","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/How_Does_Brain_Fog_Differ_From_Dementia.jpg?v=1700736877"}},{"id":560101556392,"title":"What Happens to the Brain During Dementia?","created_at":"2023-01-19T09:13:01-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhich Symptom Is Most Prominent in Early Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe most prominent symptom found in early dementia is \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ememory loss\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though it’s often the one people notice first, it’s not the only one. Here are a few other symptoms to be aware of:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDifficulty concentrating\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMood changes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBeing confused about places and times\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStruggling to find appropriate words when speaking\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDifficulty following a conversation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFinding it difficult to carry out your familiar tasks (you get confused about using correct change at the store)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSince all of the above symptoms deal with memory, memory loss is considered the most prominent one to watch for. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, it can present itself in various ways.\u003c\/strong\u003e Therefore, it’s best to watch older loved ones to see if they’re having any of the issues listed above.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Is the Brain Affected by Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe brain usually shrinks a little during the aging process, but it doesn’t lose significant numbers of neurons. However, in dementia, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edamage becomes widespread.\u003c\/strong\u003e This happens because many of the neurons lose connection with others, stop functioning, and eventually die.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia will disrupt the process that neurons and the networks need, which includes repair, metabolism, and communication.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInitially, dementia destroys the neurons and connections in the part of the brain used for memory.\u003c\/strong\u003e This includes the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. As it progresses, the cerebral cortex is affected, which is responsible for social behavior, reasoning, and language.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEventually, other parts of the brain get damaged.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e With time, someone with dementia will gradually lose their ability to function and live independently. Likewise, this disease is fatal.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich Side of the Brain Is Affected First?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia often affects the front of the left temporal lobe in the brain first\u003c\/strong\u003e. You have temporal lobes on both sides, which are close to the ears. They help with language, hearing, and memory processing.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile both temporal lobes store general knowledge, dementia often affects the front left one first. Semantic memory (general knowledge) is very different from memory relating to your daily experiences. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe left temporal lobe helps you understand language and will store the meaning of words and facts.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInside each temporal lobe, there’s a hippocampus. This processes the memories and lets them be stored and sought when necessary. When this area is damaged, it’s\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e harder to learn new things.\u003c\/strong\u003e However, the hippocampus sends important information to the cerebral cortex for storage, as well.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYour temporal lobes help you understand what’s heard. Damage to them will make it harder for the hippocampus to form the memories needed to process and store that information.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia often starts around the hippocampus and spreads to other areas of the brain. That’s why one of the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003efirst symptoms is memory loss.\u003c\/strong\u003e Doctors and loved ones generally realize there’s a problem because of this.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4 style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWhich Parts of the Brain Are Usually Affected by Dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSomeone with dementia will experience symptoms based on the parts of their brain that get damaged and what is causing it. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia often stems from strokes or brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe cerebral cortex is a thin layer of cells that covers the surface of the brain and is responsible for \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003elanguage, decision-making, social skills, reasoning, and memory.\u003c\/strong\u003e It controls various actions, such as \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eprocessing pain, touch, smell, taste, hearing, and sight, as well as talking and moving.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt's divided into four regions, and dementia can affect them all. They include:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTemporal Lobes –\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYour temporal lobes are often the first to be affected and contain the hippocampus. The left one helps you understand language, but the right one focuses on visual information.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFrontal Lobes –\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eYour frontal lobes are at the front of your brain behind the forehead. It stores and processes information so that people can make rational judgments. You might have problems organizing, planning, or making decisions. Likewise, your personality or behavior might change. Sometimes you become lethargic and aren’t interested in doing things as well.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eParietal Lobes –\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eYour parietal lobes are found in the upper back part of your brain. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe right side is used to understand the body’s position in space, while the left one helps people process numbers, read, write, and tell left from right. \u003c\/strong\u003ePeople might find it hard to perform skilled movements or gestures.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eOccipital Lobes\u003c\/strong\u003e – The occipital lobes are found at the brain’s back and deal with visual information. It helps you \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003erecognize shapes and colors, \u003c\/strong\u003ewhich are passed to other areas of your brain. Typically, this damage occurs in the later stages of dementia.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"brain protect supplement for dementia\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W40P3.jpg?v=1711088751\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W40P3.jpg?v=1711088751\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Roma Knafel","user_id":82649448616,"published_at":"2023-01-19T09:18:44-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:05:40-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhile dementia poses significant challenges without a cure, proactive steps can be taken to mitigate risks and enhance brain health. Prioritize activities such as exercise, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging socially, stimulating the mind, and considering pomegranate supplements like \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eBrain Protect™ Nano Omega 5,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e which can reduce oxidative stress in brain cells—a significant contributor to brain degeneration.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTahiro’s products are designed to prevent the early onset of memory loss. Chronic stress, lack of focus, and poor sleep can all negatively affect brain cells. Tahiro offers functional supplement solutions for optimal cognition, better sleep, reduced stress, and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eimproved focus\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. Start taking preventive action today to safeguard your brain and overall well-being\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-happens-to-the-brain-during-dementia","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560101556392","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-21T23:24:29-07:00","alt":"What Happens to the Brain During Dementia?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/01W40P1.jpg?v=1711088670"}},{"id":560098836648,"title":"What Chemical Is Lacking In Parkinson's?","created_at":"2023-01-18T12:11:06-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat chemical is lacking in Parkinson's?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDopamine, a neurotransmitter produced in the brain and \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003esignificantly reduced in individuals with Parkinson's disease,\u003c\/strong\u003e plays a crucial role in several important functions in the body, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eControl of body movement: \u003c\/strong\u003eAs mentioned, dopamine is significantly reduced in individuals with Parkinson's disease, leading to the characteristic motor symptoms of tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with balance and coordination.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMood regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003eDopamine is involved in the regulation of mood and is associated with feelings of pleasure and reward. Low levels of dopamine have been linked to depression and other mood disorders.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLearning and memory: \u003c\/strong\u003eDopamine plays a role in the formation and consolidation of memories, as well as in reward-based learning.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive function:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eDopamine is involved in attention, motivation, and decision-making.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHormonal regulation: \u003c\/strong\u003eDopamine plays a role in the regulation of the production of prolactin, a hormone involved in lactation and the menstrual cycle.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTherefore, the loss of dopamine leads to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's, including tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with balance and coordination.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat chemical in the brain reduces Parkinson's?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAbsorbed by the nerve cells in the brain, Levodopa, a chemical precursor to dopamine, is commonly used as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen levodopa is administered, it is converted into dopamine\u003c\/strong\u003e and can help improve movement problems driven by the disease.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, as more brain cells are lost, the medicine becomes less efficient. Also, long-term use can lead to the development of dyskinesias, a involuntary, erratic, writhing movements of the face, arms, legs or trunk and an On- Off effect, where a person rapidly switches from being able to move, to complete disability.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat chemicals are used clinically to treat Parkinson's disease?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to levodopa, dopamine agonists are also commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease. Dopamine agonists stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain and\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e can help to improve symptoms of Parkinson's.\u003c\/strong\u003e However, long-term use of dopamine agonists may also be associated with the development of dyskinesias.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are another class of medications used to treat Parkinson's disease. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMAOIs block the action of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase, which breaks down dopamine in the brain.\u003c\/strong\u003e By blocking the action of this enzyme, MAOIs can help to\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\"\u003e increase the levels of dopamine in the brain\u003c\/a\u003e and improve symptoms of Parkinson's.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnticholinergics are another class of medications used to treat Parkinson's disease. These medications block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which can help to improve movement and coordination in people with Parkinson's.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-18T12:23:02-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:08:52-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"inner_main_first\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"next_blockss_sections\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you are concerned about brain health and want to take impactful and meaningful steps to protect your brain ,ourbrain, our clinically tested, state of the art proprietary formulas: \"\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\"\u003eSleep Well\u003c\/a\u003e” and “\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003eStress Relief\u003c\/a\u003e” will help protect and maintain a healthy brain. For more information, visit their website at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003ehttps:\/\/tahiro.com\/\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"main-section_section fixedSidebar\" id=\"shopify-section-article-sidebar\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"div_side_sec\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-chemical-is-lacking-in-parkinsons","tags":"Cognition, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560098836648","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:58:12-07:00","alt":"What Chemical Is Lacking In Parkinson's?","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_Chemical_Is_Lacking_In_Parkinson_s.jpg?v=1709799556"}},{"id":560098705576,"title":"Stress Response In The Brain","created_at":"2023-01-18T11:29:34-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is stress?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStress refers to any situation that your brain perceives as a potential danger to your survival. Exactly what this means is highly individual. A situation that’s stressful for one person may not be stressful at all for someone else.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYour past experiences, along with your personality and your inborn tendencies, will influence whether a particular situation will be interpreted by your brain as dangerous and cause stress.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat causes stress in the brain?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe amygdala is the main part of the brain that’s involved in perceiving stress. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is an almond-shaped structure located deep inside the brain. \u003c\/strong\u003eIt’s a paired structure, meaning that there’s one amygdala located on each side of the brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the amygdala senses a stressful situation, it initiates the stress response by sending signals to another part of the brain, known as the hypothalamus\u003c\/strong\u003e. The amygdala learns what types of situations warrant a stress response, meaning that it’s possible to retrain the amygdala to become less reactive to particular situations. Different methods of therapies often help people to do this.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is the biology behind stress?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAfter it’s activated by the amygdala, the stress response has \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541120\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541120\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541120\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003etwo main parts\u003c\/a\u003e. One is a faster circuit known as the sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis, and the other is a slower one known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) axis.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe first part of both circuits is the hypothalamus. This is a region of the brain that’s involved in governing basic bodily functions, like blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen it receives signals from the amygdala that a stress response is necessary,\u003c\/strong\u003e it activates a part of the nervous system known as the sympathetic nervous system.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis is the beginning of the faster system, the SAM axis. These signals trigger the adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline. The release of these substances is very fast. This is the SAM axis.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe slower system, the HPA axis, involves the release of hormones rather than nervous system signals, which takes a little bit longer. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe hypothalamus releases a hormone called CRF.\u003c\/strong\u003e This signals the pituitary gland, which is a pea-sized gland located just behind the bridge of your nose.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe pituitary gland is a master gland, which releases hormones that control many other glands in the body. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen it detects CRF released by the hypothalamus, indicating that a stress response has occurred,\u003c\/strong\u003e it releases a hormone called ACTH.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eACTH acts on the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys. These release a variety of chemicals into the bloodstream, including a hormone called cortisol. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCortisol is important in the stress response,\u003c\/strong\u003e and it acts on a variety of tissues throughout the body.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt increases blood pressure and blood sugar levels, to prepare the body for physical activity (such as fighting or running away). \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCortisol also inhibits processes like digestion and sexual desire,\u003c\/strong\u003e which are not crucial in an emergency situation and can be delayed until later.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the stress response is activated only occasionally and for a short period of time, it doesn’t cause harm. Once the trigger for the stressful response is gone, the body will quickly return to its baseline. However, if stress lasts for a long time or occurs multiple times every day, then\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e it starts to cause a variety of problems throughout the body, including in the brain.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow Stress Affects Your Brain\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOnce the HPA axis has released cortisol and other stress hormones into the bloodstream, these will have effects throughout the body, including on the brain itself. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5619133\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5619133\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5619133\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethree\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e main parts of the brain \u003c\/strong\u003ethat are impacted by cortisol.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne of these is the amygdala itself. Cortisol acts on the amygdala to reinforce the stress response, ensuring that the amygdala will remember the situation that caused the stress.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis means that a situation that has been perceived as stressful once is more likely to \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ebe perceived as stressful again the next time it’s encountered.\u003c\/strong\u003e In other words, there’s a feedback loop built into the nervous system, where stress tends to lead to more stress.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen the amygdala is exposed to chronically high levels of cortisol over a long period of time, it tends to grow bigger. This tends to make a person more reactive to stress, and they \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emay frequently become fearful or angry as a result.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother region that’s impacted by cortisol is the hippocampus. This is a structure deep in the brain that’s involved in learning and memory. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLong-term exposure to cortisol actually \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35506636\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35506636\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35506636\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eshrinks \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethe hippocampus.\u003c\/strong\u003e In addition, it causes the hippocampus to become less connected to other parts of the brain. In this way, chronic stress impairs your memory, and can even increase the\u003ca title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/are-there-different-types-of-dementia\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/are-there-different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/are-there-different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e risk\u003c\/a\u003e of dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe third brain region strongly impacted by cortisol is the prefrontal cortex.\u003c\/strong\u003e This is important for advanced brain functions, including attention, long-term planning, and impulse control. It’s also important in working memory – the ability to hold information in short-term memory while using it. Chronic cortisol exposure can shrink the prefrontal cortex, and reduce its connections to other parts of the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the different types of stress?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe stress response generally proceeds in the same way, regardless of the specific type of event that caused it. The same set of biological responses follows the amygdala’s detection of stress.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePsychologists have sometimes divided stress into eustress and distress, sometimes known as “good stress” and “bad stress.” \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe idea is that eustress is beneficial because it helps you to achieve your goals. \u003c\/strong\u003eFor example, if you feel anxiety about an upcoming deadline, you’ll be motivated to finish your project, and you’ll then feel good about what you accomplish.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy contrast, distress is harmful because it functions as an impediment to your goals. For example, if you become anxious that you’re not good enough to succeed in your work, then you may become too overwhelmed to do any work on your project at all.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough this distinction has been used in psychology for many years, it’s also been \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32302008\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32302008\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32302008\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ewidely criticized\u003c\/a\u003e. In fact, the reaction of the body to a stressful situation doesn’t really vary based on whether the stress is “good” or “bad.” The same signaling pathways are activated either way. Whether the stress response leads to good or bad outcomes depends on a variety of other factors.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn general, biologists tend to avoid referring to “eustress” and “distress,” and instead refer simply to “stress.” However, many psychologists still use the distinction, as they’re often seeking to\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e help their clients reframe their reactions to stressful situations so that they can respond in more helpful ways.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEven though all stress is ultimately the same, this doesn’t mean that we’re powerless to do anything about it. The nervous system can be retrained to experience less stress. The same situation may no longer trigger a stress response in the amygdala, so the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHPA axis doesn’t get activated.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-18T11:41:59-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:12:42-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"stress-response-in-the-brain","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560098705576","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:05:57-07:00","alt":"Stress and the Brain","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Stress_Response_In_The_Brain.jpg?v=1709800059"}},{"id":560095363240,"title":"How to Generate Dopamine Naturally for Parkinson’s?","created_at":"2023-01-17T10:59:02-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several ways to increase dopamine levels in the body, including both natural and medical approaches. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnd while medical approaches to increasing dopamine levels may involve the use of dopamine agonist medications or dopamine replacement therapy, \u003c\/strong\u003ethe natural approach focuses on improving the patient’s.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHere are the most common natural ways to increase dopamine levels in the brain:\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExercise: \u003c\/strong\u003eRegular physical activity has been shown to increase dopamine levels and improve symptoms in people with Parkinson's. It is important to consult with a doctor or physical therapist to determine the appropriate type and intensity of exercise for an individual's needs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEat a healthy diet: \u003c\/strong\u003eConsuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins can help to support the production of dopamine. Some specific foods that may be beneficial include: avocados, bananas, apples, beets, almonds, and eggs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGet enough sleep: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/5-simple-steps-to-improve-your-sleep\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/5-simple-steps-to-improve-your-sleep\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/5-simple-steps-to-improve-your-sleep\"\u003eAdequate sleep\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eis essential for the proper functioning of the brain and body, including the production of dopamine. It is recommended to aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce stress: \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic stress can deplete dopamine levels and worsen symptoms of Parkinson's. Incorporating \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003estress-reducing\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003etechniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing can help to increase dopamine and improve overall well-being.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsume dopamine-boosting foods: \u003c\/strong\u003eSome foods that may help to increase dopamine levels include avocados, bananas, apples, beets, almonds, and eggs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTry supplements: \u003c\/strong\u003eSome herbs and \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003esupplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethat may have a positive effect on dopamine levels.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEngage in activities that bring pleasure: \u003c\/strong\u003eEngaging in activities that bring pleasure and enjoyment can stimulate the release of dopamine in the brain. This might include hobbies, social activities, or other activities that bring a sense of accomplishment.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePractice gratitude: \u003c\/strong\u003eFocusing on and expressing gratitude for the positive aspects of life has been shown to increase dopamine levels and improve overall well-being.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-17T11:31:39-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:17:47-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eIt is important to note that while these natural approaches may help to increase dopamine levels, they should be used in combination with a comprehensive treatment plan that is tailored to an individual's specific needs and supervised by a healthcare provider. While increasing dopamine levels naturally can help to alleviate some of the symptoms of Parkinson's, it is important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment plan. For those looking for supplements to protect the brain from brain fog and support brain function, Tahiro offers a variety of products including \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003eBrain protect™\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eAlgae based Omega 3\u003c\/a\u003e These clinically tested and scientifically reviewed supplements are formulated with high-quality ingredients and can be a useful addition to an overall wellness routine.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons","tags":"Cognition, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560095363240","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:49:43-07:00","alt":"how to generate dopamine naturally","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/How_Can_I_Increase_My_Dopamine_Naturally_For_Parkinson_s.jpg?v=1703403197"}},{"id":560095166632,"title":"What Vitamins Are Good For Clear Thinking?","created_at":"2023-01-17T09:49:55-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eB-Complex Vitamins for the Brain\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are eight B vitamins, and these are essential to keep your brain healthy. These vitamins include:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B1\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eAlso known as Thiamine,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eB1 aids metabolism by converting glucose and other nutrients into energy the brain needs.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe brain uses the most energy to function, hence the need for meals with this vitamin. Such meals include cereals, pork, tofu, green peas, beans and sunflower seeds.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B2\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B2 is\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eknown as Riboflavin and acts as an antioxidant that improves cell generation and helps produce energy. It also aids the easy breakdown of medicines and fat.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eVitamin B2 is essential to the brain because it doesn’t just aid neurological function but also fights against free radicals capable of causing inflammatory diseases, cancer and even heart disease. Riboflavin is found in cheese, eggs, yogurt, and salmon.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKnown as Niacin,\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eVitamin B3 keeps the brain, nervous system, hair and skin healthy. Just like most B complex vitamins, it also aids the easy conversion of food into energy.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eNiacin also aids DNA repair and acts as an antioxidant. Vitamin B3 is found in beef, chicken liver, peanuts, mushrooms and wheat.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B5\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKnown to some as Pantothenic acid, vitamin B5 is one of the most important vitamins needed by the brain and nervous system.\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eIt not only aids energy production but also helps the body manufacture new blood cells when needed.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ePantothenic acid also produces sex and stress-related hormones and aids the smooth functioning of your nervous system. It is found in grainy cereals, broccoli, dairy milk, potatoes and brown rice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B6\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B6 is a great vitamin for the brain and nervous system because it produces neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers that transmit information from one nerve to another, which is then communicated to the brain.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEssentially, your body cannot function properly without neurotransmitters hence the importance of Vitamin B6.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlso known as Pyridoxine, B6 aids brain development and greatly improves mood. It is found in liver, salmon, tuna and chickpeas.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B7\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eB7 is also known as Biotin, a very important vitamin that aids the proper operation of the nervous system. It also helps to improve hair, skincare and nails, as well as aids liver metabolism.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBiotin is also known to aid the retention and maintenance of mucous membranes that protect your organs from invasive pathogens and harmful body fluids. Vitamin B7 is found in meals like eggs, potatoes, nuts, yeast and avocado.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B9\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eB9 is one of the most common b complex vitamins because of its role in brain and nervous system functioning.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFirst, it aids cell generation and division. It also protects the brain from defects or cancer.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B9 can be in folate form found in meals like avocado, broccoli, spinach and liver. It can also be in the form of folic acid, which is found in supplements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin B12\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother important vitamin for the brain and nervous system is Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin).\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is easily the most popular brain vitamin because it plays an essential role in nerve development and functioning. It also aids red cell formation, DNA production, cell breakdown and even prevents osteoporosis.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eVitamin B12 can be found in cheese, fish, eggs, fortified cereals and meat\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAside from these,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eother essential vitamins that help to improve brain and nervous system functioning include vitamin C, Vitamin D, and Vitamin E.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eVitamin C is good for the brain as it acts as an antioxidant molecule that aids the growth of neurons.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVitamin D, on the other hand, aids brain functioning by protecting the nervous system from free radicals. It also improves cognitive performance by enhancing your memory and attention span.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFinally, Vitamin E also improves brain health by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003epreventing cognitive decline\u003c\/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003edifferent types of dementia\u003c\/a\u003e, especially in older people.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhy these Vitamins are Good for the Brain\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several benefits of using these B vitamins, especially to improve neurological and cognitive functioning.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFirst, B-complex vitamins increase your energy levels since these vitamins play a role in the energy production needed for your brain to function properly. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese vitamins also play a role in nerve signaling, which creates essential neurotransmitters needed by your nervous system.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRegular intake of B-complex vitamins is also good for the brain because it prevents dementia, depression and cognitive dysfunction, which are symptoms of Vitamin B6 deficiency.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese vitamins also prevent anemia by aiding red and white blood cell generation. B vitamins also prevent inflammation and even improve your cardiovascular health.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEven pregnant women or nursing mothers require these B vitamins because they aid brain development, reduce the risk of preeclampsia and generally reduce congenital disabilities.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFinally, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethese vitamins are good for the brain because they boost your mental health by enhancing your concentration, brain speed and memory span.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhere Can You Find Supplements to Support Your Nervous System\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou can always find various vitamin supplements in health stores and nearby pharmacies. If you’re more of an online shopper and want the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003ebest supplements for your nervous system\u003c\/a\u003e, you can visit Tahiro. We sell the most effective and affordable products with 100% natural formulas to improve your everyday life.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-17T10:26:47-08:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:21:04-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Memory, Omega 3, Omega 5, Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560095166632","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:54:15-07:00","alt":"Vitamins are good for clear thinking","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_Vitamins_Are_Good_For_Clear_Thinking.jpg?v=1709804041"}},{"id":560095133864,"title":"How Can You Protect Your Brain From Cognitive Decline?","created_at":"2023-01-17T09:06:44-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat Is Cognitive Decline? An Overvie\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith age, arteries can harden joints can become stiffer, but that is not all. Age also causes changes to the brain, particularly leading to cognitive decline. Minor cognitive decline is normal among adults, though significant changes may require professional treatment.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYour brain is integral to your health and identity. As you grow older, you may\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e notice sharp changes in your thinking skills and ability to interact and communicate with others and retain memories.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe gradual age-related loss of abilities, such as reasoning, remembering, concentrating, and remembering, is a sign of cognitive decline. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn simpler terms, cognitive decline can mean your brain stops working as well as it used to be\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCommon Causes of Cognitive Decline\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAge-related cognitive decline is the most common. However, cognitive impairment may result from brain damage, disease, or another source like stress or sleep deprivation.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCommon health conditions that can speed up cognitive decline include \u003cstrong\u003edepression, diabetes, high blood pressure, and vascular disease. \u003c\/strong\u003eNeurological conditions like frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease can also become underlying causes of cognitive decline.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow to Protect Your Brain Against Cognitive Decline\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy 2060, the number of people with Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias will increase to 417 million in the US alone, according to surveys by the \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2018\/p0920-alzheimers-burden-double-2060.html\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2018\/p0920-alzheimers-burden-double-2060.html\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2018\/p0920-alzheimers-burden-double-2060.html\"\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c\/a\u003e. Fortunately, you can protect yourself against cognitive decline. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBeing proactive and taking some preventive measures can help\u003c\/strong\u003e. Let us see what you can do to protect your brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIncrease Social Engagement\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStaying socially active helps the brain to stay healthy, improving cognitive function. Social support improves overall health while reducing the risk of conditions like cognitive decline, depression, and dementia. On the other hand, loneliness, fewer contacts, and less social participation can speed up cognitive decline.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIndulge in Stimulating Hobbies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStimulating hobbies are intellectually challenging activities that stimulate your brain to use its cognitive abilities. Increasing cognitive activity is a great way to protect brain health.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTherefore, pick out hobbies like puzzles, learning music or a new language, or reading\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003ethat puts your mind at work.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEat a Nutritious Diet\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA nutritious diet helps fight against several health risks, including cognitive decline.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt can reduce the risk of developing chronic medical conditions influencing your cognitive function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA balanced diet that meets your body’s daily nutritional needs helps maintain overall health. Exercise More Often.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLike a healthy diet, increased physical activity can support your overall well-being to mitigate symptoms of health conditions affecting cognition.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExercising has several perks for psychological and neurological health,\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eincluding better mood, improved focus, and an excellent memory.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGet Sufficient Sleep\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVarious research and studies reveal a strong association between sleep cycles and brain health. Sufficient quality sleep is essential to maintain excellent overall health.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGetting enough restful sleep every night is equally important as exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eAn irregular and unhealthy sleep cycle can affect focus, memory, and judgment\/ decision-making.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproving your diet, participating in activities frequently, eating a healthy diet, exercising more often, and improving your sleep cycle\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003ecan help maintain brain health in old age. You can delay cognitive decline through simple measures to keep your brain active and healthy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBesides, you can use supplements to ensure excellent brain activity and cognitive function. They can significantly help to \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003erelieve chronic stress\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003eimprove focus\u003c\/a\u003e, and \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\"\u003efight insomnia\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you are looking for supplements to improve brain function and prevent cognitive decline, \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eshould be your number one choice.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-17T09:23:46-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-11T07:48:30-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Sleep","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560095133864","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:10:27-07:00","alt":"How to Protect Your Brain Against Cognitive Decline","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/How_Can_You_Protect_Your_Brain_From_Cognitive_Decline.jpg?v=1710168187"}},{"id":560094871720,"title":"What Protects The Brain Against Parkinson’s Disease?","created_at":"2023-01-17T08:37:26-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eVarious research in the United Kingdom has identified areas:\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExenatide is a drug that has previously been used in the treatment of diabetes but is now being studied as it relates to Parkinson's. It mimics hormones that are normally produced naturally. Its use shows that it stimulates functions that reduce inflammation, improve energy production, and help move the brain into survival mode.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGlial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor or GDNF is part of a research project to better understand the protective qualities necessary for a cure.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNerve Growth Factors are proteins that promote neuron reproduction and growth.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eMost of us are more concerned with the prevention of Parkinson's.\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsuming a healthy diet is one of the best choices. Daily servings of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits are important. Keeping your meals high in protein, especially those with beneficial fats, has indicated success. Include nuts, olive oil, fish and eggs.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eConsuming a healthy diet is one of the best choices. Daily servings of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits are important. Keeping your meals high in protein, especially those with beneficial fats, has indicated success. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInclude nuts, olive oil, fish and eggs.\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMaintain regular exercise, like walking, to keep the muscles and nerves engaged. Be sure to move your arms as you walk or choose exercises that involve many motor functions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough we try diligently, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003esupplements can increase the effectiveness of the foods we eat\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand stimulate the production of hormones and other factors that will increase our ability to defend against neural degradation..\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne of the best supplements will include formulas that will provide \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emultiple benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e, including energy,\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-focus\"\u003e brain focus\u003c\/a\u003e, and memory. Those that have been clinically designed to help in daily life to enhance \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro-us.myshopify.com\/admin\/products\/7513167200424\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro-us.myshopify.com\/admin\/products\/7513167200424\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro-us.myshopify.com\/admin\/products\/7513167200424\"\u003erestful sleep\u003c\/a\u003e, positive responses to stressful situations, and \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epromote general health\u003c\/strong\u003e and well-being should be at the top of your list. Look for combinations that will:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStimulate focus to help you make good choices in all phases of your life.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eClarifies information to promote understanding and longer memory retention.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReturn to acute short-term memory for easier activities of daily living.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigher energy levels to give you the ability to enjoy your life as fully as possible.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf your family history shows a tendency toward neurological disorders, including Parkinson's Disease, check the products available through \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro.com\u003c\/a\u003e. Using a combination of Rhodiola and Ginseng, it has been \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003escientifically researched and designed\u003c\/strong\u003e to help support mental health associated with Parkinson's as well as increase energy to provide ongoing improvements.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-17T08:44:30-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-11T03:14:10-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-protects-the-brain-against-parkinsons-disease","tags":"Cognition","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560094871720","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:56:32-07:00","alt":"Protects The Brain Against Parkinson’s Disease","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_Protects_The_Brain_Against_Parkinson_s_Disease.jpg?v=1710147380"}},{"id":560094216360,"title":"Can You Prevent Alzheimer's By Keeping Your Brain Active","created_at":"2023-01-17T04:32:25-08:00","body_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is never too late to start incorporating brain-stimulating activities into your daily routine. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne way to keep the brain active is by reading.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Reading stimulates the brain by forcing it to process and retain information, making connections between different ideas, and improving vocabulary and language skills. Additionally, reading can provide a sense of relaxation and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003estress relief\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, which can also benefit brain health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWriting is another activity that can challenge the brain and promote cognitive function.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhether it is keeping a journal, writing a story or poem, or simply jotting down to-do lists, the act of writing requires the brain to think critically, organize thoughts, and express ideas in a coherent manner.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSolving puzzles and playing games that require strategy and problem-solving skills can also be beneficial for brain health.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e These activities challenge the brain to think critically and adapt to new challenges, which can help to improve cognitive function and prevent the decline that may come with age.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePhysical exercise, socialization, and a healthy diet may also play a role in protecting the brain from cognitive decline.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Exercise has been shown to improve blood flow to the brain and may help to reduce the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Socialization and maintaining strong social connections can also provide cognitive benefits, as the brain is challenged to interpret and respond to social cues. A healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/vegan-omega-3-or-fish-oil-which-one-is-healthier\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/vegan-omega-3-or-fish-oil-which-one-is-healthier\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/vegan-omega-3-or-fish-oil-which-one-is-healthier\"\u003eomega-3 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e has also been linked to improved brain function and a reduced risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLearning new skills or taking up a new hobby can also keep the brain active and engaged.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e When we learn something new, the brain forms new connections and pathways, which can help to improve cognitive function and potentially prevent the decline that may come with age.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePractice mindfulness or meditation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Mindfulness and meditation involve focusing on the present moment and can help to reduce stress and improve cognitive function. These practices involve training the brain to pay attention and be present, which can help to improve memory and focus.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn conclusion, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emaintaining an active brain is important for overall health and wellness and may also help to prevent or delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Engaging in activities that challenge the brain, staying physically active, maintaining social connections, and following a healthy diet are all ways to support brain health and function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf you want to take your brain health to the next level, consider adding supplements to your routine. Tahiro's line of brain protection proprietary formulas are specifically made to support brain health and help you stay sharp and focused. Don't let cognitive decline hold you back – start supporting your brain health with \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro's high-quality supplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e today. To explore more about Tahiro’s supplements, visit our website at : \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro.com\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-17T04:32:46-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-10T05:10:35-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eWe’ve chosen these plant-based sources for \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"Algae Omega 3\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eTahiro’s Vegan Algae Based Omega-3 supplement\u003c\/a\u003e. Rather than leave the specific mix of fatty acids to chance (as many supplements do), we’ve carefully balanced the supplement to contain the right amounts of EPA, DHA, and DPA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhether you’re vegan or not, Tahiro’s Vegan Omega-3 offers a way to get the benefits of all three of these long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"can-you-prevent-alzheimers-by-keeping-your-brain-active","tags":"Sleep, Stress","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560094216360","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:08:00-07:00","alt":"Can You Prevent Alzheimer's By Keeping Your Brain Active","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Can_You_Prevent_Alzheimer_s_By_Keeping_Your_Brain_Active.jpg?v=1710072537"}},{"id":560039035048,"title":"Which Toxins Can Cause Parkinson's Disease?","created_at":"2023-01-08T23:29:32-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhich toxins cause Parkinson's disease?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are a number of toxins that have been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease, including:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): This synthetic compound has been found to cause Parkinson's-like symptoms in humans and animals, and it has been suggested as a potential cause of Parkinson's disease.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePesticides, herbicides, and fungicides: These substances, which are commonly used in agriculture and gardening, have been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. They can enter our bodies through the food we eat or the air we breathe, and may have toxic effects on brain cells.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA): This neurotoxin has been used to induce Parkinson's-like symptoms in animals, and it has been suggested as a potential cause of Parkinson's disease in humans.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHeavy metals: Certain heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, have been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. These toxins can accumulate in the body over time and may have toxic effects on brain cells.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhich neurotoxins cause Parkinson's disease?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNeurotoxins are chemicals that can damage or kill nerve cells, which are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. When nerve cells are damaged or destroyed, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system and lead to a variety of health problems, including Parkinson's Disease.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeveral neurotoxins have been linked over the years to Parkinson's:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRotenone, a naturally occurring compound that is found in certain plants. It has been found to cause Parkinson's-like symptoms in animals and has been suggested as a potential cause of Parkinson's disease in humans.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e6-OHDA, a neurotoxin that is produced by certain bacteria and has been suggested as a potential cause of Parkinson's disease as well.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMPTP, a synthetic compound that is not found naturally in the environment, but it has been synthesized in laboratories and has been used in scientific research to study the effects of Parkinson's disease. MPTP has also been involved in a number of accidental poisonings, including a well-known case in the 1980s in which several intravenous drug users in California developed Parkinson's-like symptoms after using contaminated heroin.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLead, a toxic metal that can accumulate in the body over time and has been linked to a number of negative health effects, including neurological problems. Lead can be found in a variety of sources, including lead-based paint, contaminated soil, and certain types of occupational settings.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMercury, another toxic metal that has been linked to an increased risk of Parkinsons.. It can be found in certain types of fish, as well as in industrial pollution and in certain products like thermometers and fluorescent light bulbs. Like lead, mercury can accumulate in the body over time and has been linked to negative health effects, including neurological problems.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOther toxins that have been linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease include certain pesticides and herbicides.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan environmental pollution increase Parkinson’s disease?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEnvironmental pollution has been suggested as a potential risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Studies have found that people who live in areas with higher levels of air pollution, for example, have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. It is not clear exactly how pollution may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease, but it is thought that certain pollutants may damage brain cells or disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCan black mould toxins cause Parkinson's?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere is some evidence to suggest that exposure to toxins produced by black mold may be linked to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and can cause tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Black mould, also known as Stachybotrys chartarum, is a type of fungus that can grow on damp or wet surfaces. It produces toxins called mycotoxins, which have been found to have neurotoxic effects in animals.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSeveral studies have suggested a potential link between black mould exposure and Parkinson's disease, but more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between the two. It is also important to note that black mould exposure may cause other health problems in addition to Parkinson's disease, including respiratory problems and allergic reactions.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2023-01-08T23:43:17-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-10T05:05:21-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eWhile the exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not yet fully understood, it is clear that environmental factors, including exposure to toxins, may play a role in the development of the disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eIf you are concerned about protecting your brain from brain diseases like Parkinson's, you may want to consider using\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect\"\u003e supplements that are designed to support brain health \u003c\/a\u003eand may help reduce the risk of developing further symptoms. Tahiro’s range of brain supplements are created with this specific focus in mind. To learn more about Tahiro’s state of the art brain supplement collection, visit our website at: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eTahiro.com \u003c\/a\u003ewhere you can also learn more about the benefits of our supplements and how they can support brain health.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"which-toxins-can-cause-parkinsons-disease","tags":"Focus","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560039035048","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:48:58-07:00","alt":"Toxins that can be involved in Parkinson's disease","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Which_Toxins_Can_Cause_Parkinson_s_Disease.jpg?v=1700737325"}},{"id":560021635240,"title":"test post with shortcodes","created_at":"2023-01-02T06:23:25-08:00","body_html":"\u003cp\u003econtent line 1\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eshortcode here2\u003c\/p\u003e\n[related_products section_heading=\"PRODUCTS MENTIONED IN THIS ARTICLE\"]\n\u003cp\u003econtent line 2\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Maya Gosztyla","user_id":81069932712,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-05T04:18:31-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"test-post-with-shortcodes","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560021635240"},{"id":560019046568,"title":"How Can I Improve My Brain Power?","created_at":"2022-12-31T22:18:23-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003e10 Ways to Improve Brain Power\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMultiple attempts have been made to improve and preserve brain health over the years. Some have proven fruitful in enhancing overall functions like memory and cognitive abilities. Here are just a few ways to improve your brain function:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1. Physical Exercise\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStudies have proven that cognitive health can be directly linked to physical activity.\u003c\/strong\u003e Exercise not only helps your body maintain pique condition, but the improved blood flow, heart health and stress management it provides can do wonders for your mind.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAccording to \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110\" href=\"https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.health.harvard.edu\/blog\/regular-exercise-changes-brain-improve-memory-thinking-skills-201404097110\"\u003eHarvard Health\u003c\/a\u003e, observations of people engaging in regular exercise regimes have shown a distinct difference in the volume of certain regions of the brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the long run, having a physically active lifestyle not only improves your overall health but can assist in the further prevention of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) as well as lower the risk for developing neurological disorders such as \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/different-types-of-dementia\"\u003eDementia \u003c\/a\u003eand Alzheimer's.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eYou don't need a gym membership or fancy equipment, but something as simple as a 30-minute walk can be highly beneficial.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e2. Stimulate Your Mind\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOur brains function on electrical and chemical impulses that focus on stimulating particular sections.\u003c\/strong\u003e So while our everyday movements, in a way, act as stimulating activity, the goal is to challenge your mind to \"exercise\" it and keep it healthy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMost sources will say indulging in a new hobby of Sudoku and Word Puzzles is good enough, but the reality is our brain sends impulses to different sections, and thus we need to work all areas of our brains differently.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHere are a few ways to stimulate your brain:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReading\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMental Arithmetic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCognitive Hobbies like knitting or learning new instruments.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eActivities like the above help improve your cognitive function and work in different regions of the brain, giving you an all-around mental exercise regime.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Eating Well\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNutrition is directly linked to brain function impairments, and a good diet can help you improve your neurological state exponentially\u003c\/strong\u003e. This is because our bodies thrive off a perfect \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-vitamins-are-good-for-clear-thinking\"\u003ebalance of vitamins\u003c\/a\u003e and minerals we get from our meals.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStudies have proven that nutritional intake directly impacts our brains. According to \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.sutterhealth.org\/health\/nutrition\/eating-well-for-mental-health\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sutterhealth.org\/health\/nutrition\/eating-well-for-mental-health\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.sutterhealth.org\/health\/nutrition\/eating-well-for-mental-health\"\u003eStutterHealth\u003c\/a\u003e, \"A healthy, well-balanced diet can help us think clearly and feel more alert.\"\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMinerals like Iron, Zinc and even copper are vital to ensure the pique performance of your brain. One of the best and easiest ways to ensure proper brain function is to eat a well-balanced diet rich in nutrients and avoid processed foods and refined sugars.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e4. Socialize More\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important for individuals of all ages to engage in social activities and maintain strong social connections in order to promote cognitive health. \u003c\/strong\u003eSocialization, or the process of interacting with others and participating in social activities, has been shown to have several positive effects on brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOne study published in the journal \"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience\" found that socialization and social support can\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\"\u003e protect cognitive function\u003c\/a\u003e in older adults.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditionally, socialization has been shown to have a number of other benefits for brain function, including reducing stress and promoting emotional well-being, which can also positively impact cognitive function, brain structure, and function in older adults.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e5. Get Enough Sleep\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSleep is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being, and it has a number of important effects on brain function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/jcsm.aasm.org\/doi\/full\/10.5664\/jcsm.26855\" href=\"https:\/\/jcsm.aasm.org\/doi\/full\/10.5664\/jcsm.26855\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/jcsm.aasm.org\/doi\/full\/10.5664\/jcsm.26855\"\u003eJournal of Clinical Sleep Medicine\u003c\/a\u003e found that sleep has a positive effect on cognitive function, including attention, problem-solving, and decision-making. In addition, the study found that individuals who get enough sleep tend to perform better on cognitive tests compared to those who are sleep-deprived.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSleep is essential for maintaining healthy brain function and cognitive performance. Therefore, it is important for people to get enough sleep in order to promote brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSleep is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being, and it has a number of important effects on brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine found that sleep has a positive effect on cognitive function, including attention, problem-solving, and decision-making. In addition, the study found that individuals who get enough sleep tend to perform better on cognitive tests compared to those who are sleep-deprived.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSleep is essential for maintaining healthy brain function and cognitive performance. Therefore, it is important for people to get enough sleep in order to promote brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e6. Take Care of your Mental Health\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith the current Mental Health Crisis causing rightful concern across the globe, it's only fair to mention that \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eyour mental health can have a direct impact on your brain function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIndividuals who frequently experience a negative emotional state are found to have lower cognitive functions. In contrast, people who engage in positive emotions have shown better cognitive function, including memory and processing speed.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIndividuals need to engage in activities and practices that promote emotional well-being to improve cognitive health. Although these activities vary from person to person, everyone has a so-called \"happy place\" where their emotional state is at peace.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA positive emotional state reduces stress and promotes overall well-being, which can positively impact brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e7. Avoid Alcohol and Tobacco\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSubstances like alcohol and tobacco can have many negative effects on brain function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlcohol, in particular, can have several negative effects on the brain. For example, one \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6668884\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6668884\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6668884\/\"\u003estudy\u003c\/a\u003e found that heavy alcohol use can lead to changes in brain structure and function, including shrinkage of the frontal lobes and hippocampus, which are important for memory, attention, decision-making, and problem-solving.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTobacco use has also been linked to a number of other negative effects on brain function, including an increased risk of stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases. This is in addition to the other general health concerns posed by regular tobacco use. The effects of tobacco on brain function can also be seen in indirect smokers who are frequently exposed to secondhand smoke.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt is important for individuals to avoid tobacco use as well as limit their intake of alcohol to maintain healthy brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e8. Monitor Your Blood Pressure\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigh blood pressure, also known as hypertension, can have a number of negative effects on brain function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHypertension is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. This links to two of the points mentioned above, your diet and mental health can affect your blood pressure and thus add further strain to your brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy improving your lifestyle, you can make the necessary changes to improve blood pressure and thus improve your brain function too. While medications are available for this on the market, an easy way is to watch what you eat and keep your stress levels down.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e9. Monitor Your Blood Sugar Levels\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOur brains are an intricate network and highly sensitive, so it goes without saying that \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehigh blood sugar can negatively impact our brain function.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile sugar is necessary for giving our bodies energy, people associate a higher intake with higher energy, but the reality is much different.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHigh Blood Sugar, or Hyperglycemia, can have numerous negative side effects on brain health that can be dangerous. One such impact is disrupting the blood-brain barrier, which protects our most important organ from harmful substances in our blood.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"High blood glucose levels can affect the brain's functional connectivity,\" according to a study by \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/hms.harvard.edu\/news-events\/publications-archive\/brain\/sugar-brain\" href=\"https:\/\/hms.harvard.edu\/news-events\/publications-archive\/brain\/sugar-brain\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/hms.harvard.edu\/news-events\/publications-archive\/brain\/sugar-brain\"\u003eHarvard Health\u003c\/a\u003e. So it's important to monitor your blood sugar levels to maintain optimal brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e10. Meditate\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMeditation has been shown to have a number of other benefits for brain function. \u003c\/strong\u003eWhile medical professionals have been studying the effect of meditation on the brain for decades, it has become increasingly popular recently as an effective way to improve psychological well-being.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs mentioned before, your mental health is important to maintaining pique brain function, and meditation acts as a means to assist with more positive mental well-being as well as stimulate the mind and strengthen cognitive abilities.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMeditation \"trains\" your brain to focus and block out distractions, increasing your attention and memory retention skills.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-12-31T22:19:17-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-10T04:53:07-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehere are plenty more ways to help improve your brain function so you can thrive even in old age. But since you're looking to boost your brain function and improve your mental clarity, focus, and memory, why not try Tahiro?\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eTahiro\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e is specifically designed, using natural ingredients, to support brain health and enhance cognitive function, making it easier for you to think clearly and perform at your best.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power","tags":"Focus","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560019046568","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:45:06-07:00","alt":"Ways to Improve Brain Power","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/How_Can_I_Improve_My_Brain_Power.jpg?v=1710071283"}},{"id":560013738152,"title":"Alzheimer’s Disease","created_at":"2022-12-29T02:31:17-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts alzheimer’s-disease\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eReview \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:26pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlzheimer's Disease\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:18pt\"\u003eDementia Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing: A Systematic Review \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:14pt\"\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc\u003csup\u003e1,6\u003c\/sup\u003e, Olga L. Pedraza, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, Andrea Rodr´ıguez, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Erick Sa´nchez, MD\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eIgnasi Gich, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ivan Sola`, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Xavier Bonfill, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e, and Pablo Alonso-Coello, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e28(2) 111-119 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eª \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eThe Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003esagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e DOI: 10.1177\/1533317512470209 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/aja.sagepub.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eaja.sagepub.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e   \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAbstract \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with a growing incidence during the last decades. Clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and presence of AD biomarkers have become important issues for early and adequate treatment. We performed a systematic literature search and quality appraisal of AD dementia guidelines, published between 2005 and 2011, which contained diagnostic recommendations on AD dementia. We also analyzed diagnostic recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests, neuropsychological evaluation, and AD biomarkers. Of the 537 retrieved references, 15 met the selection criteria. We found that Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II domains such as applicability and editorial independence had the lowest scores. The wide variability on assessment of quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were the main concerns identified regarding diagnostic testing. Although the appropriate methodology for clinical practice guideline development is well known, the quality of diagnostic AD dementia guidelines can be significantly improved. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eKeywords \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDiagnosis, Alzheimer's disease dementia, systematic review, clinical practice guideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eBackground \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThe world population is rapidly aging, which causes a significant increase in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases, with serious consequences in terms of global public health. The prevalence of diseases such as dementia is nearly 42 million patients in 2012, with approximately 4.6 million new cases a year.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e These figures would increase up to 300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eby 2040, with an impact on expenditure of over US$ 422 billion.\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia), the most common dementia in the Western world, is defined as a cogni- tive decline documented by standardized testing on 2 or more domains, which interferes with daily function and represents a decline in previous levels.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Recently, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke– Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria have been updated and presented 3 different types of AD dementia according to presence of core clinical criteria only (probable), an atypical course without differential diagnosis (possible), or neuropathological evidence (definitive).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eThe presence of cognitive impairment, especially in the memory domain, is a fundamental part of the clinical criteria used to diagnose AD dementia. This impairment must be detected and \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003ediagnosed through a combination of clinical history analysis and objective cognitive assessment by means of a brief mental evaluation or comprehensive neuropsychological testing.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e The latter reflects the clinical dimension of the disease and characterizes the type of presentation. However, new trends in AD dementia\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/122922_1031_AlzheimersD1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ediagnosis suggest the need to reflect upon the biological dimension of the disease, including biomarkers related to brain amyloid-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eprotein deposition and downstream neuronal degeneration.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eSeveral clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of AD dementia have been published in different countries. These offer users (professionals and health administrators, patients and caregivers, among others) clinical recommendations for daily practice based on the best available evidence.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Although CPGs have become a useful clinical tool, their quality can vary and could be improved.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e The CPG assessment must be conducted in an objective manner using standardized instruments that address issues such as rigor of development, clarity of recommendations, and applicability, among others.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e It is also important to analyze the differences in recommendations among guidelines focused on the same topic, which can vary and even be contradictory.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThere are previous studies related to the assessment of the quality and content of AD dementia CPGs, but these were not conducted systematically and did not assess recommendations on AD dementia diagnosis.\u003csup\u003e11-14\u003c\/sup\u003e The purpose of this review was to assess the quality of CPGs that focuses on the diagnosis of AD dementia as well as to examine the recommendations on 3 critical aspects of AD diagnosis: initial testing with brief cognitive screening tools, use of neuropsychological assessment, and use of biomarkers of amyloid-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eaccumulation and neuronal injury. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eMethods \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe performed a systematic review of AD dementia CPGs retrieved from the Web sites of guideline developers (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, among others), CPG compilers (National Guidelines Clearinghouse, National Library of Guidelines, GIN Web site, among others), and institutions that conduct research related to dementia. We complemented this search in MEDLINE, using the terms ''dementia,'' ''Alzheimer,'' and ''elderly,'' with a methodological filter to search for CPGs (the full search strategy is available upon request). The CPGs with diagnostic recommendations in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between January 2005 and December 2011 were included. Previous versions of the same guideline, letters to the editor, or guidelines with a focus on population screening or general mental health were excluded.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eTwo authors independently selected all potentially eligible studies by reading the titles and abstracts of the retrieved refer- ences. Subsequently, 4 trained authors independently assessed the quality of each CPG using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II tool.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e This instrument includes the evaluation of 6 domains: Scope and Purpose, Stakeholder Involvement, Rigor of Development, Clarity of Presentation, Applicability, and Editorial Independence. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its 95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003econfidence interval (95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCI) were calculated to assess interrater agreement. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS1 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eFor the analyses of recommendations regarding diagnostic testing, we only included guidelines of high quality, defined as those with scores equal to or greater than 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ein the ''Rigor of development'' domain. We used this cutoff point as an adequate figure to reflect that a valid and transparent process had been adopted in the development of recommendations.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c\/sup\u003e For each guideline, 3 authors extracted recommendations concerning: (1) the brief cognitive instruments recommended for initial evaluation of patients with suspected AD dementia, (2) the use of neuropsychological assessment, and (3) the use of biomarkers in patients with suspected AD dementia. The recommendations (sentences) of each CPG were extracted along with the quality of evidence, strength of the recommendation, and type of studies included. This information was synthesized in a recommendation matrix for further analysis. All disagreements were resolved by consensus. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll paper and pencil tests used for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia were classified as brief cognitive instruments. Neuropsychological assessment was defined as all comprehensive and standardized cognitive evaluations, including appraisal of memory, language, executive functions, and visual spatial abilities conducted by trained clinicians. Recommendations on the following AD biomarkers were included: low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e levels, positive retention of tracer in positron emission tomography (PET), elevated Tau protein levels in CSF (total or phosphorylated), decreased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET reflected in the temporoparietal cortex, and presence of patterns of atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial parietal cortex.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eResults \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe retrieved a total of 537 citations and excluded 518 that were not related to AD dementia. We also excluded letters to the editor as well as CPGs in languages other than English, Spanish, and Portuguese, those with recommendations concerning only a subset of patients with dementia, and those with general recommendations for mental health. In all, 4 CPGs containing therapeutic recommendations only were also excluded (Figure 1). We assessed 15 CPGs distributed among 22 individual references.\u003csup\u003e16-37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWe found that the domains with the highest scores were ''Scope and Purpose'' and ''Clarity of Presentation'' (75.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eand 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e, respectively), whereas ''Applicability'' and ''Editorial Independence'' had the lowest figures (32.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eand 47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e, respectively). Only 1 (6.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) CPG had scores above 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ein all domains.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e All the 6 (40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) guidelines had ratings equal to or above 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003efor the ''Rigor of Development'' domain\u003csup\u003e18,19,25,30,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 1). We classified these as guidelines of high quality. Agreement among reviewers was considerable (ICC 0.78, 95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCI: 0.60-0.91). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eOf the 15 identified guidelines, 4 did not report a system to grade evidence or recommendations. Conversely, the 6 high-quality CPGs used 4 different grading systems. The most commonly used system, out of these 4, was that developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e).\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e Only \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e113 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFigure 1. Flowchart of the systematic search. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e1 CPG used a tool specifically designed for diagnostic questions\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 2). One CPG presented a diagnostic classification system in the Methods section, but after concluding that there was no enough information to address the diagnostic topics, they based their recommendations on an expert consensus and presented them without graduation of strength.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll the 15 included guidelines had information on at least 1 of the 3 critical aspects of AD dementia diagnosis included in this review. In all, 14 (93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) provided recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD, 9 (60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) presented recommendations on the use of neuropsychological tests, and 4 (26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) presented explicit recommendations on the use of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBrief Cognitive Test Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll 6 (100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) high-quality guidelines provided recommendations on the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD dementia. They emphasized the importance of conducting a formal cognitive assessment using objective and valid instruments, although 3 (50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of them did not recommend any test in particular (Table 3). A total of 19 brief instruments were recommended in the guidelines \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eretrieved, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) being the most frequently recommended. Of the 6 high-quality guidelines, 5 (83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) considered information on national validation and standardization of recommended tests, and 2 (33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of them, recommended the use of MMSE versions validated in the country where the CPG had been developed.\u003csup\u003e34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eObservational designs, especially cohorts and cross-sectional studies, were the most frequently included study designs. We found disagreements between the quality assessment of evidence and the confidence of recommendation among the high-quality guidelines. The former varied from very low to high depending on the system used. The strength of recommendation ranged from A to C (Table 3). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll the 6 (100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) high-quality guidelines presented recommendations related to the use of neuropsychological tests. They recommended neuropsychological testing only when the diagnosis is unclear, when there is uncertainty about the stage of the disease, or when a differential diagnosis needs to be ruled out. Again, observational studies were the most frequently included type of design included. The quality of the evidence varied from very low to high and the strength of recommendations \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. The AGREE II Domain-Standardized Scores for CPG on Alzheimer´s Dementia Diagnostic Recommendations. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:104px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:84px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:85px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:68px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:79px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 54px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrganization\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublication Year\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCountry and Language\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScope and Purpose\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStakeholder Involvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRigor of Development\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClarity of Presentation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eApplicability\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEditorial Independence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 45px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil\u003csup\u003e16,17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazil, Portuguese\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazilian Academy of Neurology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia: supporting people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNational Institute for Health and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia and their carers in health and social care\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical Excellence (NICE) \u0026amp; Social Care Institute for Excellence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNetwork\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRecommendations for best practices\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThe Alzheimer's Drug Discovery\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 56px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ein the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in managed care\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFoundation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health, Singapore\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSingapore, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 1pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognitive impairment in the elderly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBritish Columbia Medical Association\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003erecognition, diagnosis, and management\u003csup\u003e20\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis and treatment of dementia\u003csup\u003e23-29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThird Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTreatment of Dementia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 38px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline for Alzheimer's disease management\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCalifornia Workgroup on Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e Dementia: diagnosis and treatment \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eguideline\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia in elderly in primary care\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 2. Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation Systems Used. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eQuality of the Evidence    Strength of Recommendation    CPG \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSIGN\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e    1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or RCTs with a very low risk of bias. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eWell-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a low risk of bias. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies; high- quality case–control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eNonanalytic studies, eg, case reports, case series. 4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eExpert opinion. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review of RCTs, or RCT rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eand directly applicable to the target population; or a body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel B    A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel C A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ethe target population and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel D Evidence level 3 or 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e19,34 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1    Evidence obtained from at least 1 proper RCT. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomi- zation, or evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies preferably from more than 1 center or research group, or evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments are included in this category. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOpinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A. There is good evidence to support this maneuver.    \u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B. There is fair evidence to support this maneuver. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against this maneuver, but recommendations may be made on other grounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel D. There is a fair evidence to recommend against this procedure. Level E. There is good evidence to recommend against this procedure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEFNS Classification    I    A prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons with the suspected \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003econdition, using a ''Gold Standard'' for case definition, where the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 188pt\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eA prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of per- sons with an established condition (by Gold Standard) compared to a broad spectrum of controls, where test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence provided by a retrospective study where either persons with the established condition or controls are of a narrow spectrum, and where test is applied in a blinded evaluation. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClass IV Any design where test is not applied in blinded evaluation or evidence provided by expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series (without controls). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A rating (established as useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive).    \u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B rating (established as probably useful\/predictive or not useful\/ predictive). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C rating (established as possibly useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive) requires at least 2 convincing class III studies. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care and SIGN Modified \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eI Evidence obtained from at least 1 properly designed RCT. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without rando- mization. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than 1 center or research group. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the inter- vention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments could also be regarded as this type of evidence. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIII Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience; descriptive studies and case reports; or reports of expert committees. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT, or    \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eevidence rated as good and directly applicable to the target population \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B Evidence from well-conducted clinical trials, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or evidence extrapolated from meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C    Evidence from expert committee reports, or opinions and\/or clinical experiences of respected authorities; indicates absence of directly applicable clinical studies of good quality. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; SIGN, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; RCT, randomized controlled trials. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e116    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 3. Recommendations for Brief Cognitive Tests in AD Dementia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eN    Level of Evidence    Grade of Recommendation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eMMSE and\/or other tests    3    2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19,34\u003c\/sup\u003e and III\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    B\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e, C,\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e and A\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGeneric recommendation about brief cognitive test    3    2,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e I,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and expert consensus\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e    B,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e A,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and no strength\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 4. Neuropsychological Assessment Recommendations in AD Dementia Guidelines. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e.    Level of Evidence \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrade of Recommendation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Fomal neuropsychological testing should form part of the assessment in cases of mild or questionable dementia''\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Neuropsychological testing should be used in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in patients where dementia is not clinically obvious''\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia is currently a clinically integrative one. Neuropsychological testing alone cannot be used for this purpose and should be used selectively in clinical settings. Neuropsychological testing may aid in: addressing the distinction between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia, and early dementia; addressing the risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia to dementia or Alzheimer dementia; determining the differential diagnosis of dementia and other syndromes of cognitive impairment.''\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''When the diagnosis of dementia is inconclusive, then neuropsychological tests will be required''\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''We recommend performed a detailed neuropsychological evaluation by specific tests when there are discrepancies between the clinical impression and screening tests, diagnostic concerns or when the complaints are of short duration or limited to a single cognitive domain''\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Quantitative neuropsychological testing should be made in patients with questionable or very early Alzheimer Dementia''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The assessment of cognitive functions should include a general cognitive measure and more detailed testing of the main cognitive domains, and in particular an assessment of delay recall''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eExpert consensus    No strength 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e, 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eB \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2    B \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII    C \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e4    D \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 31pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII, I    B, A \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviation: AD, Alzheimer's disease. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003efrom A to D, similar to brief cognitive recommendations. None of the CPGs proposed a specific neuropsychological battery of instruments and only 1 guideline included a recommendation about the assessment of major cognitive domains (memory, executive functions, language, attention, and visuospatial skills; Table 4).\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe AD Biomarkers Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eOnly 4 (66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of the 6 high-quality CPGs presented explicit recommendations for the use of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers (Table 5). In all, 3 of these emphasized a lack of clinical studies on these biomarkers and presented recommendations against their use.\u003csup\u003e19,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e The fourth high-quality CPG found FDG–PET and Tau levels to be useful,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e although the direction of recommendation (for or against) remains unclear. Again, observational designs were the most frequently included studies. The quality of evidence varied widely, from low to high, depending on the system used. Similarly, the strength of recommendation ranged from B to C. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eDiscussion \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eThis review shows that CPGs addressing diagnostic issues related to AD dementia published between 2005 and 2011 are very heterogeneous in terms of quality according to their AGREE-II scores. Domains such as applicability and editorial independence had very low scores and deserve special attention. Previous reviews of AD dementia CPGs highlight similar difficulties on these topics, even though such shortcomings could be easily improved.\u003csup\u003e7,12\u003c\/sup\u003e For example, if the applicability domain addresses organizational barriers, cost implications, and monitoring criteria related to guideline implementation,\u003csup\u003e39-42\u003c\/sup\u003e it is important that guideline developers identify a priori factors related to transferability, such as values, costs, availability of resources, and influence of economic and intellectual interest on implementation. Regarding editorial independence issues,\u003csup\u003e41,43,44\u003c\/sup\u003e a complete and valid documentation of conflicts of interest for all participants in all stages of guideline development is required.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eIssues concerning CPG rigor of development deserve closer attention. In our review, we noticed that 26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eof the CPGs did \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e117 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 5. Recommendations for the Use of Alzheimer's Dementia Biomarkers. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 159pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eBiomarkers of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAccumulation    Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eLevel of evidence and strength of recommendation\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbnormal tracer retention on amyloid PET \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eimaging    Low CSF A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e42 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eElevated CSF Tau (total or phosphorylated) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eDecreases FDG uptake on PET involving temporoparietal cortex \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAtrophy on MRI, involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial and lateral cortices. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with dementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eClinical practice guidelines about comprehensive care for people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eEFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eI, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e Inside cells: level of evidence, grade of recommendation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation against use of biomarker. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation unclear for use of biomarker. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003enot use a system to grade the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, among those that did use a system, only 1 included diagnostic-specific elements in their framework (eg, appropriate reference standard or adequate spectrum of patients).\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e This figure is disturbing because CPG users need to know how much they can trust the evaluated information and whether adherence to the recommendations will yield more benefits than harm.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, the use of generic systems developed by therapeutic studies would lead to inaccurate ratings of the quality of the evidence and would generate uncertainty about the recommendations. An example is the use of neuropsychological testing. Although recommendations were fairly homogeneous and specific in terms of content, the strength and quality of the evidence on which they were based varied from very low (expert's opinion, D) to very high (1, A). This situation is worrying because although we selected only high-quality guidelines for these comparisons, it is not clear whether the evidence related to neuropsychological tests is of good quality or whether developers are confident about implementing the recommendations provided. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe found a similar situation regarding the use of brief cognitive tests, which added to other concerns about the clinical utility of these tools. In our review, we found a total of 19 tests recommended for initial assessment, but 3 of the high-quality guidelines only prescribed a cognitive assessment, although without identifying any instrument to achieve that goal. Once again, we encountered difficulties in assessing the quality of the diagnostic evidence and the strength of recommendations, but this variability also reflects doubts about the advantages and limitations of the tests.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e We think that valid and global figures about accuracy of these tools, especially those related to subgroups such as patients with mild cognitive impairment \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eor the general population, are imperative. This information could help us determine which test(s) would be more useful for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia. We found that only a few (26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) CPGs addressed the use of biomarkers. Three of them did not recommend their use in daily clinical practice and only one suggested that they could be potentially useful.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e Based on the currently available evidence, the uncertainty with respect to the applicability and benefit of these biomarkers in clinical settings does not support their inclusion in CPGs. The CPG users, who still wish to adopt these diagnostic tools in daily practice, could face difficulties related to local standardization, the development of cutoff points for different stages of AD, and the availability of trained staff (e.g, radiologists in the measurement of MRI structures). Once again, we noticed that formal evaluation of the clinical accuracy of these biomarkers is necessary.\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eA previous review by Beck et al also found considerable differences among diagnostic recommendations in CPGs on dementia published until 1999.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e They attributed these differences to the methods used to formulate recommendations and to the need for an evidence-based approach for future guideline development. We found that disagreement persisted even in rigorously developed evidence-based CPGs, causing significant consequences in terms of interpretation, comparison, and generalizability of the recommendations.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, adopting a system that took into account the nature of the evidence evaluated would be helpful. The framework outlined by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach has been developed to provide a common, rigorous, and comprehensive framework with specific consideration of diagnostic issues that could be helpful in solving these difficulties.\u003csup\u003e49\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e118    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eOur review has several strengths and limitations. We conducted an exhaustive and systematic search strategy of the available literature that was not limited to indexed databases, given that it included references that had not been used in other reviews on AD dementia. However, we had to exclude 6 CPGs in languages such as German and Chinese as well as 4 references with only therapeutic recommendations, which could have facilitated a more complete evaluation of AD dementia guidelines. Similarly, we only included guidelines published between 2005 and 2011. Although we selected this time span in order to be more certain about the appropriateness of the guidelines, CPG developers may have had different interpretations of the same evidence. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWe used a valid and widely disseminated instrument (AGREE- II) to assess guideline quality as well as a reliable process based on an independent assessment by 4 appraisers. Nevertheless, the use of the AGREE instrument has potential drawbacks related to a distinctive focus on the development process of the CPG instead of on the quality of individual recommendations within the guideline.\u003csup\u003e50\u003c\/sup\u003e In addition, we only used 1 domain of the AGREE-II tool to select the guidelines for individual analyses, whereas other reviews recommend the assessment of 2 domains, namely rigor of development and editorial independence. In our review, we aimed to assess the methodological issues related to the development of CPGs in order to highlight the issues associated with using generic grading systems, but we also noticed that all selected guidelines obtained adequate scores on the editorial independence domain ( 50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAs a conclusion, it is necessary that clinicians have access to high-quality and up-to-date recommendations from the best available evidence for the adequate management of patients with AD dementia. The quality of CPGs on the diagnosis of AD dementia can be improved not only through the inclusion of ethical aspects, the participation of stakeholders, and a clear strategy for their implementation, but also through a thorough evaluation of the quality of the available evidence using a unified framework to present recommendations. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e   \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eFunding \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: Pablo Alonso- Coello is funded by a Miguel Servet investigator contract from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. 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Edinburgh, England: 2008 [cited 2012 Jan 01]. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.html\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.htm\u003c\/a\u003el. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 13. Applicabil- ity, transferability and adaptation. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;4:25. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFretheim A, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 15. Disseminating and implementing guidelines. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:27. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: a systematic review. \u003cem\u003eBMJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2003;326:1167-1170. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFrancke AL, Smit MC, de Veer AJ, Mistiaen P. Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a systematic meta-review. \u003cem\u003eBMC Med Inform Decis Mak\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;8:38. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBoyd EA, Bero LA. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 4. Managing conflicts of interest. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:16. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDetsky AS. Sources of bias for authors of clinical practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eCMAJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;175(9):1033,1055. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGuyatt G, Akl EA, Hirsh J, et al. The vexing problem of guide- lines and conflict of interest: a potential solution. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2010;152(11):738-41. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWhiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;155(8):529-536. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 9. Grading evidence and recommendations. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:21. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcShane R, Noel-Storr A, Ritchie C, Flicker L. The quality and extent of evidence for biomarkers: a Cochrane systematic review. \u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;7(4):S100-S1. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. \u003cem\u003eEvid Based Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;13(6):162-163. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBrouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. The Global Rating Scale complements AGREE II in advancing the quality of practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Epidemiol\u003c\/em\u003e. 2012;65(5):526-534. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-12-29T02:31:17-08:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"alzheimer-s-disease","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560013738152"},{"id":560013639848,"title":"Trial Post","created_at":"2022-12-29T02:04:43-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts trial-post\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eReview \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:18pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's Disease Dementia Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing: A Systematic Review \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc\u003csup\u003e1,6\u003c\/sup\u003e, Olga L. Pedraza, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, Andrea Rodr´ıguez, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Erick Sa´nchez, MD\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eIgnasi Gich, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ivan Sola`, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Xavier Bonfill, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e, and Pablo Alonso-Coello, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e28(2) 111-119 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eª \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eThe Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003esagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e DOI: 10.1177\/1533317512470209 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/aja.sagepub.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eaja.sagepub.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAbstract \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with a growing incidence during the last decades. Clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and presence of AD biomarkers have become important issues for early and adequate treatment. We performed a systematic literature search and quality appraisal of AD dementia guidelines, published between 2005 and 2011, which contained diagnostic recommendations on AD dementia. We also analyzed diagnostic recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests, neuropsychological evaluation, and AD biomarkers. Of the 537 retrieved references, 15 met the selection criteria. We found that Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II domains such as applicability and editorial independence had the lowest scores. The wide variability on assessment of quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were the main concerns identified regarding diagnostic testing. Although the appropriate methodology for clinical practice guideline development is well known, the quality of diagnostic AD dementia guidelines can be significantly improved. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eKeywords \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ediagnosis, Alzheimer's disease dementia, systematic review, clinical practice guidelines \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eBackground \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThe world population is rapidly aging, which causes a signifi- cant increase in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases, with serious consequences in terms of global public health. The prevalence of diseases such as dementia is nearly 42 million patients in 2012, with approximately 4.6 million new cases a year.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e These figures would increase up to 300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eby 2040, with an impact on expenditure of over US$ 422 billion.\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia), the most common dementia in the Western world, is defined as a cogni- tive decline documented by standardized testing on 2 or more domains, which interferes with daily function and represents a decline in previous levels.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Recently, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke– Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria have been updated and presented 3 different types of AD dementia according to presence of core clinical criteria only (probable), an atypical course without differential diagno- sis (possible), or neuropathological evidence (definitive).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eThe presence of cognitive impairment, especially in the memory domain, is a fundamental part of the clinical criteria used to diagnose AD dementia. This impairment must be detected and \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003ediagnosed through a combination of clinical history analysis and objective cognitive assessment by means of a brief mental evalua- tion or comprehensive neuropsychological testing.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e The latter reflects the clinical dimension of the disease and characterizes the type of presentation. However, new trends in AD dementia \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e Grupo de Evaluacio´n de Tecnolog´ıas y Pol´ıticas en Salud - GETS, Clinical Research Institute - School of Medicine. National University of Colombia, Bogota´ DC, Colombia \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Department of Neurosciences and Memory Clinic Unit, Fundacion Uni- versitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogota, Colombia \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Department. Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Spain \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), CIBER Epidemiolog´ıa y Salud Pu´blica (CIBERESP), Spain \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Doctoral candidate at the Pediatrics, Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCorresponding Author: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc, Grupo de Evaluacio´n de Tecnolog´ıas y Pol´ıticas en Salud - GETS, Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogota´ DC, Colombia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:ingrid.arevalo@e-campus.uab.cat\"\u003eingrid.arevalo@e-campus.uab.cat\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e112    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ediagnosis suggest the need to reflect upon thebiological dimension of the disease, including biomarkers related to brain amyloid-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eprotein deposition and downstream neuronal degeneration.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eSeveral clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of AD dementia have been published in different countries. These offer users (professionals and health adminis- trators, patients and caregivers, among others) clinical recommendations for daily practice based on the best available evidence.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Although CPGs have become a useful clinical tool, their quality can vary and could be improved.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e The CPG assessment must be conducted in an objective manner using standardized instruments that address issues such as rigor of development, clarity of recommendations, and applicability, among others.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e It is also important to analyze the differences in recommendations among guidelines focused on the same topic, which can vary and even be contradictory.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eThere are previous studies related to the assessment of the quality and content of AD dementia CPGs, but these were not conducted systematically and did not assess recommendations on AD dementia diagnosis.\u003csup\u003e11-14\u003c\/sup\u003e The purpose of this review was to assess the quality of CPGs that focus on the diagnosis of AD dementia as well as to examine the recommendations on 3 crit- ical aspects of AD diagnosis: initial testing with brief cognitive screening tools, use of neuropsychological assessment, and use of biomarkers of amyloid-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eaccumulation and neuronal injury. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eMethods \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe performed a systematic review of AD dementia CPGs retrieved from the Web sites of guideline developers (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, National Institute for Clinical Excel- lence, among others), CPG compilers (National Guidelines Clear- inghouse, National Library of Guidelines, GIN Web site, among others), and institutions that conduct research related to dementia. We complemented this search in MEDLINE, using the terms ''dementia,'' ''Alzheimer,'' and ''elderly,'' with a methodological filter to search for CPGs (the full search strategy is available upon request). The CPGs with diagnostic recommendations in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between January 2005 and December 2011 were included. Previous versions of the same guideline, letters to the editor, or guidelines with a focus on pop- \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eulation screening or general mental health were excluded. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eTwo authors independently selected all potentially eligible studies by reading the titles and abstracts of the retrieved refer- ences. Subsequently, 4 trained authors independently assessed the quality of each CPG using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II tool.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e This instrument includes the evaluation of 6 domains: Scope and Purpose, Sta- keholder Involvement, Rigor of Development, Clarity of Presentation, Applicability, and Editorial Independence. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its 95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003econfidence interval (95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCI) were calculated to assess interrater agree- ment. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS\u003c\/span\u003e1 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eFor the analyses of recommendations regarding diagnostic testing, we only included guidelines of high quality, defined \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eas those with scores equal to or greater than 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ein the ''Rigor of development'' domain. We used this cutoff point as an adequate figure to reflect that a valid and transparent process had been adopted in the development of recommendations.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c\/sup\u003e For each guideline, 3 authors extracted recommendations con- cerning: (1) the brief cognitive instruments recommended for initial evaluation of patients with suspected AD dementia, (2) the use of neuropsychological assessment, and (3) the use of biomarkers in patients with suspected AD dementia. The rec- ommendations (sentences) of each CPG were extracted along with the quality of evidence, strength of the recommendation, and type of studies included. This information was synthesized in a recommendation matrix for further analysis. All disagree- ments were resolved by consensus. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll paper and pencil tests used for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia were classified as brief cognitive instruments. Neuropsychological assessment was defined as all comprehensive and standardized cognitive eva- luations, including appraisal of memory, language, executive functions, and visual–spatial abilities conducted by trained clinicians. Recommendations on the following AD biomarkers were included: low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e lev- els, positive retention of tracer in positron emission tomogra- phy (PET), elevated Tau protein levels in CSF (total or phosphorylated), decreased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET reflected in the temporoparietal cortex, and presence of patterns of atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial parietal cortex.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eResults \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe retrieved a total of 537 citations and excluded 518 that were not related to AD dementia. We also excluded letters to the edi- tor as well as CPGs in languages other than English, Spanish, and Portuguese, those with recommendations concerning only a subset of patients with dementia and those with general recommendations for mental health. In all, 4 CPGs containing therapeutic recommendations only were also excluded (Figure 1). We assessed 15 CPGs distributed among 22 individ- ual references.\u003csup\u003e16-37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWe found that the domains with the highest scores were ''Scope and Purpose'' and ''Clarity of Presentation'' (75.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eand 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e, respectively), whereas ''Applicability'' and ''Editor- ial Independence'' had the lowest figures (32.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eand 47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e, respectively). Only 1 (6.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) CPG had scores above 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ein all domains.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e All the 6 (40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) guidelines had ratings equal to or above 60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003efor the ''Rigor of Development'' domain\u003csup\u003e18,19,25,30,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 1). We classified these as guidelines of high quality. Agreement among reviewers was considerable (ICC 0.78, 95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eCI: 0.60-0.91). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eOf the 15 identified guidelines, 4 did not report a system to grade evidence or recommendations. Conversely, the 6 high-quality CPGs used 4 different grading systems. The most commonly used system, out of these 4, was that developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e).\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e Only \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e113 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFigure 1. Flowchart of the systematic search. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e1 CPG used a tool specifically designed for diagnostic questions\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 2). One CPG presented a diagnostic classi- fication system in the Methods section, but after concluding that there was no enough information to address the diagnostic topics, they based their recommendations on an expert consen- sus and presented them without graduation of strength.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll the 15 included guidelines had information on at least 1 of the 3 critical aspects of AD dementia diagnosis included in this review. In all, 14 (93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) provided recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD, 9 (60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) presented recommendations on the use of neuropsychological tests, and 4 (26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) presented explicit recommendations on use of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBrief Cognitive Test Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll 6 (100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) high-quality guidelines provided recommenda- tions on the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD dementia. They emphasized the importance of conducting a formal cognitive assessment using objective and valid instruments, although 3 (50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of them did not recommend any test in particular (Table 3). A total of 19 brief instruments were recommended in the guidelines \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eretrieved, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) being the most frequently recommended. Of the 6 high-quality guidelines, 5 (83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) considered information on national valida- tion and standardization of recommended tests, and 2 (33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of them, recommended the use of MMSE versions validated in the country where the CPG had been developed.\u003csup\u003e34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eObservational designs, especially cohorts and cross-sectional studies, were the most frequently included study designs. We found disagreements between the quality assessment of evidence and the confidence of recommendation among the high-quality guidelines. The former varied from very low to high depending on the system used. The strength of recommendation ranged from A to C (Table 3). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eAll the 6 (100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) high-quality guidelines presented recommen- dations related to the use of neuropsychological tests. They recommended neuropsychological testing only when the diag- nosis is unclear, when there is uncertainty about the stage of the disease, or when a differential diagnosis needs to be ruled out. Again, observational studies were the most frequently included type of design included. The quality of the evidence varied from very low to high and the strength of recommendations \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. The AGREE II Domain-Standardized Scores for CPG on Alzheimer´s Dementia Diagnostic Recommendations. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:97px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:84px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:85px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:68px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrganization\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublication Year\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCountry and Language\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScope and Purpose\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStakeholder Involvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRigor of Development\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClarity of Presentation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eApplicability\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEditorial Independence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 36px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil\u003csup\u003e16,17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazil, Portuguese\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px; border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazilian Academy of Neurology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia: supporting people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNational Institute for Health and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia and their carers in health and social care\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical Excellence (NICE) \u0026amp; Social Care Institute for Excellence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNetwork\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRecommendations for best practices\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThe Alzheimer's Drug Discovery\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 45px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ein the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in managed care\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFoundation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health, Singapore\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSingapore, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 1pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognitive impairment in the elderly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBritish Columbia Medical Association\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003erecognition, diagnosis, and management\u003csup\u003e20\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis and treatment of dementia\u003csup\u003e23-29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThird Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTreatment of Dementia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline for Alzheimer's disease management\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCalifornia Workgroup on Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd valign=\"middle\" style=\"padding-top: 1px; padding-left: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-right: 1px\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e Dementia: diagnosis and treatment \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eguideline\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia in elderly in primary care\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline about \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 2. Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation Systems Used. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eQuality of the Evidence    Strength of Recommendation    CPG \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSIGN\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e    1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or RCTs with a very low risk of bias. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eWell-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a low risk of bias. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies; high- quality case–control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eNonanalytic studies, eg, case reports, case series. 4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eExpert opinion. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review of RCTs, or RCT rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eand directly applicable to the target population; or a body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel B    A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel C A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ethe target population and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel D Evidence level 3 or 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e19,34 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1    Evidence obtained from at least 1 proper RCT. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomi- zation, or evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies preferably from more than 1 center or research group, or evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments are included in this category. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOpinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A. There is good evidence to support this maneuver.    \u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B. There is fair evidence to support this maneuver. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against this maneuver, but recommendations may be made on other grounds. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel D. There is a fair evidence to recommend against this procedure. Level E. There is good evidence to recommend against this procedure. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEFNS Classification    I    A prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons with the suspected \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003econdition, using a ''Gold Standard'' for case definition, where the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 152pt\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eA prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of per- sons with an established condition (by Gold Standard) compared to a broad spectrum of controls, where test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence provided by a retrospective study where either persons with the established condition or controls are of a narrow spectrum, and where test is applied in a blinded evaluation. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClass IV Any design where test is not applied in blinded evaluation or evidence provided by expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series (without controls). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A rating (established as useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive).    \u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B rating (established as probably useful\/predictive or not useful\/ predictive). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C rating (established as possibly useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive) requires at least 2 convincing class III studies. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care and SIGN Modified \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eI Evidence obtained from at least 1 properly designed RCT. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without rando- mization. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than 1 center or research group. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the inter- vention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments could also be regarded as this type of evidence. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIII Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience; descriptive studies and case reports; or reports of expert committees. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT, or    \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eevidence rated as good and directly applicable to the target population \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B Evidence from well-conducted clinical trials, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or evidence extrapolated from meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C    Evidence from expert committee reports, or opinions and\/or clinical experiences of respected authorities; indicates absence of directly applicable clinical studies of good quality. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; SIGN, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; RCT, randomized controlled trials. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e116    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 3. Recommendations for Brief Cognitive Tests in AD Dementia. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eN    Level of Evidence    Grade of Recommendation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eMMSE and\/or other tests    3    2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19,34\u003c\/sup\u003e and III\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    B\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e, C,\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e and A\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGeneric recommendation about brief cognitive test    3    2,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e I,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and expert consensus\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e    B,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e A,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and no strength\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 4. Neuropsychological Assessment Recommendations in AD Dementia Guidelines. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e.    Level of Evidence \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrade of Recommendation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Fomal neuropsychological testing should form part of the assessment in cases of mild or questionable dementia''\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Neuropsychological testing should be used in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in patients where dementia is not clinically obvious''\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia is currently a clinically integrative one. Neuropsychological testing alone cannot be used for this purpose and should be used selectively in clinical settings. Neuropsychological testing may aid in: addressing the distinction between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia, and early dementia; addressing the risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia to dementia or Alzheimer dementia; determining the differential diagnosis of dementia and other syndromes of cognitive impairment.''\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''When the diagnosis of dementia is inconclusive, then neuropsychological tests will be required''\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''We recommend performed a detailed neuropsychological evaluation by specific tests when there are discrepancies between the clinical impression and screening tests, diagnostic concerns or when the complaints are of short duration or limited to a single cognitive domain''\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Quantitative neuropsychological testing should be made in patients with questionable or very early Alzheimer Dementia''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The assessment of cognitive functions should include a general cognitive measure and more detailed testing of the main cognitive domains, and in particular an assessment of delay recall''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eExpert consensus    No strength 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e, 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eB \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2    B \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII    C \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e4    D \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 31pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII, I    B, A \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviation: AD, Alzheimer's disease. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003efrom A to D, similar to brief cognitive recommendations. None of the CPGs proposed a specific neuropsychological battery of instruments and only 1 guideline included a recommendation about the assessment of major cognitive domains (memory, executive functions, language, attention, and visuospatial skills; Table 4).\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe AD Biomarkers Recommendations \n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eOnly 4 (66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) of the 6 high-quality CPGs presented explicit recommendations for the use of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neu- ronal injury biomarkers (Table 5). In all, 3 of these emphasized a lack of clinical studies on these biomarkers and presented recommendations against their use.\u003csup\u003e19,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e The fourth high- quality CPG found FDG–PET and Tau levels to be useful,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e although the direction of recommendation (for or against) remains unclear. Again, observational designs were the most frequently included studies. The quality of evidence varied widely, from low to high, depending on the system used. Simi- larly, the strength of recommendation ranged from B to C. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eDiscussion \n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eThis review shows that CPGs addressing diagnostic issues related to AD dementia published between 2005 and 2011 are very heterogeneous in terms of quality according to their AGREE-II scores. Domains such as applicability and editorial independence had very low scores and deserve special atten- tion. Previous reviews of AD dementia CPGs highlight similar difficulties on these topics, even though such shortcomings could be easily improved.\u003csup\u003e7,12\u003c\/sup\u003e For example, if the applicability domain addresses organizational barriers, cost implications, and monitoring criteria related to guideline implementa- tion,\u003csup\u003e39-42\u003c\/sup\u003e it is important that guideline developers identify a priori factors related to transferability, such as values, costs, availability of resources, and influence of economic and intel- lectual interest on implementation. Regarding editorial independence issues,\u003csup\u003e41,43,44\u003c\/sup\u003e a complete and valid documenta- tion of conflicts of interest for all participants in all stages of guideline development is required.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eIssues concerning CPG rigor of development deserve closer attention. In our review, we noticed that 26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eof the CPGs did \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e117 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 5. Recommendations for the Use of Alzheimer's Dementia Biomarkers. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 159pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eBiomarkers of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAccumulation    Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eLevel of evidence and strength of recommendation\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbnormal tracer retention on amyloid PET \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eimaging    Low CSF A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e42 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eElevated CSF Tau (total or phosphorylated) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eDecreases FDG uptake on PET involving temporoparietal cortex \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAtrophy on MRI, involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial and lateral cortices. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with dementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eClinical practice guidelines about comprehensive care for people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eEFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eI, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e Inside cells: level of evidence, grade of recommendation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation against use of biomarker. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation unclear for use of biomarker. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003enot use a system to grade the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, among those that did use a system, only 1 included diagnostic-specific elements in their framework (eg, appropriate reference standard or ade- quate spectrum of patients).\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e This figure is disturbing because CPG users need to know how much they can trust the evaluated information and whether adherence to the recommendations will yield more benefits than harm.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, the use of generic systems developed by therapeutic studies would lead to inaccurate ratings of the quality of the evidence and would generate uncertainty about the recommendations. An example is the use of neuropsychological testing. Although recommen- dations were fairly homogeneous and specific in terms of content, their strength and quality of the evidence on which they were based varied from very low (experts opinion, D) to very high (1 , A). This situation is worrying because although we selected only high-quality guidelines for these comparisons, it is not clear whether the evidence related to neuropsychological tests is of good quality or whether developers are confident about implementing the recommendations provided. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eWe found a similar situation regarding the use of brief cog- nitive tests, which added to other concerns about the clinical utility of these tools. In our review, we found a total of 19 tests recommended for initial assessment, but 3 of the high-quality guidelines only prescribed a cognitive assessment, although without identifying any instrument to achieve that goal. Once again, we encountered difficulties in assessing the quality of the diagnostic evidence and the strength of recommendations, but this variability also reflects doubts about the advantages and limitations of the tests.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e We think that valid and global figures about accuracy of these tools, especially those related to subgroups such as patients with mild cognitive impairment \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eor the general population, are imperative. This information could help us determine which test(s) would be more useful for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia. We found that only a few (26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e) CPGs addressed the use of biomarkers. Three of them did not recommend their use in daily clinical practice and only one suggested that they could be potentially useful.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e Based on the currently available evidence, the uncertainty with respect to the applicability and benefit of these biomarkers in clinical settings does not support their inclusion in CPGs. The CPG users, who still wish to adopt these diagnostic tools in daily practice, could face difficulties related to local standardization, development of cutoff points for different stages of AD, and availability of trained staff (eg, radiologists in measurement of MRI structures). Once again, we noticed that formal evaluation of clinical accuracy \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eof these biomarkers is necessary.\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eA previous review by Beck et al also found considerable dif- ferences among diagnostic recommendations in CPGs on dementia published until 1999.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e They attributed these differ- ences to the methods used to formulate recommendations and to the need for an evidence-based approach for future guideline development. We found that disagreement persisted even in rigorously developed evidence-based CPGs, causing signifi- cant consequences in terms of interpretation, comparison, and generalizability of the recommendations.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, adopting a system that took into account the nature of the evidence evaluated would be helpful. The framework outlined by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach has been developed to provide a common, rigorous, and comprehensive framework with a specific consideration of diagnostic issues that could be helpful in solving these difficulties.\u003csup\u003e49\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e118    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eOur review has several strengths and limitations. We conducted an exhaustive and systematic search strategy of the available literature that was not limited to indexed databases, given that it included references that had not been used in other reviews on AD dementia. However, we had to exclude 6 CPGs in languages such as German and Chinese as well as 4 references with only therapeutic recommendations, which could have facilitated a more complete evaluation of AD dementia guidelines. Similarly, we only included guidelines published between 2005 and 2011. Although we selected this time span in order to be more certain about the appropriateness of the guidelines, CPG developers may have had different interpretations of the same evidence. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eWe used a valid and widely disseminated instrument (AGREE- II) to assess guideline quality as well as a reliable process based on independent assessment by 4 appraisers. Nevertheless, the use of the AGREE instrument has potential drawbacks related to a distinc- tive focus on the development process of the CPG instead of on the quality of individual recommendations within the guideline.\u003csup\u003e50\u003c\/sup\u003e In addition, we only used 1 domain of the AGREE-II tool to select the guidelines for individual analyses, whereas other reviews recom- mend the assessment of 2 domains, namely rigor of development and editorial independence. In our review, we aimed to assess the methodological issues related to the development of CPGs in order to highlight the issues associated with using generic grading sys- tems, but we also noticed that all selected guidelines obtained ade- quate scores on the editorial independence domain ( 50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e). \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt\"\u003eAs a conclusion, it is necessary that clinicians have access to high-quality and up-to-date recommendations from the best available evidence for the adequate management of patients with AD dementia. The quality of CPGs on the diagnosis of AD dementia can be improved not only through the inclusion of ethical aspects, the participation of stakeholders, and a clear strategy for their implementation, but also through a thorough evaluation of the quality of the available evidence using a unified framework to present recommendations. \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eFunding \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: Pablo Alonso- Coello is funded by a Miguel Servet investigator contract from the Insti- tuto de Salud Carlos III. Other authors received no financial support for this research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eReferences \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFerri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. 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Edinburgh, England: 2008 [cited 2012 Jan 01]. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.html\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.htm\u003c\/a\u003el. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 13. Applicabil- ity, transferability and adaptation. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;4:25. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFretheim A, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 15. 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Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a systematic meta-review. \u003cem\u003eBMC Med Inform Decis Mak\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;8:38. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBoyd EA, Bero LA. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 4. Managing conflicts of interests. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:16. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDetsky AS. Sources of bias for authors of clinical practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eCMAJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;175(9):1033,1055. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGuyatt G, Akl EA, Hirsh J, et al. The vexing problem of guide- lines and conflict of interest: a potential solution. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2010;152(11):738-41. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWhiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;155(8):529-536. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 9. Grading evi- dence and recommendations. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:21. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcShane R, Noel-Storr A, Ritchie C, Flicker L. The quality and extent of evidence for biomarkers: a Cochrane systematic review. \u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Associa- tion\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;7(4):S100-S1. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. \u003cem\u003eEvid Based Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;13(6):162-163. \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBrouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. The Global Rating Scale complements the AGREE II in advancing the quality of practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Epidemiol\u003c\/em\u003e. 2012;65(5):526-534. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-12-29T02:04:43-08:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"trial-post","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/560013639848"},{"id":559910682792,"title":"What Are The Different Types Of Dementia?","created_at":"2022-11-16T03:07:58-08:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is a general term for an impairment of cognitive function,\u003c\/strong\u003e which is severe enough to interfere with a person’s daily life. It affects memory and thinking, and also has an impact on social and communication abilities. People with dementia often have memory loss, but there are also other signs of dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is not a disease, but rather a group of symptoms. There are many different diseases that can cause dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat are the signs and symptoms of dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with dementia may have problems with one or more of the following:\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMemory\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProblem-solving\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAttention and focus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePlanning and organizing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLanguage\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMotor skills and coordination\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStaying oriented (knowing where they are, what day and time it is, and who the people around them are)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s also common for people with dementia to experience other symptoms related to changes in \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\"\u003ebrain function\u003c\/a\u003e, including depression, anxiety, agitation, paranoia, and hallucinations.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough it does become much more common as people get older, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edementia is a medical condition, not a normal part of aging\u003c\/strong\u003e. Some minor issues with memory are considered to be normal for seniors – for example, forgetting where you put your keys or forgetting a word from time to time.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, dementia is not considered to be normal. In fact, many people live into their 80s and beyond without ever developing dementia. This constellation of symptoms indicates an underlying disease process in the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat causes dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is caused by a deterioration of the brain. There’s generally \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ea loss of brain cells, and\/or a loss of the connections between brain cells\u003c\/strong\u003e. In most cases, this loss is progressive, meaning that it gets worse over time. However, there are certain reversible causes of dementia, which can get better with the right medical treatment. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is a constellation of symptoms, not a disease in and of itself\u003c\/strong\u003e. When a person shows signs of dementia, doctors will go through a diagnostic process to determine the cause.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow many types of dementia are there?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are over a hundred different conditions that can cause dementia or dementia-like symptoms. However, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003emost people with dementia have one of the four most common causes,\u003c\/strong\u003e which are Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCommon causes of dementia\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlzheimer’s disease\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, affecting more than half of all patients. In people with Alzheimer’s disease, certain abnormal proteins build up in the brain in various locations. Certain protein fragments build up between brain cells; these are known as amyloid (or beta-amyloid) plaques. A protein called tau also builds up inside brain cells, forming long protein chains known as tangles. The plaques and tangles interfere with brain function, and can cause the death of brain cells.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s still not known why some people develop Alzheimer’s disease, while others do not. However, some risk factors have been discovered. Researchers believe that genetics play a significant role in determining a person’s risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, lifestyle factors like a lack of exercise, smoking, and a lack of sleep increase the risk.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVascular dementia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe second most common type of dementia is vascular dementia. This type is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. Any condition that causes damage to blood vessels can lead to vascular dementia. Some common examples include high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and smoking. People who have strokes can also develop vascular dementia.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe symptoms of vascular dementia are similar to those of Alzheimer’s disease, and it can be very difficult to tell the two conditions apart. However, vascular dementia tends to cause more cognitive issues, like slowed thinking, problems focusing and concentrating, and trouble with problem-solving. Although memory loss can certainly also occur, it tends to be less prominent in those with vascular dementia than in those with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia with Lewy bodies\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn this form of dementia,Lewy bodiesform inside brain cells. These are clumps of a misfolded protein called alpha-synuclein.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlong with changes in thinking and memory, people who have dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) can sometimes have hallucinations. They may also have difficulty with body movements, such as rigidity, slow movements, tremors, and difficulty walking.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese movement symptoms are similar to those seen in Parkinson’s disease. In fact, in their advanced stages, DLB and Parkinson’s disease are indistinguishable from each other.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFrontotemporal dementia\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis type of dementia is caused by changes in the brain’s ability to process certain proteins, causing abnormal clumps of protein to build up inside brain cells. There are a few different variants, which are caused by the buildup of different proteins.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe buildup of proteins leads to a loss of brain volume, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain (the front and sides of the brain). Frontotemporal dementia was formerly referred to as Pick’s disease, and this term is still sometimes used.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople with frontotemporal dementia tend to be diagnosed at somewhat younger ages than those with other types. This is the second most common cause of dementia in people under age 65. In general, the dominant symptoms are changes in behavior, emotions, and language.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMixed dementia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s possible for a person to have more than one cause of dementia at the same time. This is known as mixed dementia, and it’s not uncommon. For example, autopsy studies have shown that 22%Mixed Dementia: A Review Of The Evidence - Pmc of people with dementia had both Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dementia with Lewy bodies can also coexist with Alzheimer’s disease. About half of all people who have DLB also have beta-amyloid in their brains.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBecause mixed dementia is common, this can make diagnosing the cause of a particular case of dementia more challenging. The symptoms of different types of dementia can also overlap quite a bit, making the diagnosis even more difficult.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia caused by brain damage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTraumatic brain injury (TBI) has also been linked to the development of dementia. People who experience repeated episodes of TBI, such as football players and boxers, are at the greatest risk for this.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere has been some concern that people who experience a single TBI may be at an increased risk for dementia compared with the general population, but a careful analysis of the scientific literature indicates that a single TBI doesn’t appear to significantly increase the risk. However, those who experience severe or repeated TBIs are more likely to later develop dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia caused by other diseases\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia can also be a symptom of various conditions that affect the brain. For example, Parkinson’s disease commonly causes dementia in its later stages. Many other neurological conditions can also cause dementia, including Huntington’s disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and multiple sclerosis.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn people with \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21487421\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21487421\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21487421\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ealcoholism\u003c\/a\u003e, alcohol-related damage to the brain accumulates over time. This can lead to symptoms of dementia, and is referred to as alcohol-related brain damage (ARBD). People with alcoholism may also experience severe nutritional deficiencies that can cause dementia-like symptoms.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReversible causes of dementia\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDementia is most commonly irreversible once the disease process has started. Although treatments may be able to slow down the progression of the disease, there’s generally no known way to restore lost brain function.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ecertain potentially treatable conditions can also cause dementia-like symptoms.\u003c\/strong\u003e These include:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInfections of the central nervous system\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThyroid abnormalities\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAbnormal levels of certain minerals in the blood (including sodium and calcium)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLow vitamin B1, B6, or B12 levels\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBleeding inside the skull, which can occur after a fall\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain tumors\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCertain medications\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReversible causes of dementia are uncommon, but it’s important to check for these conditions as part of the diagnostic process.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReversible causes of dementia are uncommon\u003c\/strong\u003e, but it’s important to check for these conditions as part of the diagnostic process.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eAre the symptoms the same for all types of dementia?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn general, the signs and symptoms of dementia are similar, no matter what the cause is.\u003c\/strong\u003e There are some differences that may be seen between different diseases. For example, people with vascular dementia tend to have more cognitive issues (such as slowed thinking and trouble with problem solving), while people with Alzheimer’s disease tend to have more memory loss.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, the symptoms of dementia overlap considerably between different diseases, and \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eit’s not possible to definitively distinguish different types of dementia solely based on the symptoms. \u003c\/strong\u003eTesting, such as blood tests and imaging studies, is needed to determine what disease is causing a particular patient’s dementia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-11-16T03:11:10-08:00","updated_at":"2024-03-10T04:41:17-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003eWe’ve chosen these plant-based sources for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\" title=\"Algae Omega 3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/vegan-omega-3\"\u003eTahiro’s Vegan Algae Based Omega-3 supplement\u003c\/a\u003e. Rather than leave the specific mix of fatty acids to chance (as many supplements do), we’ve carefully balanced the supplement to contain the right amounts of EPA, DHA, and DPA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhether you’re vegan or not, Tahiro’s Vegan Omega-3 offers a way to get the benefits of all three of these long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"different-types-of-dementia","tags":"Cognition","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559910682792","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:12:26-07:00","alt":"Different Types Of Dementia","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_Are_The_Different_Types_Of_Dementia.jpg?v=1710070471"}},{"id":559901933736,"title":"RESEARCH  ARTICLE  2","created_at":"2022-11-11T02:28:23-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts research-article-2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003eRESEAR CH AR TICLE \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans; font-size: 18pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003eStronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShao-Min Hung\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaw-An Wu\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShinsuke Shimojo\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXianghong Arakaki\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBiology and Biological Engineering, California\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eFaculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eUniversity, Tokyo, Japan\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eComputation and Neural Systems, California\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003eHuntington Medical Research Institutes,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eCorrespondence\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eShao-Min Hung, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan\/Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbstract \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction: \u003c\/strong\u003eAbnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ecognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e91125, USA.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:smhung@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003esmhung@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003erisk) A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word- \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eShinsuke Shimojo, Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:sshimojo@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003esshimojo@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eXianghong Arakaki, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), 686 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:xianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003exianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003enaming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion: \u003c\/strong\u003eThese findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early patho- logical aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eKEYWORDS \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eaging, early identification, implicit processing, pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 1pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThis is an open access article under the terms of the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e© 2022 The Authors. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \u0026amp; Disease Monitoring \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003epublished by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's Dement. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e2022;14:e12340.    \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/wileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003ewileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa; font-size: 7pt;\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e1 of9 \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"1_%7C_INTRODUCTION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major mental and financial bur- den on our society as people have a longer life expectancy. Currently, nearly 6 million people in the United States aged 65 and above are diag- nosed with AD. This number was projected to be doubled in 20 years.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eBetween 2000 and 2017, the number of deaths from AD increased 145%.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eImportantly, this number could be severely underestimated as patients may die from complications indirectly caused by AD (e.g., res- piratory system failure\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The hours of informal care provided in 2018 were estimated to be valued at nearly 234 billion USD. Patients on average remain alive and in need of extended care 4 to 8 years after the diagnosis of the disease,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ecausing a devastating psychological burden to the patient, the family, and the society.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAlthough currently there is no available treatment to cure or reverse the catastrophic cognitive decline of AD, early intervention has been shown to slow down disease progression.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,6\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe commonly used diagnostic biomarkers such as age-appropriate total tau level and cere- brospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e indicate abnormality years before symptoms show up.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eHowever, in this pre-symptomatic period, it is extremely difficult to identify high-risk populations without exten- sive and invasive examinations. That is, people in the pre-symptomatic period are cognitively healthy and exhibit no apparent signs of disease. Finding an effective behavioral assessment that reveals early cognitive decline can provide an opportunity for intervention and will benefit our aging society tremendously. The current study thus set out to differ- entiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic older participants with a non-invasive yet sensitive behavioral measurement.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eCognitive health is typically characterized by conscious and effortful thinking, focusing on memory, attention, and command-following (e.g., assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, despite having different biochemical risk levels, older asymptomatic participants characterized as cognitively healthy in the neuropsycho- logical assessment could exhibit a comparable level of behavioral performance in a cognitive task. Recent studies in perception sci- ences, however, have begun to show that high-level executive functions could play a role in regulating perception. For example, distributing attentional resources to a perceptual target improves performance, typically attributed to an enhanced gain of perceptual inputs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThese results have been expanded to subthreshold stimuli that observers are unable to perceive consciously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11,12\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFollowing this rationale, we aimed to examine if subtle changes in the high-level executive func- tions, which have not yet surfaced to conscious cognition to alter behavioral performance, could affect how observers respond to sub- threshold, implicit perceptual information. That is, these early potential perceptual\/cognitive changes are too subtle to be captured by stan- dard neuropsychological testing but can be revealed by altered implicit responses to external imperceptible sensory stimuli.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe central question is, which aspect of high-level executive func- tions is the most plausible candidate for us to observe an interaction with implicit processing? A rich body of literature has explored how older participants react to cognitively challenging conditions, with a focus on inhibitory control.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13–17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eBased on these previous findings,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewe sought an experimental paradigm that challenged our participants cognitively with immense interference during their performance. For example, the Stroop task has been widely administered to assess cog- nitive control in which the participants are instructed to respond to colored words. When the task is color-naming, inconsistent seman- tics of the word (e.g., \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003egreen \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ecolored in red) is retrieved effectively and interferes with performance (i.e., the Stroop effect). When the task is word-naming, the color inconsistency usually yields a weaker inter- ference as color retrieval is less effective. In the younger and older participants, a similar Stroop effect size has been reported in sev- eral previous studies,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,14\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eincluding an early meta-analysis study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eHowever, by manipulating the ratio of word-color congruent and incon- gruent trials, Mutter et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshowed that older participants suffered from using this contextual information to suppress distracting informa- tion. Similar failure to suppress lexical information has been observed in other paradigms in the elderly. Using a word-fragment-completion task, Logan and Balota\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003efound that older participants were more likely to use irrelevant information from a preceding distractor to perform the task, even when they were explicitly told not to do so. These studies have offered a solid foundation for the use of interference- based paradigms to pose a cognitive challenge and observe the harmful effects on task performance.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eIn the current study, we combined multiple layers of explicit and implicit interference in a task, including task-switching, Stroop inter- ference, and subliminal distractor response incongruency. The first two factors were introduced to induce a cognitively challenging condi- tion via the need to explicitly inhibit task-irrelevant stimulus features, potentially exhausting limited cognitive resources in the older partici- pants. They were both based on the Stroop effect. As previously men- tioned, color-naming requires stronger inhibition of the word meaning, and word-naming is relatively low effort because color retrieval is less automatic. Thus, a successful response in a Stroop task requires suppression of interfering information. Critically, we delivered a visu- ally masked distractor prior to the target word. Although no task was given to the masked distractors, identical words to the target words were used and expected to trigger implicit responses.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eTherefore, if the masked word and the subsequent target word triggered differ- ent responses, it was deemed incongruent and potentially caused a subliminal interference.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eWe recruited participants from a longitudinal study pool in which CSF amyloid\/tau and neuropsychological assessments had been per- formed on each individual. Blind to both the experimenters and the participants, these participants had been identified as cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003eathological \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH-PATs) and cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eN\u003c\/span\u003eormal \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH- NATs). This ratio was derived from their CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e and total tau protein. It has been shown to have 85% sensitivity in discriminat- ing AD among AD patients, mild cognitive impairment participants, and healthy controls in our prior study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis biomarker has been applied in a series of previous studies to show accurate delineation between healthy controls and AD patients.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22–24\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePreliminary data also suggest the predictive power of this biomarker: In an ongoing 4- year longitudinal study, 40% of the CH-PATs have declined cognitively\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewhile all CH-NATs have remained healthy.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWe thus defined the CH- PATs as at high risk and the CH-NATs as at low risk of AD in the current study. As both groups were cognitively healthy by the assess- ment of neuropsychological tests, we expected to see differentiation of performance only at the implicit\/subliminal level. Specifically, we proposed two competing hypotheses with the assumption that high- risk participants have subtly declining attention capacity, compared to low-risk participants. First, stronger implicit interference signals weakened inhibitory control, which will predict worse performance in high-risk older participants due to stronger implicit interference. Second, stronger implicit interference entails available attentional resources. This hypothesis is motivated by our recent work on a young population showing the attentional requirement to process implicit dis- tracting sensory information.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eConversely, this hypothesis will predict a stronger implicit interference in low-risk older participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2_%7C_METHODS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 39pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans; font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2.1.1_%7C_General_experimental_apparatus\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eExperimental design and subject details\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 47pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eGeneral experimental apparatus\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eParticipants performed the experiment in a quiet room. The visual stim- uli were generated with E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.) on a Dell Precision T5610 with a 20\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e″ \u003c\/span\u003escreen. Participants were uncon- strained and observed the visual stimuli from approximately 50 cm away.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 47pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"2.1.2_%7C_Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eForty-seven cognitively healthy elderly (age range 53–92) were recruited. These participants were pre-determined as CH-NATs and CH-PATs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePlease see the next section for more information. The status of each participant was not known to the participant and exper- imenter, making the study double-blinded. None of them reported vision difficulty during stimulus presentation. The institutional review boards (IRB) of the California Institute of Technology and the Hunting- ton Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) approved this study (Quorum IRB, Seattle, Study #27197). All participants gave written consent prior to participation. Every participant completed a session lasting approx- imately 50 minutes. Three participants were excluded prior to analysis due to their inability to perform the task. Another three participants were excluded with accuracy three standard deviations lower than the group mean. One participant's status remained unknown and was not included. Forty participants thus entered the final analysis with 18 CH-NATs and 22 CH-PATs.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 47pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eParticipant status classification\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eA complete description of classification, including a complete list of neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003esmall vessel disease, the biochemical analysis of lumbar CSF, was detailed in a previous study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eIn summary, separate assessments performed prior to the experiment included a collection of demo- graphic data, physical exam, blood work, disease severity and disability scales, and CSF amyloid\/tau measurements. Participants with any cog- nitive impairment, that is, global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale scores \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e0.0, were not recruited. Participants had a Uniform Data Set format examination with no classifiable psychiatric or neurological dis- order and were all diagnosed as cognitively healthy. They enrolled in this study after a 5-hour comprehensive neuropsychological battery in which testing was performed independent\/blind to the biochemical classification. Different cognitive domains including memory, execu- tive function, language, attention, and visuospatial orientation were tested. All data were normalized to age, sex, and education norma- tive tables. These formal neuropsychometric data were combined with CDR, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and MMSE, as described previously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThe CSF samples were run on both Innotest (Innogenetics, discontinued) and MSD platforms (K15121G, MSD) to determine total tau (cutoff value \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e450 pg\/mL) and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e26,27\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePar- ticipants were then divided depending on individual CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\/total tau ratios compared to a cutoff value derived from a logistic regres- sion model that correctly diagnosed \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e85% of clinically probable AD participants.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants' demographics, including their age, sex, and education year, can be found in Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. There was no difference between the two groups.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDemographics and post-study subjective effort exertion report of CH-NATs (low-risk) and CH-PATs (high-risk)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCH-NATs (low risk)CH-PATs (high risk)Total number1822Age77.29 (8.01)74.48 (8.85)Sex12 females 6 males17 females 5 malesEducation year16.18 (2.10)16.90 (2.45)Post-study questionnaire0: Not at all–3: SevereDid you have any physical troubles during the task?0.11 (0.32)0.36 (0.62)Difficulty: Word responding to word responding1.11 (0.70)1.12 (0.76)Difficulty: Color responding to color responding1.03 (0.65)1.24 (0.75)Difficulty: Word responding to color responding1.28 (0.77)1.52 (0.66)Difficulty: Color responding to word responding1.31 (0.62)1.60 (0.62)How much effort did you use for the task?1.89 (0.74)2.02 (0.64)Do you feel tired after the task?0.72 (0.83)0.74 (0.85)Note: The two groups were comparable in each item with P \u0026gt; .05. The data are reported in mean (SD). Abbreviations: Aß, amyloid beta; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with normal Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with pathological Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; SD, standard deviation. \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eExperimental design and procedure\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #020303;\"\u003e(A)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 372pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 4pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAn illustration of the task and stimuli is in Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Two words and two colors were selected to create word–color inconsistency in the stim- uli: word GREEN\/RED in color red\/green. A fixation point remained on screen throughout the trial. Each trial consisted of two stimuli to induce task-switching (word-naming for the stimulus 1 and color-naming for the target, or vice versa) or non-task-switching trials (word-naming or color-naming for both stimuli). A gray distractor (GREEN\/RED) was presented with a forward and a backward noise mask that consisted of random meaningless letters to disrupt its visibility. The (in)congruency between the distractor and the target was defined by the response induced by each stimulus.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eEach trial began with a 500-ms blank stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). The first stimulus word in the trial was presented for 5000 ms or until response. Subsequently, a masked distractor (17 ms) was sand- wiched between a forward and a backward mask (each 50 ms) and presented above or below the fixation dot. Each mask consisted of a 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #020303;\"\u003e(B)\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #221e1f;\"\u003eTrial phase Stimulus\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #221e1f;\"\u003eTime\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #221e1f;\"\u003eTask\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003e8 array of random letters and lasted 50 ms. Another blank period was inserted and lasted 500 ms. The target word appeared subsequently and lasted for 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eIn each trial, participants responded to both colored words. Partici- pants were instructed to name the color when the word was underlined (color-naming) and to name the word when the word was not under- lined (word-naming) via button presses. No task was given to the masked word. It is important to point out that the second stimulus was the true target stimulus because both the task-switching and masked distractor effects could only be observed on this stimulus. Our analyses thus focused on the responses to the target word.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eEvery participant first underwent a short period of practice until they felt comfortable proceeding to the main experiment. Three blocks\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eStimuli, trial sequence, and task. A. Top. Stimuli. The stimulus words were RED\/GREEN, colored in an inconsistent ink. When the word was not underlined, the task was word-naming. When the word was underlined, the task was color-naming. Distractors were the same words without colors. B. Bottom. Trial sequence and task.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eShown here is a task-switching trial. Each trial began with a 500-ms fixation, after which the first word appeared for 5000 ms or until response. The masked word was presented for 17 ms in one of the two possible locations (above or below the fixation) and sandwiched by two 50-ms masks consisting of random letters. No task was given to the masked distractor. The target appeared after another 500-ms blank period and lasted for another 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eParticipants were instructed to respond as accurately as possible.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eeach containing 64 trials were completed in the main experiment. To assess the invisible nature of the masked distractor, a post-experiment surprise awareness test was performed. The temporal sequence of the masking paradigm was identical to that of the main experiment. Each trial began with a 500-ms blank SOA, followed by the masked word presentation. Participants were instructed to report the location (top\/bottom) of the masked word as best as they could (i.e., two- alternative-forced-choice [2AFC]). Similarly, they had 5000 ms for a response.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAll participants completed a post-study questionnaire (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) to indicate their subjective physical and mental efforts exertion during the study. Seven questions were asked on a four-point scale (0: not severe at all—3: very severe). Participants were allowed to give subscale responses (e.g., 1.5).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"3_%7C_RESULTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eRESULTS\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe analyses below are reported in the format of mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]). To first establish that the masked distractor was indeed imperceptible, we examined the accuracy of the 2AFC loca- tion task in the post-experiment awareness test. The mean accuracy was 45.00% (2.07%) and slightly below chance (paired \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(33) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.42, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02), indicating the implicit nature of the distractor. There was no difference between CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk; two-sample t-test, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[32] \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.89). Six participants refused to complete this task, claiming that there was absolutely no word on the monitor. Their data were excluded only for the awareness test. Post-study questionnaire results indicated no differences between CH-PATs and CH-NATs in subjective effort exertion (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Par- ticularly, although the experiment was designed to examine how the elderly responded to cognitively challenging conditions while using inhibitory control, participants reported low levels of difficulty.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe average accuracy rates (ACC) and reaction times (RT) on the target in each trial were first examined to gauge participants' perfor- mance. On average, the mean ACC was 92.75% (0.95%), and the mean RT was 1350 (21) ms. These data corroborated that our participants were cognitively healthy and performed the task well.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTo further examine their performance with respect to our exper- imental design, two separate mixed-effect analyses of variance were performed on the ACC and RT with one between-subject factor (participant status: CH-NATs\/CH-PATs) and three within-subject fac- tors (switch\/Stroop\/distractor incongruency). The switch component denoted whether the current target was in a switch (e.g., color-naming for the first stimulus and word-naming for the second stimulus) or non- switch trial (e.g., color-naming for both stimuli). The Stroop component denoted whether the target stimulus (i.e., the second stimulus) was color-naming (i.e., the Stroop effect, high-effort) or word-naming (i.e., the reverse Stroop effect, low-effort). Finally, the distractor incongru- ency component was defined by the designated responses triggered by the distractor and the target. If they triggered the same button response, the distractor was deemed congruent, otherwise, it was deemed incongruent.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe analysis on the ACC yielded a main effect of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.001, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.24, with no main effects of Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.56, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02, distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.54,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.47, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.01, and participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.71,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. This could be due to ceiling performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eIn contrast, the analysis on the RT yielded main effects of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e103.63, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.000, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73; Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.30, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.002,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.23; distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e3.58, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.07 (marginal), \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.09, and no effect of participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.71, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. Critically, a three-way interaction was observed across participant status, Stroop, and distractor incongruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e5.08, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.03, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73. Based on our a priori hypothesis that distractor incongruency could slow down responses in partici- pants with normal or pathological status, we treated the Stroop factor as an \"effort\" factor and examined the distractor incongruency effect in each group under the high-effort (color-naming) and low-effort (word-naming) conditions. This approach also limited the potential comparisons. A similar approach was taken in our recent study with a similar experimental design.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTwo post hoc analyses were thus performed. The RT here were also normalized against the average RT of the comparing conditions so that the percentage increase or decrease could be cleanly assessed. In the high-effort color-naming trials, compared to CH-NATs, CH-PATs were interfered by an implicit response-incongruent distractor, indicated by RT slowing (CH-PATs: 4.3% vs. CH-NATs: –0.2%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.55, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.015, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.83, sig-\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003enificant after Bonferroni correction, left panel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). This effect was not found in the low-effort word-naming trials (CH-PATs: –1.3% vs. CH-NATs: 1.04%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e-0.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.35, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.31, right\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003epanel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In short, during the more difficult color-naming con- dition, incongruent distractors slowed down RTs in CH-PATs but not CH-NATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAlthough the participants in both groups were diagnosed as cog- nitively healthy, we further explored if their performance in the neuropsychological tests was correlated with the extent to which the incongruent, implicit distractor exerted an RT-slowing effect. Here we reported the MoCA and MMSE scores. Both scoring systems range from 0 to 30. Larger numbers indicate better cognitive ability. With all participants, there was a negative correlation between the distractor effect and MMSE: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.38, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.02 (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), but not between the distractor effect and MoCA: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.11, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.52. The group result indi- cated a link between worse cognition (i.e., lower scores in MMSE) and stronger subliminal distraction, which was consistent with our main finding. This negative correlation was not found within each group (CH- PATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.13, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.37, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.09; CH-NATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.32, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.23; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e– 0.43, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.10; note that there are two missing data points of the original MoCA and MMSE scores in CH-NATs, which are not included in this analysis). At least for the relationship between MMSE and distractor congruency, the lack of significance in each group was possibly due to smaller group sizes since both groups had the same trend.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFinally, we ran a logistic regression to directly estimate how predictive MMSE, MoCA, and the distractor congruency were to\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 45pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 114pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 6pt;\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 6pt;\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 6pt;\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eImplicit interference in CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk). Percentage reaction time slowing was calculated by taking the RT difference between distractor incongruent and congruent trials, divided by the average of the two. Left, During color-naming, CH-PATs showed stronger RT slowing, compared to CH-NATs. Right, During word-naming, both groups were not interfered by incongruent distractors. CH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual, while the solid disc indicates the mean. Error bars denote standard error of the mean. Individual data are ranked order by the effect. A box plot is embedded in the background to display data distribution. Following the convention, the line inside the box denotes median while the upper and lower limits denote 75th and 25th percentile. Whiskers extend to 1.5 interquartile range. Crosses represent data exceed this range. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; RT, reaction time\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 266pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eA logistic regression model using MMSE, MoCA, and RT interference (RT slowing by an implicit distractor) to estimate their predictive power to Alzheimer's disease risk level\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 3 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNegative correlation between MMSE scores and the implicit interference in the high difficulty task in all participants.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eCH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual. Three dotted lines were linearly fitted to the correlation in all participants (black), CH-NATs (green), and CH-PATs (red).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAsterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e \u003ca name=\"4_%7C_GENERAL_DISCUSSION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eparticipants' biochemical status\/risk level. Our results showed that distractor congruency was the only factor that significantly con- curred with participants' status (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). That is, higher interference significantly predicted high-risk level. These results suggest better agreement between the risk level and implicit perception than the risk level and explicit cognitive function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e: RT interference is the only factor that significantly concurs with the risk level. Coefficient estimate denotes probability of being CH-PATs com- pared to CH-NATs in each term. Positive values denote higher probability while negative ones denote lower probability. That is, a unit increase in RT interference increases the log odd of being CH-PATs approximately 16 times. SE denotes standard errors of coefficient estimates. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAbbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RT, reaction time.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #492365;\"\u003eGENERAL DISCUSSION\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOur study served as one of the first attempts to directly examine how the elderly at high and low risk of AD suffered from distracting, implicit interference. Multiple layers of response interference were introduced to examine the capability of inhibition control, including task-switching, Stroop interference, as well as subliminal distractor incongruency. We found that when the interference was explicit and consumed conscious effort, both the low-risk (CH-NATs) and high-risk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e(CH-PATs) participants slowed down during task-switching and color- naming (i.e., the classical Stroop effect). The performance between the two groups was comparable. However, when the interference was implicit and subliminal, the two groups' performance bifurcated: Under high task difficulty (i.e., color-naming), high-risk participants suffered more interference from imperceptible and response-incongruent dis- tractors, compared to low-risk participants. When the task difficulty was lower (i.e., word-naming), both groups were not interfered by the distractor. These results revealed early changes in inhibitory control over latent and implicit visual information, while participants remained cognitively healthy and exhibited similar level of interference from conscious, explicit visual information. Our findings thus indicated the importance of investigating subliminal perception in providing a poten- tial pre-clinical behavioral marker to differentiate older participants into high- or low-risk status in AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOur main finding indicates that inhibitory control in suppressing implicit distracting information can be key to differentiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic AD. Low-risk participants appeared to have an intact ability to suppress unwanted information and hence were protected from implicit interference. Intriguingly, high task difficulty was another key factor in revealing the differences between low-risk and high-risk participants. One potential explanation is that the atten- tional resources required to suppress explicit and implicit distracting information were shared, which is illustrated in our recent study in the young healthy adults.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn the easier task (i.e., word naming), both groups were able to use these limited attentional resources to sup- press the distraction from the implicit stimulus (i.e., the incongruent distractor). On the other hand, when the task at hand was difficult (i.e., color naming), the attentional resources of high-risk, but not low-risk participants, were exhausted by the explicit distracting information. Therefore, the inability to suppress implicit interference, which led to reaction time slowing, was only observed in high-risk participants and only when the task was challenging. These results suggest that the subtle deficits in suppressing implicit information could be a more sen- sitive indicator for early cognitive decline, compared to conscious and effortful inhibition over explicit information.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTackling how older adults suppress implicit\/subliminal information in the current study provides a novel direction for future research to assess cognitive health. Past studies have repeatedly shown that suppressing explicit\/supraliminal task-irrelevant information is key to cognitive health. Using the Stroop paradigm, Davidson et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshowed that older adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e73–74 years old) consistently exhib- ited larger word interference to color naming, compared to younger adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e20 years old). Similar results were found compar- ing AD patients to control participants: larger Stroop interference in AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eA 2010 longitudinal study tracked 47 healthy individuals (tested in 1992–1994) until 12 of them subsequently developed AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThe results showed that the error rate in incongruent Stroop trials was the strongest predictor of developing AD. All these studies suggest that a behavioral cognitive task (e.g., the Stroop task) can pose a significant challenge to the inhibitory control system and further help identify individuals with distinct capabilities to suppress distracting informa- tion. Consistent with these findings, our study further established that\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eolder adults' ability to inhibit implicit distracting information concurs with their risk of developing AD, assessed by the CSF Aß42\/ total tau protein ratio. This approach can be particularly powerful when the tar- geted older adults are cognitively healthy and pre-symptomatic despite having different levels of risk.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOur findings provide evidence in support for non-invasive psy- chophysical tasks in categorizing pre-symptomatic older participants into high- and low-risk groups. Early identification of the risk of devel- oping AD has been a central topic in aging research. Several genes have been associated with changes in A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, including \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN2\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, and \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAPP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. In a seminal study comparing carriers of \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003emutation to non- carriers, Bateman et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ehave shown early anomaly in behavioral, physiological, and neuropsychological measurements before symptom onset. For example, an increased tau level was detected 15 years prior to symptom onset, a decline in the concentration of CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e42 appeared 25 years prior to symptom onset. Cognitive impairment came a lot later and could be detected 5 years prior to onset. This direc- tion of research has revealed multiple potential causes of AD, including age, genetics, and the environment. Our study further offers a novel behavioral, pre-symptomatic marker before any cognitive impairment has emerged with a minimally invasive procedure.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOnce an early identification is in place during the long latent period in which no explicit cognitive decline is surfaced, early intervention could tremendously slow down disease progression. A 2-year multi- domain intervention in high-risk older participants, including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring, has shown benefits in cognition, measured by neuropsychological tests.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMore importantly, these benefits were gained regardless of participants' baseline characteristics,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eincluding their age, sex, education, socioe- conomic status, and so on. Early identification of AD is essential to harnessing early intervention. An early decline in a specific domain of cognition is not only a target of identification but also a target of intervention.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAlthough at the group level we showed a significant difference between the low-risk and high-risk participants, it remains challeng- ing to perform classification at the individual level (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, left). We believe that more predictive power can be harnessed when differ- ent aspects of cognitive functions are taken into consideration, and more data in the longitudinal trajectory within the same person are collected. Both approaches will shed light on the heterogeneity of human cognition and perception. Recent studies have implemented a within-person approach to allow accurate prediction of an individ- ual's future performance. For instance, Stawski et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e32\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ehave shown that response speed predicted working memory better than attention switching did between individuals, while attention switching predicted working memory better than response speed did within individuals. Although this study had been completed within a short time window, it nevertheless indicated the importance of task selection in within- person, longitudinal tracking of cognitive performance. Our recent studies also indicated that combining other physiological data such as those from electroencephalogram and heart rate variability increased the performance when classifying older participants into higher and lower risk groups.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e27,33\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe ultimate goal of the current research\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003edirection is to find sensitive cognitive domains that either provide indi- vidual classification with a psychophysical test or can be combined with other critical physiological measures to form an informative index, both with the goal to inform the risk to develop AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAs our population moves into an aging society (1 in 6 people will be\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Tahoma;\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003eage 65 by 2050\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), cognitive aging has become an important topic for scientists, medical practitioners, and policy makers to consider. Unfor- tunately, an early decline in cognition is very often implicit and silent. We thus have to fight such a collapse while cognitive flexibility is still abundant, especially before it leads to an irreversible disease such as AD. Our study here provides a new perspective on using multiple levels of interference in a behavioral task and shows that higher suscepti- bility to implicit interference may be a key feature in high-risk older \u003ca name=\"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eparticipants.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe authors thank Michael G. Harrington for recruiting participants and performing clinical classifications. We are grateful for the research funding provided by the James Boswell Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Caltech BBE Divisional Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.-M.H, L.K. Whittier Foundation to HMRI, and National Institutes of Aging R56 \u003ca name=\"CONFLICTS_OF_INTEREST\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e(R56AG063857) and R01 (R01AG063857) to X.A. and S.S.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eCONFLICTS OF INTEREST \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003eAuthor disclosures \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eare \u003ca name=\"REFERENCES\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eavailable in the supporting information.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eREFERENCES \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003eHebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. 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A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at- risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Lancet\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003e. 2015;385(9984):2255-2263. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e60461-5\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111122_1025_RESEARCHART55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003eStawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Hofer SM. Between-person and within- person associations among processing speed, attention switching, and working memory in younger and older adults. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExp Aging Res\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003e. 2013;39(2):194-214. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-size: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003eArechavala RJ, Rochart R, Kloner RA, et al. Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid\/tau, a pilot study. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Gill Sans MT;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInt J Psychophysiol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans;\"\u003e. 2021;170:102-111. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e007\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Lucida Sans; font-size: 7pt;\"\u003eUnited Nations. 2019. World population prospects 2019. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003epopulation.un.org\/wpp\u003c\/a\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePublished June 17, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2021. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2462aa;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003epopulation-prospects-2019-highlights.html\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eSUPPORTING INFORMATION \u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAdditional supporting information can be found online in the Support- ing Information section at the end of this article.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-11-11T04:34:55-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"research-article-2","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559901933736"},{"id":559898984616,"title":"Abctested tags","created_at":"2022-11-10T01:13:37-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts abctested-tags\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 459pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eSee discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_2\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_3\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArticle \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#606060\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist · September 2021\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#545454\"\u003eDOI: 10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eREADS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003e4 authors:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Tharaka-Dassanayake?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTharaka Dassanayake\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e470 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eFaculty of Medicine Rajarata University of Sri Lanka\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anuradha-Baminiwatta?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University_of_Kelaniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Kelaniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dewasmika-Ariyasinghe?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eDewasmika Ariyasinghe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eSome of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eIdentification of a possible biomarker to predict Intermediate Syndrome \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Identification-of-a-possible-biomarker-to-predict-Intermediate-Syndrome?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eMindfulness, Compassion and Stigma of Mental Illness \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Mindfulness-Compassion-and-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003eAll content following this page was uploaded by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_10\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eon 12 October 2021.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eThe user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta14.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe (2021): Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/suppl\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; 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font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView related articles \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView Crossmark data\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 139pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eTHE CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 316pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003efor Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ea \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Chandana Hewawasam\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Anuradha Baminiwatta\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ec  \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eand Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ABSTRACT\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eARTICLE HISTORY\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eReceived 24 May 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAccepted 21 August 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublished online 9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSeptember 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognition; neuropsychological test; Stroop Test;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency; Digit Span; working memory; executive function; norms;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONTACT \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake    \u003ca href=\"mailto:tharakad@pdn.ac.lk\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003etharakad@pdn.ac.lk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e    \u003c\/span\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSupplemental data for this article is available online at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis Group\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eIntroduction\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eExecutive functions encompass a number of cognitive domains that enable a person to engage in independent, goal-oriented manner (Lezak et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Testing executive functions is an integral part of comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and often a part of bedside cognitive assessment. A major limitation in neuropsychological assessment in many non-English-speaking countries is the lack of culturally and demographically appropriate norms. Most normative samples of the English-speaking countries have had longer education (Harrison et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark94\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark126\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Piatt et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark133\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) than the average years of education in the developing countries (Institute for Health Metrics \u0026amp; Evaluation, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark95\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural differences in neuropsychological test performance persist even after adjusting for demographic variables such as age, sex, and education (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lucas et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark110\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark121\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark146\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Lezak et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) recommends interpreting individual test scores against norms generated for the population where the individual comes from. Importantly, in clinical settings, race-based norms prevent misinterpretation of neuropsychological test results and misclassification of individuals (Marquine et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark112\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark123\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, 2011).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe native language of the majority of Sri Lankans is Sinhala–spoken as the first language only in Sri Lanka. Demographically adjusted neuropsychological test norms are scarce in the country (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark89\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) yet the aging population structure in the country impose increas- ing demands for neuropsychological assessments. The present study is part of a larger project that aims to create demographically adjusted norms for a number of neuro- psychological tests for Sri Lankan adults (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In this study, we aimed to create norms for three pen-and-paper-based executive function\/working memory tests that can be carried out bedside or in an outpatient setting: the Victoria Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark138\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Stroop, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark151\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency ((Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark81\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Stroop test is a measure of cognitive control and selective attention (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop test has different versions, but in common, the task demands the participant to suppress the habitual response and execute the less familiar, task-related response, giving equal priority to speed and accuracy. We used the Victoria version of the Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark139\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). VST norms have been published for English-speaking (Troyer et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark158\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and French-speaking (Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark155\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians, Swedes (Fällman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark92\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Brazilians (D. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark105\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Cantonese-speaking Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Digit Span test is administered as a stand-alone test or a subtest of extensive neuropsychological test batteries. The forward Digit Span measures attention and short-term memory whereas the backward Digit Span also involves reordering of the digits in the working memory. Apart from the well-established norms for the English-speaking populations, normative data have also been reported for speakers of other languages including Spanish (Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Pavão Martins et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark132\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Italian (Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark120\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Yang et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark166\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (Choi et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark84\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Hebrew (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The differences of the norms among speakers\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eof different languages are attributed, at least partly, to the total number of syllables one has to remember and manipulate in the working memory (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal Fluency tasks demand executive control mechanisms to interact with lexical (in Phonemic Fluency) and semantic (in Category Fluency) representations under time constraints. Verbal Fluency tests have been normed in many languages including English, Spanish (Ardila, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), French (Crossley et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark85\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark162\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Swedish (Tallberg et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark153\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark147\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Cantonese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (D.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eY. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark106\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Vietnamese (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark113\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Thai (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark96\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hindi (Ratcliff et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark135\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hebrew (Kavé, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark99\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Differences in performance have been observed in Verbal Fluency among adults of different ethnic groups even after adjusting for potential confounders such as age, education, income, and reading ability (Acevedo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark76\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Gladsjo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark93\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Johnson-Selfridge et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark98\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These differences have also been attributed to the linguistic characteristics of the tests (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark101\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e): For instance, the same word has different syllabic lengths in different languages and that influences the total number of word one can produce over a limited time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn this article, we report regression-based, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted norms for the VST, Digit Span (forward and backward), and Phonemic (Sinhala pho- nemes \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S\") and Category (animals and vegetables) Fluency tests for Sinhala-Speaking Sri Lankan adults. To ensure the generalizability of the norms, we aimed to encompass a wide age range and a broad spectrum of educational levels in the sample.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Method\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMethod\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST, Digits Span, and Verbal Fluency data were collected as a part of a larger study that generated norms for a collection of neuropsychological tests for Sri Lankan adults. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, located in the Central Province of Sri Lanka with the approval of the institutional Ethics Review Committee. VST data were also obtained from a group of healthy older adults (\u0026gt; 50 years) recruited as a control group of a different study conducted at the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, located in the North Central Province with the approval of the respec- tive institutional Ethics Review Committee. The study was conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark165\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. The potential participants were recruited from February 2017 to August 2019, through word-of- mouth and flyers and posters displayed within the respective universities, the university-affiliated tertiary-care Teaching Hospitals (Peradeniya and Anuradhapura), and the surrounding localities. The participants thus included the employees of the universities and the hospitals (who were originally from various parts of the island), their acquaintances, and the visitors and the persons accompanying the patients\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ereferred to the hospitals from different parts of the country. Consequently, the sample had a broader geographical representation, although the data were collected at two centers.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eWe excluded the respondents who had a history of neurological or psychiatric illnesses, dependence on alcohol or other substances, gross hearing impairment or severe\/terminal medical illnesses. All included participants were able to carry out activities of daily living independently. However, we did not actively exclude the individuals who had other medical conditions that do not affect their general func- tionality or cognitive performance: We envisaged that such exclusions would make the sample overly healthy, thus limiting the generalizability of the norms to the general adult population (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). All recruited participants were adults, 19 years or older. The years of schooling, graduate and postgraduate education, post-schooling diplomas, were summed to count the total years of formal education. Part-time courses were converted to full-time equivalents before summing. We have described the formal education setting in Sri Lanka in more detail in a recent paper (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The years of education of the sample varied between 1 to 23 years. All participants were educated in public schools. The sampling was not strictly stratified in terms of education or age, however, we ensured that different educational strata (≤ 6 years: primary education; 7–11 years: lower secondary education with or without Ordinary Level qualifications; 12–13 years: upper secondary education with or without Advanced Level qualifications; 14–17 years; post-schooling diploma, graduate education; ≥18 years: postgraduate education) and individuals of different age groups constituted the sample (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Since the tests were adminis- tered in Sinhala language, only the respondents who reported their first and dominant language as Sinhala were recruited as participants. Specifically, all recruited participants were ethnic Sinhalese and reported Sinhala as their mother language, the language that they use most often in day-to-day activities; and the language in which they are most comfortable. Each participant was compensated with 500 Sri Lankan Rupees\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants (total n = 606).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test (n = 605)    Other tests (n = 422)\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:103px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e272\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e333\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54.95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e220\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge (years)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e97\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e91\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e165\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e134\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eYears of education\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e194\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32.07\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e116\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e132\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e160\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e149\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35.31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eNote: For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who com- pleted the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e(equivalent to about three US Dollars at the time of the data collection) for the time they spent on the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Neuropsychological_tests\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eNeuropsychological tests\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants were instructed to sleep at least 6 hours the night before testing and not to consume alcohol from the night before testing. The VST, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests were administered in Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Victoria_Stroop_Test\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe test material and instructions of the Sinhala version of the VST were adopted from the specifications and sample test sheet presented in Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The test version consisted of three tests (dots, neutral words, color words) each with a card in which 24 items (4 each in 6 rows) are printed. The items were printed in red, yellow, blue, and green with each color appearing once in each row, 6 times in the matrix, arranged in a pseudo-random order. The Sinhala typeface was bold, and the font size was equal to that of the English VST. In each task, participants were instructed to name the color in which the items were printed row by row, as fast they could without making errors. In the Dot test, the participants named the color of the dots printed in the 4 × 6 matrix. In the Neutral Word test, four common, neutral, disyllabic Sinhala words replaced the dots, and the participants named the color of the print. In the Color Word test, the words were the Sinhala names of the four colors (\"ratu,\" \"kaha,\" \"nil,\" and \"kola\"), print color never corresponding to the color name. Again, the participants were instructed to name the print color ignoring the color name written. In each test, the time to complete was measured, and number of errors were counted. Any misnaming made in the first attempt on each item was counted an error, even if the participants corrected the misnaming by themselves before the test adminis- trator pointed it out. VST interference score was calculated by dividing the Color Word test completion time by Dot test completion time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Digit_Span\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDigit Span\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants recalled strings of random digits in increasing length, forward (Digit Span Forward) and backward (Digit Span Backward). The forward task started with three digits and the backward task started with two digits. In each task, two strings of a given length were presented, and the length was increased until the participant failed both strings of a given length. The maximum number of digits correctly recalled, at least in one string of the two, was considered the Digit Span of each task.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Verbal_Fluency\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVerbal Fluency\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe Verbal Fluency task consisted of the Phonemic Fluency task and Category Fluency task for which the test administration instructions were adopted from Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark148\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We modified the original FAS Phonemic Fluency task with two letter replace- ments. The phoneme \"F\" is not a letter in the basic Sinhala alphabet and was intro- duced only decades ago to the language with adoption of English words to Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eTherefore \"F\" was replaced with \"P.\" The letter \"A\" in the English alphabet has multiple variants in the Sinhala alphabet (viz. a, a:, ae, ae:), and this is the case for other vowels too. Therefore, to maintain a consistency between letters and phonemes, we replaced \"A\" with \"N.\" Eventually the Sinhala version consisted of phonemes\/letters \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S,\" representing three subcategories (nasals, plosives, and sibilants, respectively) of Sinhala alphabet and pronunciation. As per the original version, instructions were given to avoid proper nouns and variations of the same word. The Category Fluency task tested the fluency of two categories: animals and vegetables. Each trial was scored as the number of correct words recalled in 60 seconds.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Statistical_analyses\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eStatistical analyses\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST error counts were highly skewed to the right, with prominent ceiling effects and therefore were not fitted into regression models. The norms of the error counts are reported as percentile scores stratified by age groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eMultiple linear regression (MLR) analyses with sex, age, and years of education as predictors were fitted to model other outcome variables. Sex was treated as a dichot- omous variable having assigned a value of 0 for females and 1 for males, whereas age and years of education were treated as continuous variables in the data analyses. In a series of preliminary univariate analyses, we correlated each outcome variable with age and years of education. In those, curvilinear fits did not significantly improve the R-squared values over linear fits in any of the correlations. Neither adding qua- dratic terms nor interaction terms as predictors significantly improved the MLR models. The final MLR models were thus created with sex, age, and years of education as predictors. We also calculated the semipartial correlations and shared variances of each test outcome measure with sex, age, and years of education. To maintain the uniformity of future application of the final models in interpreting individual data, we retained all three predictors for all MLR models even if a demographic variable was not a significant predictor in the final model.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Results\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eResults\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Sample_characteristics\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eSample characteristics\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606 (273 men, 45.05%), 468 (223 men) were recruited from Peradeniya and 138 (50 men) from Anuradhapura. The age of the sample ranged from 19 to 83years with a mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of 49.7 (14.4) years. The mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) years of education was 12.9 (3.7) years. Of note, the average years of education of the sample is higher than the national average (11.1 years) for adults (United Nations Development Programme, 2019): This dif- ference is attributed to our stratified sampling criteria: We recruited adequate number of participants from all different levels of education to make the variable better fit the regression models. There was no significant difference between the mean age of men (48.67, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.40 years) and women (50.48, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.44 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.541, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.124. The\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003emean years of education was also similar between men (mean = 13.1, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.4 years) and women (mean = 12.7, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.8 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.041, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.298. The years of education had\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ea moderate negative correlation with age, \u003cem\u003er \u003c\/em\u003e= −0.468, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, reflecting younger gen- erations having more years of education.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606, 605 completed the VST, and 421 completed all tests, and one participant completed all the tests but not VST. The demographic charac- teristics of these groups of participants are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who completed the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows the descriptive statistics (mean, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e, minimum, maximum) of the test scores of the full sample. All test scores except the VST error counts were normally distributed.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"VST_error_counts\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVST error counts\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eVST error counts were available only for 467 participants, since this data were not recorded on the test sheets of 138 participants. The VST error counts were highly skewed to the right: The median error counts for the Dot and Neutral Word tests was 0 (IQR = 0) each, and for the Color Word test the median error count was 1 (IQR: 0 − 2). On univariate analyses, these error counts were similar between men and women (Mann-Whitney test \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05). The error counts for the Neutral Word and Color Word tests had a significant positive correlation with age (Spearmann correlation coefficients .211 and .375, respectively) and years of education (Spearmann correlation coefficients −.159 and −.336, respectively), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001 in all instances. The error count for the Dot test did not correlate significantly with age or years of education. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables 3–5 \u003c\/span\u003esummarize the percentile ranges represented by different error counts for each age band in VST Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Multiple_linear_regression_models\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMultiple linear regression models\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe overall regression models with sex, age, and years of education were significant for all other outcome measures (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The demographic variables explained 15% or more of the variance of the outcome measures, except for two: Only 4% of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSample means and standard deviations (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of test scores.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:173px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:95px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:91px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:77px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:61px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinimum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMaximum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e59.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e99.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference Score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (N)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (P)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (S)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Animals)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.00\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Vegetables)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18.90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Stroop test; for other tests, \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 422.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Dot task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:76px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 27px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Neutral Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7 − 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29 − 44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3 − 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2 − 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Color Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 89\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41–60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57–79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e81–88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53–64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003evariance of the Stroop Interference score, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2  \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.04, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001; and 8% of the variance of the Vegetable Fluency scores, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.078, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, was explained by the demographic variables. The shared variances of the outcome mea- sures with sex, age and education are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for age and education, significant sex differences were observed only in VST Neutral and Color Word test completion times, and Phonemic Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Women were about 1 second faster than men in completing the VST Neutral Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.138 (0.465), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.015; and about 2 seconds faster in completing\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eMultiple linear regression models and regression formulae for generating demographically corrected scores for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults between 19 and 83 years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 125pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eOverall model    Sex    Age (Years)    Years of Education    Raw score regression formula\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:93px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:56px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:62px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:49px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:181px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 28px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdjusted\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003edegrees of freedom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF \u003c\/em\u003estatistic\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.206\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53.238\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.370 (0.390)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.343\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.798 − (0.370 × sex) + (0.069 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.060)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.499 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.370\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e119.59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.138\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.589\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.218 + (1.138 × sex) + (0.202 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.465)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.018)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.589 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.252\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68.880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.868\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.286\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.759\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.514 + (1.868 × sex) + (0.286 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.837)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.033)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.128)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.759 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.244\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.074\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.158\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.284\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.487 + (0.074 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.053)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.002)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.008)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.008 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.898\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.087\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.525\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.261\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.217 − (0.087 × sex) − (0.012 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.137)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.261 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.338\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.968\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.023\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.512 + (0.006 × sex) − (0.023 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.141)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.309 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.148\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25.414\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.693\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.510\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.392 − (0.693 × sex) + (0.004 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.344)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.013)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.062)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.510 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.215\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 415\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39.108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−1.263\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.610\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.038 − (1.263 × sex) − (0.040 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.391)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.610 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.171\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.602\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.113\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.493\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.624\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.538 − (0.602 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.379)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.014)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.069)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.624 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.225\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3,417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41.300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−2.540\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.024\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.750\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.814 − (2.540 × sex) − (0.024 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.961)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.036)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.174)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (1.750 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.207\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37.528\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.153\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.096\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.595\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.442 − (0.153 × sex) − (0.096 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.469)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.017)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.085)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.595 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.930\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.886\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.421\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.239 + (0.058 × sex) + (0.060 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.405)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.073)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.421 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFor sex, female = 0 and male = 1. For education, use completed years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSemipartial correlations and shared variances of the Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency with sex, age, and years of education.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 157pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex    Age    Years of education\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:55px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:58px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:54px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.034\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.164\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.302\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.079\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.360\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.130\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.267\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.095\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.208\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.043\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.056\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.003\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.197\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.099\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.443\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.196\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards Phonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.175\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.031\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.481\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.231\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.368\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.135\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.119\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.374\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.030\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.403\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.162\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.114\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.434\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.188\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.241\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.303\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.092\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.035\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.269\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.072\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e: Pearson correlation coefficient.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003ethe Color Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.868 (0.837), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.027. Women also could produce 2.5 more words than men, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = −2.540 (0.961), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.009, when scores summed up across all three Phonemic Fluency trials. However, these sex differences accounted for only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance of those test scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and education, a significant age-related decline in perfor- mances were observed in the VST, Digit Span, Animal and Vegetable Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e6 \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eand \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Age-related decline was also observed for Phonemic Fluency for the pho- neme P, but not for the other two or for the total across all three letters.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and age, performance in all test outcome measures, except Stroop Interference, significantly improved with longer education. Of the three demo- graphic variables, years of education explained the highest percentage variance in Digit Span (19.6%−23.1%), Phonemic Fluency (13.5%−18.8%), and Category Fluency (7.2%−9.2%) scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based test norms and scoring\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression equations with coefficients for sex, age, and years of education are listed in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. \"Predicted and standardized score calculator\" (see \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a Microsoft Excel® worksheet with embedded regression equations, so that a clinician can interpret the VST, Digit Span, or Verbal Fluency test results of a given individual as following: (1) Demographically predicted test scores can be obtained by entering sex (coded 0 for females and 1 for males), age in years and years of education in the worksheet. (2) For each outcome measure, the standardized score (i.e., number of standard deviations to the observed score from the predicted score) can then be obtained by entering the test participant's observed scores into the worksheet. For example, predicted Animal Fluency score of a 60-year-old woman (value 0 for sex) with 12 years of education would be 18.82. If her observed Animal Fluency score is 8, her calculated standardized score would be −2.25.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eIn this study, we generated demographically adjusted, regression-based norms for VST, Digit Span, Phonemic Fluency, and Category Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults aged 19 − 83 years. Although our total sample was relatively large and had similar numbers of men and women in a wide age range and educational levels, traditional three-level stratification would have reduced the sample sizes in the individual cells of the look-up tables. The regression-based norming is statistically more powerful, and provided the data distribution does not violate the regression assumptions, predicts the norms with higher accuracy and precision (Oosterhuis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark127\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Regression-based norms have been reported in different populations for the Stroop test (Norman et al., 2011; Rivera et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark141\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark163\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span (Koscik et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark102\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark116\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark125\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Category Fluency (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark78\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark149\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We present norms for VST error counts as age-stratified percentiles because the data distributions were highly skewed: This has also been observed previously (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark161\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eWe did not observe significant sex differences in most outcome measures, and this is largely consistent with the existing normative literature. However, women had a significant but small advantage over men in VST Neutral and Color Word test com- pletion times, and Phonemic Fluency. Although the majority of the previous normative studies has shown no significant sex differences in the above tests, in the instances where there were differences, the performance favored women both in the Stroop test (Barbarotto et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., 2011; Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark160\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ouvrard et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark131\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). However, sex explained only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance, which has been consistently found to contribute less than age and education. We retained sex in all regression models regardless of its statistical significance (1) to maintain the uniformity of calculating the standardized scores in the present study and our previous norms for other tests (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and (2) because sex has been proven to be a useful indicator of disease attribution in clinical populations (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sundermann et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark154\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The age-related decline we observed in the executive functions is consistent with the previous literature, and mirrors the age-related linear reduction of prefrontal grey matter and white matter observed in neuroimaging studies (Raz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark137\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark140\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In contrast to Category Fluency, Phonemic Fluency remained stable throughout the adult age span. This contrast between the two fluency tasks is also evident in other languages (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Melikyan et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark114\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ostrosky-Solís et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark129\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Our findings and the extant literature indicate that even when both age and edu- cation significantly affect test scores, education is a stronger predictor than age of the Digit Span (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Selnes et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark145\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Verbal Fluency (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark97\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark107\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark136\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rosselli et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark143\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). For example, our linear regression coefficients (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) indicate lowering of one-year of education is equivalent to increase of age by 22 years in Digit Span Forward, 14 in Digit Span Backward, and 6–7 years in Category Fluency. This highlights the importance of modeling education as a continuous variable rather than a stratified\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003evariable in norming: That ensures more precise predictive scores and makes clinical classification of individual clients more accurate.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression-based adult norms have been published widely for Animal Fluency. Regression equations adjusted for one or more demographic factors (sex, age, and education) are available for the Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark159\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Icelandic (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (C. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark103\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Cavaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Spanish (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark79\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), the English- (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and French-speaking (St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark150\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians; and for Spanish-speaking populations in several Latin American countries (Olabarrieta-Landa et al., 2015; Ostrosky-Solis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark130\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). To compare our norms with those, we calculated predicted Animal Fluency for a given individual using each of those regression equations. The majority of the predicted scores were comparable to ours. For example, for a 60-year-old woman with 12 years of education, previously published regression equations predicted Animal Fluency scores between 15.5 and 21.9: scores lying within one standardized residual (i.e., 4.8) around the predicted score (i.e., 18.8) based on our regression model. There were three exceptions: The predicted score of an English-speaking Canadian (29.7) was significantly higher (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), whereas that of an Arabic-speaking Egyptian (13.2) (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and a Spanish-speaking Ecuadorian (9.4) (Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) were significantly lower than the score we predicted for the demographically matched Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan. These comparisons exemplify that–even after accounting for demographic variables–country- and language-specific norming is required to assess and clinically classify test participants accurately.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eThere are some limitations in applying our norms to the general Sri Lankan pop- ulation. The norms are based on an adult sample aged 19 to 83 years; and had education from 1 to 23 years. The regression-based norms for VST are based on par- ticipants who had at least 1 year of formal education, whereas the norms for Digit Span and Verbal Fluency tests are largely based on a sample that had more than 6 years of formal education (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, Digit Span and Verbal Fluency norms are most reliable when the test participant has had at least some lower secondary education. We caution against extrapolating the regression-based norms of each test beyond the above age and education ranges. Our normative sample consisted entirely of ethnic Sinhalese, whose first and dominant language was Sinhala, a language spoken by about 75% of the country's population. Tamil is the first language of almost all  ethnic  Tamils  and  most  Moors,  who  constitute  about  24.5%  of  the  population (Department of Census \u0026amp; Statistics Sri Lanka, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark90\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Although many of them can speak Sinhala as the second language, these norms may not be valid for them. Particularly, the Verbal Fluency norms may neither be applicable to the ethnic Sinhalese whose dominant language (the language they were educated and use in their day-to- day activities) is not Sinhala. We did not collect data on the fluency in a second language in our participants, and, therefore, have not explored whether acquisition of a second language influences Sinhala Verbal Fluency.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eIn conclusion, the present norms add to the limited number of validated, demograph- ically adjusted neuropsychological test norms available in Sri Lanka (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark91\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These norms complement the norms that we recently generated for non-verbal executive function tests of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eCambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Compared to the CANTAB, however, these tests are available free in the public domain, and can also be used by clinicians at bedside. Like we and other authors have been doing in recent normative studies (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark88\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lara et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark104\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark111\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark128\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark144\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark164\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), we have made available a software application with embedded regression equations (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and that will further assist the clinicians to rapidly interpret individual executive function test results, by con- verting the raw scores into sex-, age-, and education-adjusted standard scores.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Acknowledgment\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAcknowledgment\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe thank Mr. Narendra Samarasekara for his assistance in data collection.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Disclosure_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDisclosure statement\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interests to declare.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThis study was supported by the University of Peradeniya research grant URG\/2016\/5\/M.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ORCID\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eORCID\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012 \u003c\/span\u003eChandana Hewawasam        \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eDewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/111022_0908_Abctestedta52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbdel Aziz, K., Khater, M. S., Emara, T., Tawfik, H. M., Rasheedy, D., Mohammedin, A. S., Tolba,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eM. F., El-Gabry, D. A., \u0026amp; Qassem, T. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Effects of age, education, and gender on verbal fluency in healthy adult Arabic-speakers in Egypt. \u003cem\u003eApplied Neuropsychology. Adult\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 331–341. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAcevedo, A., Loewenstein, D. A., Barker, W. W., Harwood, D. G., Luis, C., Bravo, M., Hurwitz, D. A., Aguero, H., Greenfield, L., \u0026amp; Duara, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Category fluency test: Normative data for English- and Spanish-speaking elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 760–769. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArdila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A cross-linguistic comparison of category verbal fluency test (ANIMALS): A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 213–225. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBarbarotto, R., Laiacona, M., Frosio, R., Vecchio, M., Farinato, A., \u0026amp; Capitani, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark57\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A norma- tive study on visual reaction times and two Stroop colour-word tests. \u003cem\u003eItalian Journal of Neurological Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 161–170. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenito-Cuadrado, M. M., Esteba-Castillo, S., Böhm, P., Cejudo-Bolívar, J., \u0026amp; Peña-Casanova, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic verbal fluency of animals: a normative and predictive study in a Spanish population. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 1117–1122. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenton, A. L., Hamsher, K. D., \u0026amp; Sivan, I. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eMultilingual aphasia examination: Manual of instructions\u003c\/em\u003e. AJA Assoc.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCavaco, S., Gonçalves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., Fernandes, J., \u0026amp; Teixeira-Pinto,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eA. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark68\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic fluency and phonemic fluency: Regression-based norms for the Portuguese population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 262–271. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eChoi, H. J., Lee, D. Y., Seo, E. H., Jo, M. K., Sohn, B. K., Choe, Y. M., Byun, M. S., Kim, J. W., Kim,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eS. G., Yoon, J. C., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, K. W., \u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Investigation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 39–43. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCrossley, M., D'Arcy, C., \u0026amp; Rawson, N. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Letter and category fluency in community-dwelling Canadian seniors: A comparison of normal participants to those with dementia of the Alzheimer or vascular type. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 52–62. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age-, and education-adjusted norms for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in literate Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 106–124. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e1662090\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., Hewawasam, C., Baminiwatta, A., Samarasekara, N., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age- and education-adjusted norms for the WHO\/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 127–142. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDe Silva, R., Disanayaka, S., De Zoysa, N., Sanjeewanie, N., Somaratne, S., Foster, J., Srikanth, S., Kathriarachchi, S. T., \u0026amp; Martins, R. M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination from a sample of Sri Lankan older people. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 666–670. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Census Population and Housing. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003ewww.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indica-\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003etor\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFällman,  K.,  Lundgren,  L., Wressle,  E.,  Marcusson,  J.,  \u0026amp;  Classon,  E.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Normative  data  for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 567–580. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e1648747\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGladsjo,  J. A.,  Schuman,  C. C.,  Evans,  J.  D., Peavy,  G.  M.,  Miller,  S. W.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 147–178. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHarrison, J. E., Buxton, P., Husain, M., \u0026amp; Wise, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Short test of semantic and phonolog- ical fluency: Normal performance, validity and test-retest reliability. \u003cem\u003eThe British Journal of Clinical Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e39\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 181–191. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHeaps, J., Valcour, V., Chalermchai, T., Paul, R., Rattanamanee, S., Siangphoe, U., Sithinamsuwan, P., Chairangsaris, P., Nidhinandana, S., Tipsuk, S., Suttichom, D., Fletcher, J., Shikuma, C., \u0026amp; Ananworanich, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Development of normative neuropsychological performance in Thailand for the assessment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–8. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Global Educational Attainment 1970-2015.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003ehttp:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eJohnson-Selfridge, M. T., Zalewski, C., \u0026amp; Aboudarham, J.-F. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The relationship between ethnicity and word fluency. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 319–325. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003eorg\/10.1016\/S0887-6\u003c\/a\u003e177(97)00003-6 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKavé, G. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, and difference scores: Normative data for adult Hebrew speakers. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 690–699. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKempler, D., Teng, E. L., Dick, M., Taussig, I. M., \u0026amp; Davis, D. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The effects of age, edu- cation, and ethnicity on verbal fluency. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 531–538. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKoscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., Clark, L. R., Mueller, K. D., Allison, S. L., Gleason, C. E., Chappell, R. J., Hermann, B. P., \u0026amp; Johnson, S. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Longitudinal standards for mid-life cognitive performance: Identifying abnormal within-person changes in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLara, E., Miret, M., Sanchez-Niubo, A., Haro, J. M., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., \u0026amp; Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks: Normative data from nine nationally representative samples. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 89–98. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, C. Y., Lee, S. Y., Huang, Y. C., Hung, C. F., Lee, Y., Lee, M. I., \u0026amp; Wang, L. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark69\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Chinese version of the brief assessment of cognition in affective disorders: Normative data of a Mandarin-speaking population. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, D. Y., Lee, K. U., Lee, J. H., Kim, K. W., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Yoon, J. C., Woo, S. I., Ha, J.,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 72–81. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, T., Yuen, K., \u0026amp; Chan, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for neuropsychological measures of fluency, attention, and memory measures for Hong Kong Chinese. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 615–632. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., \u0026amp; Tranel, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLucas, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Ferman, T. J., Willis, F. B., Petersen, R. C., \u0026amp; Graff-Radford,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eN. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mayo's Older African Americans normative studies: Norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 243–269. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMagnusdottir, B. B., Haraldsson, H. M., \u0026amp; Sigurdsson, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-based norms for the Icelandic population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 253–266. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMarquine, M. J., Morlett Paredes, A., Madriaga, C., Blumstein, Y., Umlauf, A., Kamalyan, L., Rivera Mindt, M., Suarez, P., Artiola, I. F. L., Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; Cherner, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 269–292. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcCurry,  S.  M.,  Gibbons,  L.  E.,  Uomoto,  J.  M., Thompson,  M.  L.,  Graves,  A.  B.,  Edland,  S.  D., Bowen, J., McCormick, W. C., \u0026amp; Larson, E. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test performance in a cognitively intact sample of older Japanese American adults. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 447–459. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMelikyan, Z. A., Corrada, M. M., Dick, M. B., Whittle, C., Paganini-Hill, A., \u0026amp; Kawas, C. H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark58\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test norms in cognitively intact oldest-old. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 530–545. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eMoering, R. G., Schinka, J. A., Mortimer, J. A., \u0026amp; Graves, A. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for elder- ly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 61–71. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMonaco, M., Costa, A., Caltagirone, C., \u0026amp; Carlesimo, G. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: Standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 749–754. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNielsen, H., Knudsen, L., \u0026amp; Daugbjerg, O. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for eight neuropsychological tests based on a Danish sample. \u003cem\u003eScandinavian Journal of Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 37–45. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman,  M.  A.,  Evans,  J.  D.,  Miller, W.  S.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Demographically  corrected norms for the California Verbal Learning Test. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–94. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT080\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman, M. A., Moore, D. J., Taylor, M., Franklin, D., Jr., Cysique, L., Ake, C., Lazarretto, D., Vaida, F., \u0026amp; Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; HNRC Group. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 793–804. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOlabarrieta-Landa, L., Rivera, D., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Garza, M. T., Saracho, C. P., Rodríguez, W., Chávez-Oliveros, M., Rábago, B., Leibach, G., Schebela, S., Martínez, C., Luna, M., Longoni, M., Ocampo-Barba, N., Rodríguez, G., Aliaga, A., Esenarro, L., García de la Cadena, C., Perrin, B. P., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark80\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuroRehabilitation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 515–561. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003enre-151279\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOosterhuis, H. E., van der Ark, L. A., \u0026amp; Sijtsma, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sample size requirements for traditional and regression-based norms. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 191–202. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solís, F., Ardila, A., \u0026amp; Rosselli, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark67\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). NEUROPSI: A brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 413–433. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solis, F., Gutierrez, A. L., Flores, M. R., \u0026amp; Ardila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Same or different? Semantic\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003everbal fluency across Spanish-speakers from different countries. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 367–377. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOuvrard, C., Berr, C., Meillon, C., Ribet, C., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., \u0026amp; Amieva, H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark59\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 786–793. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePavão  Martins,  I.,  Maruta,  C.,  Freitas,  V.,  \u0026amp;  Mares,  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Executive  performance  in  older Portuguese adults with low education. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 410–425. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePiatt,  A.  L.,  Fields,  J.  A.,  Paolo,  A.  M.,  \u0026amp; Tröster,  A.  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  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Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 20–35. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M Naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking partic- ipants and the effects of age, education, and sex. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–89. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark56\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop color-word test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 62–79. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVicente, S. G., Rivera, D., Barbosa, F., Gaspar, N., Dores, A. R., Mascialino, G., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eC. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for tests of attention and executive functions in a sample of European Portuguese adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 418–437. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eWorld Medical Association. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. \u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e310\u003c\/em\u003e(20), 2191–2194. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eYang, C. C., Kao, C. J., Cheng, T. W., Yang, C. C., Wang, W. H., Yu, R. L., Hsu, Y. H., \u0026amp; Hua, M. S.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural effect on suboptimal effort detection: An example of the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-III in Taiwan. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 869–878. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003eacs081\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#b3b3b3; font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003eView publication stats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-11-10T01:13:37-08:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"abctested-tags","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559898984616"},{"id":559898853544,"title":"Low dose THC name","created_at":"2022-11-09T23:28:22-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts low-dose-thc-name\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eA chronic low dose of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:22pt\"\u003e-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) restores cognitive function in old mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:22pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAndras Bilkei-Gorzo\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1,4\u003c\/span\u003e, Onder Albayram\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1,4\u003c\/span\u003e, Astrid Draffehn\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e, Kerstin Michel\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Anastasia Piyanova\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Hannah Oppenheimer\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e, Mona Dvir-Ginzberg\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e, Ildiko Rácz\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Thomas Ulas\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e, Sophie Imbeault\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e, Itai Bab\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e, Joachim L Schultze\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u0026amp; Andreas Zimmer\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe balance between detrimental, pro-aging, often stochastic processes and counteracting homeostatic mechanisms largely determines the progression of aging. There is substantial evidence suggesting that the endocannabinoid system\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(ECS) is part of the latter system because it modulates the physiological processes underlying aging\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. The activity of the ECS declines during aging, as CB1 receptor expression and coupling to G proteins are reduced in the brain tissues of older animals\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e3–\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e5 \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand the levels of the major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lower\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. However, a direct link between endocannabinoid tone and aging symptoms has not been demonstrated. Here we show that a low dose of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) reversed the age-related decline in cognitive performance of mice aged 12 and 18 months. This behavioral effect was accompanied by enhanced expression of synaptic marker proteins and increased hippocampal spine density. THC treatment restored hippocampal gene transcription patterns such that the expression profiles of THC-treated mice aged 12 months closely resembled those of THC-free animals aged 2 months. The transcriptional effects of THC were critically dependent on glutamatergic CB1 receptors and histone acetylation, as their inhibition blocked the beneficial effects of THC. Thus, restoration of CB1 signaling in old individuals could be an effective strategy to treat age-related cognitive impairments.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo determine whether prolonged exposure to a low dose of THC has lasting effects on learning and memory performance in mice aged 2, 12 and 18 months (termed young, mature and old, respectively), we implanted osmotic minipumps releasing 3 mg per kg bodyweight per day of THC or vehicle for 28 d. The effects of age and treatment on spatial learning and memory were first assessed in the Morris water maze (MWM) test starting on day 33 after pump implantation, thus allowing a washout period of 5 d (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The mature and old vehicle-treated animals learned the task more slowly than the young animals, which is indicative of an age-related deficit in spatial learning (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Treatment with THC improved task acquisition in mature\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand old animals. The difference between the groups persisted in the reversal phase of the test, which assessed learning flexibility. Thus, both THC-treated mature and old mice showed better performance than the vehicle-treated controls in the same age groups. In the probe trial phase of the test, which was conducted on day 6 before reversal learning and which is an indicator of long-term spatial memory, vehi- cle-treated old animals showed memory impairments, as indicated by reduced time spent in the target quadrant (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Treatment with THC improved spatial memory in this age group to the level observed with the young controls. In young mice, THC treatment worsened performance, in good agreement with the known detrimental effects of THC on cognition in young animals and humans\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e7–\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e9\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Treatment with THC did not affect the time the mice required to reach a visible platform (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 1a\u003c\/strong\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe next used the novel object location recognition task. Young,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003evehicle-treated controls performed significantly better than vehicle- treated mature and old animals (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1d\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), which again indicates an age-related impairment of cognitive performance. THC treatment also abolished the cognitive deficit in mature and old animals in this test, as they performed at the same level as the young, vehicle-treated controls. THC treatment was already effective in mature animals after 14 d (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 1b\u003c\/strong\u003e). To further test the effect of THC treat- ment on long-term memory, animals were tested in the partner rec- ognition test. Here the test mouse first explores an open-field arena with an unknown conspecific in a small grid cage and a small object. This test was repeated after 24 h with a new partner in an identical grid cage instead of the object. If mice remember the previous part- ner from session 1, they will show a higher preference for the new partner. Mature and old animals did not remember the partner as well as young mice (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), but THC treatment restored partner- recognition ability in mature and old animals (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 1c\u003c\/strong\u003e). Together, these results reveal a profound, long-lasting improvement of cognitive performance resulting from a low dose of THC treatment in mature and old animals. THC treatment for 28 d restored the learning and memory performance of mature and old animals in the MWM, novel object location recognition and social recognition tests to the levels observed in young mice.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eInstitute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eGenomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, Bonn, Germany. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eInstitute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eThese authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence should be addressed to A.Z. (\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eneuro@uni-bonn.de\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eReceived 27 July 2015; accepted 7 February 2017; published online 8 May 2017; \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003edoi:10.1038\/nm.4311\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 124pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ea\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 136pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0    14    28    42    56\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 151pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTime (days after treatment)    PR or  NOLR\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eYoung\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eMature    Old\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 124pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 100pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7    8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e *\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7    8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 27pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 44pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e *\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7   8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 125pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTime (days)    Time (days)    Time (days)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 65pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 68pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 62pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1 \u003c\/strong\u003eChronic, low-dose THC treatment restores learning ability in aged mice. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Experimental setup used for assessing the long-lasting behavioral and cellular responses to chronic THC administration. PR, partner recognition; NOLR, novel object location recognition. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Acquisition and reversal phases of the Morris water maze (MWM) in vehicle (V)- or THC-treated mice aged 2 months (young), 12 months (mature) and 18 months (old).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eShorter escape latencies are indicative of better learning and memory performance. Young-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; mature-V and mature-THC,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 11; old-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 14; old-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15 mice. Asterisks above the horizontal bars indicate significant main treatment effects: *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, two-way ANOVA. (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) Probe trial phase of the MWM, which assessed long-term memory. A longer time in the target sector is indicative of better memory performance. Young-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 11; mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 13; old-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 14; old-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15. (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e) Effect of THC on novel object location recognition memory. Preference for the object in a new position (novelty preference) is an indicator that animals have recognized the repositioning of the object. The dashed line indicates the chance level. Young, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; mature, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 11; old, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15. (\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e) Results of the partner-recognition test. Preference for a new partner indicates partner recognition. The dashed line indicates the chance level. Young, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; mature, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; old, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 15. *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, ***\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001, significant difference when compared to vehicle-treated mice; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:5pt\"\u003e+++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001, significant difference when compared to vehicle-treated young mice. Statistical significance was calculated using two-way ANOVA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ein \u003cstrong\u003eb \u003c\/strong\u003eand one-way ANOVA in \u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e, followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. In (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e), circles represent data from individual animals. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figure 1 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 4\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe next investigated the effect of THC on synaptic density in the hippocampus. Expression of the synaptic marker proteins synapsin I, synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) was lower in mature animals than in young ones (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), which is indicative of an age-related loss of synaptic connectivity\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e10,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e11\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. THC treatment did not alter the expression of these proteins in young mice, but it increased the synapsin I and synaptophysin levels of mature animals to those observed in young, THC-free mice. These results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 2\u003c\/strong\u003e). Further experiments showed that THC increased hippocampal spine density and affected the balance of inhibitory versus excitatory synapses (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Results \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 2\u003c\/strong\u003e). We next established gene expression profiles in the whole hippocampus 50 d after minipump implantation. A total of 21,198 transcripts were identified. Hierarchical clustering of variably expressed genes (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 2,090 genes) within the data set clearly revealed a four-group structure based on treatment and age (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 3\u003c\/strong\u003e). Most strikingly, THC-treated mature ani- mals closely resembled vehicle-treated young mice, while THC treatment of young mice resulted in a gene expression pattern more similar to that of vehicle-treated mature animals. Using the two-way ANOVA model (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, fold change = 1.5), we identified 100 transcripts differentially\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eregulated by THC in young mice and 232 in mature mice (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 3\u003c\/strong\u003e). Of these, only 13 overlapped (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 4\u003c\/strong\u003e). Gene ontology enrichment analysis (GOEA) followed by network visualization comparing the vehicle- and THC-treated old groups (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) identified large clusters of gene ontology (GO) terms associated with morphogen- esis, homeostasis, gene expression, phosphorylation and nerve impulse transmission. This result indicates that THC treatment affects molecu- lar processes relevant to cell plasticity and signaling in mature animals. Upregulated transcripts included Klotho (\u003cem\u003eKl\u003c\/em\u003e) (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2d \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figs. 5 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c\/strong\u003e), which is known to extend lifespan in different species\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e12–\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand to improve cognition\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e; transthyretin (\u003cem\u003eTtr\u003c\/em\u003e), a gene that is thought to be protective against Alzheimer's disease\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e16,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e; and brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor (\u003cem\u003eBdnf\u003c\/em\u003e), an important neurotrophic factor that enhances synapse formation\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e18 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand cognitive functions\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e19,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e20\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. The two transcripts that were most strongly downregulated in the mice after THC treat- ment corresponded to genes with potential pro-aging effects: caspase-1 (\u003cem\u003eCasp1\u003c\/em\u003e), which is involved in age-related impairments in cognition\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, and connective tissue growth factor (\u003cem\u003eCtgf\u003c\/em\u003e), which is known to enhance the pro-apoptotic activity of transforming growth factor \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e (TGF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e22 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 7\u003c\/strong\u003e). Together, these results demonstrate that the cognitive improvements in THC-treated mature mice were associated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ea\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn49.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eSynapsin I Synaptophysin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 55pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ePSD95\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn60.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn61.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn62.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn63.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn64.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn65.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn66.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn67.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-actin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn68.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eb    c\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn69.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eRegulation of type 2 immune response\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eInflammatory response\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 56pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTransmission nerve impulse\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 30pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eEnrichment scores of\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eGO terms based on DE genes with \u003cspan style=\"color:#ff0606\"\u003eUpregulation     \u003cspan style=\"color:#000097\"\u003eDownregulation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eHighest    Highest\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 222pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn70.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eCNS\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 222pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ematuration\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eCatecholamine metabolic processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eIon transport\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 237pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eChemical homeostasis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 224pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eHomeostasis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 245pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ePhosphorylation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 229pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eBiological processes (gene expression)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 249pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eRegulation of biological processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 59pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eMorphogenesis dopamine catabolic processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 63pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNervous system development\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 65pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNeuron differentiation axon development\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eProgrammed cell death\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn71.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e800\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e600\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn72.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn73.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn74.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn75.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e–2.0    0.0    2.0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003elog\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e expression\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ez\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-score\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn76.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn77.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e3,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e2,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn78.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn79.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn80.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNeurogenesis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn81.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn82.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn83.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn84.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn85.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn86.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn87.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eNeurological system processes\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn88.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2 \u003c\/strong\u003eMolecular changes in the hippocampus induced by low-dose THC treatment. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Representative immunoblots and quantification of the synaptic proteins synapsin I, synaptophysin and PSD95 from the hippocampal lysates of young and mature mice 22 d after termination of the treatments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5 mice for all groups, except for young-THC at synapsin I, where \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6. *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, difference between young-V and mature-V; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, difference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ebetween mature-V and mature-THC. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Hierarchical clustering of 2,090 variably expressed genes shown as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ez\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-transformed log\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e expression values (ANOVA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e0.05). (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) Network visualization of gene ontology enrichment analysis based on the 156 most upregulated and 76 most downregulated transcripts between the mature-THC and mature-V groups using BiNGO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand EnrichmentMap. Enriched GO terms based on upregulated transcripts are depicted as red nodes and enriched GO terms based on downregulated transcripts are represented as blue nodes, where node color and size represent the corresponding false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted enrichment \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003evalue (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eQ \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003evalue). DE, differentially expressed. (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e) Expression of Klotho (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e), transthyretin (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTtr\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e) and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eusing an independent set of animals as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTtr\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e: young-V and mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 4; mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 9. Bdnf: young-V and mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eyoung-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 4; mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e= 8. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, difference between mature-V and mature-THC mice. Significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. In \u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e, circles represent data from individual animals. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figures 2\u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003e7 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Data\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Tables 1 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn89.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewith a change in gene profiles; these changes and the associated cognitive improvements both lasted for several weeks after cessation of the treat- ment. The directions of the expression changes were such that the profiles of mature, THC-treated mice were most similar to those of young control mice, whereas THC treatment of young mice resulted in a gene expres- sion pattern that was similar to that of vehicle-treated mature animals. This indicates that the enhanced CB1 tone achieved through low-dose THC treatment may have normalized the weak cannabinoid signaling\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esignature in mature animals and thus reverted some of the age-related changes in gene expression, whereby several genes with antiaging effects were upregulated while genes contributing to aging were downregulated. The opposite transcriptional changes with THC treatment in young ani- mals are interesting and deserve further investigation.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTHC, similar to other drugs of abuse\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, can activate cAMP-response- element-binding protein (CREB)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e24,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e25\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, a molecular switch that converts short-term, plastic changes into long-lasting adaptations\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, thus playing\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ea key role in learning and memory\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Increased CREB signaling is involved in the memory-promoting effect of young blood in models of parabiosis\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e28 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand caloric restriction\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. THC can induce long-term changes in neuronal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eactivity directly by the activation of genes with CREB-inducible pro- moter regions and indirectly through epigenetic changes induced by recruiting CREB-binding protein (CBP), a histone acetyltransferase\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn90.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn91.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn92.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn93.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003ea\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ep-CREB CREB p-ERK ERK\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003ep-Akt Akt\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-actin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn94.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn95.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn96.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn97.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn98.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn99.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn100.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3 H4 H2A\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn101.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn102.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn103.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn105.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn106.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn107.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn108.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn109.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn110.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn111.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 33pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn112.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn113.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400    ++\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 131pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn114.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn115.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn116.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 82pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn117.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn118.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn119.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn120.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn121.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn122.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn123.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn124.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn125.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 51pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn126.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn127.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn128.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn129.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 94pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn130.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn131.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn132.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn133.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn134.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn135.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn136.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn137.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn138.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn139.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3 acetyl K9 H3 trimethyl K9 H4 acetyl K12 H2A acetyl K5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 57pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-actin\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn140.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn141.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn142.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn143.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn144.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn145.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn146.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn147.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn148.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn149.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn150.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn151.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn152.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn153.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 154pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft JhengHei UI; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl    Bdnf\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 260pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eP1    P2    P3    P4\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn154.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn155.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e600\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 123pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn156.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn157.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn158.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn159.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e500\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn160.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn161.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 109pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn162.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn163.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn164.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn165.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn166.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn167.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn168.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn169.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn170.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn171.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn172.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3 \u003c\/strong\u003eEpigenetic changes induced by low-dose THC treatment in hippocampal tissue. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Representative immunoblots of phosphorylated and total cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB), extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1\/2 (Erk1\/2) and thymoma viral proto-oncogene (Akt) proteins from\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ehippocampal lysates and quantitative analysis of the phosphorylation state of CREB, Erk1\/2 and Akt. Young-V, mature-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6 mice, except for the pAkt\/Akt panel, where mature-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Representative immunoblots and quantitative analysis of global changes in the total levels of histone H3, H4 and H2A proteins, as well as different acetylated and trimethylated forms, from hippocampal lysates. Band intensities for modified histones were normalized to those for the respective histone. H3 acetyl K9\/H3: young-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 9; mature-V and mature- THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; H3 trimethyl K9\/H3: young-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10; H4 acetyl K12\/H4: young-V and mature-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 9; H2A acetyl K5\/H2A: young-V and mature-V, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; mature-THC and young-THC, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 10. (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) AcH3K9 enrichment was analyzed at the promoter regions of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eby ChIP assays in the hippocampus of mature-V (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5) and mature-THC (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 4) mice.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, difference between young-V and mature-V; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+++\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001, difference between mature-V and mature-THC. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test was used to calculate significance in immunoblotting, and Student's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test was used for the ChIP analysis. Circles represent data from individual mice. P1, P2, P3,and P4 denote the four promoter regions of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e. Vehicle controls were adjusted to 100%, as indicated by the dashed line. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figure 8\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Data\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 3\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn173.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn174.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAcquisition\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 38pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eReversal\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 85pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn175.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle + vehicle\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn176.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn177.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTHC + vehicle    60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 85pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn178.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 85pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 88pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn179.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAcquisition    Reversal\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn180.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn181.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn182.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn183.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn184.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle + AA THC + AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTrial\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7     8     9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 77pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1    2    3    4    5\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e7    8    9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn185.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eSynapsin I\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn186.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn187.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn188.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn189.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3K9 acetyl\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn190.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn191.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn192.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn193.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn194.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn195.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 44pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 44pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf    Kl\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn196.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn197.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn198.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn199.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e2,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,500\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 142pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn200.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1,000\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn201.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn202.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn203.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e500\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 53pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    AA\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC vehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 47pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 43pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003evehicle THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn204.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn205.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn206.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn207.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn208.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e80    Acquisition    Reversal 60\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e20\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 39pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ee\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn209.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn210.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn211.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eSynapsin I\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn212.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e250\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn213.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn214.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eH3K9 acetyl\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn215.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn216.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn217.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn218.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn219.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn220.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn221.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e150\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e50\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn222.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn223.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 55pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn224.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn225.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn226.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e400\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 49pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn227.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:2pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e300\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e200\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e100\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e0\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 50pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e1     2     3     4     5     6    8    9     10\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 49pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTrial\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle     THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 36pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle     THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 42pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle   THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 40pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003eVehicle    THC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4 \u003c\/strong\u003eThe effects of low-dose THC treatment in mature animals are blocked by the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid and are absent in mice with deletion of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCb1 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ein glutamatergic neurons. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c\/strong\u003e) Spatial learning and memory in the MWM test using THC- and vehicle-treated mature animals with or without AA treatment. Vehicle + vehicle and THC + AA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; THC + vehicle, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; vehicle + AA, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e= 9. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e+\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, significant treatment effect as determined by two-way ANOVA; *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, significant difference between vehicle- and THC-treated mice as determined by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003epost hoc \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003etest. (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e) Quantification of synapsin I protein levels and acetylation of histone H3. Vehicle groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5; AA groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6. (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c\/strong\u003e) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003etranscription in mice aged 12 months. Vehicle groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; AA groups, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6. (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c\/strong\u003e) Effect of THC treatment on MWM test performance in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003emice aged 12 months. Vehicle group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8; THC group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7. (\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c\/strong\u003e) Effect of THC treatment on synapsin I protein levels and H3K9 acetylation (vehicle group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 7; THC group, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 6, except for synapsin I, where \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 5). (\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c\/strong\u003e) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eand \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eexpression (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= 8 for both groups) of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003emice aged\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e12 months. In \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c\/strong\u003e, vehicle controls are set at 100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e. *\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05, **\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e-test. Circles represent data from individual mice. Means and s.e.m. are shown. See also \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Figures 9 \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Data\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 4\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn228.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ethat is specific for histones H3 and H4. To investigate whether these mechanisms contributed to the effects of chronic THC treatment, we analyzed CREB signaling, as well as the CB1-downstream Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathways. THC treatment significantly increased Erk1 and Erk2 (Erk1\/2) and CREB phosphoryla- tion in mature animals but not in young ones (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, whereas phos- phorylation of Akt was not different between groups. Activated CREB stimulates transcription of several genes that modulate synaptic plas- ticity, including \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, and recruits the histone acetyltransferase CBP (p300)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. CBP facilitates acetylation of H3 and H4 histones, thus trans- forming chromatin into a relaxed configuration and making it more accessible to transcription factors\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. The levels of acetylated H3K9 and H4K12 were significantly elevated (+60.0% and +22.9%, respectively) in the hippocampus of THC-treated mature animals in comparison to control animals from the same age group, with these increases already visible after 14 d of THC treatment (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 8\u003c\/strong\u003e), whereas trimethylation of H3K9 was decreased (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). AcH2A, which is not regulated by CBP, remained unchanged after THC treatment. AcH3K9 was also markedly increased at the \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003epromoter and at all four \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003epro- moters, as revealed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). This may suggest that the increased expression of \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand possibly other CBP-regulated genes is caused by THC-induced epi- genetic changes. BDNF is an upstream activator and \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eis a major downstream target of CREB-mediated signaling\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Expression of \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eNtrk2 \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eTrkB\u003c\/em\u003e) decreases during aging\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Our results are consistent with such a CBP-mediated mechanism and with the demonstration that\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ehistone acetylation promotes cognitive functions, whereas the opposing process, histone deacetylation, negatively affects cognition\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTo directly test this hypothesis, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, anacardic acid (AA), was administered intraperitoneally on a daily basis to a new cohort of mature mice carrying osmotic minipumps releasing either vehicle or THC. AA treatment alone did not affect ani- mal performance in the MWM (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 4\u003c\/strong\u003e), but it com- pletely blocked the THC-induced improvement of cognitive functions (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4a\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). It also abolished the THC-induced increase in AcH3K9, the increased expression of synapsin I (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4b\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), the increase in \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003emRNA expression (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and the decrease in \u003cem\u003eCasp1 \u003c\/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eCtgf \u003c\/em\u003eexpression (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 9\u003c\/strong\u003e). These data demonstrate that the beneficial effects of low-dose THC administration are dependent on an epigenetic mechanism involving histone acetylation. This is in line with previous findings showing that enhanced histone acetylation can result in recovery of cognitive abilities in old mice\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe finally asked to what extent the effects of THC are mediated by the CB1 receptor. Disrupted CB1 signaling in \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003cem\u003eCnr1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/−\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e) mice initially leads to superior learning and memory performance at a young age, but then to a rapid decline in cognitive abilities. \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003emice aged 5 months already show striking impairments in a broad range of memory models\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e38 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eaccompanied by typical histologi- cal and molecular markers of old age, such as loss of hippocampal neurons, increased inflammation markers\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand disrupted prote- ostasis\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. When THC or vehicle was infused from minipumps into mature \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003emice, it had no effect on their behavior in the MWM\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn229.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eand did not influence gene expression, synapsin I densities or histone acetylation (\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 10\u003c\/strong\u003e), thus indicating that the benefi- cial effects of THC are dependent on CB1 signaling. Furthermore, we also treated mice lacking CB1 on forebrain glutamatergic principal neurons, \u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre\u003c\/em\u003e; \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003emice, which show no age-related phe- notypes\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. In these animals, THC administration also had no effect on the acquisition or reversal phase in the MWM test (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4d\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and it did not change synapsin I protein levels, AcH3K9 (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), or the mRNA levels of \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4f\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), \u003cem\u003eCasp1 \u003c\/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eCtgf \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Fig. 10f\u003c\/strong\u003e). Thus, the effects of THC on cognitive performance, synap- togenesis, histone acetylation and the expression of age-related genes were all dependent on the CB1 signaling of forebrain glutamatergic neurons. The results do not exclude the possibility that CB1 receptors on other neurons are also involved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAttempts to reverse age-related epigenetic processes through a phar- macological blockade of histone deacetylases have shown some promise in rodents\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e33,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark41\"\u003e42\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, but the deleterious side-effects have prevented applica- tion in humans\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e. Consequently, the generalized inhibition of histone deacetylation is not further considered to be a suitable treatment of age-related pathologies. In contrast, cannabis preparations and THC are used for medicinal purposes. They have an excellent safety record and do not produce adverse side-effects when administered at a low dose to older individuals. Thus, chronic, low-dose treatment with THC or cannabis extracts could be a potential strategy to slow down or even to reverse cognitive decline in the elderly.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-size:9pt\"\u003eMethods, including statements of data availability and any associated accession codes and references, are available in the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eonline version of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003ethe paper\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNote: Any Supplementary Information and Source Data files are available in the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4311\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eonline version of the paper\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grants FOR926 (SP2 and CP2), BI-1227\/5 and SFB645. J.L.S. and A.Z. are members of the DFG Cluster of Excellence ImmunoSensation.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eO.A., A.B.-G., J.L.S., M.D.-G., I.B. and A.Z. designed research; O.A., A.P., S.I., T.U.,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eH.O., I.R., K.M., A.D. and A.B.-G. performed research; O.A., A.P., A.B.-G., T.U.,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eJ.L.S. and A.Z. analyzed data; and O.A., A.B.-G., J.L.S. and A.Z. wrote the paper.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCOMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors declare no competing financial interests.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20; font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003eReprints and permissions information is available online at \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/reprints\/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.nature.com\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/reprints\/index.html\"\u003ereprints\/index.html\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn230.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDi Marzo, V., Stella, N. \u0026amp; Zimmer, A. Endocannabinoid signalling and the deteriorating brain. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. Rev. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c\/strong\u003e, 30–42 (2015).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBilkei-Gorzo, A. The endocannabinoid system in normal and pathological brain ageing. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 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The molecular biology of memory: cAMP, PKA, CRE, CREB-1, CREB-2, and CPEB. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMol. Brain \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c\/strong\u003e, 14 (2012).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eVilleda, S.A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eYoung blood reverses age-related impairments in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. 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The role of CREB signaling in Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eRev. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c\/strong\u003e, 153–169 (2011).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWest, A.E. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCalcium regulation of neuronal gene expression. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e98\u003c\/strong\u003e, 11024–11031 (2001).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDas, C. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eBinding of the histone chaperone ASF1 to the CBP bromodomain promotes histone acetylation. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e111\u003c\/strong\u003e, E1072–E1081 (2014).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eVecsey, C.G. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eHistone deacetylase inhibitors enhance memory and synaptic plasticity via CREB:CBP-dependent transcriptional activation. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c\/strong\u003e, 6128–6140 (2007).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShieh, P.B., Hu, S.C., Bobb, K., Timmusk, T. \u0026amp; Ghosh, A. Identification of a signaling pathway involved in calcium regulation of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBDNF \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eexpression. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuron \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c\/strong\u003e, 727–740 (1998).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGao, H. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eLong-term dietary \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic acid supplement alleviates cognitive impairment correlate with activating hippocampal CREB signaling in natural aging rats. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMol. Neurobiol. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c\/strong\u003e, 4772–4786 (2016)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGräff, J. \u0026amp; Tsai, L.H. Histone acetylation: molecular mnemonics on the chromatin.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. Rev. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c\/strong\u003e, 97–111 (2013).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePeleg, S. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAltered histone acetylation is associated with age-dependent memory impairment in mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eScience \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e328\u003c\/strong\u003e, 753–756 (2010).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBilkei-Gorzo, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eEarly age-related cognitive impairment in mice lacking cannabinoid CB1 receptors. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e102\u003c\/strong\u003e, 15670–15675 (2005).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlbayram, O. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eRole of CB1 cannabinoid receptors on GABAergic neurons in brain aging. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e108\u003c\/strong\u003e, 11256–11261 (2011).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePiyanova, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eLoss of CB1 receptors leads to decreased cathepsin D levels and accelerated lipofuscin accumulation in the hippocampus. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMech. Ageing Dev. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e134\u003c\/strong\u003e, 391–399 (2013).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMonory, K. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eThe endocannabinoid system controls key epileptogenic circuits in the hippocampus. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuron \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c\/strong\u003e, 455–466 (2006).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFischer, A., Sananbenesi, F., Wang, X., Dobbin, M. \u0026amp; Tsai, L.H. Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e447\u003c\/strong\u003e, 178–182 (2007).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDay, J.J. \u0026amp; Sweatt, J.D. Epigenetic treatments for cognitive impairments.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychopharmacology \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c\/strong\u003e, 247–260 (2012).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Animals.\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eONLINE METHODS\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals. \u003c\/strong\u003eC57BL\/6J mice were bred at the House of Experimental Therapy, University of Bonn or obtained from a commercial breeder (Janvier, France). In the latter case, animals were habituated to the animal facility for 2 weeks before the experiments. Experiments with \u003cem\u003eCb1 \u003c\/em\u003eknockout mice were carried out with male \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e+\/+ \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\/− \u003c\/span\u003elittermates aged 12 months\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Glutamatergic neuron–specific \u003cem\u003eCb1 \u003c\/em\u003eknockouts were obtained by crossing \u003cem\u003eCb1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003efl\/fl \u003c\/span\u003emice\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e41 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ewith a \u003cem\u003eNeurod6-Cre \u003c\/em\u003edeletion strain. Both the constitutive and conditional knockout lines were on a congenic C57BL6\/J background. All experiments followed the guidelines of European Community's Directive 86\/609\/EEC and the German Animal Protection Law regulating animal research. They were approved by LANUV NRW.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePower analysis. \u003c\/strong\u003ePower analyses indicated an 80% probability of detecting a 30% change for animal experiments. In immunoblots, we had sufficient power to detect a 45% change, in the real-time PCR studies a 50% change, in the his- tological analysis, 25% differences and, in Illumina gene expression profiling or ChIP analysis, a 50% difference between groups with 80% probability.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrug treatment. \u003c\/strong\u003eMale C57BL\/6J mice aged 2 months (young), 12 months (mature) and 18 months (old) were chronically treated with THC (3 mg per kg bodyweight per day)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e45,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e46 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eor vehicle (ethanol:cremophor:saline, 1:1:18)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e47–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003ethrough subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps (Alzet, CA, USA) for 28 d. The animals were randomly selected for the treatment groups. To test the effect of the histone acetylation blockade, male C57BL\/6J mice aged 12 months were purchased from Janvier (France). Half of the animals received vehicle and the other half received a THC dose of 3 mg per kg bodyweight per day through osmotic minipumps as described above. During THC treatment (28 d), the animals received daily either vehicle or 5 mg per kg bodyweight anacardic acid intraperitoneally. For solubilization, we used DMSO:Tween-20: saline at a ratio of 2:5:93.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBehavioral testing. \u003c\/strong\u003eThe novel object location recognition test was performed in a sound-isolated, dimly illuminated room in an open-field box (44 cm × 44 cm). The floor was covered with sawdust (1 cm deep, used and saturated with the odor of the animals). The habituation period consisted of a daily 5-min period of free exploration in the arena containing three objects (plastic balls, 15 mm in diameter) for 3 d. On the test day, the animals were allowed to explore three identical objects (Lego pieces with different colors, roughly 2 × 2 cm) placed into the area in a fixed location for 6 min, and the time spent on inspection of the individual objects was recorded (Noldus Ethovision XT). Thirty minutes later, the animals were placed back into the box, where one object was placed into a new location. The animals were left to explore for an additional 3 min. The time spent with investigations was recorded, and the preference ratio for the moved object was calculated as follows: preference = \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e\/(\u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e + \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e + \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c\/sub\u003e) × 100; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e, time spent with investigation; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e, the object that is moved in the second trial; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ec\u003c\/sub\u003e, the objects that remained in their original positions. Novelty preference was calculated as follows: (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003et2\u003c\/sub\u003e − \u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003et1\u003c\/sub\u003e)\/\u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003et1\u003c\/sub\u003e × 100; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c\/em\u003e, the preference of the mouse; t1, trial one; t2, trial two.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLong-term memory was tested using a modified form of the partner recogni- tion test 42 d after the minipump implantation. The test was performed in the same arenas and after the same habituation as described for the novel object location recognition test. In the first trial, the arenas held both a metal grid cage only containing a mouse (of the same age and sex as the test animal but from a different cage) and one other object (of a similar size and form as the metal grid cage) in the opposing corner, placed 6–7 cm from the walls. The location and activity of the test mouse were recorded and analyzed by the EthoVision tracking system (Noldus) for 15 min. In the next session, after 24 h, the object was replaced with another grid cage containing a new partner and the activity of the test mouse was recorded again for 5 min. Recognition of the previously seen partner was defined by a novelty preference, i.e., a significantly longer period spent investigating the new partner in the second trial. Novelty preference was calculated as \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e\/(\u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e + \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e) × 100; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ea\u003c\/sub\u003e is the time spent with the novel partner; \u003cem\u003eT\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eb\u003c\/sub\u003e is the time spent with the previous partner.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSpatial learning and memory were assessed in the MWM task as described\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e50,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. In the acquisition phase of the MWM test, the animals were\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003etested for four consecutive sessions daily over 5 d. The hidden platform remained at a fixed spatial location for the entire acquisition period. The mice started from the same position at days 1 and 2 and from variable positions in the following trials. Long-term spatial memory was assessed at day 6, when the platform was removed and the time spent in the platform-associated quadrant was measured. We assessed the flexibility of spatial memory by placing the platform in a new location (reversal phase) between days 7 and 9. Animals that did not move (floater) or just circled in close vicinity to the wall (wall-hangers) were excluded from the analysis and further tests. The criteria were pre-established. The inves- tigator was blinded to genotype or treatment, but the difference between the age groups was clearly visible. Recording and analysis of behavior were carried out by automated systems (Videomot, TSE-Systems).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTissue preparation. \u003c\/strong\u003eAnimals were euthanized by CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e inhalation 5 d after the last behavioral test, decapitated and their brains were isolated. Brains were snap frozen in dry-ice-cooled isopentane and stored at −80 °C until further processing. For immunoblot and gene expression experiments, hip- pocampi were isolated from the frozen brains in a cryostat (Leica CM 3050; Leica Microsystems, Heidelberg, Germany) using the punch technique\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For histology, brain areas containing the dorsal region of the hippocampus were serially cut into 18-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003em coronal slices (\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 8 per mouse) in a cryostat (Leica CM 3050; Leica Microsystems, Heidelberg, Germany) and mounted onto silanized glass slides.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGene expression profiling. \u003c\/strong\u003eWhole hippocampi were lysed in TRIzol (Life Technologies), and total RNA was extracted according to the manufactur- er's protocol. The quality of the RNA was assessed by measuring the ratio of the absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm using a Nanodrop 2000 Spectrometer (Thermo Scientific), as well as by visualization of the integrity of the 28S and 18S bands on an agarose gel. Prior to array-based gene expression profil- ing, total RNA was further purified using the MinElute Reaction Cleanup Kit (Qiagen). Biotin-labeled cRNA was generated using the TargetAmp Nano-g Biotin-aRNA Labeling Kit for the Illumina System (Epicentre). Biotin-labeled cRNA (1.5 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eg) was hybridized to MouseWG-6 v2.0 BeadChips (Illumina) and scanned on an Illumina HiScanSQ system. Raw intensity microarray data were processed using GenomeStudio V2011.1 (Illumina). Subsequent analyses were performed using Partek Genomics Suite V6.6 (PGS) (Partek). Non-normal- ized data were imported from GenomeStudio using the default PGS report builder. After quantile normalization in PGS, variable transcripts, as well as significantly differentially expressed transcripts, were calculated by employ- ing a two-way ANOVA model. Variable genes were defined by an unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue of \u0026lt;0.05, and significantly differentially expressed transcripts were defined by an unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue of \u0026lt;0.05 and a fold change of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e2. Variable genes were further analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering using PGS default settings visualizing condition-specific similar or differential gene expression. The statistical significance of the correlations between two or more groups was determined by ANOVA modeling, and the corresponding \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue was computed. \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalues of \u0026lt;0.05 were defined as significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Partek Genomics Suite.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo validate the previous analysis that was based on the ANOVA model, we additionally performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). We used WGCNA to identify specific signatures that can be associ- ated with one or more conditions. The WGCNA R package (\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/labs.genetics.ucla.edu\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003ehttp:\/\/labs.genetics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/labs.genetics.ucla.edu\/\"\u003eucla.edu\/\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e53 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ewas used for the analysis. The standard parameters were altered to a power of 19 and a minModuleSize of 30, resulting in 10 modules using 1,721 variable genes. For each module, the eigengene (ME) corresponding to the first principal component of a given module was calculated. The network for each module of interest was generated using the '1-TOMsimilarityFromExpr' func- tion of the WGCNA R package. Each module was associated with a trait having the highest Pearson correlation coefficient. Gene-to-module association can be found in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 1\u003c\/strong\u003e. Module-to-gene ontology enrichment can be found in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 2\u003c\/strong\u003e. It should be noted that our analysis strategy did not use FDR-adjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalues. We used the gene sets passing a fold change cutoff and the unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue to determine biological processes by GOEA followed by network visualization of significantly enriched GO terms. From our experience, this analysis requires the use of a sufficient number of genes;\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn232.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Immunoblots.\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eotherwise, calling GO terms becomes arbitrary. In this case, where the approach using the FDR-corrected \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue did not result in a sufficient gene number, we have changed our model by using the unadjusted \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue. Owing to the difficult sample preparation and a late time point after intervention, we were anticipat- ing high variance of signals and low effect sizes. These experimental limitations require a less stringent cutoff for defining genes for further downstream analysis (either computationally or experimentally). We are aware that this represents a compromise. The transcriptome analysis defined candidate genes that were then PCR validated (for an example, see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In retrospect, the successful PCR validation justified the use of this approach.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eReal-time RT–PCR mRNA expression analysis was performed using total RNA, which was isolated from the frozen hippocampi of mice (\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 6–8) and reverse transcribed to cDNA as reported previously\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, using custom TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany) Mm01334042_m1 for BDNF, Mm00438023_m1 for caspase-1, Mm01192932_g1 for Ctgf, Mm00502002_m1 for Kl and Mm00443267_m1 for Ttr. 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH; Mm01334042_m1) was used as an endogenous con- trol to standardize the amount of target cDNA. For the longitudinal study of the expression of two splice variants of \u003cem\u003eKl\u003c\/em\u003e, mKlotho and sKlotho, qPCR was performed as described\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e54 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eon a LightCycler 480 II (Roche) PCR machine using LightCycler 480 SYBR Green I master mix (Roche). A two-step PCR reaction was carried out as follows: one cycle at 98 °C for 2 min followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s and 58 °C for 30 s. Samples were run as triplicates. All samples were normalized to m36B4, which was used as a reference gene. Gene-specific prim- ers are listed in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 3\u003c\/strong\u003e. Relative quantitative gene expression was calculated with the 2\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003emethod\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark53\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Mean 2\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003evalues of vehicle-treated animals of both ages were chosen as reference samples and subtracted from 2\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003eof the other groups (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eC\u003csub\u003eT\u003c\/sub\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunoblots. \u003c\/strong\u003eFrozen hippocampi were lysed in 1% SDS buffer (Sigma- Aldrich, Munich, Germany) containing protease and phosphatase inhibi- tors (Complete Mini, Roche; PhosStop, Roche), sonicated and clarified by centrifugation (9,500\u003cem\u003eg \u003c\/em\u003efor 10 min). Protein concentrations were determined using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). Equal amounts of protein were run on NuPAGE Bis-Tris 4–12% gradient gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The proteins were subsequently blotted onto PVDF membranes using the iBlot Dry Blotting System (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The blots were incubated with primary antibodies to Akt (1:1,000; Cell Signaling, 9272), phospho-Akt Ser473 (1:1,000; Cell Signaling, 9272S), ERK1\/2 (1:1,000; Sigma, M3807), phospho- ERK (1:1,000; Sigma, M9692), CREB (1:1,000; Abcam, ab32515), phospho- CREB Ser133 (1:1,000; Abcam, ab10564), PSD95 (1:200; Abcam, ab18258),\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esynapsin I (1:200; Abcam, ab64581), synaptophysin (1:200; Millipore, 04-1019), histone H3 (1:500; Abcam, ab10799), histone H4 (1:500; Abcam, ab16483), histone H2A (1:500; Abcam, ab18255), histone H3 acetyl K9 (1:500; Abcam, ab4441), H3 trimethylated K9 (1:500; Abcam, ab8898), H4 acetyl K12 (1:500; Abcam, ab46983), H2A acetyl K5 (1:500; Abcam, ab1764), and with a Gapdh (1:5,000; Abcam, ab9484) or a \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e-actin antibody (1:10,000; Sigma, A5441- 2ML) to ensure equal loading. Validation of the antibodies was performed by the manufacturer. Please refer to their websites for further information. The blots were then incubated with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. Signals were detected using chemiluminescent substrate for the peroxidase (ECL, Pierce). Images were created either using the ChemiDoc Imaging System (Bio-Rad) or by covering the membranes by ECL substrate (Pierce), covered with high-performance autoradiography film (Amersham Hyperfilm MP, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) and developed using a CP 1000 AGFA Healthcare N.V. film developer. The films were then scanned using an Epson Perfection 4990 scanner and analyzed using ImageJ software. Images from the ChemiDoc System were quantified using ImageLab software (Bio-Rad).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunofluorescence. \u003c\/strong\u003eSlides were placed in 0.1 M (pH 7.3) PBS for 5 min to thaw after storage at −80 °C, followed by post-fixation in 4% paraformal- dehyde dissolved in PBS for 30 min. After a 5-min wash in PBS, slides were permeabilized using 0.2% Triton X-100 for 20 min and then washed again for 5 min in PBS. Blocking of unspecific binding sites was done with PBS con- taining 5% donkey serum albumin for 10 min followed by another PBS wash for 5 min. The slices were first kept in 4 °C for 48 h in rabbit anti–synapsin\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eI solution (Abcam, ab64581; diluted 1:250 in PBS), 48 h in rabbit anti-Klotho antibody solution (Thermo Fisher, PA5-21078; diluted 1:400 in 3% BSA in PBS), sheep anti-prealbumin antibody solution (Abcam, ab9015; diluted 1:500 in 0.3% BSA in PBS), AF488-coupled mouse anti-NeuN antibody (Millipore, MAB377X; diluted 1:200 in 0.3% BSA in PBS), rabbit anti-Iba1 antibody solution (Wako, 016-20001: diluted 1:200), rabbit anti-VGAT or VGLUT1 (both donated by B. Schütz, University of Marburg; diluted 1:1,000 and 1:10,000, respectively). Afterwards, the slides were rinsed three times for 10 min in PBS before incubation with goat anti-rabbit Cy3-conjugated sec- ondary antibody (Life Technologies, A10520; diluted 1:500 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for synapsin I, donkey anti-rabbit AF647-conjugated secondary antibody (Invitrogen, A31573; diluted 1:2,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for Klotho, donkey anti-rabbit AF488-conjugated secondary antibody (Life Technologies, A21206; diluted 1:2,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for Iba1, donkey anti-sheep AF647- conjugated (Jackson Immuno, 713-175-147; diluted 1:2,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) or AF488-conjugated (Invitrogen, A11015, diluted 1:1,000 in 0.3% BSA in PBS) for transthyretin secondary antibody in a humid chamber for 2 h in the dark. After staining, the sections were again rinsed three times for 5 min and were mounted with DAPI-containing Fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech, USA) and covered. The NeuN co-stained slices were first dehydrated with an increasing concentration of ethanol and xylol, mounted with Rotihisto II (Carl Roth, Germany) and covered. For quantitative analysis of synapsin I, Klotho or transthyretin immunoreactivity, fluorescence images were acquired using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Oberkochen, Germany) with a 20×, 0.8 NA lens. Immunoreactivities were analyzed with ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.42q, NIH, USA) using the inte- grated density technique\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For quantitative analysis of staining intensities, six pictures per animal were taken. Each group consisted of three animals. The images were converted to 8-bit grayscale using ImageJ software and signal intensities (calculated as mean signal intensity within the region of interest (ROI; pyramidal cell layer in the CA3 region of the hippocampus)) minus the signal intensity outside but adjacent to the ROI (stratum radiatum in the CA3 region) were calculated. For quantitative analysis of the density of VGAT- or VGLUT1-positive puncta around CA3 pyamidal neurons, fluorescence images were acquired using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Oberkochen, Germany) with a 63×, 1.3 NA oil-immersion lens. Density was determined as the number of puncta divided by the area of the CA3 neuron with ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.42q, NIH, USA). For testing colocalization, the Leica LSM SP8 confocal microscope was used.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGolgi staining. \u003c\/strong\u003eFor Golgi staining, a kit from FD NeuroTechnologies (USA) was used following the instructions of the manufacturer. Microphotographs from dendrites of selected neurons were taken using a Zeiss Axiovert 200M fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Oberkochen, Germany) with a 63×, 1.3 NA oil-immersion lens. Density was determined as the number of spines on the terminal 50-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003em sequence of a dendrite divided by the length of the dendrite as determined with ImageJ software (ImageJ 1.42q, NIH, USA).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromatin immunoprecipitation. \u003c\/strong\u003eTo test whether the expression of BDNF and Klotho was affected by histone modification, we applied chromatin immunopre- cipitation analysis using the Diagenode LowCell ChIP Kit following the instruc- tions of the manufacturer. Briefly, mice were decapitated, and their hippocampi were isolated and fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde. After washing, the hippocampi were lysed and chromatin was sheared by sonication (Bioruptor Plus, Diagenode). Sheared chromatin was incubated with magnetic beads covered with antibodies for histone modifications (AcH3K9 and H3). Next, the beads were removed, washed and the attached DNA was purified. Histone modifications of the \u003cem\u003eBdnf \u003c\/em\u003eor \u003cem\u003eKl \u003c\/em\u003epromoter loci were assessed by SYBR Green quantitative PCR. Primer sequences are shown in \u003cstrong\u003eSupplementary Table 1\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics. \u003c\/strong\u003eData analyzed were all numeric. Distribution analysis was done with the data from spine and axon terminal densities, but not with other data with low case numbers. Variances were compared by Bartlett statistic to decide whether parametric tests were applicable. In the MWM test, the latency to reach the platform and the speed of the animals were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (between factor, group; within factor, trial) followed\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0628_LowdoseTHCn233.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Data_availability.\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eby Bonferroni´s \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Time to reach the visible platform or time spent in the target sector during the probe trial was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Data from the partner-recognition test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Novel object location recognition test results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (separately to the time points) followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. To analyze synapsin I staining intensity and levels of synaptic proteins determined by immunoblotting, results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. For the analysis of VGAT, VGLUT1 and dendrite spine densities, Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA followed by Dunn's test was used. Gene expression (Illumina, RT–PCR) was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Staining intensity of Ttr and Klotho was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Brain-region-specific expression of Klotho and transthyretin was analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test. Immunoblot results for protein phosphoryla- tion and histone acetylation were tested using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test. Results of the ChIP analysis were analyzed using the Student's unpaired two-sided \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-test.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability. \u003c\/strong\u003eThe Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) accession number of the expression profiling data is \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE57823\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#37699e\"\u003eGSE57823\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eZimmer, A., Zimmer, A.M., Hohmann, A.G., Herkenham, M. \u0026amp; Bonner, T.I. Increased mortality, hypoactivity, and hypoalgesia in cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e96\u003c\/strong\u003e, 5780–5785 (1999).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLastres-Becker, I., Molina-Holgado, F., Ramos, J.A., Mechoulam, R. \u0026amp; Fernández- Ruiz, J. Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e: relevance to Parkinson's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurobiol. Dis. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c\/strong\u003e, 96–107 (2005).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eVarvel, S.A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eInteractions between THC and cannabidiol in mouse models of cannabinoid activity. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychopharmacology (Berl.) \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e186\u003c\/strong\u003e, 226–234 (2006).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMarchalant, Y., Brothers, H.M. \u0026amp; Wenk, G.L. Cannabinoid agonist WIN-55,212-2 partially restores neurogenesis in the aged rat brain. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMol. Psychiatry \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c\/strong\u003e, 1068–1069 (2009).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eGalve-Roperh, I. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAnti-tumoral action of cannabinoids: involvement of sustained ceramide accumulation and extracellular signal–regulated kinase activation. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. Med. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c\/strong\u003e, 313–319 (2000).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSánchez, I., Mahlke, C. \u0026amp; Yuan, J. Pivotal role of oligomerization in expanded polyglutamine neurodegenerative disorders. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e421\u003c\/strong\u003e, 373–379 (2003).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBarnes, C.A., Suster, M.S., Shen, J. \u0026amp; McNaughton, B.L. Multistability of cognitive maps in the hippocampus of old rats. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e388\u003c\/strong\u003e, 272–275 (1997).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSanchez-Mejia, R.O. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ePhospholipase A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e reduction ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat. Neurosci. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c\/strong\u003e, 1311–1318 (2008).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCannich, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCB1 cannabinoid receptors modulate kinase and phosphatase activity during extinction of conditioned fear in mice. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLearn. Mem. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c\/strong\u003e, 625–632 (2004).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLangfelder, P. \u0026amp; Horvath, S. WGCNA: an R package for weighted correlation network analysis. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBMC Bioinformatics \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c\/strong\u003e, 559 (2008).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMassó, A. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSecreted and transmembrane \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eklotho isoforms have different spatio-temporal profiles in the brain during aging and Alzheimer's disease progression. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS One \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c\/strong\u003e, e0143623 (2015).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eLivak, K.J. \u0026amp; Schmittgen, T.D. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real- time quantitative PCR and the 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e−\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eCT \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003emethod. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMethods \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c\/strong\u003e, 402–408 (2001).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMiró, X. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eHaploinsufficiency of the murine Polycomb gene \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSuz12 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eresults in diverse malformations of the brain and neural tube. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDis. Model. Mech. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c\/strong\u003e, 412–418 (2009).\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-11-09T23:28:22-08:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"low-dose-thc-name","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559898853544"},{"id":559896953000,"title":"Testing Post 2","created_at":"2022-11-09T05:44:59-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts testing-post-2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eReview\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:18pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's Disease Dementia Guidelines for Diagnostic Testing: A Systematic Review\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc\u003csup\u003e1,6\u003c\/sup\u003e, Olga L. Pedraza, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e, Andrea Rodr´ıguez, MD, MSc\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Erick Sa´nchez, MD\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e,\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:12pt\"\u003eIgnasi Gich, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ivan Sola`, MSc\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Xavier Bonfill, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e, and Pablo Alonso-Coello, MD, PhD\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e28(2) 111-119\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eª \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eThe Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission:\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003esagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e DOI: 10.1177\/1533317512470209\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/aja.sagepub.com\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003eaja.sagepub.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAbstract\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, with a growing incidence during the last decades. Clinical diagnosis of cognitive impairment and presence of AD biomarkers have become important issues for early and adequate treatment. We performed a systematic literature search and quality appraisal of AD dementia guidelines, published between 2005 and 2011, which contained diagnostic recommendations on AD dementia. We also analyzed diagnostic recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests, neuropsychological evaluation, and AD biomarkers. Of the 537 retrieved references, 15 met the selection criteria. We found that Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II domains such as applicability and editorial independence had the lowest scores. The wide variability on assessment of quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were the main concerns identified regarding diagnostic testing. Although the appropriate methodology for clinical practice guideline development is well known, the quality of diagnostic AD dementia guidelines can be significantly improved.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eKeywords\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ediagnosis, Alzheimer's disease dementia, systematic review, clinical practice guidelines\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eBackground\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eThe world population is rapidly aging, which causes a signifi- cant increase in chronic and neurodegenerative diseases, with serious consequences in terms of global public health. The prevalence of diseases such as dementia is nearly 42 million patients in 2012, with approximately 4.6 million new cases a year.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e These figures would increase up to 300\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eby 2040, with an impact on expenditure of over US$ 422 billion.\u003csup\u003e1,2\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease dementia (AD dementia), the most common dementia in the Western world, is defined as a cogni- tive decline documented by standardized testing on 2 or more domains, which interferes with daily function and represents a decline in previous levels.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Recently, the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke– Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria have been updated and presented 3 different types of AD dementia according to presence of core clinical criteria only (probable), an atypical course without differential diagno- sis (possible), or neuropathological evidence (definitive).\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eThe presence of cognitive impairment, especially in the memory domain, is a fundamental part of the clinical criteria used to diagnose AD dementia. This impairment must be detected and\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003ediagnosed through a combination of clinical history analysis and objective cognitive assessment by means of a brief mental evalua- tion or comprehensive neuropsychological testing.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e The latter reflects the clinical dimension of the disease and characterizes the type of presentation. However, new trends in AD dementia\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e Grupo  de  Evaluacio´n  de  Tecnolog´ıas  y  Pol´ıticas  en  Salud  -  GETS,  Clinical Research Institute - School of Medicine. National University of Colombia, Bogota´ DC, Colombia\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e Department of Neurosciences and Memory Clinic Unit, Fundacion Uni- versitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Bogota, Colombia\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Department. Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), CIBER Epidemiolog´ıa y Salud Pu´blica (CIBERESP), Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Doctoral candidate at the Pediatrics, Obstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology and Preventive Medicine Department, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCorresponding Author:\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIngrid Arevalo-Rodriguez, MSc, Grupo de Evaluacio´n de Tecnolog´ıas y Pol´ıticas en Salud - GETS, Clinical Research Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Colombia, Bogota´ DC, Colombia.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:ingrid.arevalo@e-campus.uab.cat\"\u003eingrid.arevalo@e-campus.uab.cat\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e112    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2)\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003ediagnosis suggest the need to reflect upon thebiological dimension of the disease, including biomarkers related to brain amyloid-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eprotein deposition and downstream neuronal degeneration.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eSeveral clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for the management of AD dementia have been published in different countries. These offer users (professionals and health adminis- trators, patients and caregivers, among others) clinical recommendations for daily practice based on the best available evidence.\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e Although CPGs have become a useful clinical tool, their quality can vary and could be improved.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e The CPG assessment must be conducted in an objective manner using standardized instruments that address issues such as rigor of development, clarity of recommendations, and applicability, among others.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e It is also important to analyze the differences in recommendations among guidelines focused on the same topic, which can vary and even be contradictory.\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eThere are previous studies related to the assessment of the quality and content of AD dementia CPGs, but these were not conducted systematically and did not assess recommendations on AD dementia diagnosis.\u003csup\u003e11-14\u003c\/sup\u003e The purpose of this review was to assess the quality of CPGs that focus on the diagnosis of AD dementia as well as to examine the recommendations on 3 crit- ical aspects of AD diagnosis: initial testing with brief cognitive screening tools, use of neuropsychological assessment, and use of biomarkers of amyloid-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaccumulation and neuronal injury.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eMethods\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003eWe performed a systematic review of AD dementia CPGs retrieved from the Web sites of guideline developers (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, National Institute for Clinical Excel- lence, among others), CPG compilers (National Guidelines Clear- inghouse, National Library of Guidelines, GIN Web site, among others), and institutions that conduct research related to dementia. We complemented this search in MEDLINE, using the terms ''dementia,'' ''Alzheimer,'' and ''elderly,'' with a methodological filter to search for CPGs (the full search strategy is available upon request). The CPGs with diagnostic recommendations in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between January 2005 and December 2011 were included. Previous versions of the same guideline, letters to the editor, or guidelines with a focus on pop-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eulation screening or general mental health were excluded.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eTwo authors independently selected all potentially eligible studies by reading the titles and abstracts of the retrieved refer- ences. Subsequently, 4 trained authors independently assessed the quality of each CPG using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE)-II tool.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e This instrument includes the evaluation of 6 domains: Scope and Purpose, Sta- keholder Involvement, Rigor of Development, Clarity of Presentation, Applicability, and Editorial Independence. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and its 95\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003econfidence interval (95\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eCI) were calculated to assess interrater agree- ment. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Calibri\"\u003e1 \u003c\/span\u003e15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eFor the analyses of recommendations regarding diagnostic testing, we only included guidelines of high quality, defined\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eas those with scores equal to or greater than 60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003ein the ''Rigor of development'' domain. We used this cutoff point as an adequate figure to reflect that a valid and transparent process had been adopted in the development of recommendations.\u003csup\u003e15\u003c\/sup\u003e For each guideline, 3 authors extracted recommendations con- cerning: (1) the brief cognitive instruments recommended for initial evaluation of patients with suspected AD dementia, (2) the use of neuropsychological assessment, and (3) the use of biomarkers in patients with suspected AD dementia. The rec- ommendations (sentences) of each CPG were extracted along with the quality of evidence, strength of the recommendation, and type of studies included. This information was synthesized in a recommendation matrix for further analysis. All disagree- ments were resolved by consensus.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eAll paper and pencil tests used for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia were classified as brief cognitive instruments. Neuropsychological assessment was defined as all comprehensive and standardized cognitive eva- luations, including appraisal of memory, language, executive functions, and visual–spatial abilities conducted by trained clinicians. Recommendations on the following AD biomarkers were included: low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e lev- els, positive retention of tracer in positron emission tomogra- phy (PET), elevated Tau protein levels in CSF (total or phosphorylated), decreased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake on PET reflected in the temporoparietal cortex, and presence of patterns of atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial parietal cortex.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eResults\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eWe retrieved a total of 537 citations and excluded 518 that were not related to AD dementia. We also excluded letters to the edi- tor as well as CPGs in languages other than English, Spanish, and Portuguese, those with recommendations concerning only a subset of patients with dementia and those with general recommendations for mental health. In all, 4 CPGs containing therapeutic recommendations only were also excluded (Figure 1). We assessed 15 CPGs distributed among 22 individ- ual references.\u003csup\u003e16-37\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003eWe found that the domains with the highest scores were ''Scope and Purpose'' and ''Clarity of Presentation'' (75.4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eand 80\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e, respectively), whereas ''Applicability'' and ''Editor- ial Independence'' had the lowest figures (32.4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eand 47\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e, respectively). Only 1 (6.7\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) CPG had scores above 60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003ein all domains.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e All the 6 (40\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) guidelines had ratings equal to or above 60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003efor the ''Rigor of Development'' domain\u003csup\u003e18,19,25,30,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 1). We classified these as guidelines of high quality. Agreement among reviewers was considerable (ICC 0.78, 95\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eCI: 0.60-0.91).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eOf the 15 identified guidelines, 4 did not report a system to grade evidence or recommendations. Conversely, the 6 high-quality CPGs used 4 different grading systems. The most commonly used system, out of these 4, was that developed by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (66\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e).\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e Only\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e113\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFigure 1. Flowchart of the systematic search.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e1 CPG used a tool specifically designed for diagnostic questions\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e (Table 2). One CPG presented a diagnostic classi- fication system in the Methods section, but after concluding that there was no enough information to address the diagnostic topics, they based their recommendations on an expert consen- sus and presented them without graduation of strength.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eAll the 15 included guidelines had information on at least 1 of the 3 critical aspects of AD dementia diagnosis included in this review. In all, 14 (93\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) provided recommendations related to the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD, 9 (60\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) presented recommendations on the use of neuropsychological tests, and 4 (26\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) presented explicit recommendations on use of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neuronal injury biomarkers.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBrief Cognitive Test Recommendations\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 19pt\"\u003eAll 6 (100\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) high-quality guidelines provided recommenda- tions on the use of brief cognitive tests in the diagnosis of patients with suspected AD dementia. They emphasized the importance of conducting a formal cognitive assessment using objective and valid instruments, although 3 (50\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) of them did not recommend any test in particular (Table 3). A total of 19 brief instruments were recommended in the guidelines\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eretrieved, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) being the most frequently recommended. Of the 6 high-quality guidelines, 5 (83\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) considered information on national valida- tion and standardization of recommended tests, and 2 (33\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) of them, recommended the use of MMSE versions validated in the country where the CPG had been developed.\u003csup\u003e34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eObservational designs, especially cohorts and cross-sectional studies, were the most frequently included study designs. We found disagreements between the quality assessment of evidence and the confidence of recommendation among the high-quality guidelines. The former varied from very low to high depending on the system used. The strength of recommendation ranged from A to C (Table 3).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment Recommendations\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003eAll the 6 (100\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) high-quality guidelines presented recommen- dations related to the use of neuropsychological tests. They recommended neuropsychological testing only when the diag- nosis is unclear, when there is uncertainty about the stage of the disease, or when a differential diagnosis needs to be ruled out. Again, observational studies were the most frequently included type of design included. The quality of the evidence varied from very low to high and the strength of recommendations\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. The AGREE II Domain-Standardized Scores for CPG on Alzheimer´s Dementia Diagnostic Recommendations.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:163px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:167px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:67px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:129px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:70px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:66px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:62px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 34px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrganization\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublication Year\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCountry and Language\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScope and Purpose\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStakeholder Involvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRigor of Development\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClarity of Presentation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eApplicability\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEditorial Independence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in Brazil\u003csup\u003e16,17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazil, Portuguese\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBrazilian Academy of Neurology\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia: supporting people with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNational Institute for Health and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia and their carers in health and social care\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical Excellence (NICE) \u0026amp; Social Care Institute for Excellence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited Kingdom, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003edementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNetwork\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRecommendations for best practices\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThe Alzheimer's Drug Discovery\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 36px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003ein the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in managed care\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDementia\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFoundation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health, Singapore\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSingapore, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 1pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognitive impairment in the elderly\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBritish Columbia Medical Association\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003erecognition, diagnosis, and management\u003csup\u003e20\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiagnosis and treatment of dementia\u003csup\u003e23-29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eThird Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanada, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTreatment of Dementia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGuideline for Alzheimer's disease management\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCalifornia Workgroup on Guidelines for Alzheimer's Disease\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eUnited States, English\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e Dementia: diagnosis and treatment\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eguideline\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of dementia in elderly in primary care\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClinical practice guideline about\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 2. Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendation Systems Used.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eQuality of the Evidence    Strength of Recommendation    CPG\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSIGN\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e    1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or RCTs with a very low risk of bias.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eWell-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a low risk of bias.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eHigh-quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies; high- quality case–control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eNonanalytic studies, eg, case reports, case series. 4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e¼ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eExpert opinion.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review of RCTs, or RCT rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eand directly applicable to the target population; or a body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel B    A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel C  A body of evidence including studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e, directly applicable to\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003ethe target population and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eLevel D  Evidence level 3 or 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eor extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e19,34\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1    Evidence obtained from at least 1 proper RCT.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomi- zation, or evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies preferably from more than 1 center or research group, or evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments are included in this category.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOpinions of respected authorities based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A. There is good evidence to support this maneuver.    \u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B. There is fair evidence to support this maneuver.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against this maneuver, but recommendations may be made on other grounds.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel D. There is a fair evidence to recommend against this procedure. Level E. There is good evidence to recommend against this procedure.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEFNS Classification    I    A prospective study in a broad spectrum of persons with the suspected\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003econdition, using a ''Gold Standard'' for case definition, where the test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eA prospective study of a narrow spectrum of persons with the suspected condition, or a well-designed retrospective study of a broad spectrum of per- sons with an established condition (by Gold Standard) compared to a broad spectrum of controls, where test is applied in a blinded evaluation, and enabling the assessment of appropriate tests of diagnostic accuracy.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence provided by a retrospective study where either persons with the established condition or controls are of a narrow spectrum, and where test is applied in a blinded evaluation.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eClass IV Any design where test is not applied in blinded evaluation or evidence provided by expert opinion alone or in descriptive case series (without controls).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A rating (established as useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive).    \u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B rating (established as probably useful\/predictive or not useful\/ predictive).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C rating (established as possibly useful\/predictive or not useful\/predictive) requires at least 2 convincing class III studies.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCanadian Task Force\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eon Preventive Health Care and SIGN Modified\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eI Evidence obtained from at least 1 properly designed RCT.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without rando- mization.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than 1 center or research group.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEvidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the inter- vention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments could also be regarded as this type of evidence.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eIII Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience; descriptive studies and case reports; or reports of expert committees.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel A    At least 1 meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT, or    \u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eevidence rated as good and directly applicable to the target population\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel B Evidence from well-conducted clinical trials, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or evidence extrapolated from meta-analysis, systematic review, or RCT\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel C    Evidence from expert committee reports, or opinions and\/or clinical experiences of respected authorities; indicates absence of directly applicable clinical studies of good quality.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:3pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; SIGN, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; RCT, randomized controlled trials.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e116    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2)\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 3. Recommendations for Brief Cognitive Tests in AD Dementia.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 228pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eN    Level of Evidence    Grade of Recommendation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eMMSE and\/or other tests    3    2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eþþ\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19,34\u003c\/sup\u003e and III\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    B\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e, C,\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e and A\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGeneric recommendation about brief cognitive test    3    2,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e I,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and expert consensus\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e    B,\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e A,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e and no strength\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 4. Neuropsychological Assessment Recommendations in AD Dementia Guidelines.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e.    Level of Evidence\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eGrade of Recommendation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Fomal neuropsychological testing should form part of the assessment in cases of mild or questionable dementia''\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Neuropsychological testing should be used in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in patients where dementia is not clinically obvious''\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia is currently a clinically integrative one. Neuropsychological testing alone cannot be used for this purpose and should be used selectively in clinical settings. Neuropsychological testing may aid in: addressing the distinction between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia, and early dementia; addressing the risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment or cognitive impairment without dementia to dementia or Alzheimer dementia; determining the differential diagnosis of dementia and other syndromes of cognitive impairment.''\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''When the diagnosis of dementia is inconclusive, then neuropsychological tests will be required''\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''We recommend performed a detailed neuropsychological evaluation by specific tests when there are discrepancies between the clinical impression and screening tests, diagnostic concerns or when the complaints are of short duration or limited to a single cognitive domain''\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''Quantitative neuropsychological testing should be made in patients with questionable or very early Alzheimer Dementia''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e''The assessment of cognitive functions should include a general cognitive measure and more detailed testing of the main cognitive domains, and in particular an assessment of delay recall''\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eExpert consensus    No strength 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e, 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eB\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2    B\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII    C\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e4    D\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 31pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eIII, I    B, A\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviation: AD, Alzheimer's disease.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003efrom A to D, similar to brief cognitive recommendations. None of the CPGs proposed a specific neuropsychological battery of instruments and only 1 guideline included a recommendation about the assessment of major cognitive domains (memory, executive functions, language, attention, and visuospatial skills; Table 4).\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe AD Biomarkers Recommendations\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOnly 4 (66\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) of the 6 high-quality CPGs presented explicit recommendations for the use of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-amyloid accumulation\/neu- ronal injury biomarkers (Table 5). In all, 3 of these emphasized a lack of clinical studies on these biomarkers and presented recommendations against their use.\u003csup\u003e19,34,36\u003c\/sup\u003e The fourth high- quality CPG found FDG–PET and Tau levels to be useful,\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e although the direction of recommendation (for or against) remains unclear. Again, observational designs were the most frequently included studies. The quality of evidence varied widely, from low to high, depending on the system used. Simi- larly, the strength of recommendation ranged from B to C.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThis review shows that CPGs addressing diagnostic issues related to AD dementia published between 2005 and 2011 are very heterogeneous in terms of quality according to their AGREE-II scores. Domains such as applicability and editorial independence had very low scores and deserve special atten- tion. Previous reviews of AD dementia CPGs highlight similar difficulties on these topics, even though such shortcomings could be easily improved.\u003csup\u003e7,12\u003c\/sup\u003e For example, if the applicability domain addresses organizational barriers, cost implications, and monitoring criteria related to guideline implementa- tion,\u003csup\u003e39-42\u003c\/sup\u003e it is important that guideline developers identify a priori factors related to transferability, such as values, costs, availability of resources, and influence of economic and intel- lectual interest on implementation. Regarding editorial independence issues,\u003csup\u003e41,43,44\u003c\/sup\u003e a complete and valid documenta- tion of conflicts of interest for all participants in all stages of guideline development is required.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIssues concerning CPG rigor of development deserve closer attention. In our review, we noticed that 26\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e% \u003c\/span\u003eof the CPGs did\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArevalo-Rodriguez et al    \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e117\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 5. Recommendations for the Use of Alzheimer's Dementia Biomarkers.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 159pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eBiomarkers of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eAccumulation    Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eLevel of evidence and strength of recommendation\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbnormal tracer retention on amyloid PET\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eimaging    Low CSF A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e42\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eElevated CSF Tau (total or phosphorylated)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eDecreases FDG uptake on PET involving temporoparietal cortex\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eAtrophy on MRI, involving medial, basal and lateral temporal lobes and medial and lateral cortices.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of patients with dementia: A national clinical guideline\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eManagement of dementia\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e    III, C\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eClinical practice guidelines about comprehensive care for people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eEFNS guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode; font-size:6pt\"\u003eþþ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e, B\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eI, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e    I, B\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAbbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; EFNS, European Federation of Neurological Societies; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e Inside cells: level of evidence, grade of recommendation.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation against use of biomarker.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e Recommendation unclear for use of biomarker.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost56.png\" alt=\"\"\u003enot use a system to grade the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations. However, among those that did use a system, only 1 included diagnostic-specific elements in their framework (eg, appropriate reference standard or ade- quate spectrum of patients).\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e This figure is disturbing because CPG users need to know how much they can trust the evaluated information and whether adherence to the recommendations will yield more benefits than harm.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, the use of generic systems developed by therapeutic studies would lead to inaccurate ratings of the quality of the evidence and would generate uncertainty about the recommendations. An example is the use of neuropsychological testing. Although recommen- dations were fairly homogeneous and specific in terms of content, their strength and quality of the evidence on which they were based varied from very low (experts opinion, D) to very high (1    , A). This situation is worrying because although we selected only high-quality guidelines for these comparisons, it is not clear whether the evidence related to neuropsychological tests is of good quality or whether developers are confident about implementing the recommendations provided.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe found a similar situation regarding the use of brief cog- nitive tests, which added to other concerns about the clinical utility of these tools. In our review, we found a total of 19 tests recommended for initial assessment, but 3 of the high-quality guidelines only prescribed a cognitive assessment, although without identifying any instrument to achieve that goal. Once again, we encountered difficulties in assessing the quality of the diagnostic evidence and the strength of recommendations, but this variability also reflects doubts about the advantages and limitations of the tests.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e We think that valid and global figures about accuracy of these tools, especially those related to subgroups such as patients with mild cognitive impairment\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003eor the general population, are imperative. This information could help us determine which test(s) would be more useful for the initial assessment of patients with suspected AD dementia. We found that only a few (26\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e) CPGs addressed the use of biomarkers. Three of them did not recommend their use in daily clinical practice and only one suggested that they could be potentially useful.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e Based on the currently available evidence, the uncertainty with respect to the applicability and benefit of these biomarkers in clinical settings does not support their inclusion in CPGs. The CPG users, who still wish to adopt these diagnostic tools in daily practice, could face difficulties related to local standardization, development of cutoff points for different stages of AD, and availability of trained staff (eg, radiologists in measurement of MRI structures). Once again, we noticed that formal evaluation of clinical accuracy\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eof these biomarkers is necessary.\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eA previous review by Beck et al also found considerable dif- ferences among diagnostic recommendations in CPGs on dementia published until 1999.\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e They attributed these differ- ences to the methods used to formulate recommendations and to the need for an evidence-based approach for future guideline development. We found that disagreement persisted even in rigorously developed evidence-based CPGs, causing signifi- cant consequences in terms of interpretation, comparison, and generalizability of the recommendations.\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e In our opinion, adopting a system that took into account the nature of the evidence evaluated would be helpful. The framework outlined by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach has been developed to provide a common, rigorous, and comprehensive framework with a specific consideration of diagnostic issues that could be helpful in solving these difficulties.\u003csup\u003e49\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e118    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Alzheimer's Disease \u0026amp; Other Dementias\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Comic Sans MS\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e28(2)\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost57.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost58.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOur review has several strengths and limitations. We conducted an exhaustive and systematic search strategy of the available literature that was not limited to indexed databases, given that it included references that had not been used in other reviews on AD dementia. However, we had to exclude 6 CPGs in languages such as German and Chinese as well as 4 references with only therapeutic recommendations, which could have facilitated a more complete evaluation of AD dementia guidelines. Similarly, we only included guidelines published between 2005 and 2011. Although we selected this time span in order to be more certain about the appropriateness of the guidelines, CPG developers may have had different interpretations of the same evidence.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/103122_0739_TestingPost59.png\" alt=\"\"\u003eWe used a valid and widely disseminated instrument (AGREE- II) to assess guideline quality as well as a reliable process based on independent assessment by 4 appraisers. Nevertheless, the use of the AGREE instrument has potential drawbacks related to a distinc- tive focus on the development process of the CPG instead of on the quality of individual recommendations within the guideline.\u003csup\u003e50\u003c\/sup\u003e In addition, we only used 1 domain of the AGREE-II tool to select the guidelines for individual analyses, whereas other reviews recom- mend the assessment of 2 domains, namely rigor of development and editorial independence. In our review, we aimed to assess the methodological issues related to the development of CPGs in order to highlight the issues associated with using generic grading sys- tems, but we also noticed that all selected guidelines obtained ade- quate scores on the editorial independence domain ( 50\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003e%\u003c\/span\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs a conclusion, it is necessary that clinicians have access to high-quality and up-to-date recommendations from the best available evidence for the adequate management of patients with AD dementia. The quality of CPGs on the diagnosis of AD dementia can be improved not only through the inclusion of ethical aspects, the participation of stakeholders, and a clear strategy for their implementation, but also through a thorough evaluation of the quality of the available evidence using a unified framework to present recommendations.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eFunding\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article: Pablo Alonso- Coello is funded by a Miguel Servet investigator contract from the Insti- tuto de Salud Carlos III. Other authors received no financial support for this research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFerri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. \u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c\/em\u003e. 2005;366(9503):2112-2117.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWimo A, Winblad B, Jonsson L. 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Gu´ıa de pra´ctica cl´ınica sobre la atencio´n integral a las\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003epersonas con enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias. Age`ncia  d'Informacio´,  Avaluacio´   i  Qualitat  en  Salut.  Servei Catala` de la Salut. Pla Director Sociosanitario. Departament de Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya; 2011:508.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. \u003cem\u003eGuı´a de Pra´ctica Clı´nica: Diagno´stico y Tratamiento de la Demencia en el Adulto Mayor en el  Primer  Nivel  de  Atencio´n\u003c\/em\u003e.  Me´xico:  Instituto  Mexicano  del Seguro Social; 2010:45.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMinistry of Health Malaysia. \u003cem\u003eManagement of Dementia\u003c\/em\u003e. 2nd ed. Malaysia: Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2009:144.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRegional Health Council. \u003cem\u003eDementia. Diagnosis and treatment\u003c\/em\u003e. Milan, Italy: Regione Toscana, Consiglio Sanitario Regionale; 2011:38.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eScottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 50: A guideline developer's handbook. Edinburgh, England: 2008 [cited 2012 Jan 01]. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.html\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.sign.ac.uk\/guidelines\/fulltext\/50\/index.htm\u003c\/a\u003el.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 13. Applicabil- ity, transferability and adaptation. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;4:25.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFretheim A, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 15. Disseminating and implementing guidelines. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:27.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review. \u003cem\u003eBMJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2003;326:1167-1170.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFrancke AL, Smit MC, de Veer AJ, Mistiaen P. Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a systematic meta-review. \u003cem\u003eBMC Med Inform Decis Mak\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;8:38.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBoyd EA, Bero LA. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 4. Managing conflicts of interests. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:16.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDetsky AS. Sources of bias for authors of clinical practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eCMAJ\u003c\/em\u003e. 2006;175(9):1033,1055.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGuyatt G, Akl EA, Hirsh J, et al. The vexing problem of guide- lines and conflict of interest: a potential solution. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2010;152(11):738-41.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWhiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. \u003cem\u003eAnn Intern Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;155(8):529-536.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Fretheim A, Oxman AD. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 9. Grading evi- dence and recommendations. \u003cem\u003eHealth Res Policy Syst. \u003c\/em\u003e2006;4:21.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcShane R, Noel-Storr A, Ritchie C, Flicker L. The quality and extent of evidence for biomarkers: a Cochrane systematic review. \u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Associa- tion\u003c\/em\u003e. 2011;7(4):S100-S1.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSchunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. \u003cem\u003eEvid Based Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2008;13(6):162-163.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBrouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. The Global Rating Scale complements the AGREE II in advancing the quality of practice guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJ Clin Epidemiol\u003c\/em\u003e. 2012;65(5):526-534.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-11-09T05:44:59-08:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"testing-post-2","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559896953000"},{"id":559896920232,"title":"Demo","created_at":"2022-11-09T05:44:58-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts demo\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eShabbir \u003c\/span\u003eet al. Lipids in Health and Disease \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(2017) 16:99\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eDOI 10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePunicic acid: A striking health substance to combat metabolic syndromes in humans\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMuhmmad Asim Shabbir, Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Muhammad Saeed, Imran Pasha, Anees Ahmed Khalil and Naila Siraj\u003csup\u003e*\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBackground\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFruits and vegetables transformation into valuable pro- ducts produces a huge amount of by-products that are considered to have a lot of bio-active compounds \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[1].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate transformed to various edible products mainly fresh seeds, juice, nectars, jams and jellies. Dur- ing the processing of pomegranate a large quantity of pomegranate waste is produced which has lots of nutri- tional components but mostly this waste is dumped off that creates environmental pollution and is also the wastage of nutritional components. In last few years, a huge excerpt of research work is conducted on the in- dustrial by-products of  pomegranate  and  found  that these by-products have antioxidant, anti glycemic poten- tial and antimicrobial activity. The multifarious reported functional attributes of pomegranate make it  a  unique fruit from other fruits. Due to the higher antioxidant po- tential of pomegranate fruit and its other parts e.g. juice, seed, peel etc., it has been reported that this fruit has ad- vantageous health benefits for human body. This en- couraged the nutritionists  and  scientists  to  find  out more potential and beneficial bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and food industry applications \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e* Correspondence: \u003ca href=\"mailto:nailaateeq02@gmail.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enailaateeq02@gmail.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003eNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate processing produces bagasse as a by- product after juice extraction that can be used as  a valuable ingredients in other edible products but still its application is scarce.  However,  the  research  conducted in past revealed that the pomegranate seed  residues (PSRs) have the potential to use in food products for dif- ferent intentions. PSRs composed of sterols,  polyphe- nols, tocopherols and octadecatrienoic acid (punicic acid). PSRs are the richest source of rare and unique pomegranate seed oil (PSO), an exotic, fruity aroma oil and used in aromatherapy with healing and the antioxi- dant potential for skin and breast cancer as  concluded from different studies. PSO extracted by various extrac- tion methods including organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) extraction and cold press extraction. Cold press extracted PSO has better physio- chemical and nutritious quality as compared to other extraction methods \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[3,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4\u003c\/a\u003e] with no impacts on environ- ment. In SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method, the extraction pressure is the cardinal factor to reduce the PSO pro- duction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e5].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO possessed the elevated level of punicic acid (PA) and tocopherol contents that decreased slightly with increase in temperature and pressure. How- ever, an effective intelligent system was developed to in- vestigate the effect of temperature and pressure during SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e on PSO yield and described that properly deve- loped radial basis function and back-propagation neural\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), \u003c\/a\u003ewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/) \u003c\/a\u003eapplies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enetwork could be useful in predicting the effect of temperature and pressure on PSO yield in SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e ex- traction process \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[6].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO extracted through hexane by soxhlet method has superior quality as compared to sub- critical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extracted oil. Subcritical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method showed the efficiency up to 77% and 59% of total PSO as compared to extracted by soxhlet method \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[7].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO extracted through ultrasonic-assisted extraction method with optimized condition for best yield at solid- liquid ratio of 1:12 g\/mL with extraction  temperature 51°C at 70W for 40 minutes and 19% PSO yield with major fatty acids PA (65%), linoleic  acid  (10%)  and oleic acid (9%) [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e8].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO showed the extraction  effi- ciency in various solvents as followed: petroleum ether\u0026gt;n-hexane\u0026gt;ethyl acetate\u0026gt;ether\u0026gt;acetone\u0026gt;isopropa- nol [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e9].\u003c\/a\u003e Some other parameters such as ultrasonic power, time for extraction, solids: solvent ratio, and temperature were optimized with petroleum ether by surface response methodology. PSO extracted through ultrasonic assisted extraction  showed  superior  quality and higher yield as compared to supercritical and soxhlet extraction methods. The effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic contents ex- tracted from pomegranate seeds of  the  Malas  variety from Iran was studied and reported that different experi- mental conditions with supercritical extraction  method can affect the phenolic contents. The temperature, pres- sure, and volume of modifier inversely proportional to phenolic extraction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Punicic_acid_(PA)\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePunicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Metabolism_of_punicic_acid\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVarious researchers have reported pomegranate as a functional fruit owing to presence of wide range of phy- tochemicals in it \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[11]. \u003c\/a\u003ePurposely, antioxidative properties of juice, peel and seed have been examined for their therapeutic potential, which has prompted the nutritio- nists to further explore their nutraceutical and industrial application \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e Its underutilized seed and peel portion, normally known as agro-waste obtained during  indus- trial processing of pomegranate juice, are gaining atten- tion of researchers now a days due to presence of array of nutraceutics in them. Abundant presence of po- megranate seed is of keen interest to scientist because of rich composition of oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[12].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate seed oil pos- sesses rich polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, pre- dominantly comprising of punicic acid (~55%) as characterized by Melo \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13].\u003c\/a\u003e This review summarizes PA and its role as a nutraceutical health substance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePA is also recognize as \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanic acid\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003ewith mo- lecular formula C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e while its molar mass is 278.43 g\/mol with melting point of 44-45\u003csup\u003eo\u003c\/sup\u003eC. Punicic acid is an isomer of conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic acid and a \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-5 polyun- saturated fatty acid which have structural resemblance\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ewith conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic and linoleic acid, for  in- stance number of double bonds and  atomic  arrange- ment. Due to health benefits associated with these fatty acids, scientists are showing great interest in exploring functional and nutraceutical properties of punicic acid against various metabolic ailments [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e15\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) designated its names as \u003cem\u003e9Z, 11E, 13Z-octadeca-9, 11, 13-trienoic acid \u003c\/em\u003eon the basis of its three double bonds (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11 \u003cem\u003eand cis13\u003c\/em\u003e). Principally, it is an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) having a double bond on its tail side. Other isomers of lenolic acid are catalpic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e13), alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e13), calendic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12) and jacaric acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12). PA is named after its principle source pomegranate (\u003cem\u003ePunica granatum \u003c\/em\u003eL.). Among all the sources of PA it is most abundantly present in pomegranate seed oil (PSO). The other sources for PA are snake gourd seed oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[16\u003c\/a\u003e] and \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim (TK) seeds (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e1) \u003c\/a\u003econtaining 32 to 40% PA out of total seed weight [50: 9: 32]. Whereas, fatty acid profile of PSO contains conjugated linoleic acid up to 74\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e85 % PA [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e] and remaining 14-25% are its isomers [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA could be chemically synthesized by dehydration and isomerization of secondary oxidation products  of  lino- leic and alpha-linolenic acids [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e19,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e20].\u003c\/a\u003e Primarily, PA is reported to be effective against ailments like obesity, diabetics, inflammation, metabolic syndromes  in  va- rious in vivo experiments (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e2)\u003c\/a\u003e that\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es why pome- granate seed lipid portion (principal by-product) was studied after juice extraction as lipolytic enzymes de- activate during thermal processing \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[21].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMetabolism of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNumerous pharmacokinetics studies have been carried out on animals to assess the metabolism and bioavailability of PA. Results of efficacy trials revealed substantial evidence that PA is readily metabolized to circulating conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) as depicted in Fig. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e1 \u003c\/a\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e22, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e23]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilarly,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:206px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1 Sources of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 17px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSources of punicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate (Seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-9c,11t,13c)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(seed oil)    [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated    7.50%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated    22.91%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated    32.70%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e9c,11t,13c\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)    35.89%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eTable 2 Summary of health effects of punicic acid (PA) on animal and human model\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:209px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:172px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:37px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStudy model system\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMechanism of activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOutcomes\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eICR CD-1 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCPTI activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased perirenal and epididymal fat\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOLEFT rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e9 desaturase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10-100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eM mixture of CLnA isomers (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e- 11,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15, and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-13,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eHSL and ATGL gene expression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased triglyceride content\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10 and 50 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eg\/mL pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eƳ\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eβ\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eFAS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased adipogenesis and preadipocyte differentiation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInsulin sensitivity enhanced in peripheral area\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells and obese mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eactivation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved glucose tolerance, with diabetes improvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 55px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eHepG2 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eapoB100 secretion. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePlasma triacylglycerides. Upgraded saturated\/ monounsaturated fatty acid ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCatalpic acid, jacaric acid, calendic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMicrosomes from sheep vesicular glands\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibition of cyclooxygenase activity (inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSheep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e78\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate extract (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eƳ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ereceptor activator and agonist (inhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression, declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased chronic inflammation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAlpha-Eleostearic and punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiabetic rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eInhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression. Declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid (70% pomegranate seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eDecreased expression PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBPs, and fatty acid synthase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSuppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 67px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOvariectomized (OVX) mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDown-regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers and RANK-RANKL downstream signaling targets in osteoclast-like cells (RAW264.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved bone mineral density and prevented trabecular micro- architecture impairment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDietary mono-conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeonatal pig\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSafe for animals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved insulin secretion\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ede Melo et al\u003cem\u003e. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e[15] elucidated that oral administration of PA to rats for a time period of 24 hours conferred the metabolism of PA to 9c, 11t-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in plasma and other organs of the rats like kidney, liver, brain, heart and adipose tissues. 9c, 11t-CLA plays biologically significant role in maintaining the human body and is considered as an important natural resource of CLA via breakdown of CLnA. In a human trial conducted for 28 days, ingestion of \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e(TK) seed kernels comprising 3g PA\/day followed by 7 days feeding on sunflower  seed  kernels  eventually  increased  the  level of PA (c9t11c13) in membranes  of  plasma  and  red blood cells \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003e0.47% and 0.37% correspondingly.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSimilarly,  concentration  of  9c,  11t-CLA  elevated  from\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e0.05 to 0.23% and 0.03 to 0.17% in  plasma  and  red blood cell membranes, respectively.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was investigated in different studies that uptake rate of CLnA vary in Caco-2 cells when distribution and conversion of CLnA (punicic, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ\u003c\/span\u003e-eleostearic, and catalpic acid) to CLA is premeditated. Variation in the conversion efficiency is due to the difference in the structure of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond of CLnA. The CLnA distribute between neutral and phospholipids and this distribution depends upon the   number   of   \u003cem\u003etrans \u003c\/em\u003edouble bonds [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e24\u003c\/a\u003e]. Nevertheless, another theory  also exists about the conversion of CLnA to CLA. Accor- dingly, another theory explicates the metabolic con- version of CLnA to CLA is due to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond saturation reactions catalyzed by an enzyme \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003enico- tinamide  adenine  dinucleotide  phosphate  (NADP)  that is known as a unique enzyme  for  conjugated  trienoic acid reorganization [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e25].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn another study, an equi-molar mixture of conjugated\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003elinoleic acid (CLnA) (C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec \u003c\/em\u003eand C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 13\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e) and rumenic acid (RA 18:2-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e) was orally directed to Wister rats as free fatty acids (FFA) and tria- cylglycerol (TAG). Both isomers (RA and CLnA) were bio transformed completely in tissues in a similar fas- hion \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[26\u003c\/a\u003e]. Mice supplemented with 1% PA for six weeks have higher concentration of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-3 in liver phospholipids than the mice supplemented with 1% alpha-eleostearic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e Another experiment revealed similar results when diet was supplemented with 0.5% PA (PSO) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28].\u003c\/a\u003e When absorption and metabolic pathways of PA and alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA) was observed via a lipid absorption assay in rat intestine lymph, it was found that some amount of these isomers was converted to CLA rapidly and some remained intact in the intestines \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[29].\u003c\/a\u003e Comparatively, PA accumulates in higher amounts in tissues as compared to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and the conversion rate of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-diabetic_properties\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA to 9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-CLA is also higher than PA  in liver \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e The maximum conversion  rate  of  PA  was  76% and 54.5% while highest conversion rate for \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was 91.8% for adipose tissues, 91.4% for spleen, 90.7% for kid- ney and 84.6% for heart [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e27\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-oxidant_potential_of_PA\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAnti-oxidant potential of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsidering the side effects associated with usage of synthetic anti-oxidants and increase in oxidative stress disorders, use of anti-oxidants from natural sources are gaining importance \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[30]. \u003c\/a\u003eNumerous studies revealed that PA is biologically active in hampering the hazards asso- ciated with oxidative mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e31].\u003c\/a\u003e To evaluate the anti-oxidative potential of PA against lipid peroxida- tion, various concentrations of PA (snake gourd seed oil) were supplemented to rats through diet after blending it with soybean. A momentous decrease was observed in\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ebody weight gain, energy consumption, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC)  and TC\/HDL  ratio  in high fat induced mouse model for five (05) weeks when ad- ministered by pomegranate leaf extract \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[32]. \u003c\/a\u003ePA showed pro-oxidative (1.2%), anti-oxidative (0.6%) activity and significantly decreased the TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) when incorporated as compared to control diet \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[33].\u003c\/a\u003e PA and alpha-tocopherol (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-AT) were tested for its effects against lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Significant lowe- ring trend was observed in LDL and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation with highest  reduction was noticed  in liver \u0026amp; membrane peroxidation due to combined effect of 0.25% PA + 0.15% AT \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eActivities of anti-oxidative enzymes in liver homo- genates, brain, plasma and erythrocytes were altered by inducing sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[35, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e36\u003c\/a\u003e]. Owing to supplemen- tation of CLnA isomers, the activity of catalase (CAT), super-oxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione per- oxidase (GPx) were increased  while  decreasing  trend was observed in nitric oxide (NO) synthase. However, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was found more effective in  decreasing  oxida- tive stress as compared to CLnA. When these isomers were studied   against   streptozotocin-induced   diabetes in albino rats, same results were observed as in above mentioned studies against oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[37].\u003c\/a\u003e More  distinct  synergistic  effect was observed when both  of  these  isomers  were  ap- plied in combination [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e38\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCLnA isomers improved the renal oxidative stress release and showed attired synergistic  effects  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e39].\u003c\/a\u003e The supplementation of mixture having both isomers of CLnA helped to improve the fatty acid profile of renal system. A decrease was observed in oxidation with the supplementation of TK seed (3 g PA).  The  increased level of 8-iso-PGF2\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003ewas due to non-enzymatic peroxi- dation of arachidonic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e41\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAnti-diabetic properties\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eUp till now, experimental studies conducted to test the effect of PA on serum lipid, glucose metabolism and in- sulin resistance have provided controversial results. Non-significant results were recorded for both body and tissue weight when diet containing 1% \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and\/or PA was administered for six weeks [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e42]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilar results were obtained when the mice were fed for three weeks on diet containing 0.12% and 1.2% PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[43]. \u003c\/a\u003eFeeding rats on 1% PSO and 9% safflower oil diet for the period  of  two weeks gives non-significant results for abdominal white adipose tissue weights [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e44]. \u003c\/a\u003eIn another study, a diet con- stituted with \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA was given to hamsters for 6 weeks and reduction in the liver tissue TG levels was observed but no significant results were found for serum TC \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[45].\u003c\/a\u003e However in some other experimental studies,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ethe results were  in  contrast  with  the  above  findings \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e46,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e47\u003c\/a\u003e]. Some scientists found significant effect of PA on the reduction of TC, apoB-100 and liver tissue TG levels.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eRats that were fed on PSO showed higher levels of in- sulin in serum and glutathione peroxidase (GOP) activity with no significant difference in blood glucose level as compared to control group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[48].\u003c\/a\u003e Peony seed oil rich in PA showed reduction in glycosylated total serum choles- terol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level while an increase was observed in weight gain, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum insulin level, liver glycogen level in mice \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[49].\u003c\/a\u003e In another study, PSO was fed to rats for 21 days that in- creased total triacylglycerol (TAG)  and  phospholipid level in serum while no significant increase was observed in TC level \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[50].\u003c\/a\u003e As the level of PSO  increases  in diet, the level of PA also increases in epididymal, serum, liver and peri-renal adipose. When mice were supplemented with dietary genetically  modified rapeseed oil  (GMRO) at 0.25% weight of the whole  diet, it not  only  lowered the body lipid ratio but also enhanced the liver lipid me- tabolism as compared to the same quantity of PA taken directly from pomegranate. PSO was consistent in sub- stantially reducing the liver TG levels but  no  major effects were observed for serum TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWhen PSO was administered to dyslipidemic patients for four weeks, serum concentration of TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003edecreased from 15 to 13.08pg\/ml in the PSO group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[51].\u003c\/a\u003e Similar scenario transpired when PSO given to high fat induced patients for four (04) weeks. No change  occurred  in serum TC, LDL-C, glucose concentrations and body composition variables \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[52].\u003c\/a\u003e It was found that supple- mentation of PSO for 1 month in hyper-lipidaemic sub- jects had promising effects on lipid profiles including TAG and TAG: HDL-C ratio. In contrast, fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and sensitivity showed no mo- mentous variation due to the \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim. Diet supplementation analyzed by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[53].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eHowever when PA was given to rats with diet-induced obesity, an improvement was observed in plasma glucose and insulin levels and glucose-normalizing capacity over a glucose tolerance test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[38]. \u003c\/a\u003eAn improvement in insulin sensitivity in CD-1 mice was observed with PSO con- sumption (av. 61 mg\/day), signifying that the threat of emerging diabetes type-II might be lessened \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[54].\u003c\/a\u003e Addi- tionally, it was noticed that PSO consumption improves glucose and insulin sensitivity and fat diet-induced obe- sity in mice. When PA (1% PSO) was supplemented for the period of three months, ingestion of PA resulted in lipid lowering sequenced by reduction in body weight which ultimately reduced total body mass \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17].\u003c\/a\u003e PA also\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eimproved the peripheral insulin sensitivity without effecting  liver  insulin  sensitivity.  So,  supplementation of PA through dietary  sources  is  helpful  with  refer- ence to insulin resistance and fat  induced  obesity  in mice, independent of  changes  in  food  intake  or  ener- gy expenditure.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eXanthigen (a bioactive compound derived from po- megranate) is the precursor of  PA and is well known for its lipid lowering potential in animals and humans al- though its mechanism of action is not yet completely known. Xanthigen potently and dose-dependently sup- pressed accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes compared to its individual components; fucoxanthin and PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[55].\u003c\/a\u003e Various mechanisms are involved in over- whelming the triacylglycerides accretion and adipocyte differentiation by Xanthigen and can be used as poten- tial remedy  for the treatment of diabetic patients. Mix- ture of PA, xanthigen and fucoxanthin  acid  (70%  in PSO) was fed to mice to investigate the inhibitory effect on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. A de- creased gene expression was observed which was regu- lating the distinction process that raises TG buildup in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes treated with punicic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[56].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEffect of punicic acid on molecular events\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe most common  physiological  disorders  all  around the world like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis that are specified by the occurrence of extremely stimulated in- flammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, mono- cytes and overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These diseases can be effectively controlled by some natural dietary supple- ments. PA (PSO) is effective against ROS\/MPO-mediated tissue damage and reduces the neutrophil-activation [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA has persuasive anti-inflammatory effect and can prove as a natural therapeutic agent (as therapeutic substitute) against various inflammatory diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMolecular evidence with reference to in vivo tryouts showed that the uptake of PA regulates colonic PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, the keratinocyte growth factor, the orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, suppresses  colonic and M1 macrophage-derived TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e. PA also increased the levels of IL-17 and IFN-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003ein CD8+T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (i.e., mucosal  inductive  sites). PA modulates mucosal immune responses and improves gut inflammation through PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand -\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ\u003c\/span\u003e-dependent mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e58]. \u003c\/a\u003eLikewise, dietary PA lowers fasting plasma glucose concentrations and improves the glucose- normalizing ability eventually suppressing NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB activa- tion and TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eexpression. Ultimately it regulates PPAR \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive genes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17\u003c\/a\u003e]. Experiments have also demonstrated that PA can bind and robustly activate PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand increase\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Food_Applications\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive gene expression, finally improving diabetic and inflammatory status. Insulin resistance by TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα  \u003c\/span\u003eis associated with   mitochondrial   dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is ameliorated by  PA,  a PPAR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eagonist [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e59].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn an in vitro study, meant at assessing the efficiency and activeness of certain CLnA isomers found in PSO as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), PA also inhibited estrogen receptors (ER) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 7.2 and 8.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively; \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA inhibited ER \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 6.5 and\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e7.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e60\u003c\/a\u003e]. Thus, both CLnA isomers are effective as SERMs. These outcomes specify that PA, rich in PSO and an effective SERM, might be used as a possible breast cancer chemo-preventive agent.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSaha and Ghosh \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40]\u003c\/a\u003e revealed that the diet supple- mentation with CLnAs (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA at 0.5 % total lipids) showed significant reduction of inflammation in diabetic albino rats induced by streptozotocin. They fur- ther elaborated that the above mentioned four weeks diet supplementation led to reduce inflammation by re- ducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand IL-6, in blood and the expression of he- patic NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB (p65), once higher as a result of diabetes in- duction. Then again, one study also stated that the 400 mg of pomegranate seed oil (rich in PA) administrated twice daily in dyslipidemic patients had no effect on serum TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[28, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e51].\u003c\/a\u003e These findings divulge that the CLnAs in PSO and some other foods may be a promising therapeutic substitute approach for cancer and inflamma- tory diseases. The further studies should be carried out to attest these effects in humans [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e37\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNeurodegenerative  disorders  that  occur  due  to  the\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eaccretion of some special mis-folded proteins like in Alzheimer's diseases occupy almost same pathological features of oxidative damage and neuronal death.  PA plays a vital role in controlling these diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e61].\u003c\/a\u003e To examine the effect of PSO for oxidative damage re- duction, PSO was encapsulated in   a   nano-droplet form and  was  given  to  TgMHu2ME199K  mice  (used as a  model  subject  for  genetic  prion  disease).  PSO  as a  high  source  of  rare  polyunsaturated  fatty  acid  (PA) is now being considered as a sturdiest biological anti- oxidant. When nano-PSO was administrated to already sick mice, it not only  overdue  the  disease  appearance but the disease aggravation was also delayed. Brain ana- lysis of these mice showed that PSO lessened the fat oxidation and neuronal damage although it did not  re- duce PrPSc accretion. So, it is clear that PSO is a strong neuro-protective  agent and is not only effective against the vulnerable subjects but also for those already ex- periencing neurodegenerative disorders.   In   the   field of pharma, this  kind  of  formulations  can  be  helpful in ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[62].\u003c\/a\u003e Certainly,  nano-PSO  is  considered  as  a  safe  reagent\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eand can be utilized as  safe  food  supplement  in  diffe- rent therapies.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eOsteoporosis occurrence is increasing day by day and gaining importance as a great threat to long and healthy life expectancy. For the preclusion of osteoporosis, se- veral strategies were developed. PSO is highly effective against inflammatory and oxidative processes as these processes are involved in osteoporosis. A study con- ducted on ovariectomized (OVX) mice model, supple- mented with 5% PSO diet showed that PSO  fed  mice have significantly improved bone mineral density with prevention of trabecular  micro-architecture  impairment by involving osteo-clastogenesis inhibition and osteo- blastogenesis  improvement. Thus PSO can be suggested as preventive measure against osteoporosis \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[63].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFood Applications\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seeds considered as the waste product after the processing of fruit into its various products. Po- megranate seed oil and peels were incorporated into ice- cream to enhance the functional properties and significant changes were observed in product pH, acidity and color while milk fat replacement with PSO improved the fatty acid profile by increasing the conjugated fatty acid con- tents with elevated antioxidant and anti-diabetic proper- ties due to the phenolic contents  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e64\u003c\/a\u003e]. Punicalagins and PA from peel and seed provide the health benefits with improvement in functional properties. Pomegranate seed ethanolic extract (PSEE) possessed the anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects against hormone-dependent pros- tate carcinoma and human breast cancer cell lines and considered as nutraceutical\/functional food ingredient to prevent carcinogenic diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e65\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed extract useful in replacing artificial antioxidant in meat products to increase the oxidative stability of such products. Devatkal et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[66]\u003c\/a\u003e incorpo- rated the citrus rind powder and pomegranate rind and seed extracts in meat patties. Highest antioxidant effect was observed in pomegranate seed extract. According to such studies, it is believed that industrial by-products of fruits and vegetables are potential source of antioxidant. Pomegranate seed extract  helps to reduce the  formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat products cooked by various methods with different temperatures and heat \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[67] \u003c\/a\u003ethus pomegranate seed useful in producing safe product.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMohagheghi et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[68]\u003c\/a\u003e incorporated PSO  (PSO-in- water emulsion) as functional ingredient in juice and beverages with varying concentration of gum Arabic and evaluated the effect on emulsion stability index, droplet size distribution, and turbidity loss rate. The conse- quences manifested that the beverage emulsions behaved as Newtonian fluids, and this study begins new glimpse to produce relatively stable PSO-in-water emulsions as\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Safety_evaluation\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003efunctional ingredient in beverage industry. Encapsulation of PSO and its application in skimmed milk powder as encapsulating agent was studied by \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[69].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSafety evaluation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO has been consumed for long enough due to its safety as cold pressed oil and is considered an effective measure to reduce the occurrence and incidence of tumor and multiplicity. It is also evident from different ex vivo and in vivo research trials using mice and rats as model subjects. However, there is still very little infor- mation is present about the safety and toxic concern of PSO other than the above mentioned evidences. PA is a non-toxic, natural, orally active  food  ingredient  known to humans and consumed by humans for  centuries \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[70,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e71].\u003c\/a\u003e Possible mutagenicity  of  PSO  was  evaluated by means of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of PSO  in Wistar rats \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[72].\u003c\/a\u003e During the presence or absence of metabolic activities, PSO can neither  be  clastogenic nor mutagenic in nature. No adverse effects of  PSO were observed at a dose level of 4.3 g\/kg  body weight\/day but at  higher  concentration  (150,000  ppm) of PSO, hepatic enzyme activities are disturbed mainly due to increase in liver weight and liver-to-body ratio. A short-term safety evaluation of dietary mono- conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers was executed using a pig model. The outcome of the experiment re- vealed that intake of mono-CLNA is safe  in  neonatal \u003ca name=\"Conclusion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003epigs for short-term time period. The safety of a mixture of two mono-CLnA c9-t11- c15-18:3 + c9-t13-c15-18:3 isomers was assessed in comparison to other fatty acids having either one conjugated double-bond, an n-3 or n-6 PUFA structures (CLnA vs. CLA; CLnA vs. W3; CLnA vs. W6) and results revealed that a dietary provision of 1% of these mono-CLnA isomers for 2-weeks can be considered\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003esafe for the current animal model \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[73\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was observed that during the metabolic activation process, PSO did not show either clastogenicity or muta- genicity up to 33 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/mL through  chromosome  aberra- tion test or 5000 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/plate through Ames  test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[74].\u003c\/a\u003e  Rats fed on 2 g PSO\/kg body weight did not showed non- significant toxicity effect. According to the  OECD 423 test guidelines, the LD50 cut-off value supposed to be higher as compared to 5 g\/kg body  weight  and  PSO could be considered safe food without any labelling or classification requirement. In one 28 days oral toxicity study, PSO was administered to male and female rats at the rate of 150000 ppm with mean intake of 1.39 g PSO\/ \u003ca name=\"Acknowledgement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ekg body weight\/day and it was observed that liver func- tioning enzymes improved in plasma followed by accre- tion of liver to body weight ratio. These results could be happened might be due to physiological actions of high dose of PA. According to the  above  mentioned  data, PSO (PA) did not possess any toxic effect at such an\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eelevated level as it\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es not a part of normal diet at such high level. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of PA was reported at 50000 ppm as PSO, which is equivalent to 4.3 g PSO\/kg body weight\/day.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFuture concerns\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe emergent data of clinical trials on  animals  and human models have explored that PA is as an effective bioactive compound that can be operative for human well-being for improved health eminence and chronic diseases preclusion. A minute single dose of PA is suffi- cient to integrate the physiological health effect within weeks or months with characteristic health changes par- ticularly in clinical trials with compromised health pres- tige. The outward short-term effect of CLnA isomers supplementation in both liver and brain indicates that long-term toxicology trials in animals should be consi- dered before moving to comprehensive and long-term studies. However, there is no evidence of long term sup- plementation effects on health related consequences, so it is justified that its effect must be investigated before further supplementation for long term time periods in animal models and before moving to clinical trials on humans. PA may possibly be used as a promising alter- native in developing different new strategies for nutri- tional management and health complications. Further, to explore the potential of PA in improving human health, a continue stream line of research work is needed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConclusion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil (PSO) is abundantly comprised of punicic acid (PA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) as confirmed by  recent studies  around  the world. Considering the beneficial aspects of PA in vari- ous studies, PSO recommended as a nutraceutical and\/ or functional ingredient for food products. However, various studies  on the bioactive aspect of PA, there are still some ambiguous and\/or antithetical studies also. In some studies, the output of PA showed different results in animal models as compared to  the  human  model. There is demand for the PA studies in human models as these kinds of studies are scarce. In this way, the ultim- ate mechanism of PA on improving human health can be determined. Furthermore, the impact of the intake of PA (CLnA) as functional food on human body metabol- ism and other physiological health effects can be under- stood and finally the safety recommendations for the intake of PA can be developed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthor(s) wishes to acknowledge the faculty members and supervising\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003einstructors for constructive criticism and applause for writing this review article and reviewing it for keeping it at minimal slip-ups in technical\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003easpects with reference to the scientific literature based articles.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMN conceptualized, provided the technical assistance and guided in the data collection. MI helped for drafting the manuscript. \"It's also confirmed that all the authors read and approved the final manuscript\".\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCompeting interests\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsent for publication\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePublisher\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es Note\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReceived: 31 March 2017 Accepted: 18 May 2017\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_1152_Demo10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eViuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA. 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Food Bioprod Process. 2012;90: 639–52.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eAnusree S, Nisha V, Priyanka A, Raghu K. Insulin resistance by TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eis\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eassociated with mitochondrial dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is ameliorated by punicic acid, a PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eagonist. 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Compounds of Natural Origin and Acupuncture for the Treatment of Diseases Caused by Estrogen Deficiency. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016;9(3):109–17.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMizrahi M, Friedman-Levi Y, Larush L, Frid K, Binyamin O, Dori D, et al. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: the case of genetic CJD. Nanomed: Nanotechnol, Biol Med. 2014;10:1353–63.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpilmont M, Léotoing L, Davicco M-J, Lebecque P, Mercier S, Miot-Noirault E, et al. Pomegranate seed oil prevents bone loss in a mice model of osteoporosis, through osteoblastic stimulation, osteoclastic inhibition and decreased inflammatory status. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1840–8.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBassaganya-Riera J. Method of using punicic acid to enhance immune response and prevent metabolic disorders. Google Patents. 2014;8,822,543.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWang L, Li W, Lin M, Garcia M, Mulholland D, Lilly M, Martins-Green M. Luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic acid are natural products that inhibit prostate cancer metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(10):2321–30.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMeerts I, Verspeek-Rip C, Buskens C, Keizer H, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jouni Z,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eet al. Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:1085–92.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCastellano C-A, Plourde M, Briand SI, Angers P, Giguère A, Matte JJ. Safety of dietary conjugated \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-linolenic acid (CLNA) in a neonatal pig model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;64:119–25.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2022-11-09T05:44:58-08:00","summary_html":null,"template_suffix":null,"handle":"demo","tags":"","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559896920232"},{"id":559894429864,"title":"StrLoop Sri Lanka","created_at":"2022-11-08T02:58:48-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts strloop-sri-lanka\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 459pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003eSee discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_2\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733_Regression-based_demographically_adjusted_norms_for_Victoria_Stroop_Test_Digit_Span_and_Verbal_Fluency_for_Sri_Lankan_adults?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_3\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia; font-size:13pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArticle \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#606060\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist · September 2021\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#545454\"\u003eDOI: 10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eREADS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003e4 authors:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Tharaka-Dassanayake?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eTharaka Dassanayake\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e53 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e470 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eFaculty of Medicine Rajarata University of Sri Lanka\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anuradha-Baminiwatta?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University_of_Kelaniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Kelaniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e68 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Dewasmika-Ariyasinghe?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_5\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1; font-size:6pt\"\u003eDewasmika Ariyasinghe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/institution\/University-of-Peradeniya?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_6\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eUniversity of Peradeniya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333; font-size:5pt\"\u003ePUBLICATIONS \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eCITATIONS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 32pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eSome of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eIdentification of a possible biomarker to predict Intermediate Syndrome \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Identification-of-a-possible-biomarker-to-predict-Intermediate-Syndrome?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 35pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eMindfulness, Compassion and Stigma of Mental Illness \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Mindfulness-Compassion-and-Stigma-of-Mental-Illness?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_9\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eView project\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:4pt\"\u003eAll content following this page was uploaded by \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chandana-Hewawasam?enrichId=rgreq-e3f5f291cc6d9c26e74bbeb2474062fe-XXX\u0026amp;enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM1NDQ4MDczMztBUzoxMDc4MDIwNTMwMDEyMTY0QDE2MzQwMzE1MzE5MDQ%3D\u0026amp;el=1_x_10\u0026amp;_esc=publicationCoverPdf\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#3773a1\"\u003eChandana Hewawasam \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eon 12 October 2021.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eThe user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL14.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/ntcn20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Chandana Hewawasam, Anuradha Baminiwatta \u0026amp; Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe (2021): Regression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency for Sri Lankan adults, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/suppl\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; 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font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView related articles \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView Crossmark data\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 139pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=ntcn20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eTHE CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 316pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based, demographically adjusted norms for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003efor Sri Lankan adults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ea \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Chandana Hewawasam\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003eb    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e, Anuradha Baminiwatta\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:6pt\"\u003ec  \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eand Dewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ABSTRACT\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eARTICLE HISTORY\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eReceived 24 May 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAccepted 21 August 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003ePublished online 9\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSeptember 2021\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eCognition; neuropsychological test; Stroop Test;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency; Digit Span; working memory; executive function; norms;\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSri Lanka\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONTACT \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake    \u003ca href=\"mailto:tharakad@pdn.ac.lk\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003etharakad@pdn.ac.lk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e    \u003c\/span\u003eDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSupplemental data for this article is available online at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis Group\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eIntroduction\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eExecutive functions encompass a number of cognitive domains that enable a person to engage in independent, goal-oriented manner (Lezak et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Testing executive functions is an integral part of comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and often a part of bedside cognitive assessment. A major limitation in neuropsychological assessment in many non-English-speaking countries is the lack of culturally and demographically appropriate norms. Most normative samples of the English-speaking countries have had longer education (Harrison et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark94\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark126\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Piatt et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark133\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) than the average years of education in the developing countries (Institute for Health Metrics \u0026amp; Evaluation, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark95\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural differences in neuropsychological test performance persist even after adjusting for demographic variables such as age, sex, and education (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lucas et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark110\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark121\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark146\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Lezak et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) recommends interpreting individual test scores against norms generated for the population where the individual comes from. Importantly, in clinical settings, race-based norms prevent misinterpretation of neuropsychological test results and misclassification of individuals (Marquine et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark112\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark123\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, 2011).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe native language of the majority of Sri Lankans is Sinhala–spoken as the first language only in Sri Lanka. Demographically adjusted neuropsychological test norms are scarce in the country (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark89\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) yet the aging population structure in the country impose increas- ing demands for neuropsychological assessments. The present study is part of a larger project that aims to create demographically adjusted norms for a number of neuro- psychological tests for Sri Lankan adults (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In this study, we aimed to create norms for three pen-and-paper-based executive function\/working memory tests that can be carried out bedside or in an outpatient setting: the Victoria Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark138\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Stroop, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark151\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency ((Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark81\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Stroop test is a measure of cognitive control and selective attention (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop test has different versions, but in common, the task demands the participant to suppress the habitual response and execute the less familiar, task-related response, giving equal priority to speed and accuracy. We used the Victoria version of the Stroop test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark139\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). VST norms have been published for English-speaking (Troyer et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark158\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and French-speaking (Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark155\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians, Swedes (Fällman et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark92\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Brazilians (D. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark105\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Cantonese-speaking Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Digit Span test is administered as a stand-alone test or a subtest of extensive neuropsychological test batteries. The forward Digit Span measures attention and short-term memory whereas the backward Digit Span also involves reordering of the digits in the working memory. Apart from the well-established norms for the English-speaking populations, normative data have also been reported for speakers of other languages including Spanish (Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Pavão Martins et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark132\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Italian (Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark120\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Chinese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Yang et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark166\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (Choi et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark84\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Hebrew (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark119\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The differences of the norms among speakers\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eof different languages are attributed, at least partly, to the total number of syllables one has to remember and manipulate in the working memory (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal Fluency tasks demand executive control mechanisms to interact with lexical (in Phonemic Fluency) and semantic (in Category Fluency) representations under time constraints. Verbal Fluency tests have been normed in many languages including English, Spanish (Ardila, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Benton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), French (Crossley et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark85\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Danish (Nielsen et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark124\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark162\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Swedish (Tallberg et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark153\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (Sosa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark147\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Cantonese (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Korean (D.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eY. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark106\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Vietnamese (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Japanese (McCurry et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark113\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Thai (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark96\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hindi (Ratcliff et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark135\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Hebrew (Kavé, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark99\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Differences in performance have been observed in Verbal Fluency among adults of different ethnic groups even after adjusting for potential confounders such as age, education, income, and reading ability (Acevedo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark76\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Gladsjo et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark93\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Johnson-Selfridge et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark98\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark118\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Moering et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These differences have also been attributed to the linguistic characteristics of the tests (Kempler et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark101\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e): For instance, the same word has different syllabic lengths in different languages and that influences the total number of word one can produce over a limited time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn this article, we report regression-based, age-, sex-, and education-adjusted norms for the VST, Digit Span (forward and backward), and Phonemic (Sinhala pho- nemes \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S\") and Category (animals and vegetables) Fluency tests for Sinhala-Speaking Sri Lankan adults. To ensure the generalizability of the norms, we aimed to encompass a wide age range and a broad spectrum of educational levels in the sample.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Method\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMethod\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST, Digits Span, and Verbal Fluency data were collected as a part of a larger study that generated norms for a collection of neuropsychological tests for Sri Lankan adults. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, located in the Central Province of Sri Lanka with the approval of the institutional Ethics Review Committee. VST data were also obtained from a group of healthy older adults (\u0026gt; 50 years) recruited as a control group of a different study conducted at the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, located in the North Central Province with the approval of the respec- tive institutional Ethics Review Committee. The study was conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark165\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants. The potential participants were recruited from February 2017 to August 2019, through word-of- mouth and flyers and posters displayed within the respective universities, the university-affiliated tertiary-care Teaching Hospitals (Peradeniya and Anuradhapura), and the surrounding localities. The participants thus included the employees of the universities and the hospitals (who were originally from various parts of the island), their acquaintances, and the visitors and the persons accompanying the patients\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ereferred to the hospitals from different parts of the country. Consequently, the sample had a broader geographical representation, although the data were collected at two centers.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eWe excluded the respondents who had a history of neurological or psychiatric illnesses, dependence on alcohol or other substances, gross hearing impairment or severe\/terminal medical illnesses. All included participants were able to carry out activities of daily living independently. However, we did not actively exclude the individuals who had other medical conditions that do not affect their general func- tionality or cognitive performance: We envisaged that such exclusions would make the sample overly healthy, thus limiting the generalizability of the norms to the general adult population (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). All recruited participants were adults, 19 years or older. The years of schooling, graduate and postgraduate education, post-schooling diplomas, were summed to count the total years of formal education. Part-time courses were converted to full-time equivalents before summing. We have described the formal education setting in Sri Lanka in more detail in a recent paper (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The years of education of the sample varied between 1 to 23 years. All participants were educated in public schools. The sampling was not strictly stratified in terms of education or age, however, we ensured that different educational strata (≤ 6 years: primary education; 7–11 years: lower secondary education with or without Ordinary Level qualifications; 12–13 years: upper secondary education with or without Advanced Level qualifications; 14–17 years; post-schooling diploma, graduate education; ≥18 years: postgraduate education) and individuals of different age groups constituted the sample (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Since the tests were adminis- tered in Sinhala language, only the respondents who reported their first and dominant language as Sinhala were recruited as participants. Specifically, all recruited participants were ethnic Sinhalese and reported Sinhala as their mother language, the language that they use most often in day-to-day activities; and the language in which they are most comfortable. Each participant was compensated with 500 Sri Lankan Rupees\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants (total n = 606).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 107pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test (n = 605)    Other tests (n = 422)\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:103px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:90px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:99px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% of total\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e272\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.86\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e333\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54.95\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e220\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge (years)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e97\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.05\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e91\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e165\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e134\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eYears of education\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.92\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e194\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32.07\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e116\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e132\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e101\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.93\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e160\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26.45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e149\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35.31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 37pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eNote: For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who com- pleted the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e(equivalent to about three US Dollars at the time of the data collection) for the time they spent on the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Neuropsychological_tests\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eNeuropsychological tests\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants were instructed to sleep at least 6 hours the night before testing and not to consume alcohol from the night before testing. The VST, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests were administered in Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Victoria_Stroop_Test\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe test material and instructions of the Sinhala version of the VST were adopted from the specifications and sample test sheet presented in Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark152\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The test version consisted of three tests (dots, neutral words, color words) each with a card in which 24 items (4 each in 6 rows) are printed. The items were printed in red, yellow, blue, and green with each color appearing once in each row, 6 times in the matrix, arranged in a pseudo-random order. The Sinhala typeface was bold, and the font size was equal to that of the English VST. In each task, participants were instructed to name the color in which the items were printed row by row, as fast they could without making errors. In the Dot test, the participants named the color of the dots printed in the 4 × 6 matrix. In the Neutral Word test, four common, neutral, disyllabic Sinhala words replaced the dots, and the participants named the color of the print. In the Color Word test, the words were the Sinhala names of the four colors (\"ratu,\" \"kaha,\" \"nil,\" and \"kola\"), print color never corresponding to the color name. Again, the participants were instructed to name the print color ignoring the color name written. In each test, the time to complete was measured, and number of errors were counted. Any misnaming made in the first attempt on each item was counted an error, even if the participants corrected the misnaming by themselves before the test adminis- trator pointed it out. VST interference score was calculated by dividing the Color Word test completion time by Dot test completion time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Digit_Span\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDigit Span\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe participants recalled strings of random digits in increasing length, forward (Digit Span Forward) and backward (Digit Span Backward). The forward task started with three digits and the backward task started with two digits. In each task, two strings of a given length were presented, and the length was increased until the participant failed both strings of a given length. The maximum number of digits correctly recalled, at least in one string of the two, was considered the Digit Span of each task.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Verbal_Fluency\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVerbal Fluency\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe Verbal Fluency task consisted of the Phonemic Fluency task and Category Fluency task for which the test administration instructions were adopted from Strauss et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark148\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We modified the original FAS Phonemic Fluency task with two letter replace- ments. The phoneme \"F\" is not a letter in the basic Sinhala alphabet and was intro- duced only decades ago to the language with adoption of English words to Sinhala.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eTherefore \"F\" was replaced with \"P.\" The letter \"A\" in the English alphabet has multiple variants in the Sinhala alphabet (viz. a, a:, ae, ae:), and this is the case for other vowels too. Therefore, to maintain a consistency between letters and phonemes, we replaced \"A\" with \"N.\" Eventually the Sinhala version consisted of phonemes\/letters \"N,\" \"P,\" and \"S,\" representing three subcategories (nasals, plosives, and sibilants, respectively) of Sinhala alphabet and pronunciation. As per the original version, instructions were given to avoid proper nouns and variations of the same word. The Category Fluency task tested the fluency of two categories: animals and vegetables. Each trial was scored as the number of correct words recalled in 60 seconds.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Statistical_analyses\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eStatistical analyses\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe VST error counts were highly skewed to the right, with prominent ceiling effects and therefore were not fitted into regression models. The norms of the error counts are reported as percentile scores stratified by age groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eMultiple linear regression (MLR) analyses with sex, age, and years of education as predictors were fitted to model other outcome variables. Sex was treated as a dichot- omous variable having assigned a value of 0 for females and 1 for males, whereas age and years of education were treated as continuous variables in the data analyses. In a series of preliminary univariate analyses, we correlated each outcome variable with age and years of education. In those, curvilinear fits did not significantly improve the R-squared values over linear fits in any of the correlations. Neither adding qua- dratic terms nor interaction terms as predictors significantly improved the MLR models. The final MLR models were thus created with sex, age, and years of education as predictors. We also calculated the semipartial correlations and shared variances of each test outcome measure with sex, age, and years of education. To maintain the uniformity of future application of the final models in interpreting individual data, we retained all three predictors for all MLR models even if a demographic variable was not a significant predictor in the final model.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Results\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eResults\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Sample_characteristics\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eSample characteristics\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606 (273 men, 45.05%), 468 (223 men) were recruited from Peradeniya and 138 (50 men) from Anuradhapura. The age of the sample ranged from 19 to 83years with a mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of 49.7 (14.4) years. The mean (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) years of education was 12.9 (3.7) years. Of note, the average years of education of the sample is higher than the national average (11.1 years) for adults (United Nations Development Programme, 2019): This dif- ference is attributed to our stratified sampling criteria: We recruited adequate number of participants from all different levels of education to make the variable better fit the regression models. There was no significant difference between the mean age of men (48.67, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.40 years) and women (50.48, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 14.44 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.541, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.124. The\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003emean years of education was also similar between men (mean = 13.1, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.4 years) and women (mean = 12.7, \u003cem\u003eSD \u003c\/em\u003e= 3.8 years), \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e(604) = 1.041, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.298. The years of education had\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003ea moderate negative correlation with age, \u003cem\u003er \u003c\/em\u003e= −0.468, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, reflecting younger gen- erations having more years of education.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eOf the total sample of 606, 605 completed the VST, and 421 completed all tests, and one participant completed all the tests but not VST. The demographic charac- teristics of these groups of participants are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. For participants in the lowest education group, years of education ranged from 1 to 6 for those who completed the VST, and 5 to 6 years for those who completed the other tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows the descriptive statistics (mean, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e, minimum, maximum) of the test scores of the full sample. All test scores except the VST error counts were normally distributed.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"VST_error_counts\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVST error counts\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eVST error counts were available only for 467 participants, since this data were not recorded on the test sheets of 138 participants. The VST error counts were highly skewed to the right: The median error counts for the Dot and Neutral Word tests was 0 (IQR = 0) each, and for the Color Word test the median error count was 1 (IQR: 0 − 2). On univariate analyses, these error counts were similar between men and women (Mann-Whitney test \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05). The error counts for the Neutral Word and Color Word tests had a significant positive correlation with age (Spearmann correlation coefficients .211 and .375, respectively) and years of education (Spearmann correlation coefficients −.159 and −.336, respectively), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001 in all instances. The error count for the Dot test did not correlate significantly with age or years of education. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables 3–5 \u003c\/span\u003esummarize the percentile ranges represented by different error counts for each age band in VST Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Multiple_linear_regression_models\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMultiple linear regression models\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThe overall regression models with sex, age, and years of education were significant for all other outcome measures (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The demographic variables explained 15% or more of the variance of the outcome measures, except for two: Only 4% of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSample means and standard deviations (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e) of test scores.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:173px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:95px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:91px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:77px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:61px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMinimum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMaximum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e59.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor words time (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e99.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference Score\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackward\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVerbal Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (N)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.82\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (P)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency (S)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Animals)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21.00\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency (Vegetables)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18.90\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Stroop test; for other tests, \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 422.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Dot task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:76px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:72px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:65px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 27px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≤ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Neutral Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7 − 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29 − 44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3 − 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2 − 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 − 28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eAge-stratified percentiles for error counts of the Victoria Stroop Test Color Word task.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 179pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge-stratified percentiles\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:57px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eError count\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 85)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 82)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 97)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 105)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 73)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(n = 25)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥ 89\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41–60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57–79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e81–88\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–40\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–80\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53–64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3–4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4–7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2–6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9–12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5–8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal n = 467.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003evariance of the Stroop Interference score, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2  \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.04, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001; and 8% of the variance of the Vegetable Fluency scores, adjusted \u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e= 0.078, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0001, was explained by the demographic variables. The shared variances of the outcome mea- sures with sex, age and education are summarized in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for age and education, significant sex differences were observed only in VST Neutral and Color Word test completion times, and Phonemic Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Women were about 1 second faster than men in completing the VST Neutral Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.138 (0.465), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.015; and about 2 seconds faster in completing\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eMultiple linear regression models and regression formulae for generating demographically corrected scores for Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults between 19 and 83 years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 125pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eOverall model    Sex    Age (Years)    Years of Education    Raw score regression formula\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:93px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:56px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:44px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:62px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:49px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:181px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 28px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdjusted\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003edegrees of freedom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF \u003c\/em\u003estatistic\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003evalue\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.206\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53.238\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.370 (0.390)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.343\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.798 − (0.370 × sex) + (0.069 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.060)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.499 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.370\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e119.59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.138\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.589\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19.218 + (1.138 × sex) + (0.202 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.465)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.018)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.589 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.252\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68.880\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.868\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.286\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.759\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.514 + (1.868 × sex) + (0.286 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.837)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.033)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.128)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e– (0.759 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 601\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.244\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.074\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.158\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.284\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.487 + (0.074 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.053)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.002)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.008)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.008 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.250\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47.898\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.087\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.525\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.261\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.217 − (0.087 × sex) − (0.012 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.137)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.261 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.338\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e72.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.968\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.023\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.512 + (0.006 × sex) − (0.023 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.141)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.005)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.025)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.309 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePhonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.148\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25.414\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.693\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.510\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.392 − (0.693 × sex) + (0.004 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.344)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.013)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.062)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.510 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.215\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 415\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39.108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−1.263\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.610\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.038 − (1.263 × sex) − (0.040 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.391)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.071)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.610 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.171\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.602\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.113\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.493\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.624\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.538 − (0.602 × sex) + (0.010 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.379)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.014)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.069)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.624 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.225\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3,417\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41.300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−2.540\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.024\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.750\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.814 − (2.540 × sex) − (0.024 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.961)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.036)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.174)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (1.750 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.207\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37.528\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.153\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.744\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−0.096\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.595\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.442 − (0.153 × sex) − (0.096 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.469)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.017)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.085)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.595 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3, 418\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.930\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.886\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.421\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10.239 + (0.058 × sex) + (0.060 × age)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.405)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.015)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(0.073)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e+ (0.421 × education)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFor sex, female = 0 and male = 1. For education, use completed years.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3; font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eSemipartial correlations and shared variances of the Victoria Stroop Test, Digit Span, and Verbal Fluency with sex, age, and years of education.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 157pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eSex    Age    Years of education\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:55px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:58px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:16px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:54px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTest outcome measure\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDots (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.034\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.164\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.302\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeutral Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.079\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.360\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.130\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.267\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eColor Words (s)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.078\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.309\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.095\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.208\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.043\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInterference\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.056\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.003\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.197\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.039\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.040\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDigit Span\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eForwards\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.027\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.099\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.010\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.443\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.196\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eBackwards Phonemic Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.175\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.031\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.481\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.231\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"N\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.091\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.368\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.135\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"P\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.119\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.374\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.140\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\"S\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.071\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.030\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.403\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.162\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.114\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.434\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.188\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCategory Fluency\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnimals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e−.241\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.058\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.303\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.092\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eVegetables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.035\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.269\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #5377b3 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.072\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e: Pearson correlation coefficient.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 605 for Victoria Stroop Test; n = 422 for other tests.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003ethe Color Word test, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = 1.868 (0.837), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.027. Women also could produce 2.5 more words than men, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c\/em\u003e) = −2.540 (0.961), \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.009, when scores summed up across all three Phonemic Fluency trials. However, these sex differences accounted for only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance of those test scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and education, a significant age-related decline in perfor- mances were observed in the VST, Digit Span, Animal and Vegetable Fluency (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTables\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e6 \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eand \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Age-related decline was also observed for Phonemic Fluency for the pho- neme P, but not for the other two or for the total across all three letters.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eAfter adjusting for sex and age, performance in all test outcome measures, except Stroop Interference, significantly improved with longer education. Of the three demo- graphic variables, years of education explained the highest percentage variance in Digit Span (19.6%−23.1%), Phonemic Fluency (13.5%−18.8%), and Category Fluency (7.2%−9.2%) scores (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eRegression-based test norms and scoring\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression equations with coefficients for sex, age, and years of education are listed in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. \"Predicted and standardized score calculator\" (see \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a Microsoft Excel® worksheet with embedded regression equations, so that a clinician can interpret the VST, Digit Span, or Verbal Fluency test results of a given individual as following: (1) Demographically predicted test scores can be obtained by entering sex (coded 0 for females and 1 for males), age in years and years of education in the worksheet. (2) For each outcome measure, the standardized score (i.e., number of standard deviations to the observed score from the predicted score) can then be obtained by entering the test participant's observed scores into the worksheet. For example, predicted Animal Fluency score of a 60-year-old woman (value 0 for sex) with 12 years of education would be 18.82. If her observed Animal Fluency score is 8, her calculated standardized score would be −2.25.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eIn this study, we generated demographically adjusted, regression-based norms for VST, Digit Span, Phonemic Fluency, and Category Fluency tests for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults aged 19 − 83 years. Although our total sample was relatively large and had similar numbers of men and women in a wide age range and educational levels, traditional three-level stratification would have reduced the sample sizes in the individual cells of the look-up tables. The regression-based norming is statistically more powerful, and provided the data distribution does not violate the regression assumptions, predicts the norms with higher accuracy and precision (Oosterhuis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark127\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Regression-based norms have been reported in different populations for the Stroop test (Norman et al., 2011; Rivera et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark141\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark163\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Digit Span (Koscik et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark102\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Monaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark116\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark125\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and Category Fluency (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark78\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark149\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). We present norms for VST error counts as age-stratified percentiles because the data distributions were highly skewed: This has also been observed previously (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark161\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eWe did not observe significant sex differences in most outcome measures, and this is largely consistent with the existing normative literature. However, women had a significant but small advantage over men in VST Neutral and Color Word test com- pletion times, and Phonemic Fluency. Although the majority of the previous normative studies has shown no significant sex differences in the above tests, in the instances where there were differences, the performance favored women both in the Stroop test (Barbarotto et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Norman et al., 2011; Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark160\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Phonemic Fluency (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ouvrard et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark131\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). However, sex explained only 0.6% to 1.3% of the total variance, which has been consistently found to contribute less than age and education. We retained sex in all regression models regardless of its statistical significance (1) to maintain the uniformity of calculating the standardized scores in the present study and our previous norms for other tests (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and (2) because sex has been proven to be a useful indicator of disease attribution in clinical populations (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sundermann et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark154\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The age-related decline we observed in the executive functions is consistent with the previous literature, and mirrors the age-related linear reduction of prefrontal grey matter and white matter observed in neuroimaging studies (Raz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark137\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark140\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). In contrast to Category Fluency, Phonemic Fluency remained stable throughout the adult age span. This contrast between the two fluency tasks is also evident in other languages (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Melikyan et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark114\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ostrosky-Solís et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark129\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Our findings and the extant literature indicate that even when both age and edu- cation significantly affect test scores, education is a stronger predictor than age of the Digit Span (T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark134\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Selnes et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark145\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Verbal Fluency (Heaps et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark97\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; T. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark107\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Ponton et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark136\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rosselli et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark143\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). For example, our linear regression coefficients (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) indicate lowering of one-year of education is equivalent to increase of age by 22 years in Digit Span Forward, 14 in Digit Span Backward, and 6–7 years in Category Fluency. This highlights the importance of modeling education as a continuous variable rather than a stratified\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003evariable in norming: That ensures more precise predictive scores and makes clinical classification of individual clients more accurate.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eRegression-based adult norms have been published widely for Animal Fluency. Regression equations adjusted for one or more demographic factors (sex, age, and education) are available for the Dutch (Van der Elst et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark159\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Icelandic (Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark117\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Arabic (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Mandarin (C. Y. Lee et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark103\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Portuguese (Cavaco et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), Spanish (Benito-Cuadrado et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark79\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), the English- (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark156\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and French-speaking (St-Hilaire et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark150\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) Canadians; and for Spanish-speaking populations in several Latin American countries (Olabarrieta-Landa et al., 2015; Ostrosky-Solis et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark130\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). To compare our norms with those, we calculated predicted Animal Fluency for a given individual using each of those regression equations. The majority of the predicted scores were comparable to ours. For example, for a 60-year-old woman with 12 years of education, previously published regression equations predicted Animal Fluency scores between 15.5 and 21.9: scores lying within one standardized residual (i.e., 4.8) around the predicted score (i.e., 18.8) based on our regression model. There were three exceptions: The predicted score of an English-speaking Canadian (29.7) was significantly higher (Troyer, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), whereas that of an Arabic-speaking Egyptian (13.2) (Abdel Aziz et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and a Spanish-speaking Ecuadorian (9.4) (Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark142\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) were significantly lower than the score we predicted for the demographically matched Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan. These comparisons exemplify that–even after accounting for demographic variables–country- and language-specific norming is required to assess and clinically classify test participants accurately.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eThere are some limitations in applying our norms to the general Sri Lankan pop- ulation. The norms are based on an adult sample aged 19 to 83 years; and had education from 1 to 23 years. The regression-based norms for VST are based on par- ticipants who had at least 1 year of formal education, whereas the norms for Digit Span and Verbal Fluency tests are largely based on a sample that had more than 6 years of formal education (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, Digit Span and Verbal Fluency norms are most reliable when the test participant has had at least some lower secondary education. We caution against extrapolating the regression-based norms of each test beyond the above age and education ranges. Our normative sample consisted entirely of ethnic Sinhalese, whose first and dominant language was Sinhala, a language spoken by about 75% of the country's population. Tamil is the first language of almost all  ethnic  Tamils  and  most  Moors,  who  constitute  about  24.5%  of  the  population (Department of Census \u0026amp; Statistics Sri Lanka, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark90\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Although many of them can speak Sinhala as the second language, these norms may not be valid for them. Particularly, the Verbal Fluency norms may neither be applicable to the ethnic Sinhalese whose dominant language (the language they were educated and use in their day-to- day activities) is not Sinhala. We did not collect data on the fluency in a second language in our participants, and, therefore, have not explored whether acquisition of a second language influences Sinhala Verbal Fluency.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003eIn conclusion, the present norms add to the limited number of validated, demograph- ically adjusted neuropsychological test norms available in Sri Lanka (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark100\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; De Silva et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark91\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). These norms complement the norms that we recently generated for non-verbal executive function tests of the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003eCambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Compared to the CANTAB, however, these tests are available free in the public domain, and can also be used by clinicians at bedside. Like we and other authors have been doing in recent normative studies (Dassanayake et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark88\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Dassanayake \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Lara et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark104\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Magnusdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark111\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Olabarrieta-Landa et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark128\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Rodríguez-Lorenzana et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark144\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vicente et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark164\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), we have made available a software application with embedded regression equations (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2021.1973109\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003eSupplemental File\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and that will further assist the clinicians to rapidly interpret individual executive function test results, by con- verting the raw scores into sex-, age-, and education-adjusted standard scores.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Acknowledgment\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAcknowledgment\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe thank Mr. Narendra Samarasekara for his assistance in data collection.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Disclosure_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDisclosure statement\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interests to declare.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThis study was supported by the University of Peradeniya research grant URG\/2016\/5\/M.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ORCID\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eORCID\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTharaka Lagath Dassanayake \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9012 \u003c\/span\u003eChandana Hewawasam        \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-912X\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eAnuradha Baminiwatta    \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5495-2029\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eDewasmika Indrapali Ariyasinghe \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1056_StrLoopSriL52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-7272\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#5377b3\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAbdel Aziz, K., Khater, M. S., Emara, T., Tawfik, H. M., Rasheedy, D., Mohammedin, A. S., Tolba,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eM. F., El-Gabry, D. A., \u0026amp; Qassem, T. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark36\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Effects of age, education, and gender on verbal fluency in healthy adult Arabic-speakers in Egypt. \u003cem\u003eApplied Neuropsychology. Adult\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 331–341. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2016.1185424\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAcevedo, A., Loewenstein, D. A., Barker, W. W., Harwood, D. G., Luis, C., Bravo, M., Hurwitz, D. A., Aguero, H., Greenfield, L., \u0026amp; Duara, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Category fluency test: Normative data for English- and Spanish-speaking elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 760–769. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700677032\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArdila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A cross-linguistic comparison of category verbal fluency test (ANIMALS): A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 213–225. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz060\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBarbarotto, R., Laiacona, M., Frosio, R., Vecchio, M., Farinato, A., \u0026amp; Capitani, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark57\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A norma- tive study on visual reaction times and two Stroop colour-word tests. \u003cem\u003eItalian Journal of Neurological Sciences\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 161–170. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00831566\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenito-Cuadrado, M. M., Esteba-Castillo, S., Böhm, P., Cejudo-Bolívar, J., \u0026amp; Peña-Casanova, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic verbal fluency of animals: a normative and predictive study in a Spanish population. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 1117–1122. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.8.1117.8376\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eBenton, A. L., Hamsher, K. D., \u0026amp; Sivan, I. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eMultilingual aphasia examination: Manual of instructions\u003c\/em\u003e. AJA Assoc.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCavaco, S., Gonçalves, A., Pinto, C., Almeida, E., Gomes, F., Moreira, I., Fernandes, J., \u0026amp; Teixeira-Pinto,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eA. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark68\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Semantic fluency and phonemic fluency: Regression-based norms for the Portuguese population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 262–271. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/act001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eChoi, H. J., Lee, D. Y., Seo, E. H., Jo, M. K., Sohn, B. K., Choe, Y. M., Byun, M. S., Kim, J. W., Kim,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eS. G., Yoon, J. C., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, K. W., \u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the digit span in an educationally diverse elderly population. \u003cem\u003ePsychiatry Investigation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 39–43. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eCrossley, M., D'Arcy, C., \u0026amp; Rawson, N. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Letter and category fluency in community-dwelling Canadian seniors: A comparison of normal participants to those with dementia of the Alzheimer or vascular type. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 52–62. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01688639708403836\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age-, and education-adjusted norms for Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery in literate Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 106–124. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2019\"\u003e1662090\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDassanayake, T. L., Hewawasam, C., Baminiwatta, A., Samarasekara, N., \u0026amp; Ariyasinghe, D. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sex-, age- and education-adjusted norms for the WHO\/UCLA version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for Sinhala-speaking Sri Lankan adults. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 127–142. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1829069\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDe Silva, R., Disanayaka, S., De Zoysa, N., Sanjeewanie, N., Somaratne, S., Foster, J., Srikanth, S., Kathriarachchi, S. T., \u0026amp; Martins, R. M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination from a sample of Sri Lankan older people. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 666–670. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2168\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Census Population and Housing. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttp:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003ewww.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indica-\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/PopHouSat\/CPH2012Visualization\/htdocs\/index.php?usecase=indicator\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\"\u003etor\u0026amp;action=Map\u0026amp;indId=10\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eFällman,  K.,  Lundgren,  L., Wressle,  E.,  Marcusson,  J.,  \u0026amp;  Classon,  E.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2020\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Normative  data  for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 567–580. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019\"\u003e1648747\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eGladsjo,  J. A.,  Schuman,  C. C.,  Evans,  J.  D., Peavy,  G.  M.,  Miller,  S. W.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for letter and category fluency: Demographic corrections for age, education, and ethnicity. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 147–178. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107319119900600204\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHarrison, J. E., Buxton, P., Husain, M., \u0026amp; Wise, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Short test of semantic and phonolog- ical fluency: Normal performance, validity and test-retest reliability. \u003cem\u003eThe British Journal of Clinical Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e39\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 181–191. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/014466500163202\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eHeaps, J., Valcour, V., Chalermchai, T., Paul, R., Rattanamanee, S., Siangphoe, U., Sithinamsuwan, P., Chairangsaris, P., Nidhinandana, S., Tipsuk, S., Suttichom, D., Fletcher, J., Shikuma, C., \u0026amp; Ananworanich, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Development of normative neuropsychological performance in Thailand for the assessment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–8. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2012.733682\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Global Educational Attainment 1970-2015.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003ehttp:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/global-educationalattainment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eJohnson-Selfridge, M. T., Zalewski, C., \u0026amp; Aboudarham, J.-F. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark40\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The relationship between ethnicity and word fluency. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 319–325. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6177\"\u003eorg\/10.1016\/S0887-6\u003c\/a\u003e177(97)00003-6 \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.319\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKavé, G. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark43\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, and difference scores: Normative data for adult Hebrew speakers. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 690–699. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390490918499\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKempler, D., Teng, E. L., Dick, M., Taussig, I. M., \u0026amp; Davis, D. S. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The effects of age, edu- cation, and ethnicity on verbal fluency. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c\/em\u003e(6), 531–538. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617798466013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKoscik, R. L., Jonaitis, E. M., Clark, L. R., Mueller, K. D., Allison, S. L., Gleason, C. E., Chappell, R. J., Hermann, B. P., \u0026amp; Johnson, S. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Longitudinal standards for mid-life cognitive performance: Identifying abnormal within-person changes in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000929\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLara, E., Miret, M., Sanchez-Niubo, A., Haro, J. M., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Chatterji, S., \u0026amp; Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks: Normative data from nine nationally representative samples. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 89–98. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1355617720000582\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, C. Y., Lee, S. Y., Huang, Y. C., Hung, C. F., Lee, Y., Lee, M. I., \u0026amp; Wang, L. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark69\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Chinese version of the brief assessment of cognition in affective disorders: Normative data of a Mandarin-speaking population. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c\/em\u003e(sup1), 1–14. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13854046.2017.1400108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, D. Y., Lee, K. U., Lee, J. H., Kim, K. W., Jhoo, J. H., Kim, S. Y., Yoon, J. C., Woo, S. I., Ha, J.,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u0026amp; Woo, J. I. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery in the Korean elderly. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 72–81. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617704101094\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLee, T., Yuen, K., \u0026amp; Chan, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2002\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for neuropsychological measures of fluency, attention, and memory measures for Hong Kong Chinese. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 615–632. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/jcen.24.5.615.1001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., \u0026amp; Tranel, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLucas, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Ferman, T. J., Willis, F. B., Petersen, R. C., \u0026amp; Graff-Radford,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eN. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mayo's Older African Americans normative studies: Norms for Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Category Fluency, Animal Naming, Token Test, WRAT-3 Reading, Trail Making Test, Stroop Test, and Judgment of Line Orientation. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 243–269. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854040590945337\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMagnusdottir, B. B., Haraldsson, H. M., \u0026amp; Sigurdsson, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-based norms for the Icelandic population. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 253–266. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acz049\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMarquine, M. J., Morlett Paredes, A., Madriaga, C., Blumstein, Y., Umlauf, A., Kamalyan, L., Rivera Mindt, M., Suarez, P., Artiola, I. F. L., Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; Cherner, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e35\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 269–292. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2020.1762931\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMcCurry,  S.  M.,  Gibbons,  L.  E.,  Uomoto,  J.  M., Thompson,  M.  L.,  Graves,  A.  B.,  Edland,  S.  D., Bowen, J., McCormick, W. C., \u0026amp; Larson, E. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2001\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test performance in a cognitively intact sample of older Japanese American adults. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 447–459. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/16.5.447\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMelikyan, Z. A., Corrada, M. M., Dick, M. B., Whittle, C., Paganini-Hill, A., \u0026amp; Kawas, C. H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark58\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological test norms in cognitively intact oldest-old. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 530–545. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617719000122\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eMoering, R. G., Schinka, J. A., Mortimer, J. A., \u0026amp; Graves, A. B. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for elder- ly African Americans for the Stroop Color and Word Test. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e,\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 61–71. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/19.1.61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eMonaco, M., Costa, A., Caltagirone, C., \u0026amp; Carlesimo, G. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Forward and backward span for verbal and visuo-spatial data: Standardization and normative data from an Italian adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e34\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 749–754. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-012-1130-x\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNielsen, H., Knudsen, L., \u0026amp; Daugbjerg, O. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1989\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for eight neuropsychological tests based on a Danish sample. \u003cem\u003eScandinavian Journal of Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 37–45. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1989.tb01066.x\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman,  M.  A.,  Evans,  J.  D.,  Miller, W.  S.,  \u0026amp;  Heaton,  R.  K.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2000\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Demographically  corrected norms for the California Verbal Learning Test. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–94. \u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/1380-3395(200002)22:1;1-8;FT080\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNorman, M. A., Moore, D. J., Taylor, M., Franklin, D., Jr., Cysique, L., Ake, C., Lazarretto, D., Vaida, F., \u0026amp; Heaton, R. K., \u0026amp; HNRC Group. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Demographically corrected norms for African Americans and Caucasians on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-Card Version. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e(7), 793–804. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/10.1080\/13803395.2011.559157\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOlabarrieta-Landa, L., Rivera, D., Galarza-Del-Angel, J., Garza, M. T., Saracho, C. P., Rodríguez, W., Chávez-Oliveros, M., Rábago, B., Leibach, G., Schebela, S., Martínez, C., Luna, M., Longoni, M., Ocampo-Barba, N., Rodríguez, G., Aliaga, A., Esenarro, L., García de la Cadena, C., Perrin, B. P., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark80\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Verbal fluency tests: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish speaking adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuroRehabilitation\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c\/em\u003e(4), 515–561. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/nre-151279\"\u003enre-151279\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOosterhuis, H. E., van der Ark, L. A., \u0026amp; Sijtsma, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Sample size requirements for traditional and regression-based norms. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e(2), 191–202. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191115580638\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solís, F., Ardila, A., \u0026amp; Rosselli, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark67\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e1999\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). NEUROPSI: A brief neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 413–433. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617799555045\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eOstrosky-Solis, F., Gutierrez, A. L., Flores, M. R., \u0026amp; Ardila, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Same or different? Semantic\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003everbal fluency across Spanish-speakers from different countries. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 367–377. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eOuvrard, C., Berr, C., Meillon, C., Ribet, C., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., \u0026amp; Amieva, H. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark59\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Norms for standard neuropsychological tests from the French CONSTANCES cohort. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e26\u003c\/em\u003e(5), 786–793. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13890\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePavão  Martins,  I.,  Maruta,  C.,  Freitas,  V.,  \u0026amp;  Mares,  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  Executive  performance  in  older Portuguese adults with low education. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 410–425. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.748094\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePiatt,  A.  L.,  Fields,  J.  A.,  Paolo,  A.  M.,  \u0026amp; Tröster,  A.  I.  (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).  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Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 20–35. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for the Animal, Profession and Letter M Naming verbal fluency tests for Dutch speaking partic- ipants and the effects of age, education, and sex. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 80–89. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617706060115\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark56\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2006b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop color-word test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. \u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e(1), 62–79. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191105283427\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVicente, S. G., Rivera, D., Barbosa, F., Gaspar, N., Dores, A. R., Mascialino, G., \u0026amp; Arango-Lasprilla, J.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eC. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2021\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for tests of attention and executive functions in a sample of European Portuguese adult population. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c\/em\u003e(3), 418–437. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2020.1781768\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eWorld Medical Association. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. \u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e310\u003c\/em\u003e(20), 2191–2194. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy; font-size:9pt\"\u003edoi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.281053\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eYang, C. C., Kao, C. J., Cheng, T. W., Yang, C. C., Wang, W. H., Yu, R. L., Hsu, Y. H., \u0026amp; Hua, M. S.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 25pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Cross-cultural effect on suboptimal effort detection: An example of the Digit Span subtest of the WAIS-III in Taiwan. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c\/em\u003e(8), 869–878. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:navy\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs081\"\u003eacs081\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354480733\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#b3b3b3; font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003eView publication stats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:39-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"strloop-sri-lanka","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559894429864"},{"id":559894397096,"title":"ACADEMIA","created_at":"2022-11-08T02:23:23-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts academia\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#333333\"\u003eAccelerating the world's research.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria; font-size:27pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eAging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121; font-family:Arial\"\u003eLarry Leach\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#212121\"\u003eAging Neuropsychology and Cognition\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA5.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 113pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: 1382-5585 (Print) 1744-4128 (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAngela K. Troyer , Larry Leach \u0026amp; Esther Strauss\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eAngela K. Troyer , Larry Leach \u0026amp; Esther Strauss (2006) Aging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13:1, 20-35, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/138255890968187\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003ePublished online: 16 Feb 2007. \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/authorSubmission?journalCode=nanc20\u0026amp;page=instructions\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eSubmit your article to this journal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 84pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9pt\"\u003eArticle views: 682\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/138255890968187\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; 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font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\"\u003ehttp:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13:20–35, 2006 Copyright \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e© \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTaylor \u0026amp; Francis Group, LLC\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eISSN: 1382-5585\/05 print; 1744-4128 online DOI: 10.1080\/138255890968187\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:20pt\"\u003eAging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003eA\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003eK. T\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER1\u003c\/span\u003e, L\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eARRY \u003c\/span\u003eL       \u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e1    \u003c\/span\u003eE\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eSTHER \u003c\/span\u003eS         \u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e2\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBaycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and \u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eUniversity of Victoria\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eABSTRACT\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eIncreased difficulty with response inhibition occurs with age, although there is some controversy as to whether increased interference on Stroop tasks reflects difficulties with response inhibition or simply reflects generalized cognitive slowing. The Victoria Stroop Test (VST) is a brief, easily administered, psychometrically sound version of Stroop's original task. Performance on the VST by adults across a wide age span was examined to determine the association between age and various measures of interfer- ence. In addition, normative data for the VST were calculated. Participants were 272 healthy, community-dwelling adults age 18 to 94. Age and speed were negatively cor- related on all trials of the VST. Importantly, however, interference scores that were corrected for baseline slowing remained highly correlated with age. Similarly, age and error scores on the interference trial were positively correlated, indicating decreased accuracy with age. These findings suggest that increased interference on Stroop tasks with age is not accounted for by simple cognitive slowing and more likely reflects other cognitive changes, such as decreased response inhibition. The VST has a number of administrative and psychometric strengths, and the provision of normative data should enhance its potential for clinical and research applications.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eIn the normal aging population, there is evidence of increased difficulty with response inhibition. For example, a tendency toward off-target verbosity during conversation increases with age, and this is thought to be related to a decreased ability to inhibit irrelevant thoughts (Arbuckle \u0026amp; Pushkar Gold, 1993). Older adults are also slower and make more errors when asked to complete sentences by providing a word that is completely unrelated to the sentence (Burgess \u0026amp; Shalice, 1997). Clinically, inhibition is often assessed using a standardized version of the color-naming task initially developed by\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:14pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eAddress correspondence to: Angela Troyer, Psychology Department, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1. E-mail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:atroyer@baycrest.org\"\u003eatroyer@baycrest.org\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 178pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e20\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eStroop in 1935. There are a number of versions of the Stroop task, and each involves: (a) a control task that requires the individual to name the colors of nonword stimuli such as dots or strings of \u003cem\u003eX\u003c\/em\u003es; and (b) an interference task that requires the individual to name the colors of color names that are printed in contrasting colors (e.g., \u003cem\u003ered \u003c\/em\u003eis written in blue ink). This latter task, thus, requires the individual to inhibit an automatic reading response and to produce a more effortful color-naming response. The interference effect is determined by calculating the extra time required to name colors in the interference task in comparison to the time required to name colors in the control task.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eStudies of aging and inhibition using the Stroop task have been some- what contradictory. Because cognitive slowing is one of the most robust findings in the cognitive aging literature (e.g., Salthouse, 1985), it is impor- tant to take generalized slowing into account when interpreting interference effects. Thus, the Stroop variables of prime interest in the aging population include interference scores that take into consideration generalized slowing (i.e., a comparison of scores during the interference and baseline conditions) and error scores. Regarding interference scores, some studies have shown a positive relation with age (e.g., Delis et al., 2001; Ivnik et al., 1996; Klein et al., 1997), whereas other studies, including a meta-analysis, have shown no relation with age (e.g., Graf et al., 1995; Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, 1998). There are different ways to calculate interference scores, and this may affect the age differences obtained. It has been argued that interference scores based on the \u003cem\u003edifference \u003c\/em\u003ebetween the baseline and interference con- dition are not independent of general slowing, and scores based on the \u003cem\u003eratio \u003c\/em\u003ebetween these conditions are better in this regard (Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, 1998). Error rates are not often reported in studies of aging, but there is some evidence that older adults make more errors than younger adults on the Stroop interference trial (Delis et al., 2001; West, 1999; Whelihan \u0026amp; Lesher, 1985).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eTheoretically, one would expect increased difficulty on Stroop vari- ables with normal aging because age-related brain changes predominate in the frontal lobes (e.g., Raz, 2000), and because there is evidence that the frontal lobes are particularly involved in response inhibition on Stroop tasks. Neuroimaging studies have shown that the most consistent regions of activa- tion during performance of the Stroop interference task are left inferior frontal regions (reviewed in Brown et al., 1999; Mead et al., 2002). Consistent with these findings, patients with focal frontal lesions tend to show greater-than- normal levels of interference on Stroop tasks (e.g., Perret, 1974; Regard, 1981; Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998; Stuss et al., 2001; Vendrell et al., 1995). Involvement of the frontal lobes need not be focal; increased Stroop interference also results from generalized brain damage associated with traumatic brain injury (e.g., Trenerry et al., 1989; Vakil et al., 1995) and\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e22    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eK. T\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER ET AL\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003edementia (e.g., Bondi et al., 2002; Nathan et al., 2001; Spieler et al., 1996). In contrast, there is evidence that patients with nonfrontal focal lesions show normal interference (Stuss et al., 2001).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eDemographic variables other than age have less of an association with Stroop performance. Previous studies have shown that sex is not consistently related to Stroop interference scores (Ivnik et al., 1996; Moering et al., 2004; Trenerry et al., 1989). Education tends to show a modest relation (\u003cem\u003er \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .30) with Stroop interference scores (Anstey et al., 2000; Ivnik et al., 1996), although Moering and colleagues found a somewhat larger effect of educa- tion on Stroop interference (accounting for 9 to 26% of the variance) in a sample of African Americans.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eThere are currently several standardized Stroop tests commercially avail- able for clinicians, including Golden's Stroop test (1978), the Stroop Neurop- sychological Screening Test (Trenerry et al., 1989), and the Color-Word Interference Test from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (Delis et al., 2001). Each of these versions of the Stroop test contain some type of control task and an interference task, but they differ in the inclusion of addi- tional control and\/or practice tasks, in the number of items on each task, and in the type and extent of the normative data available. Only one of these stan- dardized Stroop tests provides normative data for errors scores (Delis et al., 2001). Not all versions correct for generalized slowing on the interference trial (Trenerry et al., 1989) or provide detailed age-corrected normative data (Trenerry et al., 1989). One method of calculating an interference score (sub- tracting a scaled score for time to complete a baseline task from a scaled score for time to complete an interference task (Delis et al., 2001)) may not be a suffi- cient correction in the case of extreme slowing, because scores cannot drop below a scaled score of 1. (For example, performance 3 standard deviations below the mean on the baseline task and 10 standard deviations below the mean on the interference task would both result in scaled scores of 1. When subtracted, this interference score would be normal, despite the actual difference in perfor- mance on the two tasks.) All three of these standardized Stroop tests use a large number of items (i.e., 60 to 112) on each task. However, there is evidence that shorter test durations may be preferable for identifying individuals who have difficulty with this task. Klein and colleagues (1997) found that on a 100-item version of the Stroop task, older adults showed greater interference than younger adults; importantly, this effect was more pronounced on the first 40 items than on the last 60 items. This pattern was interpreted as reflecting the greater novelty of the task on the initial items, thus requiring more effortful processing. With increased exposure to the stimuli, the task may become more automatic and thus less sensitive to difficulties with response inhibition.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 41pt\"\u003eThe Victoria Stroop Test (VST) (Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998) was devel-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eoped as a brief version of the Stroop task. It differs in several important ways from the other standardized Stroop tasks. First, the VST contains only 24\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eitems on each of three tasks (naming the color of dots, of neutral words, and of color words printed in contrasting colors). Thus, not only does it require less administration time, but it may be ideal for detecting difficulties with response inhibition because the examinee does not get extended practice with the task. Second, the VST includes an additional training task (i.e., naming the colors of neutral words) that helps examinees establish the appropriate response set (i.e., color naming) without exposure to the interfer- ence condition (although it has been argued that presenting a color naming trial decreases the interference effect on the subsequent trial—i.e., the Comalli-Kaplan version in Mitrushina et al. (1999)). Third, scores that are relatively independent of cognitive speed can be calculated, including an error score and an interference score (calculated as a ratio) that corrects for generalized slowing. Similar to the other versions of the Stroop test, the VST materials are easy to obtain. The VST is in the public domain, and users may make their own stimuli (as described in Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss (1998)) or pur- chase them from the University of Victoria. In addition, adequate psycho- metric data, including reliability and validity, have been obtained for the VST (reviewed in Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss (1998)).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eThe purpose of this article is twofold: (a) Because the literature about the effect of age on Stroop measures of response inhibition is contradictory, we examined the association between age and various performance mea- sures on the VST. Of greatest interest were examinations of time and error measures in the baseline condition (i.e., Dot task) and interference condition (i.e., Color Word task) across age. We calculated ratio time scores based on baseline and interference conditions to compare across age. (b) The clinical use of the VST to date has been hampered by a lack of normative data on a large number of healthy controls. In this article, we provide normative data for adults between the ages of 18 and 94.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMETHODS\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eParticipants were 272 healthy, community-dwelling adults living in Victoria, British Columbia or Toronto, Ontario. They were recruited from a university-based, older-adult subject pool, senior centers, and advertise- ments posted in the community and at the university. Participants were inter- viewed to screen for neurological disorders (e.g., loss of consciousness exceeding 1 hour, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis) and psychiatric disor- ders (e.g., depression or anxiety requiring hospitalization) that could affect cognitive functioning; interviews were conducted by graduate students trained by a registered psychologist. Demographic information, including age, level of education, and sex, is provided in Table 1. Erroneously,\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 152pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eDownloaded by [York University Libraries] at 09:29 28 February 2016\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:74px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:77px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:75px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:69px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 199pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e1. Demographic Information, By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26.8 (6.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38.5 (6.5)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e51.3 (5.4)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57.6 (4.5)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64.6 (3.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69.6 (2.9)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e74.5 (3.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e79.1 (2.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e84.3 (3.8)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEducation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\/a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\/a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.2 (3.0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.2 (2.4)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.6 (2.5)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.6 (2.9)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.9 (2.8)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.1 (2.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.5 (3.1)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e% Female\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e73\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e78\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 48px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses. Education information was not recorded for the youngest age groups.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e*Overlapping age groups were used. Total \u003cem\u003en \u003c\/em\u003e= 272.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eeducation was not recorded for the youngest participants. Testing was conducted in English, and all subjects were fully fluent in English.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVictoria Stroop Test\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eThe Victoria Stroop Test is described in detail by Spreen and Strauss (1998). Briefly, the stimuli include three cards, each of which contains six rows of four items. Within each row, one item is presented in each of the following colors: red, blue, yellow, and green. On each of the three tasks, participants are asked to scan the items across rows from left to right and to name the color of each item as quickly and accurately as possible. On the first task, the Dot task, items are colored dots. On the second task, the Neutral Word task, the items are common words (i.e., \u003cem\u003ewhen, hard, and, over\u003c\/em\u003e) printed in color. On the third and final task, the Color Word task, the items are color names (i.e., \u003cem\u003ered, blue, yellow, green\u003c\/em\u003e) printed in colors not corre- sponding to the words themselves.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eStandard administration of the VST (Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998) requires the examiner to interrupt the examinee as soon as an error is made, after which the examinee must correct the error and continue with the next item. Mistakes spontaneously corrected by the individual before being interrupted by the examiner are not counted as errors. The examiner records the amount of time required to complete each task (to the nearest full second) and the number of errors that are not spontaneously corrected.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Analyses\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eTo address the first purpose of this article (i.e., examining interference effects with age), correlations between age and several Stroop variables were performed. Because many of the Stroop variables were skewed, we cal- culated log transformation of the scores then performed correlations with transformed rather than raw Stroop scores. Individually calculated ratio interference time scores (i.e., time to complete the Color Word task \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e time to complete the Dot task) were also calculated, and correlations between age and these ratio interference scores were computed. To address the second purpose of this article (i.e., providing normative data), correlations with demographic variables were performed to determine appropriate sample groups, and normative data were calculated within those groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRESULTS\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Transformations\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eMany of the distributions of Stroop scores were significantly and posi- tively skewed, with skewness values ranging from 1.5 for time to complete the Dot task to 4.5 for number of errors on the Neutral Word task. For the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e26    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eK. T\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER ET AL\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003etime and interference scores, logarithmic transformations were performed using log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003eX; because some error scores were 0, transformations using log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c\/sub\u003e(X + 1) were used for these scores (as recommended by Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, 1983). For most of these transformed scores, skewness values fell within the acceptable range (i.e., less than 1.0). The exceptions were errors on the Dot and Neutral Word task, for which skewness values still exceeded\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e3.0. Errors were very rare on these two tasks, with 93% of participants making no errors on the Dot task, and 90% of participants making no errors on the Neutral Word task. Because of the restricted range and resulting skewed distribution, no further analyses were performed with error scores on these two tasks.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eAll correlations reported subsequently were performed using trans- formed scores. Normative data, on the other hand, are reported using raw, untransformed scores.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCorrelations with Age\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003ePearson correlations between age and transformed Stroop variables were performed with the entire sample and the effect sizes were examined (with \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e's of .10, .30, and .50 defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively) (Cohen \u0026amp; Cohen, 1975). The correlations between age and the time required to complete the Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tasks were positive, medium-to-large in size, and statistically significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = .44, .58, and .62, respectively, all \u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e's \u0026lt; .001. The correlation between age and errors on the Color Word task was positive, small in size, and statistically significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = .17, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= .006.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eThe correlation between age and the ratio interference score was posi- tive, medium in size, and significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = .41, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .001. The interference score was not related to time on the Dot task; the correlation between these scores was \u003cem\u003enegative\u003c\/em\u003e, showed a negligible effect size, and was not significant, \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e(272) = \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.10, \u003cem\u003ep \u003c\/em\u003e= .088.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCorrelation with Other Demographic Factors\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eTo determine the association between transformed Stroop variables and level of education, Pearson correlations were performed and the effect sizes were examined in a manner similar to analyses regarding age. Educa- tion had a small association with Stroop variables. All correlations between education and Stroop variables were negative and small or negligible, with \u003cem\u003er\u003c\/em\u003e's ranging from \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.14 to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e.24.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003eTo determine the relation between transformed Stroop variables and sex, \u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003etests were performed and \u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003ewas calculated as a measure of effect size (with \u003cem\u003ed\u003c\/em\u003e's of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 defined as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively) (Cohen, 1988). Sex had no notable association with any Stroop variable. The group differences between male and female participants were\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003enot statistically significant for any of the Stroop variables. All effect sizes were negligible, with \u003cem\u003ed\u003c\/em\u003e's less than 0.20.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of Age Groups\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eGiven that education and sex did not show sizable associations with Stroop variables, normative data were tabulated according to age alone. An examination of scatter plots depicting the relation between age and the seven Stroop variables suggested a slower rate of change among the younger ages than the older ages. Consequently, to maximize the number of participants in each group, approximately 20-year age ranges were used for normative data up to age 59, and approximately 10-year age ranges were used for normative data for age 60 and older, resulting in five age groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCalculation of Normative Data\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eBecause Stroop variables were skewed, percentile scores derived from the means and standard deviations would not accurately reflect the actual distributions, and we instead derived scaled scores and percentiles based on the obtained score distributions. In other words, the theoretical percentiles associated with scaled scores from 2 to 18 were determined. Then, based on the actual percentiles, raw scores corresponding to each scaled score were determined. These data are presented in Tables 2 to 6. Because error rates were extremely low on the Dot and Neutral Word tasks, normative data are not provided.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDISCUSSION\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eWe obtained evidence for increased interference with age among healthy adults on the Victoria Stroop Test. This interference effect is not accounted for by the generalized slowing known to occur with age, that is: (a) individu- ally calculated interference ratio scores (i.e., Color Word time \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Dot time) were positively correlated with age but not correlated with baseline speed (i.e., Dot time); and (b) error scores in the interference condition increased with age. In general, the lower correlation between age and error scores (in comparison to age and time scores) may reflect the restricted range due to an overall low number of errors.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003eThe nature of the relationship between age and interference on the Stroop task, therefore, appears to involve slowed response rates and increased errors. It is not possible to determine the extent to which speed versus accuracy independently account for age-related changes because, on the VST, the two scores are related. That is, the occurrence of errors increases the time score obtained because participants are required to correct mistakes as they are made. Regardless of whether decreased speed or decreased accuracy is the prime contributor, it is apparent that a significant\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e2. Scaled Score Equivalents for Dot Time Scores (in Seconds), by Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:73px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e3. Scaled Score Equivalents for Neutral Word Time Scores (in Seconds), By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11–12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 21px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:50px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:74px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e4. Scaled Score Equivalents for Color Word Time Scores (in Seconds), by Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 20pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15–17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12–13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14–15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–21\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17–18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19–20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22–23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24–25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–26\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–31\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32–34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20–22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e26–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27–29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23–24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–36\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–52\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e54–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25–28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e37–41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43–47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e53–63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29–30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e34–38\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35–39\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38–42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42–44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e48–55\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64–66\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69–83\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e31–35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e39–48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43–51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43–56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45–57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e56–65\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e67–74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e84–112\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e36–48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49–50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e49–51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e52–57\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e57–58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58–68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e66–69\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–109\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e113–137\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 51\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58–59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e69–70\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 19pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e110–112\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 137\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 59\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 70\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 112\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:48px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:79px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:149px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e5. Scaled Score Equivalents for Interference Scores, By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)    80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9    3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0    1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSS 18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2    \u0026lt; 1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2–1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2–1.3    1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026lt; 1.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.1–1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3–1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5    1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.1–1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3–1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3–1.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5–1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5–1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.8    1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.5–1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9–2.0    1.9–2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.4–1.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7–1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1    2.1–2.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6–1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.9–2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2    2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8–1.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3–2.4    2.4–2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0–2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.3–2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.8    2.8–3.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.2–2.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4–2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.5–2.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.7–3.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.3    3.5–3.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.4–2.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.7–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.8–3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.8–3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.1–3.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.4–3.9    3.7–3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.6–2.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.3–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.3–3.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.3–4.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.6–4.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.0–5.0    4.0–5.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.9–3.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–3.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–4.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.8–4.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.1–5.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.2–5.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1–5.5    5.2–5.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3.6–4.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.0–4.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.0–4.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.1–4.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.2–4.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1–6.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.1–6.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5.6–6.1    5.6–10.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.1–4.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.8–4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4.8–4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.1–6.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.1–6.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6.2–6.5    \u0026gt; 10.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 4.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 6.3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 6.4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 18pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u0026gt; 6.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 34px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses. Interference scores were calculated as the number of seconds required to complete the Color Word task divided by the num- ber of seconds required to complete the Dot task.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:71px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 24px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-top:  solid black 0.5pt; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 1.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eABLE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e6. Means and Cumulative Percentages Associated with Raw Error Scores on Color Word Task, By Age Group\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 23px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAge\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18–39 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30–49 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e40–59 (50)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50–64 (57)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60–69 (65)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e65–74 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70–79 (75)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e75–84 (80)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e80–94 (87)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMean\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSD\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0.9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1.8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2.0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 32px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003eErrors 0\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e100\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e43\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e64\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e79\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e45\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e16\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 21pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 25px\"\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\" style=\"border-left:  solid black 0.5pt; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 0.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e. Midpoint ages are shown in parentheses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003einterference effect is present. This interference may reflect difficulties in a number of areas: (a) a decreased ability to disengage from the dominant reading response, (b) an increased tendency to respond impulsively, and\/or\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e(c) a failure to maintain the task goal of ignoring the word dimension (Kane \u0026amp; Engle, 2003).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eOur findings with the VST of increased interference with age are consistent with several other reports using interference time scores that are corrected for general slowing (Delis et al., 2001; Ivnik et al., 1996; Klein et al., 1997; Whelihan \u0026amp; Lesher, 1985; West, 1999). It has been argued, however, that generalized age-related cognitive slowing can still account for these effects on time scores, as cognitive slowing can be exacerbated on more complex tasks (Uttl \u0026amp; Graf, 1997). An absence of an age-related increase in interference has been reported when using path analysis or meta- analysis as opposed to examining individual interference scores based on measures of speed (Uttl \u0026amp; Graf, 1997; Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, 1998). In contrast to time scores, error scores should provide a performance mea- sure unaffected by generalized cognitive slowing. Our findings of increased errors with age on the VST is consistent with findings from other versions of the Stroop (Delis et al., 2001; West, 1999; Whelihan \u0026amp; Lesher, 1985), and the specific error rates are very similar to those published by Delis and colleagues (i.e., most younger participants made one or no errors and most older participants made two to three errors on the Inhibition condition). This relationship between age and increased errors suggests that age-related decrements on the Stroop task are related to cognitive processes (e.g., response disinhibition) other than general cognitive slowing.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 10pt\"\u003eThere are numerous versions of the Stroop task, and, as previously reviewed, these differ in many respects. Which version is most sensitive to aging and to various neurological conditions is not known at present. The VST, however, has several important strengths: (a) It demonstrates good psychometric properties, including excellent test-retest reliability (coeffi- cients of .90, .83, and .91 for time to complete the Dot, Neutral Word, and Color Word tasks, respectively) and sensitivity to frontal lobe versus non- frontal damage (reviewed in Spreen \u0026amp; Strauss, 1998). (b) The VST is a brief test to administer, making it an efficient task to add to neuropsychological test batteries. Most of our participants completed the control task within 15 seconds and the interfering task within 45 seconds. (c) Shorter test durations may be preferable for identifying individuals who have difficulty on the Stroop task, as greater interference effects are generally found toward the beginning of lengthy trials (when the task is most novel) than toward the end (Klein et al., 1997). Although a shorter duration may also decrease the reliability of a cognitive task, the reliability of the VST has been shown to be adequate, as discussed previously. (d) We provide normative data for a large number of healthy adults across a wide age span, and these data are provided\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_1018_ACADEMIA38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e34    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eNGELA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eK. T\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eROYER ET AL\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003efor narrow age bands. (e) Interference can be examined without the contami- nating effects of generalized slowing, by calculating ratio interference scores and by examining error scores. Given these strengths, the VST may be par- ticularly useful in many clinical and research applications.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eREFERENCES\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAnstey, K. J., Matters, B., Brown, A. K., \u0026amp; Lord, S. R. (2000). Normative data on neuropsy- chological tests for very old adults living in retirement villages and hostels. \u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c\/em\u003e, 309–317.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 28pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eArbuckle, T. Y., \u0026amp; Pushkar Gold, D. (1993). 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A., Molet, J., \u0026amp; Grafman, J. (1995). The role of prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychologia\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c\/em\u003e, 341–352.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 11pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVerhaeghen, P., \u0026amp; De Meersman, L. (1998). Aging and the Stroop effect: A meta-analysis.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e, 120–126.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWest, R. (1999). Age differences in lapses of intention in the Stroop task. \u003cem\u003eJournals of Geron- tology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e54B\u003c\/em\u003e, P34–P43.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 23pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWhelihan, W. M., \u0026amp; Lesher, E. L. (1985). Neuropsychological changes in frontal functions with aging. \u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c\/em\u003e, 371–380.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:39-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"academia","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559894397096"},{"id":559894298792,"title":"NormOldestOld","created_at":"2022-11-08T01:14:31-08:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts normoldestold\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 524pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO2.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:15pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#60605b\"\u003eA Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 112pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eISSN: 1382-5585 (Print) 1744-4128 (Online) Journal homepage: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/nanc20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKatarina Fällman, Lina Lundgren, Ewa Wressle, Jan Marcusson \u0026amp; Elisabet Classon\n\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003eKatarina Fällman, Lina Lundgren, Ewa Wressle, Jan Marcusson \u0026amp; Elisabet Classon (2020) Normative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations, Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 27:4, 567-580, DOI: \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 81pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTo link to this article: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003e© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 34pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003ePublished online: 06 Aug 2019.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 84pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline\"\u003e     \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eGroup.    \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003e     \u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 90pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/authorSubmission?journalCode=nanc20\u0026amp;show=instructions\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eSubmit your article to this journal    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eArticle views: 3177\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 115pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/mlt\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView related articles    \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eView Crossmark data \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/citedby\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\"\u003eCiting articles: 5 View citing articles \u003c\/a\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 138pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size:9pt\"\u003eFull Terms \u0026amp; Conditions of access and use can be found at \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?journalCode=nanc20\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eAGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, AND COGNITION 2020, VOL. 27, NO. 4, 567\u003c\/span\u003e–\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e580\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13825585.2019.1648747\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 243pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:14pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eNormative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003eKatarina Fällman \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, Lina Lundgren\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, Ewa Wressle\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, Jan Marcusson\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eand Elisabet Classon\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:5pt\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDepartment of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, and Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eARTICLE HISTORY\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eReceived 29 April 2019\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAccepted 19 July 2019\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 289pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeuropsychological tests; aged; 80 and over; executive function; attention; normative\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Introduction\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe process of normal aging is associated with changes in cognitive function, but high age is also the main risk factor for cognitive decline due to disease (Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark85\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Neuropsychological tests are used to investigate whether a decline in a cognitive function is due to normal aging or a pathological process such as dementia, and the investigation relies on access to reliable normative data. Even though many of the tests used in clinical practice are\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:7pt\"\u003e© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \u0026amp; Francis Group.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:7pt\"\u003eThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/)\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003ehttp:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\u003c\/span\u003e), \u003c\/a\u003ewhich permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eknown to be a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eected by normal aging, and the very old population is the fastest growing age group in Sweden and in the world (Kinsella \u0026amp; Wan, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark64\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), normative data for the oldest old (85 years of age and above) are sparse. Those data that are available are often from studies with few very old persons or from populations with large age spans, including younger elderly. To be able to give the correct diagnosis and avoid misjudgments, valid normative data for all ages are needed. This study focuses on four widely used tests where the norms for the oldest population are of varying quality and seldom include nonagenarians.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe neuropsychological tests in this study evaluate attention and executive function. Attention is the process whereby a person becomes receptive to stimuli and begins to process the information, while executive functions are the capacities that together allow for independent and purposive actions (Harada, Natelson Love, \u0026amp; Triebel, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark60\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Executive functions are crucial for us to manage our daily life, to be able to plan ahead, to work e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003effi\u003c\/span\u003eciently and to execute a task even in environments with disturbing moments. It is the cognitive domain perhaps most closely associated with everyday function (Royall, Palmer, Chiodo, \u0026amp; Polk, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark78\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and, together with attention, often a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eected in neurocognitive as well as non-neurocognitive diseases. Di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003effi\u003c\/span\u003eculties with attention or executive function may for instance simulate memory problems due to decreased ability to stay focused on the task in individuals su\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eering from depression, one of the treatable di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerential diagnoses of dementia (Wright \u0026amp; Persad, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark94\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Both capacities are also known to be a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eected by age (Harada et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark60\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and a fair evaluation is dependent on reliable tools.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFor a test to be reliable and valid in clinical practice without the help of a trained neuropsychologist, it should be easy to administrate and not too time consuming, and the e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects of demographic factors such as gender, age and education should be known. The Trail Making Test A (TMT-A) (Reitan, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1955\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) measures attention and speed, and requires visual scanning, graphomotor speed and visuomotor processing speed as main cognitive functions. Gender is considered to have no or very little impact on the results, in contrast to education and age where high age and low education a\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect the results in a negative way (Llinas-Regla et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark67\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Wei et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark92\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (Smith, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) evaluates complex attention, visual scanning and tracking, motor speed and memory (Strauss, Sherman, \u0026amp; Spreen, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and has been found to predict functional decline in aging (Classon, Fallman, Wressle, \u0026amp; Marcusson, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark54\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). SDMT is a fairly robust test, and even though some studies have found di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between men and women (Jorm, Anstey, Christensen, \u0026amp; Rodgers, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark61\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kiely, Butterworth, Watson, \u0026amp; Wooden, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark63\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), it has often been considered as not clinically relevant and di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerent norms are not needed due to gender (Arango-Lasprilla et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark49\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Peña-Casanova et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Many studies have however shown decreased test results with aging and higher points in well-educated subjects (Peña-Casanova et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Richardson \u0026amp; Marottoli, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Victoria Stroop Test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is an executive test of selective attention and cognitive \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eexibility. The results from normative studies concerning impact of demographic variables such as gender and education are not consistent, but age is considered to have a negative impact on the results (Bayard, Erkes, \u0026amp; Moroni, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer, Leach, \u0026amp; Strauss, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO) (Nordlund et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is an oral test of executive function and cognitive \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eexibility that does not require visual\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003escanning or psychomotor speed (Gothlin, Eckerstrom, Rolstad, Wallin, \u0026amp; Nordlund, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark58\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). To our knowledge, there are no published normative studies for PaSMO.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn the present study, community-dwelling elderly men and women were repeatedly tested at ages 85, 90 and 93 within the Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA 85). The aim of the study is to present normative values for the very old population for the four mentioned well-established tests and to investigate whether there are any age e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects in the test results for the subgroup that participated throughout the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Material_and_method\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMaterial and method\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Participants_and_procedure\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants and procedure\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eParticipants in this study were originally recruited for the longitudinal population study Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment (ELSA 85). ELSA 85 initially invited all 85-year- olds (born in 1922) living in the municipality of Linköping in 2007 (n = 650 persons) to participate in the study. The study design is described in detail in Nagga, Dong, Marcusson, Skoglund, and Wressle (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark68\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and in Johansson, Marcusson, and Wressle (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark62\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). 338 persons agreed to come to the Geriatric Clinic at Linköping University Hospital for an evaluation of cognitive function with neuropsychological assessments (described below) and for somatic check-up by a physician. Of the evaluated persons, 336 completed the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein, Folstein, \u0026amp; McHugh, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark57\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1975\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and were included in this study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFollow-ups were carried out with home visits when the participants were 90 and 93 years old. Only participants who had undergone all the previous stages of the study and completed the MMSE at each stage were included, n = 107 at 90 years of age and n = 51 at 93 years of age (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe assessments were administered by an occupational therapist, a nurse or a physician from the Geriatric Department at Linköping University Hospital and all the evaluated tests were part of a screening test battery, the Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) (Nordlund, Pahlsson, Holmberg, Lind, \u0026amp; Wallin, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). During all phases of the study, the participants could cancel their participation or decline to participate in one or more assessments and then continue with another test. Thus, not all participants have carried out all the tests. They also had the possibility to end the examination and continue at another time.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eInformation about the participants' health was obtained from the somatic check-ups, the subjects themselves and their medical records.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Exclusion_criteria\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe focus of this study was to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003end normative values for the cognitively healthy popula- tion aged 85 and above. Therefore, persons with known diseases that can cause cognitive decline were excluded from the analysis. Exclusion criteria were as follows: severe head injury, traumatic cerebral bleeding, stroke, transient ischemic attack during the last six months, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonian disorders, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, dementia, objective mild cognitive impairment, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with hypoxia (saturation\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO29.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eFigure 1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eFlowchart of the participants in the Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment. Excl. = number of persons who were excluded from the study for other reasons, e.g. moving to another city during the study period. Survey = number of participants who answered a postal survey including demographic information. Clinic = number of participants evaluated at the Geriatric Clinic, Linköping University Hospital. Home = number of participants evaluated during the follow-up home visits. MMSE = number of participants who  underwent the Mini Mental State Examination.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eCognitively intact = number of participants ful\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003elling inclusion criteria.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eless than 92% in air), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, generalized cancer, psychotic disorders, ongoing depression and drug abuse (Lezak, Howieson, Bigler, \u0026amp; Tranel, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark66\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). When detailed somatic information was not available, the participant was excluded.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo further minimize the risk of including persons with cognitive decline, due to somatic health problems not registered in their medical journal, persons who scored fewer than 24 points in the MMSE were excluded (Creavin et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark55\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A recent study from Kvitting, Fallman, Wressle, and Marcusson (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark65\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2019\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) suggests a cut-o\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003eof 26 points for persons aged 85 and above. However, changing the cut-o\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003edid not give any clinically relevant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in results (results not shown).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Cognitive_tests\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eCognitive tests\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe participants' cognitive functions were evaluated with the Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) (Nordlund et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark70\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and all the investigations were carried out in accordance with its\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003emanual. The CAB consists of multiple assessments, some of them in established short versions. It was developed to investigate the cognitive domains of speed and attention, learning and episodic memory, visuospatial abilities, language, and executive functions. The tests evaluated in this study were executed in the following order: SDMT, VST, TMT-A and PaSMO.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Trail Making Test (TMT) (Reitan, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark74\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1955\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is one of the most widely used neuropsy- chological tests and consists of two subtests, TMT-A and TMT-B. In the CAB only TMT-A, the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst subtest, is included. The participant is given the task of drawing a line between the numbers 1–25, scattered across a sheet, in the correct ascending order as quickly as possible. The score is the time in seconds to complete the task, with higher scores representing worse attentional capacity. No practice e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects have been seen with long intervals (12 months) (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (Smith, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark82\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a short, easily administered cognitive test which exists in both written and oral forms, of which the written form is used in the CAB. The participant is presented with a coding key of nine geometrical symbols, each representing a digit. After an initial 10 trial practice period, the subject is asked to recode as many symbols into digits as possible in 90 seconds using the key. The score is one point per correct digit, and the maximum result is 110 points. No signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant practice e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects have been noted over a two-year interval (Uchiyama et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark88\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Victoria Stroop Test (VST) (Regard, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark73\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a shorter version of the Stroop test (Stroop, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark84\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). It consist of three subtests, each presenting a stimulus card with six rows of four items. The \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst test (VST1) shows 24 dots in the colors green, blue, red and yellow in a pseudorandom order. The second test (VST2) shows 24 common words, written in the four di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerent colors. The third test (VST3) shows 24 color words (green, yellow, blue and red) written in one of the four colors, but so that the print color never corresponds to the color name (e.g. \"blue\" is written in green ink). For every subtest, the participant is asked to name the color of the dot, word or color word as quickly as possible and the examiner corrects any unnoticed errors. The score is the time in seconds, with higher scores indicating worse performance. There were no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant retest e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects when middle-aged to older persons carried out a similar Stroop test with three-year intervals (Adolfsdottir, Wollschlaeger, Wehling, \u0026amp; Lundervold, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO) (Nordlund et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark71\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) is a verbal test that is similar to the oral version of the TMT-B (Ricker, Axelrod, \u0026amp; Houtler, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark76\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and the Alphanumeric Sequencing Test (Grigsby \u0026amp; Kaye, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark59\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), but includes all the letters in the alphabet with a reverse order between number and letter. It was originally developed at the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The participant is \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst given the training task of reciting the alphabet as quickly as possible (the Swedish version with 28 letters). Then the participant is asked to recite the alphabet together with the number that corresponds to the letter (e.g. A-1, B-2). The score for the test is the time in seconds, and if the participant makes a mistake the examiner helps by saying the last correct letter and number pair. Retest e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects and practice e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects on PaSMO or similar oral executive tests such as Oral TMT-B have not yet been established (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Ethical_approval\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eEthical approval\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe ELSA 85 study, including permission to obtain data from all registers held by Östergötland County Council, has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eLinköping University, Sweden (2006: 141–06, 2012: 332–31; 2014: 455–31) and complies with the ethical rules for human experimentation stated by the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark93\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Written informed consent was collected from all participants at each step of the study.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Statistical_analysis\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eStatistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 24. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each age group and for each age divided by educational level: less than or equal to 9 years of schooling, or 10 years and above (initial analyses including three educational levels, 4–9 years, 10–12 years and 13 years and above, showed no di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence between the two levels with higher years of schooling). Any di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between men and women and level of education were analyzed with independent sample t-tests. Age e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects were analyzed with repeated measures for those individuals who had participated in all three test occasions (referred to below as Completers) and post hoc analyses between the age groups were carried out with the Bonferroni method. Sphericity was calculated using Mauchly's test, assessing the hypothesis that the variance of the di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between conditions are equal, and when sphericity could not be assumed the signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecance was determined by correction of Greenhouse-Geisser (Field, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark56\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The level of signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecance was set at 0.05.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eMean values and standard deviations for the whole ELSA 85 population, as well as demographic information about the participants excluded from this study, are presented in the supplementary material. Analyses or test results regarding the whole ELSA 85 population and the excluded participants will not be discussed further in this article.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Results\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eResults\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAll the participants in this study, with known educational level, had at least four years of schooling. Descriptive information about the participants is shown in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark37\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhen comparing the 172 persons who dropped out or were excluded at either of the follow-ups for the 35 participants that were included at 93 years of age, it was noted that there were lower proportions of men (42% vs 60%) and participants living with family member (43% vs 63%) at baseline. The proportions with a high educational level\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 30pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eDescriptive information about the participants.\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 30pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:76px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:141px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:29px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:51px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:29px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:56px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e85-year-olds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e90-year-olds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93-year-olds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount (%)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount (%)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCount (%)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 14px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eGender\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e114 (55)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e36 (53)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e14 (40)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e93 (45)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32 (47)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e21 (60)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLiving situation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLiving alone\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e111 (54)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e38 (56)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25 (71)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLiving with family member\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e96 (46)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30 (44)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eResidence\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOrdinary accommodation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e203 (98)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e62 (91)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30 (86)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSheltered housing\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4 (2)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5 (7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4 (11)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eResidential home\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0 (0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1 (2)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1 (3)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eEducation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≤ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e144 (70)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e48 (71)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e24 (69)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e(years)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≥ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e60 (29)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e19 (28)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11(31)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMissing data\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3 (1)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1 (1)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e0 (0)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003eTotal\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e207\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e68\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e35\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(28% vs 31%) and ordinary accommodation (98% vs 100%) were however almost the same in the two groups.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThere was no di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence between men and women for any test at any age group in this study except for the VST1 at age 85, where women had a lower mean (i.e. were faster) than men (M\u003csub\u003ewomen\u003c\/sub\u003e = 18, SD = 5.7, M\u003csub\u003emen\u003c\/sub\u003e = 21, SD = 6.1, t(203) = \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e−\u003c\/span\u003e2,68, p = .008).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 17pt\"\u003eThe normative data for TMT-A, SDMT, VST and PaSMO are presented in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark41\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. The\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003enorms are divided into 85-, 90- and 93-year-olds, as a total and in two educational levels. As can be seen, there was a signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence due to educational level for all tests, except VST1, in the 85-year-olds. However, only performance on SDMT di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eered due to educational level at age 90, and at age 93 educational level had no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant impact on test results. It is worth noting that the drop-out frequency for PaSMO was higher than for the other three tests – 16% at 85 years, 32% at 90 years and 28% at 93 years – and that the drop-outs were mostly men or participants with low educational level.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs can be seen in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark42\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, TMT-A, SDMT, VST1 and PaSMO were all sensitive to aging with successively lower performance. However, there was no di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence due to age for VST2 and VST3. The actual change over time as a mean was an increase of 11 seconds (±21) for TMT-A, a decrease of 8 symbols (±6) for SDMT, and increases of 3 seconds (±3) for VST 1, 1 second (±7) for VST 2, 4 seconds (±9) for VST 3 and 19 seconds (±27) for PaSMO. The Completers had an overall somewhat better result than the whole cogni- tively intact population.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Discussion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDiscussion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe present normative values for four easily administered cognitive tests that evaluate attention and executive function, derived from a large population of cognitively intact very old persons (i.e. over 85 years of age). The norms are presented as mean values and standard deviations to facilitate applicability in clinical practice. To the authors' knowl- edge, this is the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erst study to present normative values for very old persons for PaSMO and the study with the highest number of nonagenarians for the other three tests. Even though there are other studies, e.g. Royall, Palmer, Chiodo, and Polk (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), investigating attention and executive function in relation to high age, the present study is one of the largest normative studies measuring attention and executive function in persons 85 years of age and above.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs in various other normative studies, we found no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant gender di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in TMT-A or SDMT (Ashendorf et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Peña-Casanova et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark72\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Sheridan et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark81\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), or in PaSMO. In VST1 only, women were faster than men at the age of 85 years, but the di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerence was only 3 seconds and the clinical relevance was questionable. Tremblay et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) found that women outperformed men in all parts of VST, but their norms are based on younger elderly. Most other studies on VST and similar variants of the Stroop test do not recommend gender-speci\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ec norms (Strauss et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark83\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) that, in line with the present results, are not required for the oldest old.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 18pt\"\u003eWe present our results divided into two educational levels, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≤\u003c\/span\u003e9 and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e≥\u003c\/span\u003e10 years. For the\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eoctogenarians the results show an impact of educational level on performance, which is in accordance with previous studies (Ashendorf et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Kiely et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark63\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Tremblay et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Surprisingly, there were no signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between high and low levels of education in the nonagenarians, except for SDMT at 90 years of age. This\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 614pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eTable 2. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eNormative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Victoria Stroop Test (VST) and Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO)\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 99pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eTMT-A    SDMT    VST 1    VST 2    VST 3    PaSMO\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:29px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:59px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:25px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:31px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:31px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:19px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:25px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:27px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:25px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:15px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:23px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:30px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:26px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:37px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e*\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c\/em\u003e**\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #508342 0.75pt; 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font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e28\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e.049\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; 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font-size:8pt\"\u003e34\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e33\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e29\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e32\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e25\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e115\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e50\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 12px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e4-9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e71\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; 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font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e30\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e22\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e18\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e15\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e108\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e41\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e≥10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e58\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e12\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e23\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e8\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e27\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e9\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e42\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e13\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e125\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003e61\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #508342 0.75pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 2pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:8pt\"\u003en.s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e*= seconds\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e**=numbers correct Edu= years of education\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e***= all participants, including three 85-year-olds and one 90-year-old with unknown educational level\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 12pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO35.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003eFigure 2. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eAge e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eects calculated with repeated measures for the Completers (participants with test results for all three occasions). Error bars with 95% con\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003edence interval. Lines above the bars indicate signi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003ecance, p-value \u0026lt; .05. Number of Completers; Trail Making Test A n = 29, Symbol Digit Modalities Test n = 28, Victoria Stroop Test 1 n = 30, Victoria Stroop Test 2 n = 29, Victoria\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS; font-size:9pt\"\u003eStroop Test 3 n = 29 and Parallel Serial Mental Operations n = 23.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003econtradicts most other studies, which have found educational level to be important for attention and executive function as measured by these tests. The lack of statistically signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences could however be due to the sizes of the age groups in this study, with smaller groups at the very high ages. Mean performances show di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences that are clinically signi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ecant (e.g. more than 5 seconds or 0.5 SD) for all ages in TMT-A, VST3 and PaSMO between the two educational levels. Bezdicek et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark53\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) found that age seemed to have a more pronounced e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect compared to education in old age, but there are few studies with participants over 90 years of age with which to compare our data and more research needs to be done to be able to draw any conclusions about the present \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003endings.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhen scrutinizing the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003eeld for normative test results for the very old and TMT-A, the results are con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eicting. Ashendorf et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark51\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Bezdicek et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark53\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), two fairly large studies (n = 117, 79–98 years of age and n = 104, 85–98 years of age, respectively) with many similarities to our study in the choice of participants, have two diverse normative results where our study results end up in between, together with Zalonis et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark95\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOur results for the SDMT are in consensus with the results from a normative study from Australia, Kiely et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark63\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2014\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), and with Richardson and Marottoli (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark75\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), a smaller study often\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ereferred to in clinical practice. There are other studies with both higher and lower norm values than those presented here, but they are from small samples or younger participants (Nielsen, Lolk, \u0026amp; Kragh-Sørensen, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark69\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Vogel, Stokholm, \u0026amp; Jørgensen, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark91\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eOnly a few normative studies have been carried out for VST. In contrast to Bayard et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark52\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) and Tremblay et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark86\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), we chose not to focus on the interference score, but to calculate the time score to facilitate use in clinical practice. Our results are consistent with the results of Troyer et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) concerning VST3, but our participants have a higher score (i.e. take longer) for the VST1 (4–5 seconds longer mean) and VST2 (7–12 seconds longer mean), and our results are more diverse. The participants in Troyer et al. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) are however younger and have a higher educational level than the participants in this study. To our knowledge, there are no published normative studies concerning PaSMO. The norms presented in the CAB manual are only applicable up to the age of 79, and our data suggest a higher and more diverse range for normative values for persons aged 85 years and above. With this in mind, and combined with the fact that there were many participants – especially those with low educational level and men – who did not complete this test, it may be questioned whether this is a clinically useful test for the very old population. Oral versions of alphanumerical tests such as the oral TMT-B and PaSMO are thus likely to be too challenging for the oldest old and not suitable alter- natives to pen-and-pencil formats in elderly people with disabilities, disproportionately penalizing low-educated men. It is however important to note that PaSMO is the last test in the CAB, which may be a contributing factor to the drop-out frequency. More normative research and validation for PaSMO and similar oral tasks need to be done\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eto investigate the clinical use of these executive tests.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhen analyzing the results from the Completers, there were declines in results due to age in all the tests except for those that involve inhibition (VST2 and VST3). These results are in general accordance with previous studies showing age-related declines in cogni- tive speed, attention and executive functioning (Royall et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark77\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Salthouse, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark79\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark80\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The lack of aging e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eects in inhibition con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eicts with some (Adolfsdottir et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark50\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Troyer et al., \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark87\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, \u0026amp; Jolles, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark89\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) but not all (Verhaeghen \u0026amp; De Meersman, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark90\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) previous research. It has been suggested that inhibition per se is actually well preserved during aging and worsening Stroop perfor- mance, when seen, is more a re\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eection of cognitive slowing.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003eThere are some limitations in the study design that needs to be highlighted. The de\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003enition of \"cognitively intact\" is an estimation done after the data were collected. This can lead both to the risk of including persons with preclinical cognitive disease, but also to excluding cognitively healthy participants with e.g. somatic disease, leading to a biased test result. The careful exclusion of participants with conditions known to impact on cognition helps to ensure that the norms presented re\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eect healthy aging, but as we did not have the information about e.g. biomarkers such as beta amyloid and tau proteins the de\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003enition is an estimation. Normative studies in the oldest old are scarce and for natural reasons the decrease in number of participants in the highest age groups contribute to possible population di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences between ages, like survival of the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ettest. This could be an explanation to the somewhat unexpected result of similar mean test results for the evaluated tests throughout the eight years of the study, where the healthier and more cognitively intact participants are more likely to continue to participate in the study, resulting in a more homogenous group throughout the years of the study. Therefore, the age e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect was studied\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ein the subgroup that participated in all time points, reducing the possibility of di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in population between time points. The normative data for the nonagenarians in this study are based on small sample sizes. This is not ideal for normative data because of the risk of sampling errors and more normative research with larger samples needs to be done for the oldest old population to con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003erm our results. However, for a certain very old patient, the normative data based on a small demographically \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003et sample may by more representative than data based on a large age heterogeneous sample and therefore the norms presented in this study are nonetheless useful in clinical practice. Where comparisons can be made, the present normative results are in accordance with those of previous studies.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Conclusion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eConclusion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe normative values presented in this study are valid and representative for very old persons in Sweden and other countries with similar social contexts and educational systems. The norms are useful in the clinical evaluation of attention and executive function, such as in the investigation of neurodegenerative disease, and the decline in test results due to age highlights the need for updated normative values for this age group.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Acknowledgments\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe would like to thank the participants for devoting their time and energy to this project. We would also like to thank our colleagues who have taken part in the data collection with enthu- siasm and endurance.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Disclosure_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNo potential con\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003eict of interest was reported by the authors.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eThis study was performed by the authors while employed by Linköping University and\/or Östergötland County Council. Support sta\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff \u003c\/span\u003e(nurse, occupational therapist) were funded by a research grant from Linköping University (number LIO-696631, LIO 602761 and LIO 537591). The funders had no input into or in\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003euence on the study;Linköpings Universitet [LIO- 696631, LIO- 602761, LIO- 537591].\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Contributors\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eContributors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKF: drafting the manuscript, analysis and interpretation of the data, acquisition of data and statistical analysis. LL: analysis and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript. EW: recruitment of the study cohort, study concept and design, supervision of data collection and interpretation of data, and obtaining funding. JM: recruitment of the study cohort, study concept and design, supervision of data collection and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript and obtaining funding. EC: drafting\/revising the manuscript, study concept and design, analysis and interpreta- tion of the data, study supervision and obtaining funding. All authors have provided critical comments on the manuscript and approved the \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003enal version.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Data_sharing_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eData sharing statement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eData cannot be made publicly available. Authorized researchers who have ethics approval and an institutionally approved study plan can apply for data sharing through the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University. For more details, please contact the corresponding author.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Impact_statement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eImpact statement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWe certify that this work is recent novel clinical research. It presents useful clinical data on the use of Trail Making Test A, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations, for persons aged 85 years and above.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"ORCID\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eORCID\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eKatarina Fällman \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110822_0907_NormOldestO36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-8831\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003ehttp:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-8831\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#508342\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eAdolfsdottir, S., Wollschlaeger, D., Wehling, E., \u0026amp; Lundervold, A. 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(\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychological Assessment \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5 ed.).\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNew York: Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eLlinas-Regla, J., Vilalta-Franch, J., Lopez-Pousa, S., Calvo-Perxas, L., Torrents Rodas, D., \u0026amp; Garre- Olmo, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2017\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Trail Making Test. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 183–196.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNagga, K., Dong, H. J., Marcusson, J., Skoglund, S. O., \u0026amp; Wressle, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2012\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Health-related factors associated with hospitalization for old people: Comparisons of elderly aged 85 in a population cohort study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Gerontology and Geriatrics\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e54\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 391–397.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNielsen, H., Lolk, A., \u0026amp; Kragh-Sørensen, P. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1995\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative data for eight neuropsychological tests, gathered from a random sample of Danes aged 64 to 83 years. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNordisk Psykologi\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e47\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 241–255.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eNordlund, A., Pahlsson, L., Holmberg, C., Lind, K., \u0026amp; Wallin, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2011\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB): A rapid test of cognitive domains. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInternational Psychogeriatrics\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e23\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(7), 1144–1151. Nordlund, A., Rolstad, S., Hellström, P., Sjögren, M., Hansen, S., \u0026amp; Wallin, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Goteborg MCI study: Mild cognitive impairment is a heterogeneous condition. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Neurology,\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurosurgery \u0026amp; Psychiatry\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e76\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(11), 1485–1490.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003ePeña-Casanova, J., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Molinuevo, J. L., . . . Blesa, R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2009\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Span, Visuospatial Span, Letter and Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e24\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 321–341.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRegard, M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1981\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive Rigidity and Flexibility: A Neuropsychological Study\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. University of Victoria. unpublished doctoral dissertation.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eReitan, R. M. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1955\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Consulting Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e19\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5), 393–394.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRichardson, E. D., \u0026amp; Marottoli, R. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Education-Speci\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003ec normative data on common neuropsy-chological indices for individuals older than 75 Years. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Clinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e10\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 375–381.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRicker, J. H., Axelrod, B. N., \u0026amp; Houtler, B. D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Clinical Validation of the Oral Trail Making Test.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive and Behavioral Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e9\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 50–53.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRoyall, D. R., Palmer, R., Chiodo, L. K., \u0026amp; Polk, M. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark38\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2004\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Declining executive control in normal aging predicts change in functional status: The Freedom House Study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of American Geriatrics Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e52\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 346–352.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eRoyall, D. R., Palmer, R., Chiodo, L. K., \u0026amp; Polk, M. J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2005\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normal rates of cognitive change in successful aging: The freedom house study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e11\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(7), 899–909.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSalthouse, T. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1996\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The processing-speed theory of adult age di\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eerences in cognition.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychological Review\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e103\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 403–428.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSalthouse, T. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark46\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Little relation of adult age with cognition after controlling general in\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003euences. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDevelopmental Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e52\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(10), 1545–1554.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSheridan, L. K., Fitzgerald, H. E., Adams, K. M., Nigg, J. T., Martel, M. M., Puttler, L. I., . . . Zucker, R. A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark39\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Normative Symbol Digit Modalities Test performance in a community-based sample. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e21\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 23–28.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSmith, A. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1991\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSymbol Digit Modalities Test\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., \u0026amp; Spreen, O. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA compendium of neuropsychological tests:\n\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAdministration, norms, and commentary\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eStroop, J. R. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1935\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Studies of interference in serial verbal reaction. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Experimental Psychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e18\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, 643–662.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eSwedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDementia- Etiology and Epidemiology, a systematic review\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. Stockholm: SBU.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTremblay, M.-P., Potvin, O., Belleville, S., Bier, N., Gagnon, L., Blanchet, S., . . . Hudon, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2016\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Victoria Stroop Test: Normative Data in Quebec-French Adults and Elderly. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eArchives of Clinical Neuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e31\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(8), 926–933.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eTroyer, A. K., Leach, L., \u0026amp; Strauss, E. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Aging and Response Inhibition: Normative Data for the Victoria Stroop Test. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 20–35.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eUchiyama, C. L., D'Elia, L. F., Dellinger, A. M., Seines, O. A., Becker, J. T., Wesch, J. E., . . . Miller, E. N. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1994\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Longitudinal comparison of alternate versions of the symbol digit modalities test: Issues of form comparability and moderating demographic variables. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e8\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(2), 209–218.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVan der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., \u0026amp; Jolles, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark47\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2006\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The Stroop color-word test: In\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efl\u003c\/span\u003euence of age, sex, and education; and normative data for a large sample across the adult age range. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessment\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 62–79.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVerhaeghen, P., \u0026amp; De Meersman, L. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark48\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1998\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Aging and the Stroop e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003eff\u003c\/span\u003eect: A meta-analysis.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychology and Aging\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e13\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 120–126.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eVogel, A., Stokholm, J., \u0026amp; Jørgensen, K. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark45\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2013\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Performances on Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Color Trails Test, and modi\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003eed Stroop test in a healthy, elderly Danish sample. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e20\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(3), 370–382.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWei, M., Shi, J., Li, T., Ni, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., . . . Tian, J. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2018\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Diagnostic Accuracy of the Chinese Version of the Trail-Making Test for Screening Cognitive Impairment. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of American Geriatrics Society\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e66\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1), 92–99.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWorld Medical Association declaration of Helsinki. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark35\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e1997\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJAMA\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e277\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(11), 925–926.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eWright, S. L., \u0026amp; Persad, C. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2007\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Distinguishing between depression and dementia in older persons: Neuropsychological and neuropathological correlates. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e20\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(4), 189–198.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 16pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003eZalonis, I., Kararizou, E., Triantafyllou, N. I., Kapaki, E., Papageorgiou, S., Sgouropoulos, P., \u0026amp; Vassilopoulos, D. (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark44\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#00007f\"\u003e2008\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). A normative study of the trail making test A and B in Greek adults. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Neuropsychologist\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e22\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(5), 842–850.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:39-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"normoldestold","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559894298792"},{"id":559873294504,"title":"Shabir et al","created_at":"2022-11-02T02:23:46-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eShabbir \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eet al. Lipids in Health and Disease \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(2017) 16:99\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eDOI 10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:24pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePunicic acid: A striking health substance to combat metabolic syndromes in humans\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMuhmmad Asim Shabbir, Moazzam Rafiq Khan, Muhammad Saeed, Imran Pasha, Anees Ahmed Khalil and Naila Siraj\u003csup\u003e*\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBackground\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFruits and vegetables transformation into valuable pro- ducts produces a huge amount of by-products that are considered to have a lot of bio-active compounds \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[1].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate transformed to various edible products mainly fresh seeds, juice, nectars, jams and jellies. Dur- ing the processing of pomegranate a large quantity of pomegranate waste is produced which has lots of nutri- tional components but mostly this waste is dumped off that creates environmental pollution and is also the wastage of nutritional components. In last few years, a huge excerpt of research work is conducted on the in- dustrial by-products of  pomegranate  and  found  that these by-products have antioxidant, anti glycemic poten- tial and antimicrobial activity. The multifarious reported functional attributes of pomegranate make it  a  unique fruit from other fruits. Due to the higher antioxidant po- tential of pomegranate fruit and its other parts e.g. juice, seed, peel etc., it has been reported that this fruit has ad- vantageous health benefits for human body. This en- couraged the nutritionists  and  scientists  to  find  out more potential and beneficial bioactive ingredients for nutraceutical and food industry applications \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e* Correspondence: \u003ca href=\"mailto:nailaateeq02@gmail.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enailaateeq02@gmail.com\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003eNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate processing produces bagasse as a by- product after juice extraction that can be used as  a valuable ingredients in other edible products but still its application is scarce.  However,  the  research  conducted in past revealed that the pomegranate seed  residues (PSRs) have the potential to use in food products for dif- ferent intentions. PSRs composed of sterols,  polyphe- nols, tocopherols and octadecatrienoic acid (punicic acid). PSRs are the richest source of rare and unique pomegranate seed oil (PSO), an exotic, fruity aroma oil and used in aromatherapy with healing and the antioxi- dant potential for skin and breast cancer as  concluded from different studies. PSO extracted by various extrac- tion methods including organic solvent extraction, supercritical CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e (SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e) extraction and cold press extraction. Cold press extracted PSO has better physio- chemical and nutritious quality as compared to other extraction methods \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[3,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4\u003c\/a\u003e] with no impacts on environ- ment. In SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method, the extraction pressure is the cardinal factor to reduce the PSO pro- duction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e5].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO possessed the elevated level of punicic acid (PA) and tocopherol contents that decreased slightly with increase in temperature and pressure. How- ever, an effective intelligent system was developed to in- vestigate the effect of temperature and pressure during SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e on PSO yield and described that properly deve- loped radial basis function and back-propagation neural\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 129pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), \u003c\/a\u003ewhich permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons \n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePublic Domain Dedication waiver \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\"\u003e(http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/) \u003c\/a\u003eapplies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003enetwork could be useful in predicting the effect of temperature and pressure on PSO yield in SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e ex- traction process \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[6].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO extracted through hexane by soxhlet method has superior quality as compared to sub- critical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extracted oil. Subcritical propane and SC-CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e extraction method showed the efficiency up to 77% and 59% of total PSO as compared to extracted by soxhlet method \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[7].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO extracted through ultrasonic-assisted extraction method with optimized condition for best yield at solid- liquid ratio of 1:12 g\/mL with extraction  temperature 51°C at 70W for 40 minutes and 19% PSO yield with major fatty acids PA (65%), linoleic  acid  (10%)  and oleic acid (9%) [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e8].\u003c\/a\u003e PSO showed the extraction  effi- ciency in various solvents as followed: petroleum ether\u0026gt;n-hexane\u0026gt;ethyl acetate\u0026gt;ether\u0026gt;acetone\u0026gt;isopropa- nol [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e9].\u003c\/a\u003e Some other parameters such as ultrasonic power, time for extraction, solids: solvent ratio, and temperature were optimized with petroleum ether by surface response methodology. PSO extracted through ultrasonic assisted extraction  showed  superior  quality and higher yield as compared to supercritical and soxhlet extraction methods. The effect of different extraction methods on the total phenolic contents ex- tracted from pomegranate seeds of  the  Malas  variety from Iran was studied and reported that different experi- mental conditions with supercritical extraction  method can affect the phenolic contents. The temperature, pres- sure, and volume of modifier inversely proportional to phenolic extraction [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e10\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Punicic_acid_(PA)\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePunicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Metabolism_of_punicic_acid\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eVarious researchers have reported pomegranate as a functional fruit owing to presence of wide range of phy- tochemicals in it \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[11]. \u003c\/a\u003ePurposely, antioxidative properties of juice, peel and seed have been examined for their therapeutic potential, which has prompted the nutritio- nists to further explore their nutraceutical and industrial application \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[2].\u003c\/a\u003e Its underutilized seed and peel portion, normally known as agro-waste obtained during  indus- trial processing of pomegranate juice, are gaining atten- tion of researchers now a days due to presence of array of nutraceutics in them. Abundant presence of po- megranate seed is of keen interest to scientist because of rich composition of oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[12].\u003c\/a\u003e Pomegranate seed oil pos- sesses rich polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, pre- dominantly comprising of punicic acid (~55%) as characterized by Melo \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13].\u003c\/a\u003e This review summarizes PA and its role as a nutraceutical health substance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePA is also recognize as \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanic acid\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003ewith mo- lecular formula C\u003csub\u003e18\u003c\/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c\/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003e while its molar mass is 278.43 g\/mol with melting point of 44-45\u003csup\u003eo\u003c\/sup\u003eC. Punicic acid is an isomer of conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic acid and a \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-5 polyun- saturated fatty acid which have structural resemblance\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ewith conjugated \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-linolenic and linoleic acid, for  in- stance number of double bonds and  atomic  arrange- ment. Due to health benefits associated with these fatty acids, scientists are showing great interest in exploring functional and nutraceutical properties of punicic acid against various metabolic ailments [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e15\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) designated its names as \u003cem\u003e9Z, 11E, 13Z-octadeca-9, 11, 13-trienoic acid \u003c\/em\u003eon the basis of its three double bonds (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11 \u003cem\u003eand cis13\u003c\/em\u003e). Principally, it is an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) having a double bond on its tail side. Other isomers of lenolic acid are catalpic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e13), alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e9, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e11, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e13), calendic acid (\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12) and jacaric acid (\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e8, \u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e10, \u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e12). PA is named after its principle source pomegranate (\u003cem\u003ePunica granatum \u003c\/em\u003eL.). Among all the sources of PA it is most abundantly present in pomegranate seed oil (PSO). The other sources for PA are snake gourd seed oil \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[16\u003c\/a\u003e] and \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim (TK) seeds (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e1) \u003c\/a\u003econtaining 32 to 40% PA out of total seed weight [50: 9: 32]. Whereas, fatty acid profile of PSO contains conjugated linoleic acid up to 74\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e85 % PA [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e17\u003c\/a\u003e] and remaining 14-25% are its isomers [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e18\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA could be chemically synthesized by dehydration and isomerization of secondary oxidation products  of  lino- leic and alpha-linolenic acids [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e19,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e20].\u003c\/a\u003e Primarily, PA is reported to be effective against ailments like obesity, diabetics, inflammation, metabolic syndromes  in  va- rious in vivo experiments (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e2)\u003c\/a\u003e that\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es why pome- granate seed lipid portion (principal by-product) was studied after juice extraction as lipolytic enzymes de- activate during thermal processing \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[21].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMetabolism of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNumerous pharmacokinetics studies have been carried out on animals to assess the metabolism and bioavailability of PA. Results of efficacy trials revealed substantial evidence that PA is readily metabolized to circulating conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11) as depicted in Fig. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e1 \u003c\/a\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e22, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e23]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilarly,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:206px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:52px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:53px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003eTable 1 Sources of punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 17px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSources of punicic acid (PA)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 18px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate (Seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e74\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e10%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-9c,11t,13c)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e70%\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e(seed oil)    [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e53\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSaturated    7.50%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMono-unsaturated    22.91%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDi-unsaturated    32.70%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePunicic acid and isomer (C18: 3-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e9c,11t,13c\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)    35.89%\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:1pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eTable 2 Summary of health effects of punicic acid (PA) on animal and human model\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:209px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:78px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:172px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:147px\"\u003e\n\u003ccol style=\"width:37px\"\u003e\n\u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 29px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eLevel of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eStudy model system\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMechanism of activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOutcomes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  solid #131413 0.25pt; border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAuthors\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eICR CD-1 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCPTI activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased perirenal and epididymal fat\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top:  none\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e5% pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOLEFT rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e9 desaturase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e44\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e1% punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAdipose tissues weight reduction\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e17\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10-100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eM mixture of CLnA isomers (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e- 11,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15, and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-9,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-13,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ecis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-15)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↑ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eHSL and ATGL gene expression\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased triglyceride content\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e75\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e10 and 50 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eg\/mL pomegranate seed (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eƳ\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBP\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003e\u003csub\u003eβ\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eFAS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased adipogenesis and preadipocyte differentiation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eC57Bl\/J6 mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInsulin sensitivity enhanced in peripheral area\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e46\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells and obese mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eactivation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved glucose tolerance, with diabetes improvement\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 55px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eHepG2 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eapoB100 secretion. Inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Microsoft Sans Serif\"\u003e↓ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePlasma triacylglycerides. Upgraded saturated\/ monounsaturated fatty acid ratio\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e47\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eCatalpic acid, jacaric acid, calendic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eMicrosomes from sheep vesicular glands\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibition of cyclooxygenase activity (inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e77\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 30px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSheep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eInhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e78\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate extract (punicic acid)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e3T3-L1 cells\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ePPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eƳ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003ereceptor activator and agonist (inhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression, declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDecreased chronic inflammation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e76\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAlpha-Eleostearic and punicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDiabetic rats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eInhibit NF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eκβ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eexpression. Declined serum IL-6 and TNF-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eAnti-inflammatory activity\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e37\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 43px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid (70% pomegranate seed oil)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eDecreased expression PPAR\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eand C\/EBPs, and fatty acid synthase\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSuppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e56\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 67px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePunicic acid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eOvariectomized (OVX) mice\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDown-regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation markers and RANK-RANKL downstream signaling targets in osteoclast-like cells (RAW264.7)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved bone mineral density and prevented trabecular micro- architecture impairment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e63\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eDietary mono-conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eNeonatal pig\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eSafe for animals\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e72\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 19px\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eRats\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003eImproved insulin secretion\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom:  solid #131413 0.25pt\"\u003e\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\"\u003e[\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e48\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:14pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ede Melo et al\u003cem\u003e. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e[15] elucidated that oral administration of PA to rats for a time period of 24 hours conferred the metabolism of PA to 9c, 11t-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in plasma and other organs of the rats like kidney, liver, brain, heart and adipose tissues. 9c, 11t-CLA plays biologically significant role in maintaining the human body and is considered as an important natural resource of CLA via breakdown of CLnA. In a human trial conducted for 28 days, ingestion of \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003e(TK) seed kernels comprising 3g PA\/day followed by 7 days feeding on sunflower  seed  kernels  eventually  increased  the  level of PA (c9t11c13) in membranes  of  plasma  and  red blood cells \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003e0.47% and 0.37% correspondingly.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSimilarly,  concentration  of  9c,  11t-CLA  elevated  from\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e0.05 to 0.23% and 0.03 to 0.17% in  plasma  and  red blood cell membranes, respectively.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was investigated in different studies that uptake rate of CLnA vary in Caco-2 cells when distribution and conversion of CLnA (punicic, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ\u003c\/span\u003e-eleostearic, and catalpic acid) to CLA is premeditated. Variation in the conversion efficiency is due to the difference in the structure of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond of CLnA. The CLnA distribute between neutral and phospholipids and this distribution depends upon the   number   of   \u003cem\u003etrans \u003c\/em\u003edouble bonds [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e24\u003c\/a\u003e]. Nevertheless, another theory  also exists about the conversion of CLnA to CLA. Accor- dingly, another theory explicates the metabolic con- version of CLnA to CLA is due to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003e13 double bond saturation reactions catalyzed by an enzyme \u003cem\u003ei.e. \u003c\/em\u003enico- tinamide  adenine  dinucleotide  phosphate  (NADP)  that is known as a unique enzyme  for  conjugated  trienoic acid reorganization [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e25].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn another study, an equi-molar mixture of conjugated\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003elinoleic acid (CLnA) (C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec \u003c\/em\u003eand C18:3-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 13\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e, 15\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e) and rumenic acid (RA 18:2-9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et \u003c\/em\u003e) was orally directed to Wister rats as free fatty acids (FFA) and tria- cylglycerol (TAG). Both isomers (RA and CLnA) were bio transformed completely in tissues in a similar fas- hion \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[26\u003c\/a\u003e]. Mice supplemented with 1% PA for six weeks have higher concentration of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eω\u003c\/span\u003e-3 in liver phospholipids than the mice supplemented with 1% alpha-eleostearic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e Another experiment revealed similar results when diet was supplemented with 0.5% PA (PSO) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28].\u003c\/a\u003e When absorption and metabolic pathways of PA and alpha-eleostearic acid (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA) was observed via a lipid absorption assay in rat intestine lymph, it was found that some amount of these isomers was converted to CLA rapidly and some remained intact in the intestines \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[29].\u003c\/a\u003e Comparatively, PA accumulates in higher amounts in tissues as compared to \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and the conversion rate of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-diabetic_properties\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA to 9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c\/em\u003e, 11\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e-CLA is also higher than PA  in liver \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[27].\u003c\/a\u003e The maximum conversion  rate  of  PA  was  76% and 54.5% while highest conversion rate for \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was 91.8% for adipose tissues, 91.4% for spleen, 90.7% for kid- ney and 84.6% for heart [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e27\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Anti-oxidant_potential_of_PA\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAnti-oxidant potential of PA\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsidering the side effects associated with usage of synthetic anti-oxidants and increase in oxidative stress disorders, use of anti-oxidants from natural sources are gaining importance \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[30]. \u003c\/a\u003eNumerous studies revealed that PA is biologically active in hampering the hazards asso- ciated with oxidative mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[14\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e31].\u003c\/a\u003e To evaluate the anti-oxidative potential of PA against lipid peroxida- tion, various concentrations of PA (snake gourd seed oil) were supplemented to rats through diet after blending it with soybean. A momentous decrease was observed in\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ebody weight gain, energy consumption, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC)  and TC\/HDL  ratio  in high fat induced mouse model for five (05) weeks when ad- ministered by pomegranate leaf extract \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[32]. \u003c\/a\u003ePA showed pro-oxidative (1.2%), anti-oxidative (0.6%) activity and significantly decreased the TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) when incorporated as compared to control diet \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[33].\u003c\/a\u003e PA and alpha-tocopherol (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-AT) were tested for its effects against lipid peroxidation in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Significant lowe- ring trend was observed in LDL and erythrocyte lipid peroxidation with highest  reduction was noticed  in liver \u0026amp; membrane peroxidation due to combined effect of 0.25% PA + 0.15% AT \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eActivities of anti-oxidative enzymes in liver homo- genates, brain, plasma and erythrocytes were altered by inducing sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[35, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e36\u003c\/a\u003e]. Owing to supplemen- tation of CLnA isomers, the activity of catalase (CAT), super-oxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione per- oxidase (GPx) were increased  while  decreasing  trend was observed in nitric oxide (NO) synthase. However, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA was found more effective in  decreasing  oxida- tive stress as compared to CLnA. When these isomers were studied   against   streptozotocin-induced   diabetes in albino rats, same results were observed as in above mentioned studies against oxidative stress induced by sodium arsenite \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[37].\u003c\/a\u003e More  distinct  synergistic  effect was observed when both  of  these  isomers  were  ap- plied in combination [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e38\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCLnA isomers improved the renal oxidative stress release and showed attired synergistic  effects  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e4,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e39].\u003c\/a\u003e The supplementation of mixture having both isomers of CLnA helped to improve the fatty acid profile of renal system. A decrease was observed in oxidation with the supplementation of TK seed (3 g PA).  The  increased level of 8-iso-PGF2\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003ewas due to non-enzymatic peroxi- dation of arachidonic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40, \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e41\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAnti-diabetic properties\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eUp till now, experimental studies conducted to test the effect of PA on serum lipid, glucose metabolism and in- sulin resistance have provided controversial results. Non-significant results were recorded for both body and tissue weight when diet containing 1% \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and\/or PA was administered for six weeks [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e42]. \u003c\/a\u003eSimilar results were obtained when the mice were fed for three weeks on diet containing 0.12% and 1.2% PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[43]. \u003c\/a\u003eFeeding rats on 1% PSO and 9% safflower oil diet for the period  of  two weeks gives non-significant results for abdominal white adipose tissue weights [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e44]. \u003c\/a\u003eIn another study, a diet con- stituted with \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA was given to hamsters for 6 weeks and reduction in the liver tissue TG levels was observed but no significant results were found for serum TC \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[45].\u003c\/a\u003e However in some other experimental studies,\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ethe results were  in  contrast  with  the  above  findings \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[34,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e46,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e47\u003c\/a\u003e]. Some scientists found significant effect of PA on the reduction of TC, apoB-100 and liver tissue TG levels.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eRats that were fed on PSO showed higher levels of in- sulin in serum and glutathione peroxidase (GOP) activity with no significant difference in blood glucose level as compared to control group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[48].\u003c\/a\u003e Peony seed oil rich in PA showed reduction in glycosylated total serum choles- terol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level while an increase was observed in weight gain, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum insulin level, liver glycogen level in mice \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[49].\u003c\/a\u003e In another study, PSO was fed to rats for 21 days that in- creased total triacylglycerol (TAG)  and  phospholipid level in serum while no significant increase was observed in TC level \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[50].\u003c\/a\u003e As the level of PSO  increases  in diet, the level of PA also increases in epididymal, serum, liver and peri-renal adipose. When mice were supplemented with dietary genetically  modified rapeseed oil  (GMRO) at 0.25% weight of the whole  diet, it not  only  lowered the body lipid ratio but also enhanced the liver lipid me- tabolism as compared to the same quantity of PA taken directly from pomegranate. PSO was consistent in sub- stantially reducing the liver TG levels but  no  major effects were observed for serum TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C levels \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[13\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWhen PSO was administered to dyslipidemic patients for four weeks, serum concentration of TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003edecreased from 15 to 13.08pg\/ml in the PSO group \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[51].\u003c\/a\u003e Similar scenario transpired when PSO given to high fat induced patients for four (04) weeks. No change  occurred  in serum TC, LDL-C, glucose concentrations and body composition variables \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[52].\u003c\/a\u003e It was found that supple- mentation of PSO for 1 month in hyper-lipidaemic sub- jects had promising effects on lipid profiles including TAG and TAG: HDL-C ratio. In contrast, fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and sensitivity showed no mo- mentous variation due to the \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003c\/em\u003eMaxim. Diet supplementation analyzed by homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[53].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eHowever when PA was given to rats with diet-induced obesity, an improvement was observed in plasma glucose and insulin levels and glucose-normalizing capacity over a glucose tolerance test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[38]. \u003c\/a\u003eAn improvement in insulin sensitivity in CD-1 mice was observed with PSO con- sumption (av. 61 mg\/day), signifying that the threat of emerging diabetes type-II might be lessened \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[54].\u003c\/a\u003e Addi- tionally, it was noticed that PSO consumption improves glucose and insulin sensitivity and fat diet-induced obe- sity in mice. When PA (1% PSO) was supplemented for the period of three months, ingestion of PA resulted in lipid lowering sequenced by reduction in body weight which ultimately reduced total body mass \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17].\u003c\/a\u003e PA also\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eimproved the peripheral insulin sensitivity without effecting  liver  insulin  sensitivity.  So,  supplementation of PA through dietary  sources  is  helpful  with  refer- ence to insulin resistance and fat  induced  obesity  in mice, independent of  changes  in  food  intake  or  ener- gy expenditure.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eXanthigen (a bioactive compound derived from po- megranate) is the precursor of  PA and is well known for its lipid lowering potential in animals and humans al- though its mechanism of action is not yet completely known. Xanthigen potently and dose-dependently sup- pressed accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes compared to its individual components; fucoxanthin and PSO \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[55].\u003c\/a\u003e Various mechanisms are involved in over- whelming the triacylglycerides accretion and adipocyte differentiation by Xanthigen and can be used as poten- tial remedy  for the treatment of diabetic patients. Mix- ture of PA, xanthigen and fucoxanthin  acid  (70%  in PSO) was fed to mice to investigate the inhibitory effect on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. A de- creased gene expression was observed which was regu- lating the distinction process that raises TG buildup in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes treated with punicic acid \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[56].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEffect of punicic acid on molecular events\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe most common  physiological  disorders  all  around the world like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis that are specified by the occurrence of extremely stimulated in- flammatory cells like macrophages, neutrophils, mono- cytes and overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These diseases can be effectively controlled by some natural dietary supple- ments. PA (PSO) is effective against ROS\/MPO-mediated tissue damage and reduces the neutrophil-activation [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e]. PA has persuasive anti-inflammatory effect and can prove as a natural therapeutic agent (as therapeutic substitute) against various inflammatory diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e14\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMolecular evidence with reference to in vivo tryouts showed that the uptake of PA regulates colonic PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, the keratinocyte growth factor, the orphan nuclear receptor ROR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eexpression, suppresses  colonic and M1 macrophage-derived TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e. PA also increased the levels of IL-17 and IFN-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003ein CD8+T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (i.e., mucosal  inductive  sites). PA modulates mucosal immune responses and improves gut inflammation through PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand -\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eδ\u003c\/span\u003e-dependent mechanisms \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e58]. \u003c\/a\u003eLikewise, dietary PA lowers fasting plasma glucose concentrations and improves the glucose- normalizing ability eventually suppressing NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB activa- tion and TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eexpression. Ultimately it regulates PPAR \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e- and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive genes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[17\u003c\/a\u003e]. Experiments have also demonstrated that PA can bind and robustly activate PPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eand increase\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Food_Applications\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePPAR-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ\u003c\/span\u003e-responsive gene expression, finally improving diabetic and inflammatory status. Insulin resistance by TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα  \u003c\/span\u003eis associated with   mitochondrial   dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is ameliorated by  PA,  a PPAR\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eγ \u003c\/span\u003eagonist [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e59].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIn an in vitro study, meant at assessing the efficiency and activeness of certain CLnA isomers found in PSO as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), PA also inhibited estrogen receptors (ER) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 7.2 and 8.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively; \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA inhibited ER \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eβ \u003c\/span\u003eat 6.5 and\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e7.8 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eM, respectively \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e[28,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e60\u003c\/a\u003e]. Thus, both CLnA isomers are effective as SERMs. These outcomes specify that PA, rich in PSO and an effective SERM, might be used as a possible breast cancer chemo-preventive agent.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSaha and Ghosh \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[40]\u003c\/a\u003e revealed that the diet supple- mentation with CLnAs (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e-ESA and PA at 0.5 % total lipids) showed significant reduction of inflammation in diabetic albino rats induced by streptozotocin. They fur- ther elaborated that the above mentioned four weeks diet supplementation led to reduce inflammation by re- ducing the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003c\/span\u003eand IL-6, in blood and the expression of he- patic NF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eκ\u003c\/span\u003eB (p65), once higher as a result of diabetes in- duction. Then again, one study also stated that the 400 mg of pomegranate seed oil (rich in PA) administrated twice daily in dyslipidemic patients had no effect on serum TNF-\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eα \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[28, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e51].\u003c\/a\u003e These findings divulge that the CLnAs in PSO and some other foods may be a promising therapeutic substitute approach for cancer and inflamma- tory diseases. The further studies should be carried out to attest these effects in humans [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e37\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e57\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 13pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNeurodegenerative  disorders  that  occur  due  to  the\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eaccretion of some special mis-folded proteins like in Alzheimer's diseases occupy almost same pathological features of oxidative damage and neuronal death.  PA plays a vital role in controlling these diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e61].\u003c\/a\u003e To examine the effect of PSO for oxidative damage re- duction, PSO was encapsulated in   a   nano-droplet form and  was  given  to  TgMHu2ME199K  mice  (used as a  model  subject  for  genetic  prion  disease).  PSO  as a  high  source  of  rare  polyunsaturated  fatty  acid  (PA) is now being considered as a sturdiest biological anti- oxidant. When nano-PSO was administrated to already sick mice, it not only  overdue  the  disease  appearance but the disease aggravation was also delayed. Brain ana- lysis of these mice showed that PSO lessened the fat oxidation and neuronal damage although it did not  re- duce PrPSc accretion. So, it is clear that PSO is a strong neuro-protective  agent and is not only effective against the vulnerable subjects but also for those already ex- periencing neurodegenerative disorders.   In   the   field of pharma, this  kind  of  formulations  can  be  helpful in ameliorating neurodegenerative disorders \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[62].\u003c\/a\u003e Certainly,  nano-PSO  is  considered  as  a  safe  reagent\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eand can be utilized as  safe  food  supplement  in  diffe- rent therapies.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eOsteoporosis occurrence is increasing day by day and gaining importance as a great threat to long and healthy life expectancy. For the preclusion of osteoporosis, se- veral strategies were developed. PSO is highly effective against inflammatory and oxidative processes as these processes are involved in osteoporosis. A study con- ducted on ovariectomized (OVX) mice model, supple- mented with 5% PSO diet showed that PSO  fed  mice have significantly improved bone mineral density with prevention of trabecular  micro-architecture  impairment by involving osteo-clastogenesis inhibition and osteo- blastogenesis  improvement. Thus PSO can be suggested as preventive measure against osteoporosis \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[63].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFood Applications\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seeds considered as the waste product after the processing of fruit into its various products. Po- megranate seed oil and peels were incorporated into ice- cream to enhance the functional properties and significant changes were observed in product pH, acidity and color while milk fat replacement with PSO improved the fatty acid profile by increasing the conjugated fatty acid con- tents with elevated antioxidant and anti-diabetic proper- ties due to the phenolic contents  [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e64\u003c\/a\u003e]. Punicalagins and PA from peel and seed provide the health benefits with improvement in functional properties. Pomegranate seed ethanolic extract (PSEE) possessed the anti-proliferative and antioxidant effects against hormone-dependent pros- tate carcinoma and human breast cancer cell lines and considered as nutraceutical\/functional food ingredient to prevent carcinogenic diseases [\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e65\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed extract useful in replacing artificial antioxidant in meat products to increase the oxidative stability of such products. Devatkal et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[66]\u003c\/a\u003e incorpo- rated the citrus rind powder and pomegranate rind and seed extracts in meat patties. Highest antioxidant effect was observed in pomegranate seed extract. According to such studies, it is believed that industrial by-products of fruits and vegetables are potential source of antioxidant. Pomegranate seed extract  helps to reduce the  formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in meat products cooked by various methods with different temperatures and heat \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[67] \u003c\/a\u003ethus pomegranate seed useful in producing safe product.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMohagheghi et al. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[68]\u003c\/a\u003e incorporated PSO  (PSO-in- water emulsion) as functional ingredient in juice and beverages with varying concentration of gum Arabic and evaluated the effect on emulsion stability index, droplet size distribution, and turbidity loss rate. The conse- quences manifested that the beverage emulsions behaved as Newtonian fluids, and this study begins new glimpse to produce relatively stable PSO-in-water emulsions as\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Safety_evaluation\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003efunctional ingredient in beverage industry. Encapsulation of PSO and its application in skimmed milk powder as encapsulating agent was studied by \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[69].\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSafety evaluation\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePSO has been consumed for long enough due to its safety as cold pressed oil and is considered an effective measure to reduce the occurrence and incidence of tumor and multiplicity. It is also evident from different ex vivo and in vivo research trials using mice and rats as model subjects. However, there is still very little infor- mation is present about the safety and toxic concern of PSO other than the above mentioned evidences. PA is a non-toxic, natural, orally active  food  ingredient  known to humans and consumed by humans for  centuries \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[70,\u003c\/a\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e71].\u003c\/a\u003e Possible mutagenicity  of  PSO  was  evaluated by means of in vitro and in vivo toxicity of PSO  in Wistar rats \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[72].\u003c\/a\u003e During the presence or absence of metabolic activities, PSO can neither  be  clastogenic nor mutagenic in nature. No adverse effects of  PSO were observed at a dose level of 4.3 g\/kg  body weight\/day but at  higher  concentration  (150,000  ppm) of PSO, hepatic enzyme activities are disturbed mainly due to increase in liver weight and liver-to-body ratio. A short-term safety evaluation of dietary mono- conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers was executed using a pig model. The outcome of the experiment re- vealed that intake of mono-CLNA is safe  in  neonatal \u003ca name=\"Conclusion\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003epigs for short-term time period. The safety of a mixture of two mono-CLnA c9-t11- c15-18:3 + c9-t13-c15-18:3 isomers was assessed in comparison to other fatty acids having either one conjugated double-bond, an n-3 or n-6 PUFA structures (CLnA vs. CLA; CLnA vs. W3; CLnA vs. W6) and results revealed that a dietary provision of 1% of these mono-CLnA isomers for 2-weeks can be considered\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003esafe for the current animal model \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[73\u003c\/a\u003e].\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eIt was observed that during the metabolic activation process, PSO did not show either clastogenicity or muta- genicity up to 33 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/mL through  chromosome  aberra- tion test or 5000 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Trebuchet MS\"\u003eμ\u003c\/span\u003eg\/plate through Ames  test \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e[74].\u003c\/a\u003e  Rats fed on 2 g PSO\/kg body weight did not showed non- significant toxicity effect. According to the  OECD 423 test guidelines, the LD50 cut-off value supposed to be higher as compared to 5 g\/kg body  weight  and  PSO could be considered safe food without any labelling or classification requirement. In one 28 days oral toxicity study, PSO was administered to male and female rats at the rate of 150000 ppm with mean intake of 1.39 g PSO\/ \u003ca name=\"Acknowledgement\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ekg body weight\/day and it was observed that liver func- tioning enzymes improved in plasma followed by accre- tion of liver to body weight ratio. These results could be happened might be due to physiological actions of high dose of PA. According to the  above  mentioned  data, PSO (PA) did not possess any toxic effect at such an\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eelevated level as it\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es not a part of normal diet at such high level. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of PA was reported at 50000 ppm as PSO, which is equivalent to 4.3 g PSO\/kg body weight\/day.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eFuture concerns\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe emergent data of clinical trials on  animals  and human models have explored that PA is as an effective bioactive compound that can be operative for human well-being for improved health eminence and chronic diseases preclusion. A minute single dose of PA is suffi- cient to integrate the physiological health effect within weeks or months with characteristic health changes par- ticularly in clinical trials with compromised health pres- tige. The outward short-term effect of CLnA isomers supplementation in both liver and brain indicates that long-term toxicology trials in animals should be consi- dered before moving to comprehensive and long-term studies. However, there is no evidence of long term sup- plementation effects on health related consequences, so it is justified that its effect must be investigated before further supplementation for long term time periods in animal models and before moving to clinical trials on humans. PA may possibly be used as a promising alter- native in developing different new strategies for nutri- tional management and health complications. Further, to explore the potential of PA in improving human health, a continue stream line of research work is needed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConclusion\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil (PSO) is abundantly comprised of punicic acid (PA), an isomer of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA) as confirmed by  recent studies  around  the world. Considering the beneficial aspects of PA in vari- ous studies, PSO recommended as a nutraceutical and\/ or functional ingredient for food products. However, various studies  on the bioactive aspect of PA, there are still some ambiguous and\/or antithetical studies also. In some studies, the output of PA showed different results in animal models as compared to  the  human  model. There is demand for the PA studies in human models as these kinds of studies are scarce. In this way, the ultim- ate mechanism of PA on improving human health can be determined. Furthermore, the impact of the intake of PA (CLnA) as functional food on human body metabol- ism and other physiological health effects can be under- stood and finally the safety recommendations for the intake of PA can be developed.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthor(s) wishes to acknowledge the faculty members and supervising\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003einstructors for constructive criticism and applause for writing this review article and reviewing it for keeping it at minimal slip-ups in technical\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003easpects with reference to the scientific literature based articles.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Funding\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFunding\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is included within the article.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMN conceptualized, provided the technical assistance and guided in the data collection. MI helped for drafting the manuscript. \"It's also confirmed that all the authors read and approved the final manuscript\".\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eCompeting interests\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eConsent for publication\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eNot Applicable.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003ePublisher\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003es Note\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReceived: 31 March 2017 Accepted: 18 May 2017\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110222_0920_Shabiretal10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eViuda-Martos M, Ruiz-Navajas Y, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA. 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Endocr Res. 2010;35:1–16.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eThakur A, Mandal SC, Banerjee S. Compounds of Natural Origin and Acupuncture for the Treatment of Diseases Caused by Estrogen Deficiency. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2016;9(3):109–17.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMizrahi M, Friedman-Levi Y, Larush L, Frid K, Binyamin O, Dori D, et al. Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: the case of genetic CJD. Nanomed: Nanotechnol, Biol Med. 2014;10:1353–63.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eSpilmont M, Léotoing L, Davicco M-J, Lebecque P, Mercier S, Miot-Noirault E, et al. Pomegranate seed oil prevents bone loss in a mice model of osteoporosis, through osteoblastic stimulation, osteoclastic inhibition and decreased inflammatory status. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1840–8.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eBassaganya-Riera J. Method of using punicic acid to enhance immune response and prevent metabolic disorders. Google Patents. 2014;8,822,543.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eWang L, Li W, Lin M, Garcia M, Mulholland D, Lilly M, Martins-Green M. Luteolin, ellagic acid and punicic acid are natural products that inhibit prostate cancer metastasis. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(10):2321–30.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413\"\u003eMeerts I, Verspeek-Rip C, Buskens C, Keizer H, Bassaganya-Riera J, Jouni Z, et al. Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:1085–92.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#131413; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003eCastellano C-A, Plourde M, Briand SI, Angers P, Giguère A, Matte JJ. Safety of dietary conjugated \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Verdana\"\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e-linolenic acid (CLNA) in a neonatal pig model. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;64:119–25.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:39-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"shabir-et-al","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559873294504"},{"id":559872409768,"title":"RESEAR CH AR TICLE","created_at":"2022-11-01T23:13:55-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eRESEAR CH AR TICLE \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog6.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans; font-size:18pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eStronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShao-Min Hung\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaw-An Wu\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShinsuke Shimojo\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:12pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXianghong Arakaki\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca name=\"Abstract\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBiology and Biological Engineering, California\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eFaculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eUniversity, Tokyo, Japan\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eComputation and Neural Systems, California\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003eHuntington Medical Research Institutes,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePasadena, California, USA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCorrespondence\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShao-Min Hung, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan\/Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eAbstract\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction: Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003eand tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health.\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in\r\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ecognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e91125, USA.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:smhung@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003esmhung@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003erisk) A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word-\r\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShinsuke Shimojo, Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena,    CA    91125,    USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:sshimojo@caltech.edu\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003esshimojo@caltech.edu\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eXianghong Arakaki, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), 686 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:xianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003exianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003enaming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task.\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:9pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants.\r\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion: These findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early patho- logical aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.\r\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eKEYWORDS \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eaging, early identification, implicit processing, pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog11.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:1pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis is an open access article under the terms of the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e© 2022 The Authors. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's \u0026amp; Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \u0026amp; Disease Monitoring \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003epublished by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog12.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer's Dement. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e2022;14:e12340.    \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/wileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ewileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa; font-size:7pt\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e1 of9 \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog13.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"1_%7C_INTRODUCTION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major mental and financial bur- den on our society as people have a longer life expectancy. Currently, nearly 6 million people in the United States aged 65 and above are diag- nosed with AD. This number was projected to be doubled in 20 years.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBetween 2000 and 2017, the number of deaths from AD increased 145%.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eImportantly, this number could be severely underestimated as patients may die from complications indirectly caused by AD (e.g., res- piratory system failure\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). The hours of informal care provided in 2018 were estimated to be valued at nearly 234 billion USD. Patients on average remain alive and in need of extended care 4 to 8 years after the diagnosis of the disease,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ecausing a devastating psychological burden to the patient, the family, and the society.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough currently there is no available treatment to cure or reverse the catastrophic cognitive decline of AD, early intervention has been shown to slow down disease progression.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,6\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe commonly used diagnostic biomarkers such as age-appropriate total tau level and cere- brospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e indicate abnormality years before symptoms show up.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHowever, in this pre-symptomatic period, it is extremely difficult to identify high-risk populations without exten- sive and invasive examinations. That is, people in the pre-symptomatic period are cognitively healthy and exhibit no apparent signs of disease. Finding an effective behavioral assessment that reveals early cognitive decline can provide an opportunity for intervention and will benefit our aging society tremendously. The current study thus set out to differ- entiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic older participants with a non-invasive yet sensitive behavioral measurement.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCognitive health is typically characterized by conscious and effortful thinking, focusing on memory, attention, and command-following (e.g., assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). Therefore, despite having different biochemical risk levels, older asymptomatic participants characterized as cognitively healthy in the neuropsycho- logical assessment could exhibit a comparable level of behavioral performance in a cognitive task. Recent studies in perception sci- ences, however, have begun to show that high-level executive functions could play a role in regulating perception. For example, distributing attentional resources to a perceptual target improves performance, typically attributed to an enhanced gain of perceptual inputs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThese results have been expanded to subthreshold stimuli that observers are unable to perceive consciously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11,12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFollowing this rationale, we aimed to examine if subtle changes in the high-level executive func- tions, which have not yet surfaced to conscious cognition to alter behavioral performance, could affect how observers respond to sub- threshold, implicit perceptual information. That is, these early potential perceptual\/cognitive changes are too subtle to be captured by stan- dard neuropsychological testing but can be revealed by altered implicit responses to external imperceptible sensory stimuli.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe central question is, which aspect of high-level executive func- tions is the most plausible candidate for us to observe an interaction with implicit processing? A rich body of literature has explored how older participants react to cognitively challenging conditions, with a focus on inhibitory control.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13–17\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBased on these previous findings,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewe sought an experimental paradigm that challenged our participants cognitively with immense interference during their performance. For example, the Stroop task has been widely administered to assess cog- nitive control in which the participants are instructed to respond to colored words. When the task is color-naming, inconsistent seman- tics of the word (e.g., \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003egreen \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ecolored in red) is retrieved effectively and interferes with performance (i.e., the Stroop effect). When the task is word-naming, the color inconsistency usually yields a weaker inter- ference as color retrieval is less effective. In the younger and older participants, a similar Stroop effect size has been reported in sev- eral previous studies,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,14\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eincluding an early meta-analysis study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHowever, by manipulating the ratio of word-color congruent and incon- gruent trials, Mutter et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eshowed that older participants suffered from using this contextual information to suppress distracting informa- tion. Similar failure to suppress lexical information has been observed in other paradigms in the elderly. Using a word-fragment-completion task, Logan and Balota\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003efound that older participants were more likely to use irrelevant information from a preceding distractor to perform the task, even when they were explicitly told not to do so. These studies have offered a solid foundation for the use of interference- based paradigms to pose a cognitive challenge and observe the harmful effects on task performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn the current study, we combined multiple layers of explicit and implicit interference in a task, including task-switching, Stroop inter- ference, and subliminal distractor response incongruency. The first two factors were introduced to induce a cognitively challenging condi- tion via the need to explicitly inhibit task-irrelevant stimulus features, potentially exhausting limited cognitive resources in the older partici- pants. They were both based on the Stroop effect. As previously men- tioned, color-naming requires stronger inhibition of the word meaning, and word-naming is relatively low effort because color retrieval is less automatic. Thus, a successful response in a Stroop task requires suppression of interfering information. Critically, we delivered a visu- ally masked distractor prior to the target word. Although no task was given to the masked distractors, identical words to the target words were used and expected to trigger implicit responses.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTherefore, if the masked word and the subsequent target word triggered differ- ent responses, it was deemed incongruent and potentially caused a subliminal interference.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe recruited participants from a longitudinal study pool in which CSF amyloid\/tau and neuropsychological assessments had been per- formed on each individual. Blind to both the experimenters and the participants, these participants had been identified as cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003eathological \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH-PATs) and cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eN\u003c\/span\u003eormal \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003eß42\/total \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003eau protein ratio (CH- NATs). This ratio was derived from their CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e and total tau protein. It has been shown to have 85% sensitivity in discriminat- ing AD among AD patients, mild cognitive impairment participants, and healthy controls in our prior study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThis biomarker has been applied in a series of previous studies to show accurate delineation between healthy controls and AD patients.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22–24\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePreliminary data also suggest the predictive power of this biomarker: In an ongoing 4- year longitudinal study, 40% of the CH-PATs have declined cognitively\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog14.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ewhile all CH-NATs have remained healthy.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eWe thus defined the CH- PATs as at high risk and the CH-NATs as at low risk of AD in the current study. As both groups were cognitively healthy by the assess- ment of neuropsychological tests, we expected to see differentiation of performance only at the implicit\/subliminal level. Specifically, we proposed two competing hypotheses with the assumption that high- risk participants have subtly declining attention capacity, compared to low-risk participants. First, stronger implicit interference signals weakened inhibitory control, which will predict worse performance in high-risk older participants due to stronger implicit interference. Second, stronger implicit interference entails available attentional resources. This hypothesis is motivated by our recent work on a young population showing the attentional requirement to process implicit dis- tracting sensory information.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eConversely, this hypothesis will predict a stronger implicit interference in low-risk older participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog15.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2_%7C_METHODS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog16.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"2.1.1_%7C_General_experimental_apparatus\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eExperimental design and subject details\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog17.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003eGeneral experimental apparatus\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants performed the experiment in a quiet room. The visual stim- uli were generated with E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.) on a Dell Precision T5610 with a 20\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e″ \u003c\/span\u003escreen. Participants were uncon- strained and observed the visual stimuli from approximately 50 cm away.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog18.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"2.1.2_%7C_Participants\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eParticipants\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eForty-seven cognitively healthy elderly (age range 53–92) were recruited. These participants were pre-determined as CH-NATs and CH-PATs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePlease see the next section for more information. The status of each participant was not known to the participant and exper- imenter, making the study double-blinded. None of them reported vision difficulty during stimulus presentation. The institutional review boards (IRB) of the California Institute of Technology and the Hunting- ton Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) approved this study (Quorum IRB, Seattle, Study #27197). All participants gave written consent prior to participation. Every participant completed a session lasting approx- imately 50 minutes. Three participants were excluded prior to analysis due to their inability to perform the task. Another three participants were excluded with accuracy three standard deviations lower than the group mean. One participant's status remained unknown and was not included. Forty participants thus entered the final analysis with 18 CH-NATs and 22 CH-PATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog19.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003eParticipant status classification\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA complete description of classification, including a complete list of neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003esmall vessel disease, the biochemical analysis of lumbar CSF, was detailed  in  a  previous  study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn  summary,  separate  assessments performed prior to the experiment included a collection of demo- graphic data, physical exam, blood work, disease severity and disability scales, and CSF amyloid\/tau measurements. Participants with any cog- nitive impairment, that is, global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale scores \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e0.0, were not recruited. Participants had a Uniform Data Set format examination with no classifiable psychiatric or neurological dis- order and were all diagnosed as cognitively healthy. They enrolled in this study after a 5-hour comprehensive neuropsychological battery in which testing was performed independent\/blind to the biochemical classification. Different cognitive domains including memory, execu- tive function, language, attention, and visuospatial orientation were tested. All data were normalized to age, sex, and education norma- tive tables. These formal neuropsychometric data were combined with CDR, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and MMSE, as described previously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe CSF samples were run on both Innotest (Innogenetics, discontinued) and MSD platforms (K15121G, MSD) to determine total tau (cutoff value \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e450 pg\/mL) and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e26,27\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePar- ticipants were then divided depending on individual CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\/total tau ratios compared to a cutoff value derived from a logistic regres- sion model that correctly diagnosed \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003e85% of clinically probable AD participants.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants' demographics, including their age, sex, and education year, can be found in Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e. There was no difference between the two groups.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eDemographics and post-study subjective effort exertion report of CH-NATs (low-risk) and CH-PATs (high-risk)\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\nCH-NATs (low risk)CH-PATs (high risk)Total number1822Age77.29 (8.01)74.48 (8.85)Sex12 females 6 males17 females 5 malesEducation year16.18 (2.10)16.90 (2.45)Post-study questionnaire0: Not at all–3: SevereDid you have any physical troubles during the task?0.11 (0.32)0.36 (0.62)Difficulty: Word responding to word responding1.11 (0.70)1.12 (0.76)Difficulty: Color responding to color responding1.03 (0.65)1.24 (0.75)Difficulty: Word responding to color responding1.28 (0.77)1.52 (0.66)Difficulty: Color responding to word responding1.31 (0.62)1.60 (0.62)How much effort did you use for the task?1.89 (0.74)2.02 (0.64)Do you feel tired after the task?0.72 (0.83)0.74 (0.85)Note: The two groups were comparable in each item with P \u0026gt; .05. The data are reported in mean (SD).\r\nAbbreviations: Aß, amyloid beta; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with normal Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with pathological Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; SD, standard deviation.\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog20.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eExperimental design and procedure\r\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#020303\"\u003e(A)\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 372pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog21.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog22.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:4pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAn illustration of the task and stimuli is in Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e. Two words and two colors were selected to create word–color inconsistency in the stim- uli: word GREEN\/RED in color red\/green. A fixation point remained on screen throughout the trial. Each trial consisted of two stimuli to induce task-switching (word-naming for the stimulus 1 and color-naming for the target, or vice versa) or non-task-switching trials (word-naming or color-naming for both stimuli). A gray distractor (GREEN\/RED) was presented with a forward and a backward noise mask that consisted of random meaningless letters to disrupt its visibility. The (in)congruency between the distractor and the target was defined by the response induced by each stimulus.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEach trial began with a 500-ms blank stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). The first stimulus word in the trial was presented for 5000 ms or until response. Subsequently, a masked distractor (17 ms) was sand- wiched between a forward and a backward mask (each 50 ms) and presented above or below the fixation dot. Each mask consisted of a 4\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog23.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog24.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#020303\"\u003e(B)\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 8pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog25.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTrial phase   Stimulus\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTime\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial; font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#221e1f\"\u003eTask\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003e8 array of random letters and lasted 50 ms. Another blank period was inserted and lasted 500 ms. The target word appeared subsequently and lasted for 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn each trial, participants responded to both colored words. Partici- pants were instructed to name the color when the word was underlined (color-naming) and to name the word when the word was not under- lined (word-naming) via button presses. No task was given to the masked word. It is important to point out that the second stimulus was the true target stimulus because both the task-switching and masked distractor effects could only be observed on this stimulus. Our analyses thus focused on the responses to the target word.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eEvery participant first underwent a short period of practice until they felt comfortable proceeding to the main experiment. Three blocks\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 1    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eStimuli, trial sequence, and task. A. Top. Stimuli. The stimulus words were RED\/GREEN, colored in an inconsistent ink. When the word was not underlined, the task was word-naming. When the word was underlined, the task was color-naming. Distractors were the same words without colors. B. Bottom. Trial sequence and task.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eShown here is a task-switching trial. Each trial began with a 500-ms fixation, after which the first word appeared for 5000 ms or until response. The masked word was presented for 17 ms in one of the two possible locations (above or below the fixation) and sandwiched by two 50-ms masks consisting of random letters. No task was given to the masked distractor. The target appeared after another 500-ms blank period and lasted for another 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eParticipants were instructed to respond as accurately as possible.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eeach containing 64 trials were completed in the main experiment. To assess the invisible nature of the masked distractor, a post-experiment surprise awareness test was performed. The temporal sequence of the masking paradigm was identical to that of the main experiment. Each trial began with a 500-ms blank SOA, followed by the masked word presentation. Participants were instructed to report the location (top\/bottom) of the masked word as best as they could (i.e., two- alternative-forced-choice [2AFC]). Similarly, they had 5000 ms for a response.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAll participants completed a post-study questionnaire (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e) to indicate their subjective physical and mental efforts exertion during the study. Seven questions were asked on a four-point scale (0: not severe at all—3: very severe). Participants were allowed to give subscale responses (e.g., 1.5).\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog26.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"3_%7C_RESULTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eRESULTS\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe analyses below are reported in the format of mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]). To first establish that the masked distractor was indeed imperceptible, we examined the accuracy of the 2AFC loca- tion task in the post-experiment awareness test. The mean accuracy was 45.00% (2.07%) and slightly below chance (paired \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(33) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.42, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02), indicating the implicit nature of the distractor. There was no difference between CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk; two-sample t-test, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[32] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.89). Six participants refused to complete this task, claiming that there was absolutely no word on the monitor. Their data were excluded only for the awareness test. Post-study questionnaire results indicated no differences between CH-PATs and CH-NATs in subjective effort exertion (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). Par- ticularly, although the experiment was designed to examine how the elderly responded to cognitively challenging conditions while using inhibitory control, participants reported low levels of difficulty.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe average accuracy rates (ACC) and reaction times (RT) on the target in each trial were first examined to gauge participants' perfor- mance. On average, the mean ACC was 92.75% (0.95%), and the mean RT was 1350 (21) ms. These data corroborated that our participants were cognitively healthy and performed the task well.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTo further examine their performance with respect to our exper- imental design, two separate mixed-effect analyses of variance were performed on the ACC and RT with one between-subject factor (participant status: CH-NATs\/CH-PATs) and three within-subject fac- tors (switch\/Stroop\/distractor incongruency). The switch component denoted whether the current target was in a switch (e.g., color-naming for the first stimulus and word-naming for the second stimulus) or non- switch trial (e.g., color-naming for both stimuli). The Stroop component denoted whether the target stimulus (i.e., the second stimulus) was color-naming (i.e., the Stroop effect, high-effort) or word-naming (i.e., the reverse Stroop effect, low-effort). Finally, the distractor incongru- ency component was defined by the designated responses triggered by the distractor and the target. If they triggered the same button response, the distractor was deemed congruent, otherwise, it was deemed incongruent.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe analysis on the ACC yielded a main effect of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.001, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.24, with no main effects of Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.56, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.02, distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.54,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.47, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.01, and participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.71,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. This could be due to ceiling performance.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn contrast, the analysis on the RT yielded main effects of switch, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e103.63, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.000, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73; Stroop, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e11.30, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.002,\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.23; distractor congruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e3.58, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.07 (marginal), \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.09, and no effect of participant status, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.14, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.71, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.00. Critically, a three-way interaction was observed across participant status, Stroop, and distractor incongruency, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e(1, 38) \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e5.08, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.03, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003ep2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.73. Based on our a priori hypothesis that distractor incongruency could slow down responses in partici- pants with normal or pathological status, we treated the Stroop factor as an \"effort\" factor and examined the distractor incongruency effect in each group under the high-effort (color-naming) and low-effort (word-naming) conditions. This approach also limited the potential comparisons. A similar approach was taken in our recent study with a similar experimental design.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTwo post hoc analyses were thus performed. The RT here were also normalized against the average RT of the comparing conditions so that the percentage increase or decrease could be cleanly assessed. In the high-effort color-naming trials, compared to CH-NATs, CH-PATs were interfered by an implicit response-incongruent distractor, indicated by RT slowing (CH-PATs: 4.3% vs. CH-NATs: –0.2%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e2.55, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.015, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.83, sig-\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003enificant after Bonferroni correction, left panel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). This effect was not found in the low-effort word-naming trials (CH-PATs: –1.3% vs. CH-NATs: 1.04%, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e[38] \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e-0.95, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.35, Cohen's \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e0.31, right\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003epanel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). In short, during the more difficult color-naming con- dition, incongruent distractors slowed down RTs in CH-PATs but not CH-NATs.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough the participants in both groups were diagnosed as cog- nitively healthy, we further explored if their performance in the neuropsychological tests was correlated with the extent to which the incongruent, implicit distractor exerted an RT-slowing effect. Here we reported the MoCA and MMSE scores. Both scoring systems range from 0 to 30. Larger numbers indicate better cognitive ability. With all participants, there was a negative correlation between the distractor effect and MMSE: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.38, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.02 (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e), but not between the distractor effect and MoCA: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.11, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.52. The group result indi- cated a link between worse cognition (i.e., lower scores in MMSE) and stronger subliminal distraction, which was consistent with our main finding. This negative correlation was not found within each group (CH- PATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.13, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.46; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.37, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.09; CH-NATs: MoCA \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e–0.32, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.23; MMSE \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e× \u003c\/span\u003edistractor congruency: r \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e– 0.43, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e.10; note that there are two missing data points of the original MoCA and MMSE scores in CH-NATs, which are not included in this analysis). At least for the relationship between MMSE and distractor congruency, the lack of significance in each group was possibly due to smaller group sizes since both groups had the same trend.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eFinally, we ran a logistic regression to directly estimate how predictive MMSE, MoCA, and the distractor congruency were to\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 45pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog27.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog28.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog29.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog30.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 114pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog31.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog32.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog33.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog34.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog35.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog36.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog37.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog38.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 116pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog39.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog40.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog41.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog42.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog43.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog44.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:6pt\"\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog45.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog46.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eImplicit interference in CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk). Percentage reaction time slowing was calculated by taking the RT difference between distractor incongruent and congruent trials, divided by the average of the two. Left, During color-naming, CH-PATs showed stronger RT slowing, compared to CH-NATs. Right, During word-naming, both groups were not interfered by incongruent distractors. CH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual, while the solid disc indicates the mean. Error bars denote standard error of the mean. Individual data are ranked order by the effect. A box plot is embedded in the background to display data distribution. Following the convention, the line inside the box denotes median while the upper and lower limits denote 75th and 25th percentile. Whiskers extend to 1.5 interquartile range. Crosses represent data exceed this range. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; RT, reaction time\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 266pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog47.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 2    \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA logistic regression model using MMSE, MoCA, and RT interference (RT slowing by an implicit distractor) to estimate their predictive power to Alzheimer's disease risk level\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 54pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog48.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog49.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog50.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog51.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 111pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog52.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog53.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 3 \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNegative correlation between MMSE scores and the implicit interference in the high difficulty task in all participants.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual. Three dotted lines were linearly fitted to the correlation in all participants (black), CH-NATs (green), and CH-PATs (red).\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAsterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003enormal\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003ca name=\"4_%7C_GENERAL_DISCUSSION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration:underline\"\u003epathological\u003c\/span\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eparticipants' biochemical status\/risk level. Our results showed that distractor congruency was the only factor that significantly con- curred with participants' status (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e). That is, higher interference significantly predicted high-risk level. These results suggest better agreement between the risk level and implicit perception than the risk level and explicit cognitive function.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e: RT interference is the only factor that significantly concurs with the risk level. Coefficient estimate denotes probability of being CH-PATs com- pared to CH-NATs in each term. Positive values denote higher probability while negative ones denote lower probability. That is, a unit increase in RT interference increases the log odd of being CH-PATs approximately 16 times. SE denotes standard errors of coefficient estimates. Asterisk denotes \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026lt; \u003c\/span\u003e.05.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAbbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RT, reaction time.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog54.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color:#492365\"\u003eGENERAL DISCUSSION\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur study served as one of the first attempts to directly examine how the elderly at high and low risk of AD suffered from distracting, implicit interference. Multiple layers of response interference were introduced to examine the capability of inhibition control, including task-switching, Stroop interference, as well as subliminal distractor incongruency. We found that when the interference was explicit and consumed conscious effort, both the low-risk (CH-NATs) and high-risk\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e(CH-PATs) participants slowed down during task-switching and color- naming (i.e., the classical Stroop effect). The performance between the two groups was comparable. However, when the interference was implicit and subliminal, the two groups' performance bifurcated: Under high task difficulty (i.e., color-naming), high-risk participants suffered more interference from imperceptible and response-incongruent dis- tractors, compared to low-risk participants. When the task difficulty was lower (i.e., word-naming), both groups were not interfered by the distractor. These results revealed early changes in inhibitory control over latent and implicit visual information, while participants remained cognitively healthy and exhibited similar level of interference from conscious, explicit visual information. Our findings thus indicated the importance of investigating subliminal perception in providing a poten- tial pre-clinical behavioral marker to differentiate older participants into high- or low-risk status in AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur main finding indicates that inhibitory control in suppressing implicit distracting information can be key to differentiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic AD. Low-risk participants appeared to have an intact ability to suppress unwanted information and hence were protected from implicit interference. Intriguingly, high task difficulty was another key factor in revealing the differences between low-risk and high-risk participants. One potential explanation is that the atten- tional resources required to suppress explicit and implicit distracting information were shared, which is illustrated in our recent study in the young healthy adults.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eIn the easier task (i.e., word naming), both groups were able to use these limited attentional resources to sup- press the distraction from the implicit stimulus (i.e., the incongruent distractor). On the other hand, when the task at hand was difficult (i.e., color naming), the attentional resources of high-risk, but not low-risk participants, were exhausted by the explicit distracting information. Therefore, the inability to suppress implicit interference, which led to reaction time slowing, was only observed in high-risk participants and only when the task was challenging. These results suggest that the subtle deficits in suppressing implicit information could be a more sen- sitive indicator for early cognitive decline, compared to conscious and effortful inhibition over explicit information.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eTackling how older adults suppress implicit\/subliminal information in the current study provides a novel direction for future research to assess cognitive health. Past studies have repeatedly shown that suppressing explicit\/supraliminal task-irrelevant information is key to cognitive health. Using the Stroop paradigm, Davidson et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eshowed that older adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e73–74 years old) consistently exhib- ited larger word interference to color naming, compared to younger adults (mean age \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e= \u003c\/span\u003e20 years old). Similar results were found compar- ing AD patients to control participants: larger Stroop interference in AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eA 2010 longitudinal study tracked 47 healthy individuals (tested in 1992–1994) until 12 of them subsequently developed AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe results showed that the error rate in incongruent Stroop trials was the strongest predictor of developing AD. All these studies suggest that a behavioral cognitive task (e.g., the Stroop task) can pose a significant challenge to the inhibitory control system and further help identify individuals with distinct capabilities to suppress distracting informa- tion. Consistent with these findings, our study further established that\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eolder adults' ability to inhibit implicit distracting information concurs with their risk of developing AD, assessed by the CSF Aß42\/ total tau protein ratio. This approach can be particularly powerful when the tar- geted older adults are cognitively healthy and pre-symptomatic despite having different levels of risk.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOur findings provide evidence in support for non-invasive psy- chophysical tasks in categorizing pre-symptomatic older participants into high- and low-risk groups. Early identification of the risk of devel- oping AD has been a central topic in aging research. Several genes have been associated with changes in A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, including \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN2\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, and \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAPP\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. In a seminal study comparing carriers of \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePSEN1 \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003emutation to non- carriers, Bateman et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ehave shown early anomaly in behavioral, physiological, and neuropsychological measurements before symptom onset. For example, an increased tau level was detected 15 years prior to symptom onset, a decline in the concentration of CSF A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e42 appeared 25 years prior to symptom onset. Cognitive impairment came a lot later and could be detected 5 years prior to onset. This direc- tion of research has revealed multiple potential causes of AD, including age, genetics, and the environment. Our study further offers a novel behavioral, pre-symptomatic marker before any cognitive impairment has emerged with a minimally invasive procedure.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eOnce an early identification is in place during the long latent period in which no explicit cognitive decline is surfaced, early intervention could tremendously slow down disease progression. A 2-year multi- domain intervention in high-risk older participants, including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring, has shown benefits in cognition, measured by neuropsychological tests.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eMore importantly, these benefits were gained regardless of participants' baseline characteristics,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eincluding their age, sex, education, socioe- conomic status, and so on. Early identification of AD is essential to harnessing early intervention. An early decline in a specific domain of cognition is not only a target of identification but also a target of intervention.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAlthough at the group level we showed a significant difference between the low-risk and high-risk participants, it remains challeng- ing to perform classification at the individual level (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e, left). We believe that more predictive power can be harnessed when differ- ent aspects of cognitive functions are taken into consideration, and more data in the longitudinal trajectory within the same person are collected. Both approaches will shed light on the heterogeneity of human cognition and perception. Recent studies have implemented a within-person approach to allow accurate prediction of an individ- ual's future performance. For instance, Stawski et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e32\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ehave shown that response speed predicted working memory better than attention switching did between individuals, while attention switching predicted working memory better than response speed did within individuals. Although this study had been completed within a short time window, it nevertheless indicated the importance of task selection in within- person, longitudinal tracking of cognitive performance. Our recent studies also indicated that combining other physiological data such as those from electroencephalogram and heart rate variability increased the performance when classifying older participants into higher and lower risk groups.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e27,33\u003c\/sup\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe ultimate goal of the current research\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003edirection is to find sensitive cognitive domains that either provide indi- vidual classification with a psychophysical test or can be combined with other critical physiological measures to form an informative index, both with the goal to inform the risk to develop AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAs our population moves into an aging society (1 in 6 people will be\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u0026gt; \u003c\/span\u003eage 65 by 2050\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003e), cognitive aging has become an important topic for scientists, medical practitioners, and policy makers to consider. Unfor- tunately, an early decline in cognition is very often implicit and silent. We thus have to fight such a collapse while cognitive flexibility is still abundant, especially before it leads to an irreversible disease such as AD. Our study here provides a new perspective on using multiple levels of interference in a behavioral task and shows that higher suscepti- bility to implicit interference may be a key feature in high-risk older \u003ca name=\"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eparticipants.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors thank Michael G. Harrington for recruiting participants and performing clinical classifications. We are grateful for the research funding provided by the James Boswell Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Caltech BBE Divisional Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.-M.H, L.K. Whittier Foundation to HMRI, and National Institutes of Aging R56 \u003ca name=\"CONFLICTS_OF_INTEREST\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e(R56AG063857) and R01 (R01AG063857) to X.A. and S.S.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCONFLICTS OF INTEREST \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003eAuthor disclosures \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eare \u003ca name=\"REFERENCES\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eavailable in the supporting information.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eREFERENCES \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. 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Executive function changes before memory in preclinical alzheimer's pathology: a prospective, cross-sectional, case control study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2013;8(11):e79378. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079378\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1371\/journal.pone.0079378\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eArakaki X, Lee R, King KS, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG. Alpha desynchronization during simple working memory unmasks pathological aging in cognitively healthy individuals. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2019;14(1):e0208517. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208517\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1371\/journal.pone.0208517\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eCastor KJ, Shenoi S, Edminster SP, et al. Urine dicarboxylic acids change in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease and reflect loss of energy capacity and hippocampal volume. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2020;15(4):e0231765. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231765\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1371\/journal.pone.0231765\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eHarrington MG, Edminster SP, Buennagel DP, et al. Four-year longi- tudinal study of cognitively healthy individuals: csf amyloid\/tau levels and nanoparticle membranes identify high risk for Alzheimer's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimers Dement\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2019;15(7):P299. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.720\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.720\"\u003e720\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePan C, Korff A, Galasko D, et al. Diagnostic values of cerebrospinal fluid T-Tau and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e42 using Meso Scale Discovery Assays for Alzheimer's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJAD\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2015;45(3):709-719. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-143099\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.3233\/JAD-143099\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eArakaki X, Hung SM, Rochart R, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG. Alpha desynchronization during Stroop test unmasks cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF Amyloid\/Tau. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurobiol Aging\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2022;112:87-101. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.009\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.009\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBondi MW, Serody AB, Chan AS, et al. Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer's dis- ease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2002;16(3):335-343. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.335\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1037\/0894-4105. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.335\"\u003e16.3.335\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBalota DA, Tse CS, Hutchison KA, Spieler DH, Duchek JM, Morris JC. Predicting conversion to dementia of the Alzheimer's type in a healthy\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 22pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003econtrol sample: the power of errors in Stroop color naming. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsychol Aging\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2010;25(1):208-218. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017474\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1037\/a0017474\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eBateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, et al. Clinical and biomarker \u003ca name=\"SUPPORTING_INFORMATION\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003echanges in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eN Engl J Med\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2012;367(9):795-804. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eNgandu  T,  Lehtisalo  J,  Solomon  A,  et  al.  A  2  year  multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at- risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Lancet\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2015;385(9984):2255-2263. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/S0140-6736(15) \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e60461-5\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\n\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/102922_0414_Testingblog55.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eStawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Hofer SM. Between-person and within- person associations among processing speed, attention switching, and working memory in younger and older adults. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExp Aging Res\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2013;39(2):194-214. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eArechavala RJ, Rochart R, Kloner RA, et al. Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid\/tau, a pilot study. \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Gill Sans MT\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInt  J Psychophysiol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e. 2021;170:102-111. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003e10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e007\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eUnited Nations. 2019. World population prospects 2019. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ehttps:\/\/ \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003epopulation.un.org\/wpp\u003c\/a\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003ePublished June 17, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2021. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#2462aa\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world- \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003epopulation-prospects-2019-highlights.html\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\r\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eSUPPORTING INFORMATION \u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\t\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:#231f20\"\u003eAdditional supporting information can be found online in the Support- ing Information section at the end of this article.\u003c\/span\u003e\r\n\t\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:39-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"resear-ch-ar-ticle","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559872409768"},{"id":559871983784,"title":"Orally Administrated","created_at":"2022-11-01T21:38:26-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eOrally Administrated Cinnamon Extract Reduces \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e- Amyloid Oligomerization and Corrects Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Animal Models\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eAnat Frydman-Marom\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e.\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Aviad Levin\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e.\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Dorit Farfara\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Tali Benromano\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e, Roni Scherzer-Attali\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Sivan Peled\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Robert Vassar\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e, Daniel Segal\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ehud Gazit\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e*\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Dan Frenkel\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e*\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e, Michael Ovadia\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e*\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e1 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Neurobiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e4 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eDepartment of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:5pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eIntroduction\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder with an unclear etiology and no cure. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, disorientation, and loss of language skills [1]. In the past two decades, a large number of experimental studies have established a pathological role for A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ein AD [1–2]. However, recent debate has focused on whether A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eamyloid fibrils or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esoluble oligomers are the main neurotoxic species which contribute to neurodegeneration and dementia. Considerable evidence has indicated that amyloid fibrils are toxic [1]. Yet, recent studies support the notion that it is actually the early soluble oligomers that are the primary neurotoxic agents [3– 9]. In particular, 56 kDa (56*) dodecameric oligomers of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewere shown to correlated with the deterioration of cognitive functions in AD model mice and their reintroduction into normal brains resulted in memory impairment [7,10].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eDespite a significant increase in our understanding of the pathogenesis of AD, therapeutic options are still very limited and aim only at amelioration of symptoms. More recent therapeutic approaches aim at removing aggregated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eand decreasing the production of the pathogenic A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e peptide [11]. Yet, novel observations suggest that the endogenous A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003epeptides may normally have a crucial role in activity-dependent regulation of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003esynaptic vesicle release [12], hence methods used to abolish all A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eproduction may in fact aggravate synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it may be advantageous to target the earliest stages of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomerization, thus removing all potential toxic species of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e. Indeed, pervious work by our group and others has already demonstrated that targeting the early process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003emolecular recognition is a very promising approach for the treatment of AD [13–16].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePlants have a long history as a rich source of new bioactive compounds for drug discovery and may have advantages in relation to efficacy. Several reports documented the effectiveness of herbal extracts over isolated material, in protection against lipid peroxidation [17] and anti cancer effects [18]. For example, a mixture of carotenoids have been found to be more effective than any one single carotenoid in protecting liposomes against lipid peroxidation [17].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eRecent studies have shown inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eplaque formation \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eby compounds from natural sources [19–21]. Still, evidence for the capability of common edible elements to inhibit A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomerization \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eremains a challenge. Cinnamon is widely used by humans, both as a spice and as a traditional medicine. It is, perhaps, one of the oldest herbal medicines, having been mentioned in the Bible (\u003cem\u003eExodus, Proverbs \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSong of Songs\u003c\/em\u003e) and in Chinese texts as long as  4,000 years ago [22]. The unique\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ehealing abilities of cinnamon are due to various components such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamyl acetate, and cinnamyl alcohol, in addition to a wide range of other volatile substances including safrole, coumarin and cinnamic acid esters [22]. Cinnamon has unique medicinal abilities such as blood sugar control [23], anti-oxidant [22], anti inflammatory [24] and anti- microbial activities [25]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that cinnamon has an inhibitory effect on Tau aggregation related to AD [26], as well as pharmacological properties in the treatment of type II diabetes [22]. Studies have shown that the potentially toxic compounds in cinnamon bark are found primarily in lipid soluble fractions but are present only in extremely low levels in water soluble cinnamon extracts [27] which are therefore considered highly safe for uptake. Here, we demonstrate the use of a natural substance based on aqueous cinnamon extract (CEppt) as an efficacious therapeutic agent that inhibits A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomer formation and ameliorates AD symptoms. In addition, we suggest the use of an efficacious platform for screening molecules as AD drugs using \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003ecell culture and \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eAD fly and aggressive AD mouse model.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eResults\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eInhibition of toxic A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eoligomer species and fibrils formation\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt was initially tested for its ability to inhibit A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomer formation using the protocol established by Barghorn and coworkers, which results in the formation of SDS stable off- pathway oligomers [10]. The active fraction (CEppt) was isolated as described previously [28]. Briefly, cinnamon bark was ground into powder and the active fraction was extracted from the powder into an aqueous phosphate buffer solution. CEppt fraction was then precipitated from the cinnamon extract by KCl. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was incubated with increasing concentrations of CEppt, and the reaction mixtures were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by western blot analysis using a specific anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (6E10) (Figure 1A). The results revealed a dose dependent inhibition of oligomer formation, where a low concentration ratio of 1:1 (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e) showed total abolishment of the 56 kDa (56*) neurotoxic oligomer and an increase in the level of monomers. It seems that CEppt prevents the monomers and the early nontoxic intermediate  oligomers  (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria\"\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e18  kDa)  from  further  growing  into  the toxic 56 kDa oligomers. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the ability of CEppt to inhibit on-pathway A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomer formation. For that purpose A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was dissolved in DMSO followed by dilution with PBS to a final concentration of 0.4 mg\/ml. The solution was incubated at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC and samples were taken after 1, 3 and 6 hours for evaluation in SDS gel. The results present a similar pattern of inhibition as was the outcome of the off-pathway experiment (Figure S1).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe debate regarding the comparative contribution of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomers and fibrils to the pathogenesis of AD has not yet resolved, we therefore wanted to examine whether CEppt may inhibit the formation of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibrils as well as that of oligomers. We monitored the ability of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e to form amyloid fibrils in the presence or absence of CEppt for nine days using the Thioflavin-T (ThT) binding assay. While the solution of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone displayed a lag-time of about 50 hours, the lag-time of the solution containing CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eat concentration ratios (w\/w) of 5:1, 1:2, 1:20 was significantly longer (Figure 1B). Moreover, relative to the maximal fluorescence intensity reached for A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone, the maximal fluorescence intensity measured for the samples containing 5:1, 1:2 (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eshowed 100% inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillization\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(Figure 1C). From the ThT experiment an IC50 of 0.7 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml was calculated (Figure S2).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillization by CEppt was also tested. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e peptide is the major component of senile plaque and the ratio of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\/A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e has been found to be increased in AD patient's brains [29–30]. Similar to the results using A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, CEppt in the highest concentration was able to totally abolish fibril formation, while lower concentrations showed a tenfold decrease in CEppt's ability to inhibit the fibrillization of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e compared to A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (Figure S3). The slightly decreased inhibition ratio of CEppt may be a result of the high propensity of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e to rapidly aggregate \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003e[31].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAs an additional measure for estimating the effect of CEppt on A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibril formation, samples were taken from the ThT experiment (Figure 1B) after nine days of incubation and were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). While the fibrils formed by A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ealone were abundant, large, broad ribbon-like (Figure 1D), the fibrils formed by the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ein the presence of 1 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml CEppt (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, 1:20) were of a smaller diameter and length, and were found at lower frequency (Figure 1E). Moreover, samples containing 10 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml of CEppt (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, 1:2), and 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml (CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e, 5:1) were devoid of fibrils and contained only small amounts of truncated fibrils (Figure F–G). These results are highly correlated with the ThT assay results.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eInhibition\/disassembly of an ongoing process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibrillization\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePresently, AD diagnosis is based on cognitive and behavioral symptoms. As these symptoms emerge relatively late in disease progression, current therapeutic intervention begins after signifi- cant neurodegeneration has occurred, thereby limiting its efficacy. Therefore, we tested whether CEppt could inhibit an ongoing process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillization. To that end, a second kinetic experiment was performed, in which 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml of CEppt was added at three different time points during the nine day period of fibrillization (0, 24 and 72 hours). Even after 72 hours, during which the process of fibrillization has already reached a plateau (Figure 1H), the addition of CEppt completely eliminated the fibrils and only a limited number of amorphous plaques were detected (Figure 1I–L).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCEppt inhibits the cytotoxic effect of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etowards cultured cell line\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe next examined whether CEppt could inhibit A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-mediated cytotoxicity on the rat neuronal PC12 cell line. A control experiment showed that on its own, CEppt is not toxic to the cultured cells up to a concentration of 1 mg\/ml (Figure S4 A, ref CEppt). In contrast, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils taken at the end of the ThT experiment (Figure S3) were highly toxic to these cells (Figure 2A). Remarkably, when incubated with A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils, CEppt displayed a dose dependent inhibition of the cytotoxic effect of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils, with cell viability restored to 100% at CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio of 2:1 (Figure 2A). Similar results were obtained when A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils (Figure S4 A) and A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers (Figure S4 B) were used, where very low CEppt's concentration exhibit total viability restoration of the cells.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe effect of CEppt in an \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Candara\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003etransgenic fly system\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWhile CEppt exhibited dramatic abilities in the \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eexperiments, we wished to examine the effect of CEppt \u003cem\u003ein vivo, \u003c\/em\u003eby using a \u003cem\u003eDrosophila melanogaster \u003c\/em\u003emodel. This model of transgenic flies express the human A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e protein in their nervous system, via the Gal4-UAS system [32]. Crossing male flies carrying the pan-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin2.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin3.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 1. Inhibition and disaggregation of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eassemblies \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Arial\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vitro. \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Determination of a dose-dependent effect of CEppt on soluble off- pathway oligomer formation. Soluble oligomers were prepared [10] with and without increasing concentration of CEppt. Concentration ratios (w\/w) of CEppt: A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e are indicated. The control is A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (0.6 mg\/ml) alone. (B) The kinetics of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) fibril formation with and without the inhibitor as assessed by the Thioflavin-T biding assay over the course of 264 hours. Concentrations are expressed as CEppt: A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w). Control - A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e only (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e■\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e); 5:1 (*); 1:2 (o); 1:20 (\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e); 1:200 (  ); 1:2000 (\u003c\/span\u003ec\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e). (C) Endpoint of ThT analysis measurement T = 264 hours. Concentrations are expressed as CEppt: A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w), control is A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003eg\/ml). (D–G) Transmission electron microscope images taken from ThT\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eanalysis after 264 hours. (D)A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone, (E) CEppt:A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (1:20), (F) CEppt:A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (1:2), (G) CEppt:A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (5:1), (H) Samples of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) was incubated alone (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e■\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e) or with the addition of CEppt (100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) at various time points of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eaggregation,A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eaggregation was monitored by ThT assay. CEppt was added at 0 hour (\u003c\/span\u003eb\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e); 24 hours (\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e•\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e) and 72 hours (\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e). (I–L) Transmission electron microscope of samples taken from the disaggregation assay after 200 hr. (I) A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e alone, (J) T = 0 hour, (K) T = 24 hours, (L) T = 72 hours.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003edoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g001\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eneuronal elav-Gal4 driver (on their X chromosome) to females carrying the UAS-regulated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene results in AD flies expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e in their nervous system. Characteristic symptoms of these flies include impaired locomotion and memory, which decline with age, as well as markedly reduced longevity [32]. We fed flies either on regular Drosophila medium or medium supplemented with 0.75 mg\/ml CEppt from the beginning of their larval stage through adulthood, and each class of adult offspring was monitored daily for survival and locomotion (climbing) ability [16,32–33]. As reported, flies expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e showed a markedly reduced life span (16 days) compared to the 25 days of control flies (offspring that carried the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but did not express it because they lacked the Gal4 driver) (Figure 2B). The CEppt diet rectified the reduced longevity of the AD flies to a level that was not statistically different from that of the control flies (Pv = 0.0005) (Figure 2B). In contrast, CEppt had no significant effect on the life span of the control flies. CEppt also ameliorated the locomotive defects of the AD flies. While the control flies showed above 90% climbing ability at days 4–10, AD flies struggled to climb up the test tube, showing only 30%–60% climbing ability (Figure 2C). In contrast, AD flies fed with CEppt displayed climbing ability almost identical to the control flies (Figure 2C), while no effect of CEppt was observed on locomotion of the control flies at all days tested. Two- tail ANOVA statistics showed Pv = 0.0001 for all four classes. These results show a specific and marked phenotypic recovery of the AD flies fed with CEppt diet.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo Further estimate the therapeutic ability of CEppt on AD flies, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewas extracted from fly brains over expressing the Arctic (Arc) (E22G) mutant form of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e, which is associated with enhanced A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eprotofibrils formation and early-onset familial AD [34]. These flies exhibited reduced life span and deficient locomotion as described above for A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies [16,32]. Low molecular species of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewere detected in the soluble fraction of extracts from A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies following immunopre- cipitation with 6E10 followed by western blot. The results revealed that monomers of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewere not detectable in the wild type (Oregon-R) control flies (non transgenic flies that have the same genetic background as our Alzheimer's flies). In contrast, in the head extracts of CEppt-treated flies, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003emonomers were detected and their level was increased by 20% in comparison to the non- treated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies (Figure 2D). Moreover, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etetramers that were present in non-treated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e flies [16,32] were absent from extracts of flies fed with CEppt (Figure 2D).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe effect of CEppt in an \u003cspan style=\"font-family:Candara\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003etransgenic aggressive mice model\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eWe further examined the \u003cem\u003ein vivo \u003c\/em\u003eeffect of CEppt on an aggressive AD mouse model [35]. The commonly used transgenic AD mice harbor three familial AD mutations [36], and have served as useful model for studying A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003edeposition, amyloidogenesis and the cognitive impairment associated with AD neuropathology. Yet, the majority of AD mice fail to develop the characteristic paired helical filaments that comprise the neurofibrillary tangles of AD and, importantly, do not show the characteristic overt neuronal loss in brain regions most affected in AD patients. Therefore, in this work we used an aggressive AD mouse model that displays the majority of AD symptoms. These transgenic mice co-express a total of five familial AD mutations (''5XFAD'') and display early (2\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003emonths) plaque formation, impaired cognition (4 months), and neuronal cell death (9 months) [35]. Mice were continuously administered with CEppt in the drinking water (100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml) from the age of two month for 120 days, and then mice were analyzed for changes in cognitive abilities, presence of oligomers and plaque loads. A new object recognition test [37], performed at the age of 180 days, revealed a significant improvement of memory in the CEppt-treated 5XFAD group compared to the untreated group (Pv = 0.034) (Figure 3A). Moreover, the cognitive performance of 5XFAD mice treated with CEppt was almost identical to non- transgenic mice having the same genetic background. This result does not reflect an effect on motor functions since there was no statistical difference in the ability of the 5XFAD treated and untreated mice to perform the rotarod test (data not shown). These results suggest that CEppt may have cured the defective cognition of the 5XFAD mice.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFollowing the behavioral assays, the animals were sacrificed and soluble and insoluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efractions were extracted from hemi- brains. Treatment with CEppt led to a remarkable reduction of 60% in the level of the 56 kDa toxic A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eoligomer (Pv = 0.0011) (Figure 3B–C) compared to the untreated 5XFAD mice. This is the first demonstration for the ability of a natural compound to reduce the formation of the toxic 56 kDa species in an intact animal. In addition, significant reduction was observed in the number and mean size of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eplaque cores in the corresponding 5XFAD hemi-brains. Frontal sections of the hippocampus treated vs. untreated mice were stained with the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-specific 6E10 antibody and revealed a reduction of 42% in plaque load following treatment with CEppt (Pv = 0.0043) (Figure 4A–B, E). Furthermore, when stained with Congo red, a specific amyloid- binding dye, a 63% reduction in amyloid plaques was observed (Pv = 0.034) (Figure 4C–D, F). A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ereduction of about 35% was calculated from the total insoluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efraction as determined by western blot analysis (Pv = 0.021) (Figure 3D). Taken together, these results suggest that treatment with CEppt reduced A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003edeposition and improved cognitive function in 5XFAD mice.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eDiscussion\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAD is the most common cause of late-life dementia and a leading cause of death in the western world. While the etiology of AD is not fully understood, compelling evidences has accumulated over the past few years for a correlation between soluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eand the extent of synaptic loss and cognitive impairment [1,4,6–8]. Thus, it appears that the most promising strategy for developing therapeutic agents to treat AD and other amyloid-associated diseases is by targeting the early molecular recognition and self- assembly processes [14,16].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eHere, we have identified a novel herbal substance, based on aqueous cinnamon extract (CEppt) that can serve as an efficacious inhibitor of both the oligomerization and fibrillization of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c\/em\u003e. In contrast to the raw cinnamon bark, which is considered to have hepatotoxic effects [27], our method of preparation results in a highly potent non-toxic compound which is easily manufactured at low cost.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePervious studies have already demonstrated the powerful usage of herbal extract in arresting amyloid fibrils. Examples for extensively studied naturally occurring compounds are the (-)-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin4.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 2. CEppt alleviates toxic effects of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e– cell and fly assays. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Samples of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003eg\/ml) with or without various concentrations of CEppt were incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells culture. To exclude any toxic effect of CEppt, CEppt alone (9 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) was pre-incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells (ref CEppt). Cells viability was determined using MTT viability assay. ** Pv\u003c\/span\u003e,\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e0.005. (B) The effect of CEppt on longevity of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e- expressing flies. The life span of four classes of flies was evaluated. AD flies grown on regular medium (black line), AD flies grown on medium\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003econtaining CEppt (black dashed line), Control Flies (carrying the A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but not expressing it) grown on regular medium (grey line), Control Flies (carrying the A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but not expressing it) grown on medium containing CEppt (grey dashed line). (C) The effect of CEppt on the climbing behavior of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e-expressing flies. Four classes, each containing six-nine vials with 10 flies in each: AD flies grown on regular medium (black),AD flies grown on medium containing CEppt (grey), Control flies (carrying the A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but not expressing it) grown on either regular medium (striped) or on medium containing CEppt (white), were analyzed using the climbing assay. Results show the percent of flies climbing to the top of the vial after 18 seconds, during the course of 10 days. Pv\u003c\/span\u003e,\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e0.0001. (D) Head extract from 4 days old flies. OR-control flies (left), A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e- expressing flies unfed (middle) fed with 0.75 mg\/mL CEppt (right) (n = 40 in each group). Accumulation of A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003etetramers is evident only in A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e flies which were not fed with CEppt.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003edoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g002\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eepigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and Curcumin which is derived from the natural turmeric. Both EGCG and Curcumin have been reported in several studies as a potential neuroprotective strategy for neurodegenerative disorder such as AD and Parkinson disease (PD) [38–39]. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, no study has yet demonstrated the ability of a natural substance to reduce the level of toxic 56 kDa oligomers, which are thought to be a major neurotoxic species of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e[7,10].\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn order to determine the pattern of inhibition and to understand which phase of the amyloidogenic process is inhibited by CEppt, we performed various analyses and followed the kinetics of amyloid fibrils formation and their morphology. CEppt changed the shape of the nucleation curve, causing a longer lag- phase and a considerably lower amount of amyloid fibril formation (Figure 1B–G, Figure S3). In addition, we demonstrated that\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt stabilizes the non-toxic early off- pathway oligomers and prevents their further assembly into the toxic 56 kDa oligomer species (Figure 1A), as well as inhibiting the early formation of on- pathway oligomer assemblies (Figure S1). Furthermore, we found that CEppt can arrest an ongoing process of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003efibrillization and to disassemble preformed fibrils, a characteristic which is very important when dealing with neurodegenerative disorders whose symptoms emerge relatively late in the disease progression when fibrils have already begun to form. Importantly, the inhibitory effects of CEppt on A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eassembly \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003ecorrelate well with its effects \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c\/em\u003e, where CEppt completely alleviated A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-engendered symptoms in transgenic fly and mice models of AD.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eIn contrast to the majority of AD transgenic mice models, in which formation of amyloid plaques takes about 6–12 months [36], we used an aggressive 5XFAD mice [35]. These model mice\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 6pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin5.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 3. The effect of CEppt on cognitive performances and A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eoligomer formation in 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Object recognition test of transgenic AD model mice (5XFAD), non-transgenic littermate (W.T.), and 5XFAD treated mice. Placebo 5XFAD mice were given drinking water (n = 8); W.T mice were given drinking water (n = 8); treated 5XFAD mice were given water with CEppt (100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eg\/ml) (n = 7). One- way ANOVA tests show Pv = 0.0413. (B) Soluble fraction of mouse brain homogenates were analyzed by western blot probed with A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eantibody 6E10.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003eWestern blot band signals for 56 kDa in (B) were quantified using densitometry and displayed as Percent of 56 kDa toxic oligomer band intensity.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eInsoluble fraction of mouse brain homogenates were analyzed by western blot probed with A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eantibody 6E10, quantified using densitometry, and displayed as relative intensities of total A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003esignals.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003edoi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g003\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin6.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eFigure 4. The effect of CEppt on A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eplaques formation in 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model mice. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003e(A) Histological images of frontal cortex sections stained with A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma\"\u003eantibody 6E10 from vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, and (B) CEppt-treated 5XFAD mice. (C) Histological images of frontal cortex sections stained with Congo red from vehicle-treated 5XFAD mice, and (D) CEppt-treated 5XFAD mice. Scale bar = 100 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:7pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003em. (E) Quantification of\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:8pt\"\u003ethe % plaque load area of hippocampal sections from 5XFAD mice with or without CEppt treatment determined by 6E10 staining. (F) Quantification of the % plaque load area of hippocampal sections from 5XFAD mice with or without CEppt treatment determined by Congo red staining. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0016564.g004\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003edisplay large amyloid deposition burden at a very early age (2 month), and exhibit intraneuronal A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e, neurodegeneration and neuronal loss [35]. These characteristics could be a disadvantage for evaluating drug candidates that are moderately efficacious and could be overlooked when tested in such an aggressive model, as opposed to the common more moderate models which may recapitulate the slower progression of AD in humans. However, the fact that CEppt caused a significant reduction of the amount of amyloid deposits and of the soluble 56 kDa toxic oligomer in the brains of the 5XFAD mice, and dramatically improved their cognitive performance suggests that CEppt may be likewise effective in the more typical AD mice models and in human patients.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSeveral reports have indicated the presence of polyphenol in the cinnamon extract [27,40]. Moreover, several studies have shown that polyphenols can inhibit the aggregation of various amyloido- genic peptides [41–43]. We hypothesize that CEppt may interacts with the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003epeptide at a very early stage of its self assembly through the polyphenol entity to inhibit its aggregation, thereby preventing the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e- mediated toxicity.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAlthough these results clearly show the ability of CEppt to inhibit the progress of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaggregation, it is important to note that the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Moreover, in this work, the ability of CEppt to cross the BBB was not tested. It is possible that several active molecules in CEppt or their derivatives may cross the BBB, yet it is possible that CEppt possess a peripheral mode of therapy. Since CEppt is comprised of several molecules, characterizing the active compound and understanding the mechanism of action will require further work.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo conclude, we have identified a novel prophylactic approach for AD, utilizing a natural substance, which is currently very common in human diet. The CEppt fraction is orally bioavailable and very safe \u003cem\u003ein vitro \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ein vivo. \u003c\/em\u003eWe demonstrated that a minimal concentration of CEppt is capable of inhibiting the formation of both A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etoxic oligomer species and amyloid fibrils in both the test tube and in the intact animal, and can correct the cognitive impairment in AD animal models. The agreement between the results obtained \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c\/em\u003e, in cultured cells, in flies and in mice suggests that together they can be used as an efficient platform for screening molecules as drugs for the treatment of AD. Moreover, we believe that the CEppt, which has a unique herbal supplement profile of actions with multiple components, would have an advantage over crystal-purified drugs containing only a single component, and could be developed as novel precluding, easy to administer, prophylactic treatment of AD pathogenesis.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eMaterials and Methods\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Tahoma; font-size:10pt\"\u003eEthics Statement\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe mice were housed and maintained in the animal facility of Tel Aviv University, and all experiments were in compliance with protocols approved (Permit Number is: L-10-027) by the TAU animal care committee.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCinnamon extract\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCinnamon bark was ground into powder using a coffee grinder. The active material was extracted from the powder into an aqueous phosphate buffer solution 0.02 M, pH 7 overnight and centrifuged.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eThe supernatant was kept at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC until use. CEppt fraction was then precipitated from the cinnamon extract (CE) by KCL 0.3 M and dissolved in 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7, or in water, as needed.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eA\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolution\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSynthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland) was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of 0.4 mg\/ml and sonicated in ice water for 20 sec to avoid pre-aggregation. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolutions were prepared by immediate dilution with 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) to a concentration of 40 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ ml and further diluted with CEppt solution to final concentration of 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml (containing 5% (v\/v) DMSO).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThioflavin T binding fluorescence\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt was dissolved in ddH2O to a concentration of 10 mg\/ml and then diluted with 10 mM PBS buffer, (100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of (0.01 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml–1 mg\/ml). 40 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e solution was immediately mixed with the cinnamon solutions to final concentration of 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eand various cinnamon concentrations (0.01 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml–100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml). The samples were incubated at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC and the fibrillogenesis rate was monitored using ThT fluorescence analysis. The respective excitation and emission wavelengths were 450 nm, 2.5 nm slit, and at 480 nm, 5 nm slit. A 10-fold diluted sample was taken and mixed with 900 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el ThT 0.4 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eM. The fluorescence of ThT was measured using a Jobin Yvon Horiba Fluoromax 3 fluorimeter. Each experiment was repeated in quadruplicate.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDisaggregation assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSynthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland) was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e0.4 mg\/ml and sonicated in ice water for 20 sec to avoid pre- aggregation. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolution was prepared by immediate dilution with\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (100 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 40 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml (containing 10% DMSO). CEppt was dissolved in ddH2O to a concentration of 200 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml and then diluted with the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003esolution to a final concentration of 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml, same amount of ddH2O was added to the W.T sample as a reference. The CEppt was added at various time points- 0 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours. Samples were monitored using ThT assay as describe above.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eTransmission electron microscopy\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e10 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el from different ThT fluorescence samples were placed on 400 mesh copper grids covered by carbon-stabilized Formvar film (SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA). After 1.5 minutes, excess fluid was removed, and the grids were negatively stained with 10 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of 2% uranyl acetate solution for 1.5 min. Finally, excess fluid was removed and the samples were viewed in a JEOL 1200EX electron microscope operating at 80 kV.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of off-pathway soluble oligomer formation\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eA\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e intermediates and toxic oligomers (56 kDa) were produced according to Barghorn \u003cem\u003eet al, 2005 \u003c\/em\u003e[10]. To avoid pre-aggregation,\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003esynthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was pretreated with Hexafluoro-2- propanol (HFIP). A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was dissolved in 100% HFIP, sonicated in ice water for 20 seconds and incubated for 2 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC under shaking at 100 RPM. The inhibitor CEppt was dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 40 mg\/ml, sonicated for 1 min and then diluted in DMSO to several concentrations (1 mg\/ml–20 mg\/ml). After evaporation in a speedVac, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was resuspended in DMSO (with or without the CEppt in different concentrations) to 20 mg\/ml and diluted with PBS (20 mM NaH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c\/sub\u003e, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 2 mg\/ml and 1\/10 volume 2% SDS (final concentration of 0.2%). The A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003etoxic oligomers were generated by a further dilution with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c\/sub\u003eO to final concentration of 0.6 mg\/ml and incubated for another 18 hours or more. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaggregation products were then separated using a 15% Tris-Tricine gel followed by western blot analysis by a specific anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (6E10) (SIGNET).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDetermination of on-pathway soluble oligomer formation\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTo avoid pre-aggregation, synthetic lyophilized A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was dissolved in 100% HFIP, sonicated in ice water for 20 seconds and incubated for 2 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC under shaking at 100 RPM. After evaporation in a speedVac, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e was resuspended in DMSO to a concentration of 9 mg\/ml and then diluted with or without CEppt at different concentrations to a final concentration of 0.4 mg\/ml. The samples were incubated for 6 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eaggregation products were then separated using a 15% Tris- Tricine gel followed by western blot analysis using a specific anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (6E10) (SIGNET).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCells cytotoxicity assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ePC12 pheochromocytoma cell line was routinely grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 8% Fetal Calf Serum, 8% horse serum, 100 U\/ml penicillin, 100 U\/ml streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eSub-confluent cells were harvested by trypsinization, counted and diluted in the cell media to 2610\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e cells\/ml, then cultured in 96 wells plate (100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el\/well) and incubated over-night at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. In order to exclude the effect of the serum, the wells were washed once with serum free-DMEM. Then, into each well added 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of DMEM with A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrils 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml previously incubated with or without CEppt (as describes above) or A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers that were incubated previously with or without CEppt. The A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers were first precipitated with acetone to exclude toxicity of the SDS and HFIP from the oligomer preparation protocol of Barghorn \u003cem\u003eet al, \u003c\/em\u003e[10]. Each treatment was performed in four repeats. After 24 hr incubation at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, cell viability was evaluated using thiazolyl-blue-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay. Briefly, 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of 5 mg\/ml MTT dissolved in PBS were added into each well. After 4 hr incubation at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el of extraction buffer (20% SDS dissolved in 50% dimethylformamide and 50% DDW solution, pH 4.7) were added into each well and the plates were incubated again overnight at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. Finally, color intensity was measured using ELISA Reader at 570 nm.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCells viability (%) = O.D. (570 nm) in the presence of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ewith or without inhibitor*100, and O.D. (570 nm) when only inhibitor was added.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFly keeping\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFlies were reared on standard corneal-molasses medium and were kept at 25\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. As Drosophila females can store sperm cells in their bodies, crosses were conducted using virgin females collected no longer than 8 hours after eclosion at 25\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC or 18 hours after eclosion at 18\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. Adult offspring (F1) from the crosses were\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003ecollected up to 9 days after the beginning of their eclosion at 25\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC in order to avoid offspring from the next generation (F2).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFly crossing\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eMale flies carrying the driver elav\u003csup\u003ec155\u003c\/sup\u003e-Gal4 (on their X chromosome) were crossed with females carrying the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene (located on an autosome) under the UAS promoter in a homozygous condition. This resulted in first generation (F1) female offspring expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e in their nervous system. They served as our Alzheimer's Drosophila model. Male F1 offspring, which carried the A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e transgene but did not express it (because they lacked the Gal4 driver) served as a control.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSpecial fly feeding\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eCEppt dissolved in ddH2O was added to standard corneal- molasses medium about 10 minutes after cooking (0.75 mg\/mL). The compound was mixed thoroughly into the medium and the mixture was aliquoted into rearing vials. The vials were kept at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC until use. Crosses were performed either on regular Drosophila medium (control) or on medium supplemented with CEppt. Animals fed on the appropriate medium from the beginning of the larval stage onwards.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLongetivity assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eFlies expressing one copy of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e reared at 29\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC on medium with or without CEppt were separated to four classes: 1. Females expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e, on regular medium. 2. Females expressing A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e, on medium supplemented with CEppt. 3. Male controls (lacking the Gal4 driver), on regular medium. 4. Male controls (lacking the Gal4 driver), on medium supplemented with CEppt. For each class, six plastic vials each with 10 flies were collected and fresh food was given every three days (whether with or without CEppt). The number of viable A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e-expressing and control flies treated with and without CEppt was recorded daily post eclosion. Differences in survival rates were analyzed using the SPSS 11 Kaplan-Meir software package.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLocomotive (climbing) assay\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eTest tubes of each of the four classes mentioned above, each containing 10 flies were tapped gently on the table and were let stand for 18 seconds. The percent of flies which climbed to the top of the test tube was then calculated over time. Each class had six independent test tube repeats. Statistical analysis was done using StatSoft Statistica 7, parametric ANOVA testing.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eImmuno-precipitation and western-blot of fly head extracts\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eForty freshly decapitated heads from 4 day old OR-control, A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003eArc\u003csub\u003e-42\u003c\/sub\u003e flies treated and non-treated with CEppt (as described before) were collected and homogenized in 30 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003el PBS\/protease inhibitor\/1% SDS [16,32]. Homogenates were then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 25 seconds and the supernatant was further immuno-precipitated with specific 6E10 anti-A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody (1:10) over night at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC. Samples were boiled for 6 minutes, and were then western blotted and membranes were boiled in PBS for 10 minutes before antibodies were introduced. Total protein levels of the samples were quantified using Bradford analysis and a total of 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg protein were loaded in each lane. Since samples were loaded after IP with specific 6E10 anti-A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eantibody, no marker protein levels could be measured.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObject recognition test\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eAfter 4 months of treatment with 100 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml CEppt solution or water, the mice were tested using a novel object recognition test\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(ORT). Object recognition is distinguished by more time spent interacting with the novel object [37]. Memory was operationally defined by the discrimination index for the novel object (DI) as the proportion of time the mice spent investigating the novel object and the familiar one.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eImmunohistology\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e6-month-old 5XFAD mice were sacrificed (transcardially punctured and saline-perfused) and their brains rapidly excised and frozen. The brains (left hemisphere) were cut in 14 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003em coronal  brain  sections,  using  cryostat  at  220\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC,  and  used  for histological examination. The slices were stained at Bregma\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e21.58 mm with Congo-Red staining [Sigma-C6767] and Anti A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e(SIG-39320500 R\u0026amp;D) and visualized by fluorescence microscopy for quantification of the amount of vascular amyloid depositions. Quantification of hippocampus A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003eburden was done in a blinded fashion way using Imaging Research software from the NIH in an unbiased stereological approach.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSoluble and insoluble A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003ebrain quantification\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eRight hemisphere of each mouse was homogenized in 1 ml protease inhibitor dissolved in PBS. Homogenates were then centrifuged at 113,000 g for 40 minutes at 4\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, and two fractions were obtained: soluble and insoluble. The insoluble fraction was dissolved in 1 ml 5 M Guanidine Hydrochloride, 50 mM Tris, pH 8 and was incubated over night in room temperature with gentle agitation. Soluble and insoluble fractions were then\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin7.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin8.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003e\n\t\t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eby western blot with 6E10. By 1 hour concentration ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt) could dramatically inhibit the higher MW oligomers  (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Cambria\"\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e60–80  kDa)  while  increasing  the  level  of  monomers and low MW oligomers (4–10 kDa). At lower concentration ratios of 2:1 and 4:1 (A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt) the formation of higher MW oligomers was still inhibited while the level of the monomers and low MW oligomers was decreased, yet an increment of intermediate oligomers (15–20 kDa) was observed. By 3 hours the monomers were less affected but there still was a very efficacious inhibition of the higher MW oligomers while the intermediate oligomers were increased at ratios of 1:2 and 1:1 A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt. By 6 hours the main species that were inhibited were high MW and protofibrils.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure S2 \u003c\/span\u003eConcentration-dependent inhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e fibrillogenesis. CEppt was added at different concentrations to a fixed amount of 20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e. After incubation for 264 hours at 37\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003eC, ThT fluorescence was monitored at an emission wavelength of 480 nm (excitation at 450 nm).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin9.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure S3 \u003c\/span\u003eInhibition of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e assemblies \u003cem\u003ein vitro. \u003c\/em\u003e(A) The kinetics of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml) fibril formation in the absence or presence of CEppt as assessed by the Thioflavin-T binding assay over the course of 312 hours. Concentrations are expressed as CEppt:A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w). Control - A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e only (\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003e■\u003c\/span\u003e);\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 64pt\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0445_OrallyAdmin10.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003e•\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eresolved by SDS-PAGE and transferred using standard semi-dry conditions. Proteins were resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a 0.45 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003em nitrocellulose membrane at 100 V for\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e30 min. (Bio-Rad) using a Semi-Dry Electroblotter (Bio-Rad). After transfer, the membrane was blocked overnight in 5% (wt\/ vol) nonfat dry milk in TBS-T (20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% (vol\/vol) Tween 20) and washed 3 times for 10 min each in TBS-T before and after adding the antibody. All antibodies were diluted in 5% (wt\/vol) nonfat dry milk in TBS-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eT. The membrane was incubated with 6E10 antibody (1:1000) (SIGNET) for 2 h at room temperature. After wash with TBS-T, the blots were incubated with Anti-Mouse HRP secondary antibodie (1:10,000) (Jackson immunoresearch laboratories) for 1 h at room temperature and developed with enhanced chemi- luminescence (ECL) reagents (Pierce). The protein band was visualized using X-ray film. Gels were analyzed using densitometry and bands were normalized to Actin.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eData comparisons were performed using the Student's t test when two groups were compared or one-way ANOVA analysis of variance when three or more groups were analyzed. A \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalue of\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e,0.05 was considered significant.  *, Pv,0.05, **, Pv,0.005.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eSupporting Information\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure S1 \u003c\/span\u003eDetermination of  a  dose-dependent  effect  of CEppt on on-pathway A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e soluble oligomer  formation. Soluble oligomers were prepared with or without increasing concentration of CEppt. Concentration ratios (w\/w) of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e: CEppt are indicated. The control is A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e 0.4 mg\/ml alone. Samples were loaded on SDS gel after 1, 3 and 6 hours followed\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003eanalysis measurement T = 312 hours. Concentrations are ex-\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003epressed as CEppt: A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e concentration ratio (w\/w), control is A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml).\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eFigure  S4 \u003c\/span\u003eCEppt  alleviates  toxic  effects  of  A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Times New Roman\"\u003eb  \u003c\/span\u003eoligomers and fibrils in cell assay. (A) Samples of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e40\u003c\/sub\u003e (20 \u003cspan style=\"font-family:SimSun; font-size:8pt\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003eg\/ml) with or without various concentrations of CEppt were incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells culture. To exclude any toxic effect of CEppt, CEppt alone (1 mg\/ml) was pre-incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells (ref CEppt). Cells viability was determined using MTT viability assay. (B) Samples of A\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Georgia\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e oligomers (0.6 mg\/ml) with or without various concentrations of CEppt were incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells culture. To exclude any toxic effect of CEppt, CEppt alone at the highest concentration was pre-incubated for 24 hours with PC12 cells (ref CEppt). Cells viability was determined using MTT viability assay. * Pv, 0.05, ** Pv,0.005.\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e(PDF)\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eAcknowledgments\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eWe thank Yaacov Delarea, Dr. Yosi Lereah and Dan Davidi for help with electron microscopy experiments and Prof. David Gubb for fly stocks. We thank Anna Shusterovitch for graphic support, Michal Levy-Sakin for help with the fly work, and the rest of the Gazit and Ovadia research group for fruitful discussions.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eAuthor Contributions\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:8pt\"\u003eConceived and designed the experiments: AF-M AL DS EG DF MO. Performed the experiments: AF-M AL DF TB RS-A SP. Analyzed the data: AF-M AL DF TB DS EG DF MO. Contributed reagents\/materials\/ analysis tools: RV DS EG DF MO. Wrote the paper: AF-M AL DS EG DF MO.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Lucida Sans Unicode\"\u003eReferences\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eQuerfurth HW, LaFerla FM (2010) Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 362: 329–344.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eVan Leuven F (2000) Single and multiple transgenic mice as models for Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 61: 305–312.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eGazit E (2004) The role of prefibrillar assemblies in the pathogenesis of amyloid diseases. Drugs Fut 29: 613–619.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eDe Felice FG, Vieira MN, Saraiva LM, Figueroa-Villar JD, Garcia-Abre J, et al. (2004) Targeting the neurotoxic species in Alzheimer's disease: inhibitors of A beta oligomerization. FASEB J 18: 1366–1372.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eKayed R, Head E, Thompson JI, MeIntire TM, Milton SC, et al. 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Exp Neurol 216: 420–427.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003ePorat Y, Mazor Y, Efrat S, Gazit E (2004) Inhibition of Islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation: a potential role for heteroaromatic interactions. Biochemistry 43: 14454–14462.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eBastianetto S, Krantic S, Quirion R (2008) Polyphenols as potential inhibitors of amyloid aggregation and toxicity: possible significance to Alzheimer's disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 8: 429–435.\n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:7pt\"\u003eShoval H, Weiner L, Gazit E, Levy M, Pinchuk I, et al. (2008) Polyphenol- induced dissociation of various amyloid fibrils results in a methionine- independent for\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:39-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"orally-administrated","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559871983784"},{"id":559871918248,"title":"Potential Clinical Relevance","created_at":"2022-11-01T21:38:25-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 188pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl1-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl2-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 175pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl3-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl4-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eNanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e10 (2014) 1353\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e1363\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 173pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOriginal Article\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 64pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg align=\"left\" src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl5-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003enanomedjournal.com\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 17pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: the case of genetic CJD\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eMichal Mizrahi, Bsc\u003csup\u003ea,1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Yael Friedman-Levi, PhD\u003csup\u003ea,1\u003c\/sup\u003e, Liraz Larush, PhD\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e, Kati Frid, Bsc\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Orli Binyamin, MSc\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Dvir Dori, MD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Nina Fainstein, PhD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Haim Ovadia, PhD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"\u003eTamir Ben-Hur, Md, PhD\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e, Shlomo Magdassi, PhD\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e, Ruth Gabizon, PhD\u003csup\u003ea,\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif; font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepartment of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eCasali Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center; margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eReceived 8 November 2013; accepted 24 March 2014\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl6-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAbstract\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNeurodegenerative diseases generate the accumulation of specific misfolded proteins, such as PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e prions or A-beta in Alzheimer's diseases, and share common pathological features, like neuronal death and oxidative damage. To test whether reduced oxidation alters disease manifestation, we treated TgMHu2ME199K mice, modeling for genetic prion disease, with Nano-PSO, a nanodroplet formulation of pomegranate seed oil (PSO). PSO comprises large concentrations of a unique polyunsaturated fatty acid, Punicic acid, among the strongest natural antioxidants. Nano-PSO significantly delayed disease presentation when administered to asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mice and postponed disease aggravation in already sick mice. Analysis of brain samples revealed that Nano-PSO treatment did not decrease PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e accumulation, but rather reduced lipid oxidation and neuronal loss, indicating a strong neuroprotective effect. We propose that Nano-PSO and alike formulations may be both beneficial and safe enough to be administered for long years to subjects at risk or to those already affected by neurodegenerative conditions.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrom the Clinical Editor: \u003c\/em\u003eThis team of authors report that a nanoformulation of pomegranade seed oil, containing high levels of a strong antioxidant, can delay disease onset in a mouse model of genetic prion diseases, and the formulation also indicates a direct neuroprotective effect.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eKey words: \u003c\/em\u003eNeurodegeneration; Oxidation; Prion; PSO; Nanoparticles\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl7-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 5pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNeurodegenerative diseases are late onset fatal disorders that affect large numbers of individuals in our \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003esociety.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eSince clinical signs typically present after considerable irreversible loss of brain cells have occurred, therefore there is a clear unmet need not only for delaying disease progression in diagnosed patients but also for preventing disease manifestation in subjects at risk. Ongoing efforts in the search of disease modifying agents are mainly focused on screening for molecules that can dismantle or inhibit the formation of misfolded \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003ekey\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003edisease proteins \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003eaggregates,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewhich individually characterize each of these conditions, such as Amyloid β in Alzheimer's disease (AD), α synuclein in Parkinson's disease (PD) and PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e in prion diseases\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl8-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 5pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFunding: This project was funded by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and by the Agnes Ginges Center. At present time, a commercial entity (Granalix) is being formed based on the presented results\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003eCorresponding author. Department of Neurology, Hadassah University\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eHospital, Jerusalem, Israel.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eE-mail address: \u003ca href=\"mailto:gabizonr@hadassah.org.il\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003egabizonr@hadassah.org.il \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e(R. Gabizon).\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 26pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e Equal contribution.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e1549-9634\/© 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003esuch as Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD)\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003econsidered the hallmark of neurodegeneration\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6,7\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eA complementary concept would be to look for therapeutic targets common to all neurodegenerative diseases, as is the case for sensitivity to oxidative \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003estress.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn fact, most of the aggregated key disease proteins mentioned above are \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003eoxidized,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eand in prion diseases oxidation of Met residues in PrP helix 3 precedes the acquisition of protease resistance by this protei\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAlso brain lipids are oxidized in these and other brain diseases\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,13\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003esuggesting lipid oxidation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-16\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIndeed, oxidized phospholipids generate compounds such as 4-oxo-2-nonenal and acrolein, which are predominantly toxic to brain cells\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e17\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eConsistent with this, we propose to investigate whether safe α-oxidant reagents could be beneficial for individuals at risk of developing neurodegenerative conditions, constituting today a large fraction of the world populatio\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1,\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18-22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTo this effect, we tested whether administration of pome- granate seed oil (PSO), either in its natural form added to food or as a water soluble Nano-emulsion, can delay the clinical advance\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl9-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl10-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Treatment_of_TgMHu2ME199K_mice\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand ameliorate prion and neurodegeneration pathological features in TgMHu2ME199K \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003emice,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ewhich model for genetic CJD (gCJD) linked to the E200K PrP \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003emutation.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e24\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAs of today, therapeutic intervention in all forms of human prion diseases had \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003efailed.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-28\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePSO comprises a unique component, punicic acid (PA), a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid considered as one of the strongest natural antioxidants\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eUnsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, similar to PA, were shown to readily cross the blood brain barrier \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e(BBB).\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-32\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePA is present only in PSO (60-80%) and in \u003cem\u003eTrichosanthes kirilowii \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e(40%),\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eand was effective in protecting tissue lipid profiles in inflammatory disease mode\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003els.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePSO lack of toxicity and partial bioavailability was already established in hum\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eans.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e33\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAn additional antioxidant, β-sitosterol, which was demonstrated to accumulate in the plasma membrane of brain ce\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003ells,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e35\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eis present in PSO at significantly higher concentrations as compared to oils from other plan\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003ets,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e36\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eindicating PSO may constitute a natural compound with stronger antioxidant activities than its individual components.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTo increase the bioavailability and activity of PSO, we generated water soluble nanoemulsions hereby denominated \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003eNano-PSO.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis approach, as is the case for delivery systems such as phospholipid micelles or \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003enanoparticles,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e38\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-40\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003emay change the target and distribution of the oil components between different organs, thereby enabling a longer circulation which may increase the levels of PA available to pass the BBB.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K mi\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003ece\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eexpress human-mouse chimeric E199K PrP on a null (for homozygous) or a wt PrP (for heterozygous) background. Mice from both lines suffer from progressive neurological symptoms as early as 5-6 months of \u003ca name=\"Mice_scoring_for_disease_signs\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eage and deteriorate to a terminal condition several months thereafter, concomitant with the accumulation of a truncated form of PK \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eresistant.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,41\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K mice exhibit typical pathological features of human CJD and of general neurodegenerat\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003eion.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e21\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThis model therefore represents the most stringent challenge for candidate therapies in neurode- generative diseases.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eWe show here that administration of PSO significantly delayed disease onset in TgMHu2ME199K mice, constituting a proof of concept that a natural antioxidant may fight neurode- generation. Nano-PSO delayed disease onset and progression in a considerably faster mode and lower dose than natural PSO. Most important, it was only Nano-PSO and not PSO that could prevent further advance of disease when administrated to already sick TgMHu2ME199K mice. No aberrant side effect was \u003ca name=\"Preparation_of_PSO-enriched_food\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eobserved in the time frame (months) and PSO doses used in these experiments. Analysis of brain samples revealed that while accumulation of PK resistant PrP was not affected by PSO formulations, brains from treated mice exhibited a strong neuroprotection effect, as seen by decreased lipid oxidation and neuronal loss, as well as increased synapthophysin expression and neurogenesis.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Methods\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eMethods\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Animal_experiments\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eAnimal experiments\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAll animal experiments were conducted under the guidelines and supervision of the Hebrew University Ethical Committee,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eScore of disease signs.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl11-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl12-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 1pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eScore    Disease signs\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl13-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl14-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 1pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 105pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eInitial hind limb weakness\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e1.5    Partial hind limb weakness\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 105pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eSignificant hind limb weakness\/paralysis\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e2.5    +Legs clasping\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e3    +Full paralysis in one limb\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e3.5    +Significant weakness at the other hind foot\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul style=\"margin-left: 105pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFull paralysis in both limbs\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDeath\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl15-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl16-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 1pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewhich approved of the methods employed in this project (Permit Number: MD-11746-5).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTreatment of TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePSO and Nano-PSO were administrated to TgMHu2- ME199K mice modeling for E200K CJD expressing human- mouse chimeric E199K PrP on a null (for homozygous) or a wt PrP (for heterozygous) b\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eackground,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eas described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. In the PSO experime\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003ents,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1-\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003emouse pelleted feed to which PSO was added as described below was unlimitedly administered to young and older mice as applicable for as long as described in the table. Nano-PSO was administered either by gavage 5 times a week as in experiment4 (150 μl\/day), or by adding Nano-PSO to the mice drinking water (experiment 5). At the end of the experiments, mice were sacrificed and their brains processed for pathological and biochemical experiments.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eMice scoring for disease signs\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K mice were followed twice a week for the appearance of spontaneous neurological disease. Mice were scored for disease severity and progression according to the scale described here and in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. No clinical signs: 0; Initial hind limbs weakness = 1; Partial hind limbs weakness = 1.5; Significant hind limb\/s weakness or paralysis = 2; Significant hind limb\/s weakness or paralysis with significant legs clasping = 2.5; Full paralysis in one limb = 3; Full paralysis in one limb, and significant weakness at the other hind foot = 3.5; Full paralysis in both limbs = 4; Death = 5. Mice were sacrificed at designated time points when required, according to the ethical requirements of the Hebrew University Animal Authorities when they were too sick or paralyzed to reach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003efood and water, or after losing 20% body weight.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePreparation of PSO-enriched food\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e1 kg of mouse pelleted food (Harlan, Taklad) was dissolved in water and subsequently supplemented with 25 ml of PSO (Flavex, Germany). Mixture was next reassembled and dehydrated as pellets.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 17pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePreparation of O\/W pomegranate oil nanoemulsion by sonication\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eA nanoemulsion with 10.8% oil fraction was prepared as follows: 1.56 g of Pomegranate oil, 0.65 g of Tween 80, and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e0.39 g of glyceryl monooleate were mixed by a magnetic stirrer for 20 min. 2.5 g from the above mixture was mixed by a magnetic stirrer with 0.277 g of glycerol, for 15 min. 2 g of the glycerol mixture was then added drop wise to 8 g of deionized\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Dynamic_light_scattering\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eGroups in in vivo experiments.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup\u003e \u003ccol style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e \u003ccol style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e \u003ccol style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e \u003ccol style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e \u003ccol style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e \u003ccol style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e \u003c\/colgroup\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 31px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eTreatment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eExp #\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eGenetic background\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eGender\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eNumber of mice experiment\/control\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: solid #231f20 0.75pt; border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eDays of treatment\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 16px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eTg\/wt\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e5\/4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e86-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e8\/7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e76-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e6\/7\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e190-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 13px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eNano-PSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eFemale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 7pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e6\/6\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e70-270\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 15px;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eNano-PSO\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eTg\/ko\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMale\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 3pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e11\/10\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-bottom: solid #231f20 0.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e236-300\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewater. A crude white emulsion was obtained. At the second stage this crude emulsion was sonicated using a horn sonicator (model Vibra-Cell, Sonics \u0026amp; Materials Inc., USA) for 10 min at 750 W. The samples were cooled in an ice water bath during the sonication process. A bluish nano emulsion was obtained.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDynamic light scattering\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDroplets size measurements were performed with a Zetasizer Nano-S (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). Size measurements were performed in triplicates after dilution of the emulsion in water. The coarse white emulsion droplets size was in the range of few microns. The average droplets size of the O\/W nano emulsion used in these experiments was 135 ± 12 nm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe survival curves were compared using the Kaplan\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003eMeier analysis with log rank test calculating Χ squares on one degree of freedom, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003evalues and medians were calculated and are stated through the manuscript.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe clinical score severity curves in mice were compared between control and experimental groups using Mann\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003eWhitney test (two tailed) and performed on the means + SEM (number of mice in each experimental group are detailed in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Western_blot_analysis\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWestern blot analysis\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eBrains from TgMHu2ME199K mice at the designated end point of the experiments were homogenized at 10% (W\/V) in 10 mM Tris\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003eHCl, pH 7.4 and 0.3 M sucrose. For Proteinase K digestions, 30 μl of 10% brain homogenates extracted with 2% sarkosyl on ice was incubated with 40 mg\/ml Proteinase K for 30 min at 37 °C. Samples were boiled in the presence of SDS, subjected to SDS PAGE and immunoblotted with α-PrP pAb RTC\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Immunocytochemistry\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eImmunocytochemistry\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFour μm thick sections of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded brains of treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice were evaluated for the levels of oxidized phospholipids with EO6 mAb (Avanti) and for the levels of neuronal synapses with an α-Synaptophysin pAb (Novus).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"Neurogenesis\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eNeurogenesis\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFor identifying proliferating brain cells (neurogenesis), 10 months old wt, as well as Nano-PSO treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice were injected intraperitoneally with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, Sigma-Aldrich, 50 μg\/1 g body weight) for 7 consecutive days. Subsequently, mice were\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eanesthetized with a lethal dose of pentobarbital and brains were perfused via the ascending aorta with ice-cold PBS followed by cold 4% paraformaldehyde. Tissues were deep frozen in liquid nitrogen, and next serial 10 μM coronal sections were immuno- stained for BrdU (rat α-BrdU, Serotec) as previously describe\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003ed.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e42\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eResults\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDelay of disease onset following administration of PSO in food to young and asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eGroups of asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mice (TgMHu2ME199K\/wt and \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eTgMHu2ME199K\/KO),\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eas well as 7 months old TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice already presenting significant neurological signs (see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003efor description of disease scores, and \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003efor details about the experimental groups) were fed either with regular rodent food or with food enriched with pomegranate seed oil (PSO) at a concentration of 25 ml oil\/kg. Since mice consume about 3-4 g of food\/day, we may assume treated mice received about 100 μl of PSO per day or 700 μl of PSO\/week. Disease progression in each TgMHu2ME199K mouse was evaluated by frequent scoring of clinical signs, and by calculating twice a week the average of group scores in the treated animals as compared to untreated littermate groups generated from the same male and several of its sibling females. Administration of PSO in food to young TgMHu2ME199K mice was initiated just before they reached 3 months of age, the first time point in which PK resistant PrP can be easily detected in the still asymptomatic TgMHu2ME199K mic\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003ee.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e23\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,41\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eControls and treated mice from the same experiment were sacrificed simultaneously (at 270 days of age) and thereafter their brains processed for biochemical and pathological analysis. In the older mice, treatment commenced at 200 days (average score in the group = 2) and continued for 9 weeks before termination of the experiment. No adverse effects were observed in any of the mice following the long term administration with the oil enriched food.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 1 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eshows the effect of PSO administration on the clinical presentation and advance of the disease in TgMHu2ME199K mice. Results were similar for treatment of heterozygous and homozygous TgMHu2ME199K mice (panels \u003cem\u003eAI \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eBI\u003c\/em\u003e), consistent with our recent results indicating that wt PrP does not participate in disease presentation in the genetic mice\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e41\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand show a significant delay in disease presentation in the treated mice (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.02 for both panels \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB\u003c\/em\u003e, see methods for description of statistical analysis). To better understand the meaning of this result for medical practice, we evaluated the progression of disease for individual mice at two clinical time points, as represented by the percentage of mice under score 2 (\u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003epanels \u003cem\u003eII\u003c\/em\u003e), or under score 2.5 (\u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003epanels \u003cem\u003eIII\u003c\/em\u003e). We found that PSO administration in food could confer a beneficial effect to most treated mice when data was estimated for the more advance stage, as depicted by the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e2.5 score (difference in medians between treated and untreated groups were 60 and 80 days (panels \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB\u003c\/em\u003e) (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.04, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 3.9; \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.02, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 4.1)). At score 2, less than 50% of the mice reacted to the treatment, as indicated by a median difference of only 10 or 20 days respectably (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eN \u003c\/span\u003e0.05). These results indicate that the beneficial effect of PSO on disease presentation (for most mice)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 15pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl17-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFigure 1. Natural PSO delays disease onset in TgMHu2ME199K mice. Young TgMHu2ME199K\/wt and TgMHu2ME199K\/ko mice or 190 days old TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice were treated with regular or with PSO enriched food for the designated time course (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Mice were scored for disease signs as described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Figures (I) in panels (A), (B) and (C): Average group score as related to age of mice. Figures (II) in panels (A) and (B): % of mice under score 2 as related to age of mice. Figures (III) in panels (A) and (B): Percentage of mice under score 2.5 as related to age of mice. Figure (II) in panel (C):% of mice aggravated by 0.5 score.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ecan be observed only after long term consumption of the oil, and in many cases manifest when disease is already well advanced. As for the treatment of older and sick mice, \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC \u003c\/em\u003eshows no difference in the average group scores or on the progression of disease for individual mice between PSO treated and untreated mice 200 days old sick mice (panels \u003cem\u003eI \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eII\u003c\/em\u003e).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOverall, these findings constitute the proof of concept that PSO may serve as an anti-prion\/neuroprotective compound, but also present the limitations of such treatment; it requires long term administration of the anti-oxidant from the subclinical stage, while results may be apparent only when subjects are already affected.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eIncreased delay of disease onset and of disease progression following the administration of Nano-PSO to young and old TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTo generate a more effective and bioavailable formulation, we emulsified PSO to form oil nanodroplets with an average diameter of approximately 150 nm (see methods), hereby denominated Nano-PSO. As stated in the introduction, such formulations may allow for a longer circulation time of the now dispersed drug and thereby larger \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003eactivity.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e43\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003epresents\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ethe results of an experiment comparable to those depicted in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003efor PSO enriched food. In this case, Nano- PSO was administrated to TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice from 70 to 270 days by gavage (15 μl PSO\/day; 5 days a week or 75 μl\/week). As in the previous experiment, treated and untreated mice were sacrificed at the same time point, to compare pathological parameters. The dose of PSO in the Nano-PSO formulation used in this experiment constitutes approximately 10% of the PSO administered as enriched food in the experiments described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Panel \u003cem\u003eAI \u003c\/em\u003eof \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 2 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows a significant difference between the average group score of disease as related to the time of Nano-PSO administration (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.001). When comparing effect on individual mice, panel \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eII \u003c\/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eIII\u003c\/em\u003e) indicate that administration of Nano-PSO resulted in a more rapid response to treatment as compared to TgMHu2ME199K mice treated with PSO enriched food. Already at score 1 (panel \u003cem\u003eII\u003c\/em\u003e), which is a very mild and early diagnosed disease condition (see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e) there is a 40 days difference between the median of treated and untreated mice (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.002, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 9.55). In addition, the graph in panel \u003cem\u003eIII \u003c\/em\u003eshows that while the median difference between the treated and untreated groups at score 2 was only 65 days (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.0082, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 6.98), 50% of the treated mice never reached score 2 during the duration of the experiment. In fact, none of the mice treated\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 38pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl18-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFigure 2. Administration of Nano-PSO to TgMHu2ME199K mice significantly delays prion disease onset and progression. Young and old TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice were treated by gavage with Nano-PSO (young, panel (A)) or by addition of the novel formulation to the drinking water (older mice, panel (B)). Mice were scored for disease signs as described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Figure (I) in panel (A): Average group score as related to age of mice. Figure (II) in panel (A): % of mice under score 1 as related to age of mice. Figure (III) in panel (A): % of mice under score 2 as related to age of mice. Figure (I) in panel (B): Average group score as related to time of days of treatment. Figure (II) in panel (B): % of mice aggravated by 0.5 score as related to time of treatment.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewith Nano-PSO reached score 2.5 in the frame of the experiment (see \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAI\u003c\/em\u003e), as opposed to 50 to 80% of the mice treated with PSO food. These results indicate that Nano-PSO can delay both the onset and the progression of disease at a much shorter time frame and at a much lower dose than natural PSO, indicating this and alike formulations may be suitable and effective for treatment of humans at risk, as is the case for mutation carriers of pathogenic PrP mutations\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e44\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNext, we administered Nano-PSO to TgMHu2ME199K mice already suffering from severe disease (individual scores of mice were between 2.5 and 3 at beginning of treatment), and then scored the mice 2-3 times a week to establish further advance of clinical signs. In this experiment, Nano-PSO was added to the mice drinking water for 5 days each week (9 weeks total). The calculated dose of PSO for each mouse was 30 μl\/day or 150 μl\/week. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003edepicts the results of these experiments. Panel \u003cem\u003eI\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003edemonstrated a significant difference (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.05) between the average rate of disease advance between treated and untreated mice. Indeed, Nano-PSO was able to detent clinical deterioration for the duration of the treatment (63 days) and even to maintain a difference in scores between treated and untreated mice after treatment was terminated.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePanel \u003cem\u003eBII \u003c\/em\u003epresents the individual deterioration by half a score ratio of treated and untreated mice. It shows that Nano-PSO administration delayed the advance of disease for each treated mouse and that the difference in the median of both curves was again significant (42 days, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.01, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e = 6.635). We therefore conclude that while natural PSO exerts a statistically significant anti-prion activity at some conditions, it is Nano-PSO that is suitable as a suitable therapeutic agent. A direct comparison of the beneficial activity of PSO versus Nano-PSO at different scores of disease is presented in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eTable 3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003ch2 style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTable 3\u003c\/h2\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl19-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eComparing the clinical effect of the effect of PSO to Nano-PSO.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eExperimental group    Parameter measured    PSO    Nano-PSO\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl20-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eYoung, asymptomatic    Δ = The difference in medians between\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 120pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003etreated and untreated groups\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eScore 1 = no difference    Score 1 = 40 days\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 126pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.002\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eScore 2 = 10 days    At score 2 \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;\"\u003e≫ \u003c\/span\u003e65\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e⁎ \u003c\/span\u003edays\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 126pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.082\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 292pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eScore 2.5 = 80 days\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 292pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.04\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 49pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNo score 2.5 in\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e⁎ \u003c\/span\u003etreated mice\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 120pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOld, symptomatic    Δ = The difference in deterioration by half a score ratio\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNo difference    42 days \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e⁎\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.01\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl21-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl22-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 1pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e* \u003c\/span\u003eStatistically significant.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNo reduction in disease related PrP in PSO\/Nano-PSO treated TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDisease related PrP forms, mostly resistant to digestion by proteinase K (PK), are the main markers of prion diseases, and are also considered the major\/only components of the infectious prion \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003eagents.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn our TgMHu2ME199K model, mutant PrP can be detected as a PK resistant and truncated form (PrP\u003csup\u003eST\u003c\/sup\u003e) already at 3 months of age, when mice are still asymptomatic for the disease. PK resistant PrP levels increase with age, in parallel with disease \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003eprogression.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e41\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 3 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eshows individual brain extracts of TgMHu2ME199K mice treated with PSO or Nano-PSO (from experiments 2 and 4, 270 days at end point) when immunoblotted with α PrP pAb RT\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003eC.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNo difference in the total PrP levels was observed in the corresponding groups before PK digestion, indicating that administration of PSO in both forms (panel \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eas PSO, panel \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003eas Nano-PSO) had no effect on PrP expression. Most important, no reduction in PK resistant PrP was observed in the treated brains in spite of the profound difference in disease score between treated and untreated mice (\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigures 1 and 2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Actually, the signal for PK resistant PrP even increased slightly in some of the treated mice, as was the case for scrapie infected mice treated with Simvastati\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e45\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis implies that PSO does not interfere with the pathological process or aberrant metabolic pathway which leads to the accumulation of disease related PrP in TgMHu2ME199K mice, but may rather induce neuroprotective pathways that manifest as reduced cell death. Such a mechanism may even explain an apparent increase in prion protein accumulation in the treated brains.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePSO formulations protect neurons from death\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNext, we immunostained paraffin embedded brain slices from wt mice as well as from treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice with an α-synapthophysin antibody. The samples used were from experiments 2 (PSO) and 4 (Nano-PSO), as in the experiments described in \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 3\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e. Synapthophysin is an integral membrane protein located in presynaptic vesicles\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e46\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e,47\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDecreased levels of this and other synaptic proteins are considered a general marker of neurodegeneratio\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003en\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e48\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-50\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand were observed in the brains of CJD patients, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infected cattle and scrapie infected mic\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003ee.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e51\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-54\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA \u003c\/em\u003eshows that while synapthophysin levels were largely reduced in the untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice, as seen by the reduce number of brown dots, as compared to age matched\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewt mice, such immunostaining was significantly restored in the treated mice from the parallel groups for both experiments. This indicates that early treatment with PSO formulations may prevent not only the advance of clinical signs but also the presentation of general neurodegenerative features of prion and other neurode- generative diseases, as is the case of synapthophysin expression.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNext, and to further establish whether PSO formulations can inhibit neuronal death, we counted in age matched wt, as well as in treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice frozen sections the number of cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, as manifested by DAPI staining. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eB \u003c\/em\u003eshows the results of such an experiments for sick TgMHu2ME199K mice treated with and without Nano-PSO (experiment 5). Indeed, while the brains from the sick TgMHu2ME199K mice presented significant neuronal loss as compared to those of wt mice (see thinner blue sections and numbers in the graph bellow), such reduction was partially prevented by the Nano-PSO treatment. Indeed, differences between cell numbers in treated and untreated sections, as well as between non-treated to wt mice were statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.01 or \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0007, respectively). Death of neurons in the hippocampus was shown to correlate with \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003edementia,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e55\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003esuggesting both that our TgMHu2ME199K mice model is a good model of neurodegeneration and that Nano-PSO exerts a strong neuroprotective affect in the most severe conditions, as represented by treatment of already sick TgMHu2ME199K mice.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNano-PSO may restore hippocampal neurogenesis in sick TgMHu2ME199K mice\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNumerous new studies demonstrate that during normal aging, certain areas of the brain retain pluripotent precursors with the capacity of \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003eself-renewal.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e56,57\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThis feature, also known as adult neurogenesis, may be impaired in neurodegenerative diseases such as CJD and \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003eAD.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e58,59\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTo evaluate levels of neurogenesis in treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice, we injected Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a synthetic analog of thymidine commonly used in the detection of proliferating cells in living tissue\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003es\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e60\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eto wt and TgMHu2ME199K mice of several ages as well as to Nano-PSO treated TgMHu2ME199K mice (experiment 5). Mice were sacrificed a week after the first injection and new neurons in the granular zone of the dentate gyrus were detected in frozen sections with an α-BrdU antibody. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 4\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003cem\u003eC \u003c\/em\u003eshows that at 4 months of age, when the TgMHu2ME199K mice were still asymptomatic, there was no significant difference in the number of new cells between their brains and those of wt mice. Contrarily, in\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 109pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl23-1.png\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFigure 3. No reduction in disease related PrP in PSO\/Nano-PSO treated Tg mice: Brain extracts of mice sacrificed at the end point of experiments 2 and 4 were digested in the presence and absence of PK, as described in the methods, and immunoblotted with α PrP pAb \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003eRTC.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003ePanel (A): PSO treated mice, last 2 lanes represent scrapie infected brains (RML, and wt mice). Panel (B): Nano-PSO treated mice, last 2 lanes represent scrapie infected brains (RML, and wt mice).\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eolder mice already presenting signs of disease (6 and 10 months of age) the number of new cells in TgMHu2ME199K brains was significantly lower that the corresponding new cells in age matched wt mice (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.002), indicating reduced neurogenesis, at least at this age, is a feature of neurodegeneration more than a property of aging. While only marginally significant (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial;\"\u003eb \u003c\/span\u003e0.12), the number of new cells in Nano-PSO treated mice was higher than in the non- treated mice, indicating a possible additional neuroprotective property of Nano-PSO treatment.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 9pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ePSO protects cell lipids from oxidative insults\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eAs reviewed above, lipid and protein oxidation are important features of all neurodegenerative \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003ediseases.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,12,61\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eTo establish whether Nano-PSO can reduce lipid oxidation, we immuno- stained paraffin embedded brain slices brain from wt and form control and treated TgMHu2ME199K mice with EO6, an anti- oxidized phospholipids \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003emAb\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e62\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ewhich was shown to detect oxidized lipids in MS \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003eplaques.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eIn \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eFigure 5\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, we show that while we could not detect any α-EO6 immunostaining in wt mice of different ages (no dispersed brown color or specific features), TgMHu2ME199K mice brain sections from experiment 4 presented strong EO6 immunostaining in all cerebellar layers (dispersed brown in general and in cerebellum's Purkinje cells). These results are consistent with our previous findings, indicating a large sensitivity of TgMHu2ME199K mice Purkinje cells to disease aggravatio\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003en.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e63\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eOur results also show that Nano-PSO treated sections present considerable lower levels of EO6 staining,\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eboth general and cell specific, as compared to the parallel untreated brains. In samples from experiment 5, mice treated when already sick, we show that EO6 may also recognize star like plaques in the brains of the untreated, but not in the treated TgMHu2ME199K mice. These results demonstrate that lipid oxidation may be an important feature of prion diseases and that Nano-PSO formulations can reduce\/prevent such oxidation, concomitantly with inhibition of cell death and disease aggravation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eDiscussion\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eA significant number of natural anti-oxidants are ubiquitously present in a healthy human diet. Many of them, such as Sulforaphane from Broccoli, Curcumin and EGCG from green tea were recognized for their neuroprotective properties in cells and tested in appropriate animal \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003emodels.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e64\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-66\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eHowever, their in vivo activity was limited by the sub-pharmacological doses presented in food, their poor bioavailability to humans, rapid chemical degradation and reduced distribution to different organs in the body, in particular the CNS. In this work, and after PSO by itself was found to be clinically active in its natural oil form, we made an effort to overcome such limitations by tailoring a more active formulation in the form of Nano-PSO.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eWe show here that administration of PSO in food may delay the onset of spontaneous genetic prion disease in the TgMHu2ME199K mouse line, constituting a proof of concept that natural antioxidants\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 57pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl24-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFigure 4. Neuroprotection of PSO formulations (A) PSO and Nano-PSO restore synapthophysin expression in sick mice: Paraffin embedded brain slices of wt, as well as PSO and Nano-PSO treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K\/KO mice (experiments 2 and 4), were immunostained with an α-synapthophysin antibody. Magnification in all pictures is × 20. (B) Nano-PSO protects hippocampal cells from death: Frozen sections the number of cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, as manifested by DAPI staining. Statistical analysis of average from 4 mice in each group was performed by T-test.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eNeurogenesis in treated and untreated TgMHu2ME199K mice: Slides of mice treated with BrdU and subsequently stained with an α-BrdU antibody were counted for reacting cells. Average number of cells in slides of 4 mice was plotted in the graph. Statistical significance was evaluated by T-test.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003emay exert a beneficial neuroprotective effect. However, it was only Nano-PSO, a novel formulation in which natural PSO was converted into soluble nanodroplets, which generated an impressive clinical effect at a much lower PSO dose for both prevention and treatment of progressive prion disease in the TgMHu2ME199K mice. Our results also show that the mechanism of activity of PSO formulations was not prion specific, or at least not PrP specific, since the long term administration of the oil did not affect the expression of mutant PrP or its accumulation as a PK resistant PrP form. Rather than a specific anti-prion effect, these PSO formulations, concomitant with an impressive clinical outcome, presented a wide neuroprotective effect, in the form of reduced neuronal death and lipid oxidation and increased neurogenesis, which may be valuable also for the treatment of an array of neurodegenerative conditions. Indeed the combination of an unsaturated fatty acid that can most probably cross the \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003eBBB,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eand the increased bioavailability conferred by the nanoparticle fo\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003ermulation,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e37\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003emay explain the impressive neuropro- tective activity of Nano-PSO.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eThe search for disease modifiers for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is focused mostly on screening for\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003ereagents such as antibodies or small molecules that may dismantle or inhibit the aggregation of misfolded specific key proteins, as is the case for PrP\u003csup\u003eSc\u003c\/sup\u003e in prion diseases\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e67\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eA-beta in AD and synuclein in Parkinson's disease\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e,\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e68\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e-71\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eor reduce the expression of the normal key proteins, in the form of siRNA\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003es\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e72\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eor other molecule\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003es.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e73\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWhile these pathways may well lead to effective drugs, we propose an alternative approach in the form of brain protection from common neurodegeneration features, as is the case for neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Indeed, Nano-PSO generated a strong clinical effect with an excellent safety profile which may allow its prolonged administration to individuals at risk. The formulation described here, oil nanodroplets of a specific size, may be further improved by optimizing particle size, Nanoemulsion ingredients, stability features and physicochemical principles of preparation. Pharmacokinetics experiments in progress in our laboratory may help to fine-tune the most active formulations, before we engage in clinical trials.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eIndeed, since Nano-PSO can most probably be classified as a \u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003esafe\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e\" \u003c\/span\u003ereagent, even in the levels of safety of a food supplement, such trials may come about soon enough. A comprehensive clinical\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 109pt;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/thedailypost.org\/dev\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/110122_0945_PotentialCl25-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003eFigure 5. PSO protects brain lipids from oxidation: Paraffin embedded slides from Nano-PSO treated and untreated mice (experiments 4 and 5) were immunostained with the EO6 antibody. Initial magnification in all pictures was × 20.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003etrial for CJD patients was recently described\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWhile the results for doxycycline were negative, the experimental design may be useful in our and other cases. In addition, we speculate that once sophisticated disease specific reagents become available, they may well be combined with general neuroprotective agents such as Nano-PSO for the best possible outcome in patients and at risk individuals.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 14pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #231f20;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"References\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eReferences\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eHamacher M, Meyer HE, Marcus K. New access to Alzheimer's and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003eother neurodegenerative diseases.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eExpert Rev Proteomics \u003c\/em\u003e2007;4(5):\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0005\"\u003e591-4.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0010\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eAguzzi A, O'Connor T. Protein aggregation diseases: pathogenicity and\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0010\"\u003etherapeutic perspectives. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0010\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNat Rev Drug Discov \u003c\/em\u003e2010 Mar;9(3):237-48.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0015\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMorales R, Green KM, Soto C. Cross currents in protein misfolding\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0015\"\u003edisorders: interactions and therapy. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0015\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0015\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2009 Nov;8(5):363-71.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0020\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePrusiner SB. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0020\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eScience \u003c\/em\u003e1982 Apr 9;216(4542):136-44.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0025\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eOlanow CW, Prusiner SB. Is Parkinson's disease a prion disorder? \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0025\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0025\"\u003eNatl Acad Sci U S A \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2009 Aug 4;106(31):12571-2.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0030\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePrusiner SB. Biology and genetics of prions causing neurodegeneration.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0030\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnnu Rev Genet \u003c\/em\u003e2013;47:601-23.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0290\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eAshe KH, Aguzzi A. Prions, prionoids and pathogenic proteins in\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0290\"\u003eAlzheimer disease. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0290\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrion \u003c\/em\u003e2013;7(1):55-9.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0035\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eButterfield DA, Kanski J. Brain protein oxidation in age-related\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0035\"\u003eneurodegenerative disorders that are associated with aggregated proteins.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0035\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMech Ageing Dev \u003c\/em\u003e2001;122(9):945-62.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eHajieva P, Behl C. Antioxidants as a potential therapy against age-related\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0040\"\u003eneurodegenerative diseases: amyloid beta toxicity and Alzheimer's disease.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0040\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurr Pharm Des \u003c\/em\u003e2006;12(6):699-704.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf6040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eGrossmann ME, Mizuno NK, Schuster T, Cleary MP. Punicic acid is an\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf6040\"\u003eomega-5 fatty acid capable of inhibiting breast cancer proliferation.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf6040\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInt J Oncol \u003c\/em\u003e2010;36(2):421-6.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eCanello T, Frid K, Gabizon R, Lisa S, Friedler A, Moskovitz J, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003eOxidation of helix-3 methionines precedes the formation of PK resistant\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003ePrP. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0045\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePLoS Pathog \u003c\/em\u003e2010;6(7):e1000977.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0050\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eUttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. Oxidative stress\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0050\"\u003eand neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0050\"\u003edownstream antioxidant therapeutic options.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0050\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCurr Neuropharmacol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0050\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2009;7(1):65-74.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0055\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eHaider L, Fischer MT, Frischer JM, Bauer J, Hoftberger R, Botond G,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0055\"\u003eet al. Oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0055\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrain \u003c\/em\u003e2011;134\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0055\"\u003e(Pt 7):1914-24.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf1040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePerluigi M, Coccia DA, Butterfield R. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a reactive\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf1040\"\u003eproduct of lipid peroxidation, and neurodegenerative diseases: a toxic\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf1040\"\u003ecombination illuminated by redox proteomics studies.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf1040\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntioxid Redox\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf1040\"\u003eSignal \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2012;17(11):1590-609.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf2040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eAdibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Lipid oxidation and peroxidation in CNS\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf2040\"\u003ehealth and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf2040\"\u003eopportunities. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf2040\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntioxid Redox Signal \u003c\/em\u003e2010;12(1):125-69.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf3040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eReed TT. Lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative disease. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf3040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFree Radic\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf3040\"\u003eBiol Med \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2011;51(7):1302-19.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf4040\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eSingh M, Dang TN, Arseneault M, Ramassamy C. Role of by-products\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf4040\"\u003eof lipid oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brain: a focus on acrolein.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf4040\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ Alzheimers Dis \u003c\/em\u003e2010;21(3):741-56.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0060\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMizuno Y, Hattori N, Kubo S, Sato S, Nishioka K, Hatano T, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0060\"\u003eProgress in the pathogenesis and genetics of Parkinson's disease. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0060\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhilos\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0060\"\u003eTrans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2008;363(1500):2215-27.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0065\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eShoulson I, Young AB. 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Linoleic acid passage through the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0120\"\u003eblood\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Microsoft Sans Serif;\"\u003e–\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"\u003ebrain barrier and a possible effect of age. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0120\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurochem Res\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0120\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e1994;19(2):129-33.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0125\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eYuan G, Sinclair AJ, Xu C, Li D. 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Antioxidant effect of vegetable oils containing\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf7125\"\u003econjugated linolenic acid isomers against induced tissue lipid\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf7125\"\u003eperoxidation and inflammation in rat model.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf7125\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eChem Biol Interact\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf7125\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2011;190(2-3):109-20.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf8125\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eShi C, Wu F, Zhu XC, Xu J. Incorporation of beta-sitosterol into the\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf8125\"\u003emembrane increases resistance to oxidative stress and lipid\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf8125\"\u003eperoxidation via estrogen receptor-mediated PI3K\/GSK3beta signaling.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf8125\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiochim Biophys Acta \u003c\/em\u003e2013;1830(3):2538-44.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0130\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eKaufman M, Wiesman Z. 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Multifunctionality of lipid-core micelles\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0135\"\u003efor drug delivery and tumour targeting.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0135\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMol Membr Biol \u003c\/em\u003e2010;27(7):\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0135\"\u003e232-46.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0140\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMerian J, Boisgard R, Decleves X, Theze B, Texier I, Tavitian B.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0140\"\u003eSynthetic lipid nanoparticles targeting steroid organs.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0140\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ Nucl Med\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0140\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2013;54(11):1996-2003.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0145\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMargulis-Goshen K, Magdassi S. Formation of simvastatin nanoparticles\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0145\"\u003efrom microemulsion. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0145\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNanomedicine \u003c\/em\u003e2009;5(3):274-81.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0150\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eKim D, Park JH, Kweon DJ, Han GD. 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PrPST, a soluble, protease resistant and truncated PrP form features in the pathogenesis of a genetic prion disease. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One \u003c\/em\u003e2013;8(7):e69583, \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.or\/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003ehttp:\/\/dx.doi.or\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069583\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003eg\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069583\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0160\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eFainstein N, Cohen ME, Ben-Hur T. Time associated decline in\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0160\"\u003eneurotrophic properties of neural stem cell grafts render them dependent on\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0160\"\u003ebrain region-specific environmental support.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0160\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeurobiol Dis\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0160\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2012;49C:41-8.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0300\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eWang S, Su R, Nie S, Sun M, Zhang J, Wu D, et al. 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Identification and localization of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0175\"\u003esynaptophysin, an integral membrane glycoprotein of Mr 38,000\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0175\"\u003echaracteristic of presynaptic vesicles. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0175\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell \u003c\/em\u003e1985;41(3):1017-28.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0180\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eWiedenmann B, Franke WW, Kuhn C, Moll R, Gould VE. Synapto-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0180\"\u003ephysin: a marker protein for neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0180\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0180\"\u003eNatl Acad Sci U S A \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e1986;83(10):3500-4.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0305\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eZhan SS, Beyreuther K, Schmitt HP. Quantitative assessment of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0305\"\u003ethe synaptophysin immuno-reactivity of the cortical neuropil\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0305\"\u003ein various neurodegenerative disorders with dementia.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0305\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDementia\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0305\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e1993;4(2):66-74.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0185\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMasliah E, Terry R. The role of synaptic proteins in the pathogenesis of\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0185\"\u003edisorders of the central nervous system. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0185\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrain Pathol \u003c\/em\u003e1993;3(1):77-85.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0190\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eLassmann H, Fischer P, Jellinger K. Synaptic pathology of Alzheimer's\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0190\"\u003edisease. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0190\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnn N Y Acad Sci \u003c\/em\u003e1993;695:59-64.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0195\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eClinton J, Forsyth C, Royston MC, Roberts GW. Synaptic degeneration\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0195\"\u003eis the primary neuropathological feature in prion disease: a preliminary\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0195\"\u003estudy. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0195\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuroreport \u003c\/em\u003e1993;4(1):65-8.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0200\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eFerrer I. Synaptic pathology and cell death in the cerebellum in\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0200\"\u003eCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0200\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCerebellum \u003c\/em\u003e2002;1(3):213-22.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0205\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eMiyashita M, Stierstorfer B, Schmahl W. 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Protective\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0250\"\u003eeffect of sulforaphane against dopaminergic cell death. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0250\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ Pharmacol Exp\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0250\"\u003eTher \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2007;321(1):249-56.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0255\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eHatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J, Torti FM, Torti SV. Curcumin: from\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0255\"\u003eancient medicine to current clinical trials.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0255\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCell Mol Life Sci \u003c\/em\u003e2008;65\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0255\"\u003e(11):1631-52.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0260\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eChoi YT, Jung CH, Lee SR, Bae JH, Baek WK, Suh MH, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0260\"\u003eThe green tea polyphenol (\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode;\"\u003e−\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"\u003e)-epigallocatechin gallate attenuates \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0260\"\u003ebeta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0260\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLife Sci \u003c\/em\u003e2001;70(5):603-14.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0315\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eLu D, Giles K, Li Z, Rao S, Dolghih E, Gever JR, et al. Biaryl amides\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0315\"\u003eand hydrazones as therapeutics for prion disease in transgenic mice.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0315\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ Pharmacol Exp Ther \u003c\/em\u003e2012;347(2):325-38.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eSchonberger O, Horonchik L, Gabizon R, Papy-Garcia D, Barritault D,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003eTaraboulos A. Novel heparan mimetics potently inhibit the scrapie prion\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003eprotein and its endocytosis.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiochem Biophys Res Commun \u003c\/em\u003e2003;312\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0265\"\u003e(2):473-9.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eRinne JO, Brooks DJ, Rossor MN, Fox NC, Bullock R, Klunk WE, et al.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e11C-PiB PET assessment of change in fibrillar amyloid-beta load in\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003epatients with Alzheimer's disease treated with bapineuzumab: a phase 2,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003edouble-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLancet Neurol\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0270\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2010;9(4):363-72.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf9270\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eBrazier MW, Mot AI, White AR, Collins SJ. Immunotherapeutic\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf9270\"\u003eapproaches in prion disease: progress, challenges and potential directions.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf9270\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eTher Deliv \u003c\/em\u003e2013;4(5):615-28.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003ePeretz D, Williamson RA, Kaneko K, Vergara J, Leclerc E, Schmitt-Ulms G,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003eet al. Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003einfectivity. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0275\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNature \u003c\/em\u003e2001;412(6848):739-43.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eWhite MD, Mallucci GR. RNAi for the treatment of prion disease: a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003ewindow for intervention in neurodegeneration?\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eCNS Neurol Disord\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0280\"\u003eDrug Targets \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2009;8(5):342-52.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: justify;\"\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003eKarapetyan YE, Sferrazza GF, Zhou M, Ottenberg G, Spicer T,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: #2e3092; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 8pt;\"\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003eChase P, et al. Unique drug screening approach for prion diseases\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003eidentifies tacrolimus and astemizole as antiprion agents. \u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eProc Natl Acad Sci\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/refhub.elsevier.com\/\/rf0285\"\u003eU S A \u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2013;110(17):7044-9.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Shopify API","user_id":null,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:54:40-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"potential-clinical-relevance","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559871918248"},{"id":559833448616,"title":"How Do Fatty Acids Enter The Brain?","created_at":"2022-10-29T06:34:10-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is the blood-brain barrier?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe blood-brain barrier is a structure that’s particular to the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). It’s created by a difference in the walls of the capillaries, which are the very smallest blood vessels.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn most of the body, there are tiny spaces between the cells that form the walls of the capillaries. These spaces allow fluid to leak from the blood into the spaces around the cells of the body – along whatever is present within that fluid. In other words, in most of the body, there’s no control over what enters the tissue from the blood. Anything that’s in the blood has access to your cells.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, in the brain, things are different. There are no spaces in the walls of the capillaries, and the cells are stuck tightly together. This means that fluid from the blood can’t simply leak into the brain. The walls of these capillaries are what form the structure we know as the blood-brain barrier, or BBB.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe BBB is important, because cells in the brain use certain chemicals to communicate with each other. If chemicals present in the blood were able to enter the brain – even in very small amounts – then they could potentially interfere with brain function. The BBB stops this from happening.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOf course, there are many different substances in the blood that the brain needs. How is the brain able to get its nutrients, if the BBB prevents substances from crossing into the brain?\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eActive transport of nutrients\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn order to ensure that the brain gets what it needs, the cells in the walls of the capillaries actively choose particular substances to bring across the blood-brain barrier. These are taken from the blood, and are brought across the thin wall of the capillary into the fluid around the brain cells themselves.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis means that certain substances are actively selected to cross the blood-brain barrier, and everything else isn’t able to get across. Whenever you’re thinking about any particular food or \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/brain-protect-cinnamon\"\u003esupplement for brain function\u003c\/a\u003e, it’s very important to consider whether it will be able to cross the BBB and actually get into the brain. If it can’t, then it doesn’t matter how much of it you consume; it will never even make it into your brain, so it won’t be able to do anything for your brain function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow fatty acids cross the blood-brain barrier\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFatty acids are absolutely essential for brain function. In fact, brain tissue has the highest percentage of fats of any tissue in the body (besides fat tissue). 55% of the dry weight of the brain is made up of fats, and 35% of these fats are polyunsaturated fatty acids (like \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-omega-3\"\u003eomega-3s\u003c\/a\u003e, omega-5s, and omega-6s).\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn order to keep cell membranes fluid and functioning well, the brain needs the right mix of fatty acids. Neurons (cells of the nervous system, including brain cells) are insulated with fat so that they can send electrical signals efficiently. Fatty acids are also important in signaling within the brain. They’re involved in the production of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that neurons use to communicate with each other. They’re also important in the function of the immune system, and are sometimes used directly as signaling molecules, such as when neurons are injured.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eClearly, it’s important that neurons in the brain have the right fatty acids in order to function well. Cells in the brain are not able to manufacture many of their own fatty acids, so they need to get these from the bloodstream. This means that fatty acids must get across the blood-brain barrier, so that brain cells will have access to them.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis process is believed to occur in two main ways – through fatty acid transport proteins, and by directly entering the membranes of capillary wall cells. Researchers worked for years to figure out which of these mechanisms was the correct one, but it now appears that both of them are correct, and fatty acids can cross the blood-brain barrier in multiple different ways.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eFatty Acid Transport Proteins\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are specific transport proteins that take fatty acids from the bloodstream and transport them into the brain. These proteins are located in the membranes of the cells that line the brain’s capillaries. They actively take certain fatty acids across the blood-brain barrier.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese proteins are selective about which fatty acids they bring across the BBB. Experiments have shown that not all fats are transferred equally from the bloodstream into the brain. For example, saturated fats like palmitic acid and stearic acid don’t cross the blood-brain barrier very easily. There are even certain unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, that don’t make it across.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, essential fatty acids do cross the blood-brain barrier readily. These include polyunsaturated fatty acids, like omega-3, omega-5, and omega-6 fatty acids. Because we know that these substances are very important for brain function, it makes sense that they’re selectively carried across the BBB by transport proteins.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eDiffusion and transcytosis\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere’s also another mechanism by which fats can cross the blood-brain barrier. Certain types of fats are able to enter directly into the cells that line capillary walls. To some extent, fatty acids can simply pass into these cells passively; because cell membranes are made up of fats, some fatty acids are able to pass through through a passive process known as diffusion.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition, small “pockets” of fat within the bloodstream can fuse with the membrane of a capillary wall cell. The fats forming the wall of the pocket, along with anything inside, will then enter into the cell. This is known as transcytosis. Whether or not this process occurs depends on various properties of the fat pocket, including its size and the particular fatty acids that are on the outside.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-10-02T09:30:00-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-10T04:25:34-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/shop\"\u003eSupplements\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e of essential fatty acids, like omega-3s or omega-5s, must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier to be able to affect your brain. By changing the specifics of the composition of a supplement, biochemists can make it easier for it to cross this barrier and enter into your brain. It’s very important to consider whether any food, drug, or supplement is able to cross the blood-brain barrier if you’re thinking about using it for brain health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"how-do-fatty-acids-enter-the-brain","tags":"Cognition","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559833448616","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:46:16-07:00","alt":"Can Fatty Acids Cross The Blood Brain Barrier?","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/How_Do_Fatty_Acids_Enter_The_Brain.jpg?v=1705998345"}},{"id":559833415848,"title":"Punicic Acid: Benefits, Sources, and Uses","created_at":"2022-10-29T06:16:08-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"What-is-Punicic-Acid-\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhat is Punicic Acid?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/S5SMmdkQ.png?v=1690105004\" alt=\"Saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/S5SMmdkQ.png?v=1690105004\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePunicic acid is an omega-5 fatty acid that’s found at particularly high levels in pomegranate seed oil. The membranes that surround every cell in your body are made up of fats, and\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/omega-5-benefits\"\u003e omega-5 fatty acids\u003c\/a\u003e have been found to make cell membranes more stable [2], which helps to protect the cells. These compounds are also powerful antioxidants, and they’ve been found to act as signaling molecules, which means that they can affect the function of many different types of cells in the body.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Punicic-Acid-Benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePunicic Acid Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBecause it can have so many different effects, it’s not surprising that punicic acid has been associated with a huge number of potential health benefits. Research is still ongoing, and more benefits of punicic acid are constantly being discovered. Some of the benefits that have already been shown in multiple scientific studies include:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReducing the riskof cognitive decline and dementia [3]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReducing chronic inflammation [4]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImproving insulin sensitivity [5]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eActing as an antioxidant to help prevent damage to cells [6]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePromoting a healthy cholesterol balance (higher HDL and lower LDL) [7]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReducing the accumulation of fat in the liver [8]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHelping to support a healthy body weight [5]\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt’s important to note that the specific formulation of punicic acid is very important. In order for the delicate compound to be absorbed in the digestive tract, travel through the blood, and successfully cross the blood-brain barrier, a nanoparticle formulation of punicic acid is needed. This means that the oil is suspended in extremely tiny droplets, which allows it to cross membranes much more easily. In fact, studies have found that in order for punicic acid to have a protective effect against dementia, it needs to be consumed in a nanoparticle formulation [9].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Is-Punicic-Acid-Safe-to-Use-\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIs Punicic Acid Safe to Use?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePomegranates have been consumed for many centuries in some parts of the world without any evidence of toxicity, which points to the safety of punicic acid. However, it’s still important to check for safety scientifically. Both human and animal studies have found that there are no adverse effects of punicic acid when it’s consumed at normal levels [6], meaning that it’s considered to be very safe to use.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen it’s consumed in extremely high amounts (well beyond what would be found in any food or supplement), then it can potentially cause liver damage. However, someone would need to take many times the recommended dose of a supplement to be at risk for this.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Source-and-Foods-of-Punicic-Acid\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSource and Foods of Punicic Acid\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/pomegranate-health-benefits\"\u003ePomegranate seeds are particularly high in punicic acid\u003c\/a\u003e. In fact, punicic acid is the primary type of fat found in pomegranate seeds – about 65% of the fat in a pomegranate seed is punicic acid.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are also a few other known sources of punicic acid, including the seeds of the snake gourd and Chinese cucumber (two plants that are related to each other) [6]. In general, if you’re looking to consume punicic acid, this will be difficult to do through your diet, because it’s unlikely that any of the foods you eat on a regular basis have punicic acid in them.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"What-Oils-Are-High-in-Punicic-Acid-\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhat Oils Are High in Punicic Acid?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOf all known oils, pomegranate seed oil is the highest in punicic acid. Snake gourd seed oil and Chinese cucumber seed oil also both contain a significant amount of punicic acid, although the levels are much lower than what is found in pomegranate seed oil.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMost common cooking oils, like olive oil, coconut oil, and vegetable oil, don’t contain appreciable amounts of punicic acid. This highly beneficial compound is relatively rare in the plant kingdom.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Alternative-Way-to-Get-Punicic-Acid---Punicic-Acid-Supplement\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlternative Way to Get Punicic Acid - Punicic Acid Supplement\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"first-img_portions\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/lngMdu-M.png?v=1690105048\" alt=\"Brain health benefits of punicic acid\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/lngMdu-M.png?v=1690105048\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTo ensure that you’re getting enough punicic acid on a daily basis to get the benefits, taking a supplement is the most reliable way. This will also allow you to get punicic acid in a nanoparticle formulation, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-is-cognitive-decline-how-can-you-protect-your-brain-from-cognitive-decline\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eso that it’s able to protect your brain\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTahiro offers two different products with this highly beneficial compound. Both of these use a patent-pending nanoparticle formulation to ensure that the \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-do-fatty-acids-enter-the-brain\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-do-fatty-acids-enter-the-brain\"\u003epunicic acid is able to enter the brain\u003c\/a\u003e, where it can exert its many benefits. The omega-5 fatty acidcan be combined either with cinnamon or with hemp oil. Both of these have also been shown to have beneficial effects on brain health, and work together with punicic acid to help support the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-10-15T09:30:00-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:28:13-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePunicic acid, derived primarily from pomegranate seed oil, emerges as a potent ally in the quest for optimal brain health and overall well-being. Its multifaceted benefits encompass cognitive protection, anti-inflammatory properties, insulin sensitivity improvement, and antioxidant support, among others. Crucially, its effectiveness hinges on nano formulation, which enhances its bioavailability and ensures its ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier. While naturally occurring in pomegranate seeds and a few other sources, attaining adequate levels of punicic acid through diet alone remains challenging. Therefore, supplementation emerges as a reliable strategy, with Tahiro leading the charge in delivering this invaluable nutrient in a nanoparticle formulation. Tahiro's innovative supplements offer a convenient and effective means to harness the full potential of punicic acid, safeguarding brain health and promoting overall vitality.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-is-punicic-acid","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559833415848","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:58:49-07:00","alt":"Punicic Acid structure","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_is_punicic_acid.jpg?v=1703225110"}},{"id":559833350312,"title":"What is Nano Omega-5?","created_at":"2022-10-29T05:57:01-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat are nanoparticles?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA nanoparticle is an extremely tiny particle. It’s difficult for the human mind to comprehend just how small nanoparticles are. The size of a nanoparticle is between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). By contrast, a sheet of paper is about\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/nanotech-101\/what\/nano-size\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nano.gov\/nanotech-101\/what\/nano-size\"\u003e 100,000nm\u003c\/a\u003e thick.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNanoparticles can be made up of many different types of substances. Many\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4392984\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4392984\/\"\u003e pharmaceuticals\u003c\/a\u003e are now being formulated as nanoparticles, with a fatty acid “shell” being used to help transport the drug into the brain. In the case of essential fatty acids, biochemists can use various techniques to create extremely small particles of the fat and enable these particles to dissolve in water.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow nanoparticles increase bioavailability\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn general, nanoparticles have enhanced bioavailability compared with other types of materials. This means that they’re better able to access and enter into the body’s tissues. With any food or supplement, bioavailability is a very important issue to consider. A substance can’t offer health benefits if it can’t get access to your body’s tissues.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe bioavailability of substances in the brain is affected by how well the substance is absorbed in the digestive tract, how well it dissolves in the blood, and how easily it crosses the blood-brain barrier. Nanoparticles are better able to perform\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8465605\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8465605\/\"\u003e all three\u003c\/a\u003e of these steps.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn order for any substance to end up in the brain, the first step is absorption in the digestive tract. Lipid nanoparticles are\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22443536\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22443536\/\"\u003e better absorbed\u003c\/a\u003e than larger lipid particles. In the small intestine, particles of fat are transported through the cells that line the intestine. Smaller particles are better able to get close to this lining and are more easily taken up by the cells in order to be absorbed.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOnce they’ve been absorbed, fats have to be transported through the blood to get to their target tissue. However, fats don’t dissolve easily in water – think of what happens when you mix oil and water together in your kitchen. The same thing can happen when oils enter your bloodstream. If the molecules of fat clump together, then they won’t be as available to your body’s cells. When fats are formulated as nanoparticles, this makes them more soluble in water, so more of the fat is able to make its way to the brain tissue.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition, nanoparticles are more easily able to cross the\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6306759\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6306759\/\"\u003e blood-brain barrier\u003c\/a\u003e and pass from the bloodstream into the brain. Much like in the intestine, a nanoparticle is better able to get close to the cells that line the blood vessels of the brain. These cells are more likely to take up the nanoparticle of fat, allowing it access to the brain tissue.\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54971-9\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54971-9\"\u003e Studies\u003c\/a\u003e have shown that a nanoformulation of omega-5 is better able to enter into brain tissue than a non-nano omega-5 supplement is. The nano omega-5 also has more effects on brain function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNanoparticles are so efficient at being absorbed in the digestive system and crossing the blood-brain barrier that some of them can have the potential to be harmful. For example, nanoparticles of heavy metals in the environment are a significant concern and can cause\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8293923\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8293923\/\"\u003e toxicity\u003c\/a\u003e in the brain. In the case of essential fatty acids (like omega-3s, omega-5s, and omega-6s), however, we’re using the same properties of nanoparticles to enhance the health-promoting aspects of the substance.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow nanoparticles increase fatty acid stability\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhen you’re trying to use fatty acids as a supplement to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-improve-my-brain-power\"\u003eimprove brain health\u003c\/a\u003e, another issue is the stability of the fatty acid. When they’re exposed to light, heat, or oxygen, fatty acids\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31840567\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31840567\/\"\u003e break down easily\u003c\/a\u003e. When a fatty acid breaks down, we say that it’s rancid.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIf we want to get the benefits of omega-5s for the brain, then it’s essential that we protect the fatty acids from light, heat, and oxygen. Nanoparticles help to do this. By encapsulating the fatty acids inside a small package, they’re protected from being exposed to the factors that can break them down.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith any supplement, it will be manufactured and bottled sometime before you consume it. It’s important that the fatty acid be shelf-stable, meaning that it can last for weeks to months in the bottle and still retain its chemical properties. When fatty acids are formulated as nanoparticles, they’re more shelf-stable and are better able to last for weeks in the bottle.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eThe benefits of nano omega-5\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOmega-5s are essential fatty acids that may help to protect the brain from degeneration. To get these benefits, it’s important to ensure that the fatty acids are stable and that they’re available to brain cells. Formulating these fatty acids as nano omega-5 helps with both of these factors, helping to enhance the powerful benefits of these compounds for brain health.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-10-08T09:00:00-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T05:23:51-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"what-is-nano-omega-5","tags":"Cognition, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559833350312","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:02:18-07:00","alt":"Nano Omega-5","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/What_is_Nano_Omega-5.jpg?v=1700736074"}},{"id":559831515304,"title":"Stronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease","created_at":"2022-10-28T05:54:02-07:00","body_html":"\u003cdiv class=\"import_posts\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDOI: 10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"60\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eRESEAR\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eAR\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTICLE\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShao-Min Hung\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaw-An Wu\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShinsuke\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eShimojo\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark0\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e,\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark2\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXianghong Arakaki\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark3\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003eBiology and Biological Engineering, California\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003eFaculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUniversity, Tokyo, Japan\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003eComputation and Neural Systems, California\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInstitute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003eHuntington Medical Research Institutes,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePasadena, California, USA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrespondence\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShao-Min Hung, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan\/Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbstract\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction: \u003c\/strong\u003eAbnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta (A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e and tau levels have been revealed decades before symptoms onset in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the examination is usually invasive and inaccessible to most people. We thus aimed to develop a non-invasive behavioral test that targets early potential cognitive changes to gauge cognitive decline. Specifically, we hypothesized that older cognitive healthy participants would exhibit comparable performance when the task was explicit and relied on conscious cognition. However, when the task was implicit, the performance of participants at high and low risks for AD would bifurcate. That is, early changes in unconscious cognition could be linked to cognitive health.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe measured implicit interference elicited by an imperceptible distractor in\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ecognitively healthy elderly participants with normal (low risk) and pathological (high\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91125, USA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmail: \u003ca href=\"mailto:smhung@caltech.edu\"\u003esmhung@caltech.edu\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003erisk) A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\/total tau ratio. Participants were required to perform a Stroop task (word-\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShinsuke Shimojo, Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Caltech, MC 139-74 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena,    CA    91125,    USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:sshimojo@caltech.edu\"\u003esshimojo@caltech.edu\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXianghong Arakaki, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), 686 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA. Email: \u003ca href=\"mailto:xianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\"\u003exianghong.arakaki@hmri.org\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003enaming or color-naming on an ink-semantics inconsistent word) with a visually masked distractor presented prior to the target task.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c\/strong\u003eWe found that, under a high-effort task (i.e., color-naming in the Stroop task), high-risk participants suffered interference when the imperceptible distractor and the subsequent target were incongruent in the responses they triggered. Their reaction times were slowed down by approximately 4%. This implicit interference was not found in the low-risk participants.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDiscussion: \u003c\/strong\u003eThese findings indicate that weakened inhibition of distracting implicit information can be a potential behavioral biomarker of early identification of AD pathology. Our study thus offers a new experimental paradigm to reveal early patho- logical aging by assessing how individuals respond to subperceptual threshold visual stimuli.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKEYWORDS\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eaging, early identification, implicit processing, pre-symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is an open access article under the terms of the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\"\u003eCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial \u003c\/a\u003eLicense, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e© 2022 The Authors. \u003cem\u003eAlzheimer’s \u0026amp; Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \u0026amp; Disease Monitoring \u003c\/em\u003epublished by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of Alzheimer’s Association.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer’s Dement. \u003c\/em\u003e2022;14:e12340.                                                                                                                \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/wileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\"\u003ewileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/dad2\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 of9\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e1              \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a major mental and financial bur- den on our society as people have a longer life expectancy. Currently, nearly 6 million people in the United States aged 65 and above are diag- nosed with AD. This number was projected to be doubled in 20 years.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark15\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Between 2000 and 2017, the number of deaths from AD increased 145%.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eImportantly, this number could be severely underestimated as patients may die from complications indirectly caused by AD (e.g., res- piratory system failure\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark18\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). The hours of informal care provided in 2018 were estimated to be valued at nearly 234 billion USD. Patients on average remain alive and in need of extended care 4 to 8 years after the diagnosis of the disease,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark20\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003ecausing a devastating psychological burden to the patient, the family, and the society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough currently there is no available treatment to cure or reverse the catastrophic cognitive decline of AD, early intervention has been shown to slow down disease progression.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark16\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2,6\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e The commonly used diagnostic biomarkers such as age-appropriate total tau level and cere- brospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e)\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e indicate abnormality years before symptoms show up.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark23\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eHowever, in this pre-symptomatic period, it is extremely difficult to identify high-risk populations without exten- sive and invasive examinations. That is, people in the pre-symptomatic period are cognitively healthy and exhibit no apparent signs of disease. Finding an effective behavioral assessment that reveals early cognitive decline can provide an opportunity for intervention and will benefit our aging society tremendously. The current study thus set out to differ- entiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic older participants with a non-invasive yet sensitive behavioral measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCognitive health is typically characterized by conscious and effortful thinking, focusing on memory, attention, and command-following (e.g., assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark26\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e). Therefore, despite having different biochemical risk levels, older asymptomatic participants characterized as cognitively healthy in the neuropsycho- logical assessment could exhibit a comparable level of behavioral performance in a cognitive task. Recent studies in perception sci- ences, however, have begun to show that high-level executive functions could play a role in regulating perception. For example, distributing attentional resources to a perceptual target improves performance, typically attributed to an enhanced gain of perceptual inputs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark27\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e9,10\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eThese results have been expanded to subthreshold stimuli that observers are unable to perceive consciously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e11,12\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eFollowing this rationale, we aimed to examine if subtle changes in the high-level executive func- tions, which have not yet surfaced to conscious cognition to alter behavioral performance, could affect how observers respond to sub- threshold, implicit perceptual information. That is, these early potential perceptual\/cognitive changes are too subtle to be captured by stan- dard neuropsychological testing but can be revealed by altered implicit responses to external imperceptible sensory stimuli.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe central question is, which aspect of high-level executive func- tions is the most plausible candidate for us to observe an interaction with implicit processing? A rich body of literature has explored how older participants react to cognitively challenging conditions, with a focus on inhibitory control.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13–17\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Based on these previous findings,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewe sought an experimental paradigm that challenged our participants cognitively with immense interference during their performance. For example, the Stroop task has been widely administered to assess cog- nitive control in which the participants are instructed to respond to colored words. When the task is color-naming, inconsistent seman- tics of the word (e.g., \u003cem\u003egreen \u003c\/em\u003ecolored in red) is retrieved effectively and interferes with performance (i.e., the Stroop effect). When the task is word-naming, the color inconsistency usually yields a weaker inter- ference as color retrieval is less effective. In the younger and older participants, a similar Stroop effect size has been reported in sev- eral previous studies,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13,1\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e  including an early meta-analysis study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e However, by manipulating the ratio of word-color congruent and incon- gruent trials, Mutter et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark11\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eshowed that older participants suffered from using this contextual information to suppress distracting informa- tion. Similar failure to suppress lexical information has been observed in other paradigms in the elderly. Using a word-fragment-completion task, Logan and Balota\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark13\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003efound that older participants were more likely to use irrelevant information from a preceding distractor to perform the task, even when they were explicitly told not to do so. These studies have offered a solid foundation for the use of interference- based paradigms to pose a cognitive challenge and observe the harmful effects on task performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we combined multiple layers of explicit and implicit interference in a task, including task-switching, Stroop inter- ference, and subliminal distractor response incongruency. The first two factors were introduced to induce a cognitively challenging condi- tion via the need to explicitly inhibit task-irrelevant stimulus features, potentially exhausting limited cognitive resources in the older partici- pants. They were both based on the Stroop effect. As previously men- tioned, color-naming requires stronger inhibition of the word meaning, and word-naming is relatively low effort because color retrieval is less automatic. Thus, a successful response in a Stroop task requires suppression of interfering information. Critically, we delivered a visu- ally masked distractor prior to the target word. Although no task was given to the masked distractors, identical words to the target words were used and expected to trigger implicit responses.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark14\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e20,21\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eTherefore, if the masked word and the subsequent target word triggered differ- ent responses, it was deemed incongruent and potentially caused a subliminal interference.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe recruited participants from a longitudinal study pool in which CSF amyloid\/tau and neuropsychological assessments had been per- formed on each individual. Blind to both the experimenters and the participants, these participants had been identified as cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003ep\u003c\/u\u003eathological \u003cu\u003eA\u003c\/u\u003eß42\/total \u003cu\u003eT\u003c\/u\u003eau protein ratio (CH-PATs) and cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003eN\u003c\/u\u003eormal \u003cu\u003eA\u003c\/u\u003eß42\/total \u003cu\u003eT\u003c\/u\u003eau protein ratio (CH- NATs). This ratio was derived from their CSF A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e and total tau protein. It has been shown to have 85% sensitivity in discriminat- ing AD among AD patients, mild cognitive impairment participants, and healthy controls in our prior study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eThis biomarker has been applied in a series of previous studies to show accurate delineation between healthy controls and AD patients.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22–24\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003ePreliminary data also suggest the predictive power of this biomarker: In an ongoing 4- year longitudinal study, 40% of the CH-PATs have declined cognitively\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"328\"\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESEARCH IN CONTEXT\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.    \u003cstrong\u003eSystematic Review\u003c\/strong\u003e: Early intervention for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) requires early identification of the disease. Although significant advances have been made in local- izing early biochemical markers of AD, non-invasive and more accessible behavioral markers remain unavailable. The results of the current study showed that while both high-risk and low-risk cognitively healthy older partic- ipants exhibited reaction time slowing due to explicit distracting information, only the high-risk individuals suffered from implicit distracting information.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.    \u003cstrong\u003eInterpretation\u003c\/strong\u003e: These novel results revealed a new direc- tion to understanding the implicit cognitive decline in pre-symptomatic AD. Specifically, how individuals implic- itly inhibit irrelevant and detrimental information could be crucial to cognitive health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.    \u003cstrong\u003eFuture Directions\u003c\/strong\u003e: Our findings suggest that information not accessible to our conscious cognition is processed differently in older cognitively healthy participants with different levels of risk of AD. More future studies are required to incorporate these findings and pinpoint a predictive behavioral and neural marker in AD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhile all CH-NATs have remained healthy.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark21\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eWe thus defined the CH- PATs as at high risk and the CH-NATs as at low risk of AD in the current study. As both groups were cognitively healthy by the assess- ment of neuropsychological tests, we expected to see differentiation of performance only at the implicit\/subliminal level. Specifically, we proposed two competing hypotheses with the assumption that high- risk participants have subtly declining attention capacity, compared to low-risk participants. First, stronger implicit interference signals weakened inhibitory control, which will predict worse performance in high-risk older participants due to stronger implicit interference. Second, stronger implicit interference entails available attentional resources. This hypothesis is motivated by our recent work on a young population showing the attentional requirement to process implicit dis- tracting sensory information.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eConversely, this hypothesis will predict a stronger implicit interference in low-risk older participants.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e2              \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMETHODS\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental design and subject details\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e2.1.1              General experimental apparatus\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants performed the experiment in a quiet room. The visual stim- uli were generated with E-prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc.) on a Dell Precision T5610 with a 20″ screen. Participants were uncon- strained and observed the visual stimuli from approximately 50 cm away.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e2.1.2              Participants\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForty-seven cognitively healthy elderly (age range 53–92) were recruited. These participants were pre-determined as CH-NATs and CH-PATs.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Please see the next section for more information. The status of each participant was not known to the participant and exper- imenter, making the study double-blinded. None of them reported vision difficulty during stimulus presentation. The institutional review boards (IRB) of the California Institute of Technology and the Hunting- ton Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) approved this study (Quorum IRB, Seattle, Study #27197). All participants gave written consent prior to participation. Every participant completed a session lasting approx- imately 50 minutes. Three participants were excluded prior to analysis due to their inability to perform the task. Another three participants were excluded with accuracy three standard deviations lower than the group mean. One participant’s status remained unknown and was not included. Forty participants thus entered the final analysis with 18 CH-NATs and 22 CH-PATs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e2.1.3              Participant status classification\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA complete description of classification, including a complete list of neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esmall vessel disease, the biochemical analysis of lumbar CSF, was detailed  in  a  previous  study.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e  In  summary,  separate  assessments performed prior to the experiment included a collection of demo- graphic data, physical exam, blood work, disease severity and disability scales, and CSF amyloid\/tau measurements. Participants with any cog- nitive impairment, that is, global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale scores \u0026gt; 0.0, were not recruited. Participants had a Uniform Data Set format examination with no classifiable psychiatric or neurological dis- order and were all diagnosed as cognitively healthy. They enrolled in this study after a 5-hour comprehensive neuropsychological battery in which testing was performed independent\/blind to the biochemical classification. Different cognitive domains including memory, execu- tive function, language, attention, and visuospatial orientation were tested. All data were normalized to age, sex, and education norma- tive tables. These formal neuropsychometric data were combined with CDR, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and MMSE, as described previously.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark19\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eThe CSF samples were run on both Innotest (Innogenetics, discontinued) and MSD platforms (K15121G, MSD) to determine total tau (cutoff value \u0026gt; 450 pg\/mL) and A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e42\u003c\/sub\u003e.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark24\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e26,2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003ePar- ticipants were then divided depending on individual CSF A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e\/total tau ratios compared to a cutoff value derived from a logistic regres- sion model that correctly diagnosed \u0026gt; 85% of clinically probable AD participants.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark17\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eParticipants’ demographics, including their age, sex, and education year, can be found in Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e. There was no difference between the two groups.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 1    \u003c\/strong\u003eDemographics and post-study subjective effort exertion report of CH-NATs (low-risk) and CH-PATs (high-risk)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH-NATs\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(low\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003erisk)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH-PATs (high risk)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal number\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.29 (8.01)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.48 (8.85)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 females 6 males\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17 females 5 males\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEducation year\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.18 (2.10)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.90 (2.45)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePost-study questionnaire\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0: Not at all–3: Severe\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDid you have any physical troubles during the task?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.11 (0.32)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.36 (0.62)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifficulty: Word responding to word responding\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.70)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12 (0.76)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifficulty: Color responding to color responding\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.65)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24 (0.75)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifficulty: Word responding to color responding\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.28 (0.77)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.52 (0.66)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifficulty: Color responding to word responding\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31 (0.62)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.60 (0.62)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHow much effort did you use for the task?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89 (0.74)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.02 (0.64)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"289\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo you feel tired after the task?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"214\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.83)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"169\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.85)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e: The two groups were comparable in each item with \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026gt; .05. The data are reported in mean (SD).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: Aß, amyloid beta; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003en\u003c\/u\u003eormal Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003ep\u003c\/u\u003eathological Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; SD, standard deviation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"102\"\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eExperimental design and procedure\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(A)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn illustration of the task and stimuli is in Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark5\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e. Two words and two colors were selected to create word–color inconsistency in the stim- uli: word GREEN\/RED in color red\/green. A fixation point remained on screen throughout the trial. Each trial consisted of two stimuli to induce task-switching (word-naming for the stimulus 1 and color-naming for the target, or vice versa) or non-task-switching trials (word-naming or color-naming for both stimuli). A gray distractor (GREEN\/RED) was presented with a forward and a backward noise mask that consisted of random meaningless letters to disrupt its visibility. The (in)congruency between the distractor and the target was defined by the response induced by each stimulus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach trial began with a 500-ms blank stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA). The first stimulus word in the trial was presented for 5000 ms or until response. Subsequently, a masked distractor (17 ms) was sand- wiched between a forward and a backward mask (each 50 ms) and presented above or below the fixation dot. Each mask consisted of a 4\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e(B)\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrial phase   Stimulus\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTime\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTask\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e× 8 array of random letters and lasted 50 ms. Another blank period was inserted and lasted 500 ms. The target word appeared subsequently and lasted for 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn each trial, participants responded to both colored words. Partici- pants were instructed to name the color when the word was underlined (color-naming) and to name the word when the word was not under- lined (word-naming) via button presses. No task was given to the masked word. It is important to point out that the second stimulus was the true target stimulus because both the task-switching and masked distractor effects could only be observed on this stimulus. Our analyses thus focused on the responses to the target word.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvery participant first underwent a short period of practice until they felt comfortable proceeding to the main experiment. Three blocks\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 1   \u003c\/strong\u003eStimuli, trial sequence, and task. A. Top. Stimuli. The stimulus words were RED\/GREEN, colored in an inconsistent ink. When the word was not underlined, the task was word-naming. When the word was underlined, the task was color-naming. Distractors were the same words without colors. B. Bottom. Trial sequence and task.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShown here is a task-switching trial. Each trial began with a 500-ms fixation, after which the first word appeared for 5000 ms or until response. The masked word was presented for 17 ms in one of the two possible locations (above or below the fixation) and sandwiched by two 50-ms masks consisting of random letters. No task was given to the masked distractor. The target appeared after another 500-ms blank period and lasted for another 5000 ms or until response.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were instructed to respond as accurately as possible.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eeach containing 64 trials were completed in the main experiment. To assess the invisible nature of the masked distractor, a post-experiment surprise awareness test was performed. The temporal sequence of the masking paradigm was identical to that of the main experiment. Each trial began with a 500-ms blank SOA, followed by the masked word presentation. Participants were instructed to report the location (top\/bottom) of the masked word as best as they could (i.e., two- alternative-forced-choice [2AFC]). Similarly, they had 5000 ms for a response.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants completed a post-study questionnaire (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e) to indicate their subjective physical and mental efforts exertion during the study. Seven questions were asked on a four-point scale (0: not severe at all—3: very severe). Participants were allowed to give subscale responses (e.g., 1.5).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e3              \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analyses below are reported in the format of mean (standard error of the mean [SEM]). To first establish that the masked distractor was indeed imperceptible, we examined the accuracy of the 2AFC loca- tion task in the post-experiment awareness test. The mean accuracy was 45.00% (2.07%) and slightly below chance (paired \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e(33) = 2.42, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.02), indicating the implicit nature of the distractor. There was no difference between CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk; two-sample t-test, \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e[32] = 0.14, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .89). Six participants refused to complete this task, claiming that there was absolutely no word on the monitor. Their data were excluded only for the awareness test. Post-study questionnaire results indicated no differences between CH-PATs and CH-NATs in subjective effort exertion (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark4\"\u003e1\u003c\/a\u003e). Par- ticularly, although the experiment was designed to examine how the elderly responded to cognitively challenging conditions while using inhibitory control, participants reported low levels of difficulty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average accuracy rates (ACC) and reaction times (RT) on the target in each trial were first examined to gauge participants’ perfor- mance. On average, the mean ACC was 92.75% (0.95%), and the mean RT was 1350 (21) ms. These data corroborated that our participants were cognitively healthy and performed the task well.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further examine their performance with respect to our exper- imental design, two separate mixed-effect analyses of variance were performed on the ACC and RT with one between-subject factor (participant status: CH-NATs\/CH-PATs) and three within-subject fac- tors (switch\/Stroop\/distractor incongruency). The switch component denoted whether the current target was in a switch (e.g., color-naming for the first stimulus and word-naming for the second stimulus) or non- switch trial (e.g., color-naming for both stimuli). The Stroop component denoted whether the target stimulus (i.e., the second stimulus) was color-naming (i.e., the Stroop effect, high-effort) or word-naming (i.e., the reverse Stroop effect, low-effort). Finally, the distractor incongru- ency component was defined by the designated responses triggered by the distractor and the target. If they triggered the same button response, the distractor was deemed congruent, otherwise, it was deemed incongruent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis on the ACC yielded a main effect of switch, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 11.95, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .001, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.24, with no main effects of Stroop, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 0.56, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .46, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.02, distractor congruency, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 0.54,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .47, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.01, and participant status, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 0.14, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.71,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.00. This could be due to ceiling performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the analysis on the RT yielded main effects of switch, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 103.63, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .000, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.73; Stroop, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 11.30, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .002,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.23; distractor congruency, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 3.58, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .07 (marginal), \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.09, and no effect of participant status, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 0.14, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .71, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.00. Critically, a three-way interaction was observed across participant status, Stroop, and distractor incongruency, \u003cem\u003eF\u003c\/em\u003e(1, 38) = 5.08, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .03, \u003cem\u003eη\u003c\/em\u003ep2 = 0.73. Based on our a priori hypothesis that distractor incongruency could slow down responses in partici- pants with normal or pathological status, we treated the Stroop factor as an “effort” factor and examined the distractor incongruency effect in each group under the high-effort (color-naming) and low-effort (word-naming) conditions. This approach also limited the potential comparisons. A similar approach was taken in our recent study with a similar experimental design.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e Two post hoc analyses were thus performed. The RT here were also normalized against the average RT of the comparing conditions so that the percentage increase or decrease could be cleanly assessed. In the high-effort color-naming trials, compared to CH-NATs, CH-PATs were interfered by an implicit response-incongruent distractor, indicated by RT slowing (CH-PATs: 4.3% vs. CH-NATs: –0.2%, \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e[38] = 2.55, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .015, Cohen’s \u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.83, sig-\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003enificant after Bonferroni correction, left panel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e). This effect was not found in the low-effort word-naming trials (CH-PATs: –1.3% vs. CH-NATs: 1.04%, \u003cem\u003et\u003c\/em\u003e[38] = -0.95, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .35, Cohen’s \u003cem\u003ed \u003c\/em\u003e= 0.31, right\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epanel, Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e). In short, during the more difficult color-naming con- dition, incongruent distractors slowed down RTs in CH-PATs but not CH-NATs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the participants in both groups were diagnosed as cog- nitively healthy, we further explored if their performance in the neuropsychological tests was correlated with the extent to which the incongruent, implicit distractor exerted an RT-slowing effect. Here we reported the MoCA and MMSE scores. Both scoring systems range from 0 to 30. Larger numbers indicate better cognitive ability. With all participants, there was a negative correlation between the distractor effect and MMSE: r = –0.38, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .02 (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e3\u003c\/a\u003e), but not between the distractor effect and MoCA: r = –0.11, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .52. The group result indi- cated a link between worse cognition (i.e., lower scores in MMSE) and stronger subliminal distraction, which was consistent with our main finding. This negative correlation was not found within each group (CH- PATs: MoCA × distractor congruency: r = –0.13, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .46; MMSE × distractor congruency: r = –0.37, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .09; CH-NATs: MoCA × distractor congruency: r = –0.32, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .23; MMSE × distractor congruency: r = – 0.43, \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e= .10; note that there are two missing data points of the original MoCA and MMSE scores in CH-NATs, which are not included in this analysis). At least for the relationship between MMSE and distractor congruency, the lack of significance in each group was possibly due to smaller group sizes since both groups had the same trend.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, we ran a logistic regression to directly estimate how predictive MMSE, MoCA, and the distractor congruency were to\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e    \u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e                                                                        \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e                                                                 \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 2   \u003c\/strong\u003eImplicit interference in CH-NATs (low risk) and CH-PATs (high risk). Percentage reaction time slowing was calculated by taking the RT difference between distractor incongruent and congruent trials, divided by the average of the two. Left, During color-naming, CH-PATs showed stronger RT slowing, compared to CH-NATs. Right, During word-naming, both groups were not interfered by incongruent distractors. CH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual, while the solid disc indicates the mean. Error bars denote standard error of the mean. Individual data are ranked order by the effect. A box plot is embedded in the background to display data distribution. Following the convention, the line inside the box denotes median while the upper and lower limits denote 75th and 25th percentile. Whiskers extend to 1.5 interquartile range. Crosses represent data exceed this range. Asterisk denotes \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003enormal\u003c\/u\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003epathological\u003c\/u\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; RT, reaction time\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA B L E 2    \u003c\/strong\u003eA logistic regression model using MMSE, MoCA, and RT interference (RT slowing by an implicit distractor) to estimate their predictive power to Alzheimer’s disease risk level\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e                                                              \u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIGURE 3 \u003c\/strong\u003eNegative correlation between MMSE scores and the implicit interference in the high difficulty task in all participants.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCH-NATs are in green while CH-PATs are in red. Each circle represents an individual. Three dotted lines were linearly fitted to the correlation in all participants (black), CH-NATs (green), and CH-PATs (red).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsterisk denotes \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05; CH-NAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003enormal\u003c\/u\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; CH-PAT, cognitively healthy with \u003cu\u003epathological\u003c\/u\u003e Aß42\/total tau protein ratio; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eparticipants’ biochemical status\/risk level. Our results showed that distractor congruency was the only factor that significantly con- curred with participants’ status (Table \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark7\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e). That is, higher interference significantly predicted high-risk level. These results suggest better agreement between the risk level and implicit perception than the risk level and explicit cognitive function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c\/em\u003e: RT interference is the only factor that significantly concurs with the risk level. Coefficient estimate denotes probability of being CH-PATs com- pared to CH-NATs in each term. Positive values denote higher probability while negative ones denote lower probability. That is, a unit increase in RT interference increases the log odd of being CH-PATs approximately 16 times. SE denotes standard errors of coefficient estimates. Asterisk denotes \u003cem\u003eP \u003c\/em\u003e\u0026lt; .05.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RT, reaction time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e4              \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGENERAL DISCUSSION\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study served as one of the first attempts to directly examine how the elderly at high and low risk of AD suffered from distracting, implicit interference. Multiple layers of response interference were introduced to examine the capability of inhibition control, including task-switching, Stroop interference, as well as subliminal distractor incongruency. We found that when the interference was explicit and consumed conscious effort, both the low-risk (CH-NATs) and high-risk\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(CH-PATs) participants slowed down during task-switching and color- naming (i.e., the classical Stroop effect). The performance between the two groups was comparable. However, when the interference was implicit and subliminal, the two groups’ performance bifurcated: Under high task difficulty (i.e., color-naming), high-risk participants suffered more interference from imperceptible and response-incongruent dis- tractors, compared to low-risk participants. When the task difficulty was lower (i.e., word-naming), both groups were not interfered by the distractor. These results revealed early changes in inhibitory control over latent and implicit visual information, while participants remained cognitively healthy and exhibited similar level of interference from conscious, explicit visual information. Our findings thus indicated the importance of investigating subliminal perception in providing a poten- tial pre-clinical behavioral marker to differentiate older participants into high- or low-risk status in AD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur main finding indicates that inhibitory control in suppressing implicit distracting information can be key to differentiate high- and low-risk pre-symptomatic AD. Low-risk participants appeared to have an intact ability to suppress unwanted information and hence were protected from implicit interference. Intriguingly, high task difficulty was another key factor in revealing the differences between low-risk and high-risk participants. One potential explanation is that the atten- tional resources required to suppress explicit and implicit distracting information were shared, which is illustrated in our recent study in the young healthy adults.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e12\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eIn the easier task (i.e., word naming), both groups were able to use these limited attentional resources to sup- press the distraction from the implicit stimulus (i.e., the incongruent distractor). On the other hand, when the task at hand was difficult (i.e., color naming), the attentional resources of high-risk, but not low-risk participants, were exhausted by the explicit distracting information. Therefore, the inability to suppress implicit interference, which led to reaction time slowing, was only observed in high-risk participants and only when the task was challenging. These results suggest that the subtle deficits in suppressing implicit information could be a more sen- sitive indicator for early cognitive decline, compared to conscious and effortful inhibition over explicit information.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTackling how older adults suppress implicit\/subliminal information in the current study provides a novel direction for future research to assess cognitive health. Past studies have repeatedly shown that suppressing explicit\/supraliminal task-irrelevant information is key to cognitive health. Using the Stroop paradigm, Davidson et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eshowed that older adults (mean age = 73–74 years old) consistently exhib- ited larger word interference to color naming, compared to younger adults (mean age = 20 years old). Similar results were found compar- ing AD patients to control participants: larger Stroop interference in AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark28\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eA 2010 longitudinal study tracked 47 healthy individuals (tested in 1992–1994) until 12 of them subsequently developed AD.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark29\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e9\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eThe results showed that the error rate in incongruent Stroop trials was the strongest predictor of developing AD. All these studies suggest that a behavioral cognitive task (e.g., the Stroop task) can pose a significant challenge to the inhibitory control system and further help identify individuals with distinct capabilities to suppress distracting informa- tion. Consistent with these findings, our study further established that\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eolder adults’ ability to inhibit implicit distracting information concurs with their risk of developing AD, assessed by the CSF Aß42\/ total tau protein ratio. This approach can be particularly powerful when the tar- geted older adults are cognitively healthy and pre-symptomatic despite having different levels of risk.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings provide evidence in support for non-invasive psy- chophysical tasks in categorizing pre-symptomatic older participants into high- and low-risk groups. Early identification of the risk of devel- oping AD has been a central topic in aging research. Several genes have been associated with changes in A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e, including \u003cem\u003ePSEN1\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePSEN2\u003c\/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAPP\u003c\/em\u003e. In a seminal study comparing carriers of \u003cem\u003ePSEN1 \u003c\/em\u003emutation to non- carriers, Bateman et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark30\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e30\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003ehave shown early anomaly in behavioral, physiological, and neuropsychological measurements before symptom onset. For example, an increased tau level was detected 15 years prior to symptom onset, a decline in the concentration of CSF A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e42 appeared 25 years prior to symptom onset. Cognitive impairment came a lot later and could be detected 5 years prior to onset. This direc- tion of research has revealed multiple potential causes of AD, including age, genetics, and the environment. Our study further offers a novel behavioral, pre-symptomatic marker before any cognitive impairment has emerged with a minimally invasive procedure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOnce an early identification is in place during the long latent period in which no explicit cognitive decline is surfaced, early intervention could tremendously slow down disease progression. A 2-year multi- domain intervention in high-risk older participants, including diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring, has shown benefits in cognition, measured by neuropsychological tests.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark32\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e31\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eMore importantly, these benefits were gained regardless of participants’ baseline characteristics,\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark22\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003eincluding their age, sex, education, socioe- conomic status, and so on. Early identification of AD is essential to harnessing early intervention. An early decline in a specific domain of cognition is not only a target of identification but also a target of intervention.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough at the group level we showed a significant difference between the low-risk and high-risk participants, it remains challeng- ing to perform classification at the individual level (Figure \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark6\"\u003e2\u003c\/a\u003e, left). We believe that more predictive power can be harnessed when differ- ent aspects of cognitive functions are taken into consideration, and more data in the longitudinal trajectory within the same person are collected. Both approaches will shed light on the heterogeneity of human cognition and perception. Recent studies have implemented a within-person approach to allow accurate prediction of an individ- ual’s future performance. For instance, Stawski et al.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark33\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e32\u003c\/sup\u003e \u003c\/a\u003ehave shown that response speed predicted working memory better than attention switching did between individuals, while attention switching predicted working memory better than response speed did within individuals. Although this study had been completed within a short time window, it nevertheless indicated the importance of task selection in within- person, longitudinal tracking of cognitive performance. Our recent studies also indicated that combining other physiological data such as those from electroencephalogram and heart rate variability increased the performance when classifying older participants into higher and lower risk groups.\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark25\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e27,33\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e The ultimate goal of the current research\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edirection is to find sensitive cognitive domains that either provide indi- vidual classification with a psychophysical test or can be combined with other critical physiological measures to form an informative index, both with the goal to inform the risk to develop AD.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs our population moves into an aging society (1 in 6 people will be\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; age 65 by 2050\u003ca href=\"#_bookmark31\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c\/sup\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e), cognitive aging has become an important topic for scientists, medical practitioners, and policy makers to consider. Unfor- tunately, an early decline in cognition is very often implicit and silent. We thus have to fight such a collapse while cognitive flexibility is still abundant, especially before it leads to an irreversible disease such as AD. Our study here provides a new perspective on using multiple levels of interference in a behavioral task and shows that higher suscepti- bility to implicit interference may be a key feature in high-risk older participants.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank Michael G. Harrington for recruiting participants and performing clinical classifications. We are grateful for the research funding provided by the James Boswell Postdoctoral Fellowship and the Caltech BBE Divisional Postdoctoral Fellowship to S.-M.H, L.K. Whittier Foundation to HMRI, and National Institutes of Aging R56 (R56AG063857) and R01 (R01AG063857) to X.A. and S.S.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICTS OF INTEREST \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests. \u003ca href=\"#_bookmark34\"\u003eAuthor disclosures \u003c\/a\u003eare available in the supporting information.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eREFERENCES \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans D Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 census. \u003cem\u003eNeurol- ogy\u003c\/em\u003e. 2013;80(19):1778-1783. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828726f5\"\u003e10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828726f5\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlzheimer’s 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. \u003cem\u003eAlzheimers Dement\u003c\/em\u003e. 2019;15(3):321-387. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.010\"\u003e10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.010\"\u003e010\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGanguli M, Rodriguez Reporting of dementia on death certificates: a community study. \u003cem\u003eJ Am Geriatr Soc\u003c\/em\u003e. 1999;47(7):842-849. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03842.x\"\u003e10.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03842.x\"\u003e1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03842.x\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTom SE, Hubbard RA, Crane PK, et al. 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Conscious and unconscious lexical retrieval blocking in younger and older \u003cem\u003ePsychol Aging\u003c\/em\u003e. 2003;18(3):537- 550. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.18.3.537\"\u003e10.1037\/0882-7974.18.3.537\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDehaene S, Naccache L, Clec’H GL, et Imaging unconscious seman- tic priming. \u003cem\u003eScience\u003c\/em\u003e. 1998;395:597-600. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/26967\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/26967\"\u003e26967\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDehaene S, Naccache L, Cohen L, et al. Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. \u003cem\u003eNat Neurosci\u003c\/em\u003e. 2001;4(7):752-758. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/89551\"\u003e1038\/89551\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarrington MG, Chiang J, Pogoda JM, et Executive function changes before memory in preclinical alzheimer’s pathology: a prospective, cross-sectional, case control study. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c\/em\u003e. 2013;8(11):e79378. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0079378\"\u003e10.1371\/journal.pone.0079378\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArakaki X, Lee R, King KS, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG. Alpha desynchronization during simple working memory unmasks pathological aging in cognitively healthy individuals. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c\/em\u003e. 2019;14(1):e0208517. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0208517\"\u003e1371\/journal.pone.0208517\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCastor KJ, Shenoi S, Edminster SP, et al. Urine dicarboxylic acids change in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease and reflect loss of energy capacity and hippocampal volume. \u003cem\u003ePLoS ONE\u003c\/em\u003e. 2020;15(4):e0231765. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0231765\"\u003e1371\/journal.pone.0231765\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarrington MG, Edminster SP, Buennagel DP, et al. Four-year longi- tudinal study of cognitively healthy individuals: csf amyloid\/tau levels and nanoparticle membranes identify high risk for Alzheimer’s \u003cem\u003eAlzheimers Dement\u003c\/em\u003e. 2019;15(7):P299. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.720\"\u003e10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.720\"\u003e720\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePan C, Korff A, Galasko D, et Diagnostic values of cerebrospinal fluid T-Tau and A\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c\/em\u003e42 using Meso Scale Discovery Assays for Alzheimer’s disease. \u003cem\u003eJ\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eD\u003c\/em\u003e. 2015;45(3):709-719. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-143099\"\u003e10.3233\/JAD-143099\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArakaki X, Hung SM, Rochart R, Fonteh AN, Harrington MG. Alpha desynchronization during Stroop test unmasks cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF Amyloid\/Tau. \u003cem\u003eNeurobiol Aging\u003c\/em\u003e. 2022;112:87-101. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.009\"\u003e1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.11.009\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBondi MW, Serody AB, Chan AS, et al. Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer’s dis- \u003cem\u003eNeuropsychology\u003c\/em\u003e. 2002;16(3):335-343. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.335\"\u003e10.1037\/0894-4105.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.16.3.335\"\u003e16.3.335\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalota DA, Tse CS, Hutchison KA, Spieler DH, Duchek JM, Morris JC. Predicting conversion to dementia of the Alzheimer’s type in a healthy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003econtrol sample: the power of errors in Stroop color naming. \u003cem\u003ePsychol \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eAging\u003c\/em\u003e. 2010;25(1):208-218. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0017474\"\u003e10.1037\/a0017474\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"30\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TLS, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. \u003cem\u003eN Engl J Med\u003c\/em\u003e. 2012;367(9):795-804. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753\"\u003e1056\/NEJMoa1202753\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNgandu T,  Lehtisalo  J,  Solomon  A,  et    A  2  year  multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at- risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. \u003cem\u003eThe \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c\/em\u003e. 2015;385(9984):2255-2263. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60461-5\"\u003e60461-5\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"328\"\u003e\n\u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow to cite this article: \u003c\/strong\u003eHung S-M, Wu D-A, Shimojo S, Arakaki X. Stronger implicit interference in cognitively healthy older participants with higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlzheimer’s Dement\u003c\/em\u003e. 2022;14:e12340. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\"\u003ehttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12340\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n \u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStawski RS, Sliwinski MJ, Hofer SM. Between-person and within- person associations among processing speed, attention switching, and working memory in younger and older adults. \u003cem\u003eExp Aging Res\u003c\/em\u003e. 2013;39(2):194-214. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\"\u003e1080\/0361073X.2013.761556\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003col start=\"33\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArechavala RJ, Rochart R, Kloner RA, et al. Task switching reveals abnormal brain-heart electrophysiological signatures in cognitively healthy individuals with abnormal CSF amyloid\/tau, a pilot \u003cem\u003eInt \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eJ Psychophysiol\u003c\/em\u003e. 2021;170:102-111. doi:\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.007\"\u003e007\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003col start=\"34\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations. 2019. World population prospects 2019. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003ehttps:\/\/\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\"\u003eun.org\/wpp\u003c\/a\u003e Published June 17, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2021. \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003ehttps:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html\"\u003epopulation-prospects-2019-highlights.html\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSUPPORTING INFORMATION \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional supporting information can be found online in the Support- ing Information section at the end of this article.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Maya Palatnik","user_id":20302823481,"published_at":null,"updated_at":"2023-01-02T08:55:38-08:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"stronger-implicit-interference-in-cognitively-healthy-older-participants-with-higher-risk-of-alzheimer-s-disease","tags":"Studies","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559831515304"},{"id":559692120232,"title":"Omega 5 Fatty Acid Benefits","created_at":"2022-09-22T00:58:34-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eOmega 5 fatty acid article summery\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ciframe width=\"850\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CK2yD6P8y9I?si=HPI1ZU5CipWwt0qX\" title=\"YouTube video player\" data-sanitized-frameborder=\"0\" data-sanitized-allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" data-sanitized-allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat is omega-5?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"What is omega-5 punicic acid\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/YiQpIMGE.png?v=1690104126\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/YiQpIMGE.png?v=1690104126\" data-sanitized-data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/YiQpIMGE.png?v=1690104126\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eLike omega-3s, omega-5s are a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The difference lies in the specific location of the “bend” in the hydrocarbon chain of the fat. In an omega-3 fatty acid, this occurs three carbons from the end of the chain; in an omega-5 fatty acid, it’s five carbons from the end. Otherwise, the structures are very similar.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are several specific fatty acids within the omega-5 group. One of the most well-known is punicic acid. This compound is found in pomegranate seed oil, which are \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/what-foods-have-omega-5\"\u003eOmega-5 food sources \u003c\/a\u003ethat’s been known for its numerous health-promoting benefits for years. Chemically, punicic acid is a type of conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), and is sometimes referred to by this name in scientific studies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat do omega 5s do?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eUnsaturated fatty acids are important in keeping cell membranes flexible, rather than stiff. Because of the bend in the fatty acid chain, these types of fats don’t pack as tightly together as saturated fats (which have a straight fatty acid chain). This results in a cell membrane that’s more fluid, which is important in allowing the cell to function well.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFatty acids can also change the activity of certain proteins within cells, which affects the cell’s function. This also helps to explain how omega-5s are able to produce beneficial results in so many different body systems.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"first-img_portions\"\u003e\u003cimg data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" height=\"auto\" width=\"auto\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"omega 5 fatty acid health benefits\" src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/mGxS9598.png?v=1690197165\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/mGxS9598.png?v=1690197165\" data-sanitized-data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/mGxS9598.png?v=1690197165\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4 data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" id=\"Where-is-omega-5-found-\" class=\"title new_blog_article\"\u003eWhere is omega 5 found?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere’s no specific place in the body where omega-5s are found. Every cell in the body has a cell membrane, and the fluidity of those membranes is important for the cell’s function. In addition, omega-5s have been found to affect the activity of many different proteins. Because of these factors, omega-5s can have effects throughout the body, on many different organs.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" id=\"What-does-omega-5-do-to-the-body-\" class=\"title new_blog_article\"\u003eWhat does omega 5 do to the body?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere’s been a lot of research interest in omega-5s recently, as these compounds are emerging as being important contributors to human health. There are a large number of \u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33371578\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33371578\/\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33371578\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33371578\/\"\u003eknown\u003c\/a\u003e Health Benefits Of Punicic Acid, with more research continuing to occur.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" id=\"What-are-the-benefits-of-omega-5s-\" class=\"title new_blog_article\"\u003eWhat are the benefits of omega-5s?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDecreased inflammation -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eChronic inflammation within the body is believed to underlie the development of a whole host of disorders, from atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) to cancer. Decreasing levels of inflammation is crucial, in order to protect your long-term health and promote longevity. Omega-5s have a strong anti-inflammatory effect. They’ve been shown to\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2714468\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2714468\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2714468\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2714468\/\"\u003edecrease\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethe activity of certain enzymes that would activate an inflammatory response by white blood cells. They also\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21736821\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21736821\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21736821\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21736821\/\"\u003eactivate\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ecertain proteins that quiet down the inflammatory response. Together, these actions help to reduce inflammation, preventing it from getting out of control and causing damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAntioxidant effect -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWhen your cells metabolize oxygen, toxic chemicals known as reactive oxygen species are produced. It’s important to quickly deal with these, because otherwise they can damage a cell’s proteins or DNA. This can interfere with the cell’s function and may even cause cancer. This is known as oxidative stress, and it’s believed to be a major contributor to the aging process. An antioxidant acts to soak up reactive oxygen species before they can cause damage. Omega-5s are known to be\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\" href=\"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/lipidworld.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12944-017-0489-3\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003epotent antioxidants\u003c\/a\u003e, which gives them the ability to protect cells throughout your body from damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eInsulin sensitivity -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eInsulin is a hormone that helps the body process carbohydrates. In people with type 2 diabetes, insulin sensitivity is reduced, meaning that cells have stopped responding to insulin. This raises blood sugar, leading to a hugely increased risk of serious health complications. Improving insulin sensitivity would help to reduce the risk of these issues. Type 2 diabetes is the\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diabetes\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diabetes\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diabetes\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diabetes\"\u003emost common\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003etype of diabetes worldwide.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\"\u003eStudies\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ehave shown that omega-5s can help to maintain insulin sensitivity in mice, even when they’re fed a diet that makes them obese. This effect has been consistent across multiple\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19079947\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19079947\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19079947\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19079947\/\"\u003estudies\u003c\/a\u003e. This should help to prevent the development of diabetes, and its associated serious complications.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFat distribution -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC534798\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC534798\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC534798\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC534798\/\"\u003eStudies\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ehave shown that feeding obese rats an\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003eomega-5 supplement\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ereduced the amount of fat that accumulated in their liver. Because fat in and around the abdominal organs is strongly associated with health problems, this would be expected to decrease the risk of some of the serious issues that are associated with being overweight. Some\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21440024\/\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003estudies\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ehave also shown that giving overweight mice an omega-5 supplement on a daily basis helped them to lose weight. While omega-5s are certainly not a “weight loss miracle drug,” they may help to support a healthy metabolism to help you maintain a healthy weight, along with decreasing the amount of fat that accumulates in your organs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCholesterol balance -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eThe types of fatty acids that you consume have an impact on the type of cholesterol that your body makes. There are two main types of cholesterol. LDL, sometimes known as “bad cholesterol,” increases the risk of problems like heart attack and stroke. HDL, sometimes known as “good cholesterol,” protects against these events. For optimal health, you want to have high levels of HDL and low levels of LDL. A\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20334708\/\" href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20334708\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20334708\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20334708\/\"\u003eplacebo-controlled trial\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eshowed that giving people an omega-5 supplement increased their levels of HDL. This should help to protect them against serious health problems like strokes and heart attacks.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnti-cancer effects -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eStudies in the laboratory have shown that omega-5s also have anti-cancer properties. Punicic acid has been\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6276919\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6276919\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6276919\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6276919\/\"\u003eshown\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eto inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells. In mice, it also slows tumor growth and decreases the risk that the cancer will metastasize (spread to other parts of the body). In addition, punicic acid has been shown to increase the rate of cell death in cancer cells, which would cause a tumor to shrink. Although we still need more clinical trials to verify that omega-5s decrease the risk of cancer,\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5560105\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5560105\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5560105\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5560105\/\"\u003eexperts believe\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ethat these fatty acids are very promising for cancer prevention.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBrain health -\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eUnsaturated fatty acids are very important for brain function, because they’re important in keeping cell membranes fluid. It’s long been known that these fats are necessary for proper brain development in babies and children, and it’s now becoming increasingly clear that they’re also important at the other end of the lifespan. Due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of omega-5s, they help to protect brain cells from damage, which could help to slow the age-related loss of brain cells. Because brain cells don’t divide, the brain can’t make more of them, so it’s crucial to protect them as much as possible. Omega-5s also help to keep the cell membranes of brain cells healthy, which is important in functions like memory. In addition, omega-5s have been shown to decrease the amount of a protein called beta-amyloid that accumulates in the brain. This protein builds up to high levels in people with Alzheimer’s disease, so slowing down its accumulation is believed to help protect the brain from this deterioration. A structure called the blood-brain barrier helps to prevent unwanted substances from entering into brain tissue, and fatty acids may not always cross this barrier. Particular formulations of omega-5s are needed to enhance the amount of the fatty acid that actually makes it into the brain, where it can help to promote brain health.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSkin health -\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eBecause it’s a strong antioxidant, omega-5s may help to protect the skin from inflammation.\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5749693\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5749693\/\" data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5749693\/\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5749693\/\"\u003eOne recent study\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003einvestigated the ability of an omega-5 known as conjugated linolenic acid to reduce inflammation created by laser treatments of the skin. Patients who applied topical omega-5 to the face had less swelling and itching than those who used a placebo, indicating that they experienced less skin inflammation. Because of their ability to reduce inflammation in the skin, omega-5s could also be helpful for those who suffer from inflammatory skin conditions like eczema.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch4 data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" id=\"What-is-the-purpose-of-taking-omega-5s-\" class=\"title new_blog_article\"\u003eWhat is the purpose of taking omega-5s?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAlthough they’re still relatively unknown by the general public, omega-5s are attracting a lot of research attention, because they offer such a wide range of health benefits. These powerful fatty acids could help to prevent many of the common diseases that can cause disability and decrease a person’s lifespan. It’s likely that omega-5 fatty acids will start to become more widely known in the coming years, as omega-3s already have.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePeople may choose to take omega-5s for a variety of reasons. Some may have eczema or another skin disease, and be interested in the ability of omega-5s to support skin health. Others may be concerned about their risk of diabetes, and may be interested in the benefits for insulin resistance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-09-20T05:45:44-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-01T01:17:49-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/\"\u003eHere at Tahiro\u003c\/a\u003e ,w\u003cstrong\u003ee focus particularly on the benefits of omega-5s for brain health\u003c\/strong\u003e. We’re passionate about helping families with dementia, and are very excited about the possibility that omega-5s could help to prevent families from suffering from the effects of this devastating disease. Many people who take our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/collections\/pomegranate-supplements\"\u003eomega-5 supplement\u003c\/a\u003e are hoping to protect their brains and reduce the likelihood that they’ll get dementia in the future.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"omega-5-benefits","tags":"Cognition, Focus, Key Ingredients, Memory, Omega 5, Pomegranate","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559692120232","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:01:38-07:00","alt":"","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Omega_5_Fatty_Acid_Benefits.jpg?v=1686052899"}},{"id":559685107880,"title":"Dementia caregivers: Overlooked and underappreciated","created_at":"2022-09-20T02:48:41-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWho are these caregivers?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Alzheimer’s Association has collected statistics on this as well. The burden falls disproportionately on women, who many up two-thirds of all dementia caregivers. 25% of dementia caregivers are “sandwich generation,” meaning they are taking care of both an aging parent and their own children. Approximately 30% of caregivers are age 65 or older. The majority of caregivers work full-time on top of their caregiving responsibilities. The duration of caregiving can be very long, with more than half of caregivers assuming this role for more than four years.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIt goes without saying that taking care of a loved one, particularly someone with dementia, is no easy task. First of all, there is a significant financial burden. The average total lifetime cost of care for an individual with dementia is more than $337,000. 70% of this cost is borne by caregivers, both due to the labor value of unpaid caregiving and the costs of providing medications and other resources.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCaregivers mental health\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCaregiving also has a mental and physical health impact. Nearly 60% of dementia caregivers report high or very high levels of stress, and rates of depression and anxiety are much higher among caregivers than the general public. Caregiver stress was likely worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic due to closures of adult day-care centers and reduced access to long-term care facilities. This strain, combined with sleep loss, financial stress, and other factors, can make it difficult for caregivers to maintain their own physical health. Caregivers have higher rates of many health issues, including hypertension, slow wound healing, and impaired immune function.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eTaking care of the caretakers\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDespite these negative statistics, there are strategies that caretakers can employ to reduce their levels of stress. One \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1080\/07317115.2018.1461162?scroll=top\" title=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1080\/07317115.2018.1461162?scroll=top\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/sci-hub.st\/10.1080\/07317115.2018.1461162?scroll=top\" target=\"_blank\"\u003erecent study\u003c\/a\u003e found that self-compassion (defined as treating oneself kindly, such as holding a positive self-image and viewing situations optimistically) was associated with reduced caregiver burden and increased use of positive coping strategies. Additionally, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7023728\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7023728\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7023728\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003emore than 70%\u003c\/a\u003e of caregivers do not take advantage of caregiver support groups, which are a shown to be an effective means for decreasing stress levels and increasing social integration.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMany public interventions to assist dementia caregivers have been proposed, such as case management, counseling, and respite care. Most of these have had mixed outcomes; \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01547-2\" title=\"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01547-2\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12877-020-01547-2\"\u003ea large meta-review\u003c\/a\u003e found that challenges in the reporting and classification of these interventions has made it difficult to quantify their levels of success. More studies are needed in this area. Additionally, many of these interventions are currently not widely accessible, particularly to low-income caregivers. It is up to our government agencies to fund research on dementia caregiving and broadly implement science-supported interventions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThrough all of these mechanisms, omega-3s exert their beneficial effects in the body. Research has shown that omega-3s may:\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cul data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce the risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767101\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767101\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767101\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eblood clots\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHelp to reduce symptoms of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4872453\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4872453\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4872453\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edepression\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImprove cognitive function in people with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22305186\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22305186\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22305186\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eage-related cognitive decline\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce the risk of \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34749130\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34749130\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34749130\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eage-related macular degeneration\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(a common cause of blindness in older people)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSupport a baby’s \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33742211\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33742211\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33742211\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebrain development\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(when the mother consumes omega-3s)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce some of the risk factors for \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7827286\/\" title=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7827286\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7827286\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eheart disease\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eReduce \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54535-x\" title=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54535-x\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-54535-x\" target=\"_blank\"\u003echronic inflammation\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein the body, which is linked to a number of serious diseases\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImprove symptoms in people with \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34303654\/\" title=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34303654\/\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34303654\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eosteoarthritis\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-09-20T02:48:40-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-12T03:16:18-07:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"dementia-caregivers-overlooked-and-underappreciated","tags":"Cognition","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559685107880","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T05:00:37-07:00","alt":"Dementia caregivers","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Dementia_caregivers_Overlooked_and_underappreciated.jpg?v=1710238486"}},{"id":559685075112,"title":"COVID and the Brain: Should we be worried?","created_at":"2022-09-20T02:46:00-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eCOVID Effects on Brain Structure\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA major study on this topic came out in March 2022 in the journal \u003ca data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-04569-5\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-04569-5\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-04569-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-022-04569-5\"\u003eNature\u003c\/a\u003e. A team of scientists from the University of Oxford analyzed brains of 785 participants aged 51 to 81. Each subject received two MRI scans a few months apart; around half of them developed COVID-19 between the scans.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe study found that the patients who developed COVID-19 had significantly thinner grey matter compared to those who were not infected. Grey matter is where the main “bodies” of brain cells live, whereas white matter holds the axons that connect each neuron to each other like a bundle of wires. This grey matter loss was strongest in two brain regions called the orbitofrontal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. These regions are important for both memory and the sense of smell.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe authors also reported that people who’d been infected with COVID-19 had reduced brain size overall, as well as greater cognitive decline between the two timepoints. This was true even when excluding patients who had been hospitalized with COVID, suggesting that event mild cases can impact the brain.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis study demonstrates that COVID infection alters the brain, but it does not address whether these changes had any noticeable or long-lasting impacts on people’s brain health. It also does not reveal why these changes occur. Let’s look to some other recent studies to answer these questions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCOVID and Brain Diseases\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA recent study, published in \u003ca data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpsy\/article\/PIIS2215-0366(22)00260-7\/fulltext#%20\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpsy\/article\/PIIS2215-0366(22)00260-7\/fulltext#%20\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpsy\/article\/PIIS2215-0366(22)00260-7\/fulltext#%20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpsy\/article\/PIIS2215-0366(22)00260-7\/fulltext#%20\"\u003eThe Lancet \u003c\/a\u003ein June 2022, addressed the question of whether brain abnormalities in COVID-19 patients could impact their risk of brain diseases. The scientists (also from the University of Oxford) analyzed 89 million patient health records from the US and a few other countries. These patients were younger than in the previous study, with a median age of 42 years.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDuring the period of 2020-2022, 1.5 million of these patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. The study found that these patients were significantly more likely to develop a mood disorder, such as depression or anxiety, within 6 months of COVID-19 infection. However, these symptoms resolved to the same levels as the noninfected controls within 2 years, suggesting that mood disorders could be a transient result of infection.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHowever, the study also reported increased risk of psychotic disorders, cognitive deficits, dementia, or epilepsy which lasted at least 2 years post-infection. This was true for children as well, though their overall risk was smaller compared to adults. This result is troubling, as it suggests that certain forms of brain dysfunction can persist even years after mild COVID infection.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCOVID and Neuroinflammation\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" class=\"links-cont\"\u003e\u003cspan data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhy are these changes occurring? Growing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is at least partially to blame. Neuroinflammation is when the brain’s immune system becomes triggered by an infection or other challenge. In the process of fighting off the infection, immune cells can inadvertently damage your brain cells as well, which can contribute to a variety of neurological disorders.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA recent study published in the journal \u003ca data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/145\/7\/2555\/6621999\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/145\/7\/2555\/6621999\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/145\/7\/2555\/6621999\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/brain\/article\/145\/7\/2555\/6621999\"\u003eBrain\u003c\/a\u003e demonstrated that neuroinflammation occurs with COVID-19 infection. Scientists from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke performed autopsies on the brains of people who had died of COVID-19. They found signs of neuroinflammation, and particularly they observed that immune cells were attacking the cells of the blood-brain barrier, which can lead to increased risk of stroke.\u003cbr data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother paper, published in\u003ca data-sanitized-target=\"_blank\" data-sanitized-data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(22)00713-9\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(22)00713-9\" data-sanitized-data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(22)00713-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(22)00713-9\"\u003e Cell\u003c\/a\u003e, found that people with long-lasting cognitive symptoms after COVID-19 infection showed increased levels of inflammatory markers in their cerebrospinal fluid. The researchers also infected mice with a mild case of COVID-19. This resulted in neuroinflammation, as well as reduced production of new brain cells in the hippocampus (a brain region important for memory) and loss of myelin, a coating that allows neurons to transmit signals more quickly. Interestingly, the pattern appeared similar to the results previously observed following cancer chemotherapy; like COVID, chemotherapy has also been known to induce persistent “brain fog.”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-09-20T02:46:00-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-12T04:26:55-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhere do we stand on COVID and the brain? It’s likely that we will need to wait many years before we fully understand the long-term impacts of this virus. In general, though, we know that COVID-19 induces neuroinflammation; this is true of all infections, to some extent, but COVID-19 seems to be particularly good at triggering persistent neuroinflammation, which can have more dangerous consequences for the brain.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMost studies have focused on older adults, who seem particularly prone to infection-induced neuroinflammation. While children have lower risk overall, it remains unclear whether this will change as we have more years to observe the neurodevelopment of children post-COVID infection. Only time can tell the extent to which this pandemic will have long-term impacts on the health of our brains and bodies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn the meantime, we should do everything we can to protect ourselves from this virus and minimize the rate of re-infection. Getting vaccinated and boosted against COVID-19 is critical, as it can reduce amount of inflammation that results from infection, which may be protective against brain disorders. This is particularly important for anyone at high risk for complications, such as anyone who is older, obese, or has certain medical conditions. Finally, be sure to get your annual flu shot; flu is another infection that can promote neuroinflammation, and becoming infected by both flu and COVID-19 might exacerbate potential complications.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"covid-and-the-brain-should-we-be-worried","tags":"Cognition","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559685075112","image":{"created_at":"2024-03-12T04:26:07-07:00","alt":"COVID and the Brain","width":280,"height":280,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/image_450_1_1_107843cc-371c-454b-ac9d-6d8133eb0fb0.jpg?v=1710242768"}},{"id":559571632296,"title":"Neuroanatomy of Sleep","created_at":"2022-08-17T04:25:12-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWakefulness\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWakefulness is largely controlled by neurons in the brainstem, which send signals to the brain via two different circuits. The upper circuit goes to a brain region called the thalamus, which controls movement and sensation. People with damage to this circuit are awake but in an unresponsive vegetative state. The lower circuit connects to several brain regions, including the hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and cortex. This circuit is believed to control the conscious experience of being awake, as damage can result in narcolepsy, a disease of excessive sleepiness.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eHow does this neuronal signaling actually work? Neurons communicate via chemicals called neurotransmitters. There are several neurotransmitters with particular importance for maintaining wakefulness. One example is norepinephrine, which is largely produced in a small brainstem region called the locus coeruleus (Latin for “blue dot”, named for the blue norepinephrine that’s highly concentrated there). These signals are important for inducing hyper-wakefulness during a stressful event, such as a life-threatening emergency. Other examples include orexins, which are required for maintaining long periods of wakefulness, and serotonin, which promotes general wakefulness.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eNon-rem sleep\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNon-REM sleep is regulated by molecules called somnogens, which gradually accumulate in your body the longer you’re awake and decrease as you sleep. The higher your somnogen levels, the more sleepy you will feel, and as a result, longer periods of wakefulness are followed by longer periods of non-REM sleep. The most well-understood somnogen is adenosine. During wakefulness, adenosine builds up in your brain, causing you to feel more and more tired as the day\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003egoes on. This system is actually how caffeine works: caffeine prevents adenosine from binding to its receptors, thus blocking adenosine signaling and allowing you to feel less sleepy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNon-REM sleep is largely controlled by the preoptic area, a subregion of the hypothalamus. Preoptic neurons inhibit the wakefulness-promoting signals in the brainstem and hypothalamus, increasing the feeling of tiredness. These neurons fire more quickly the longer you stay awake.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eRem sleep\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA region of the brainstem called the pons is crucial for REM sleep. Neurons in the pons signal to other neurons in the brainstem medulla and spinal cord in order to produce muscle paralysis. This is why being awakened during REM sleep can sometimes cause “sleep paralysis,” where you are awake but temporarily unable to move. It is also why sleepwalking typically occurs during non-REM sleep, since your muscles are not paralyzed during those stages of sleep.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe neurotransmitters controlling REM sleep remain poorly understood by science. A molecule called acetylcholine appears to be important for entering REM sleep from a non-REM stage. However, the maintenance of REM sleep does not seem to involve acetylcholine. More research is being done to understand this mysterious dreaming stage of sleep.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eCircadian rhythms\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBehind all of the neural circuitry controlling wakefulness, REM sleep, and non-REM sleep, there’s a single master regulator that’s crucial for it all: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A subregion of the hypothalamus, the SCN is your body’s pacemaker for circadian rhythms, which are any biological signaling patterns that follow the day-night cycle.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor our ancient hunter-gatherer ancestors, it would have been crucial to be awake during the day and asleep at night, as the darkness offered protection from predators. To ensure our sleep-wake cycles stay in sync with the day-night cycles, the SCN uses external cues (calledzeitgebers, a German word for “time giver”) to predict the time of day and sends signals to the rest of the brain based on this information.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe most important zeitgeberis light, since a decrease in light indicates the end of the day. This is why exposure to bright device screens at night can interfere with sleep, as it tricks your SCN into thinking that it’s still daytime. Another zeitgeberis melatonin, a hormone released by the pineal gland during periods of darkness. Melatonin supplements are poor at promoting sleep, but they can be useful for training your body to adopt a new sleeping pattern, such as getting used to an earlier wake-up time for school or work.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Maya Gosztyla","user_id":81069932712,"published_at":"2022-08-17T07:24:23-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-12T04:39:16-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/69\/1311_Brain_Stem.jpg\"\u003eBrainstem\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRostral brainstem: The rostral brainstem promotes wakefulness by signaling to the cortex via an upper and lower circuit. [Note: “rostral” means “front,” ie the side where the face is.]\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePons: REM sleep\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/52ec8c1ae4b047ccc14d6f29\/53434d26e4b038212627b036\/59cf5cb7e5dd5b5f9d5dfd52\/1611659787433\/locus_coeruleus.jpg?format=1500w\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/52ec8c1ae4b047ccc14d6f29\/53434d26e4b038212627b036\/59cf5cb7e5dd5b5f9d5dfd52\/1611659787433\/locus_coeruleus.jpg?format=1500w\"\u003eLocus coeruleus\u003c\/a\u003e: The locus coeruleus promotes hyper-wakefulness during highly stress events.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForebrain\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw785\/springer-static\/image\/prt%3A978-3-540-29678-2%2F8\/MediaObjects\/978-3-540-29678-2_8_Part_Fig1-2322_HTML.jpg\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw785\/springer-static\/image\/prt%3A978-3-540-29678-2%2F8\/MediaObjects\/978-3-540-29678-2_8_Part_Fig1-2322_HTML.jpg\"\u003eHypothalamus\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCaudal hypothalamus: The caudal hypothalamus promotes the conscious experience of being awake. [Note: “caudal” means “back,” ie the side where the back of the head is.]\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Preoptic area: The preoptic area promotes non-REM sleep by inhibiting wakefulness-promoting signals from other brain regions.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e Suprachiasmatic nucleus: The suprachiasmatic nucleus keeps your circadian rhythms in sync with the day-night cycle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/52ec8c1ae4b047ccc14d6f29\/1610538277796-IIO8DCV2C1YHD79GNG19\/basal-forebrain.jpg\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/images.squarespace-cdn.com\/content\/v1\/52ec8c1ae4b047ccc14d6f29\/1610538277796-IIO8DCV2C1YHD79GNG19\/basal-forebrain.jpg\"\u003eBasal forebrain\u003c\/a\u003e: The basal forebrain promotes the conscious experience of being awake.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/image.axd?picture=2010%2F7%2Fbrain-thalamus.gif\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/image.axd?picture=2010%2F7%2Fbrain-thalamus.gif\"\u003eThalamus\u003c\/a\u003e: The thalamus promotes sensation and movement during wakefulness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"neuroanatomy-of-sleep","tags":"Sleep","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559571632296","image":{"created_at":"2024-01-30T23:52:57-08:00","alt":"What is the neuroscience of sleep?","width":351,"height":351,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/o8kqkRcK.jpg?v=1706687577"}},{"id":559571566760,"title":"Can Kava (Piper methysticum) Improve Your Sleep Quality?","created_at":"2022-08-17T04:13:34-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eWhat is Kava Kava?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKava, scientifically known as Piper methysticum, is a plant native to the South Pacific Islands. The plant is particularly revered for its roots, which contain a complex array of bioactive compounds called kavalactones [8].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThere are six primary kavalactones which together account for about 96% of the plant's pharmacological activity [2]. These compounds \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/blogs\/education\/how-can-i-increase-my-dopamine-naturally-for-parkinsons\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003einfluence various neurotransmitter systems in the brain including dopamine\u003c\/a\u003e and noradrenaline [6, 9]. For example, kavalactones have a modulatory effect on the GABAergic system, which is involved in reducing neural activity and producing calming effects [9].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe kavalactones also interact with the endocannabinoid system, particularly the CB1 receptor [7]. This contributes to Kava's unique physiological effects, such as anti-anxiety, muscle relaxation, and sleep-promotion [9].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W44P3_9613e816-31cc-4c5b-a238-80bc14fd965a.jpg?v=1705564334\" alt=\"What is Kava Kava?\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eKava Health Benefits\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnti anxiety effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e Kava's most well-documented benefit is its anti-anxiety effect. Clinical trials have shown significant improvements in various forms of anxiety, such as neurotic, premenopausal, and chronic anxiety [9]. These effects are achieved through modulation of the GABA activity and alteration of lipid membrane structures, as well as inhibition of sodium channel functions [5, 9, 10]. In randomized placebo-controlled trials, Kava has demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in anxiety symptoms in both animal models and early clinical trials involving humans [5, 9, 10].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSleep promoting effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e Kava has been shown to have sleep-promoting effects. These are thought to be due to changes in the activity of 5-HT neurons [1]. Its relaxing effects are attributed to the activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons [1, 10]. The kavalactone, yangonin, which acts as a CB1 receptor agonist, may also contribute to sleep regulation through its action on the endocannabinoid system [7].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDrug interactions:\u003c\/strong\u003e Kava can interact with other medications. It is crucial to consult healthcare providers before combining Piper Methysticum with other medicines, especially those metabolized by the liver. Kava's GABA-modulating and MAO-B inhibiting effects can potentiate the effects of other sedatives and antidepressants and also can have interactions with alcohol [9].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAdditional benefits\u003c\/strong\u003e: Piper Methysticum has also been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects. The kavalactones are believed to interact with lipid membranes, altering their structure, which could have implications in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases [9].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Kava Health Benefits\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/files\/01W44P4_605af54a-71b6-477f-a8aa-6070c154a783.jpg?v=1705564296\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWhat Are the Side Effects of Kava?\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile Kava is generally considered safe, especially in water-extracted forms, some minor side effects have been reported. These include nausea and gastrointestinal discomfort. Excessive dosage and use with alcohol have been linked to hepatotoxicity [1, 9, 10]. Additionally,long-term heavy use of Kava has been associated with a skin condition known as kava dermopathy, characterized by rough, dry, and scaly skin [9].\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs previously mentioned, Kava can interact with other medications, especially those that affect the central nervous system. This includes but is not limited to, sedatives, antidepressants, and medications for anxiety [9]. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid Kava due to the lack of safety data. Similarly, individuals with pre-existing liver conditions should consult their healthcare providers before taking Kava.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eHow to Use Kava - Piper methysticum\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eForms of Kava Kava:\u003c\/strong\u003e Piper Methysticum comes in various forms including root powder, capsules, tinctures, and teas. The most traditional form is the water-based extraction, commonly referred to as Kava tea. The root is ground into a powder, mixed with water, and then strained. This method is often considered the safest way to consume Kava, especially for those new to its effects [6].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dosage can vary depending on the form of Kava and the condition being treated. Clinical trials often use dosages ranging from 100 to 300 mg of kavalactones per day [9, 10].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eImprove sleep:\u003c\/strong\u003e For sleep improvement, Piper Methysticum can be taken an hour before bedtime [10]. Ensure you consult a healthcare provider for the appropriate dosage and form.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"title new_blog_article\" id=\"Which-supplement-gives-you-the-best-kava-kava-extract\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/kava_Piper_methysticum_supplement_capsules_for_sleep_and_anxiety.jpg?v=1705566426\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"auto\" height=\"auto\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/cdn\/shop\/files\/kava_Piper_methysticum_supplement_capsules_for_sleep_and_anxiety.jpg?v=1705566426\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Nitsan Avioz","user_id":82525814952,"published_at":"2023-09-20T00:52:58-07:00","updated_at":"2024-04-02T02:21:44-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWith its proven anti-anxiety and sleep-promoting effects, Kava offers a natural alternative for those \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/stress-relief\"\u003eseeking relief from stress\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e and insomnia. Before making it a part of your wellness regimen, ensure you are sourcing high-quality Kava to experience its full benefits [9].\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" title=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/tahiro.com\/products\/sleep-well\"\u003eTahiro's Sleep Well supplement delivers the highest quality of Kava Kava\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, perfectly calibrated within the recommended dosage range to suit most individuals. What sets this sleep supplement apart is Tahiro's proprietary sleep aid formula. While the benefits of Piper Methysticum stand out, this blend is further enhanced with several other fundamental key ingredients known for their sleep benefits. These include GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid), Griffonia Seed, Magnesium, California Poppy, and Valerian Root. This unique combination positions Tahiro's Sleep Well among the top-tier supplements delivering the best Kava extract.\u003c\/span\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"piper-methysticum-kava","tags":"Sleep","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559571566760","image":{"created_at":"2022-08-17T04:13:34-07:00","alt":"Kava (Piper methysticum) ","width":1184,"height":632,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Group-920.png?v=1694348114"}},{"id":559571370152,"title":"Bottom-Up and Top-Down attention","created_at":"2022-08-17T03:37:47-07:00","body_html":"\u003ch4\u003eBottom-up and top-down attention\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs living beings, we are constantly bombarded with external stimuli. If your brain were to pay attention to every tiny sound in your surroundings or the dust motes floating through your peripheral vision, you’d never be able to focus on anything important. Focus can thus be defined as our ability to filter out unimportant information while leaving behind that which merits our attention.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNeuroscientists divide attention into two broad categories. Bottom-up attention occurs unconsciously, like how you automatically notice when your phone buzzes in your pocket. Top-down attention is under conscious control. It’s what you’re choosing to focus on, even if the subject isn’t inherently interesting, like an important school or work project.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese two types of attention utilize completely different circuits in your brain. The specific pathways depend on which sense you use to detect the stimulus. Let’s focus on visual stimuli here, since this form of attention is the most thoroughly studied.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe bottom-up attention pathway for visual stimuli begins in the primary visual cortex, located at the back of the brain. From there the signal splits into two pathways. The upper pathway decodes the object- and feature-level properties of the visual stimulus (what is it and what does it look like?), while the lower pathway decodes the spatial- and movement-level properties (where is it now and where is it going?). The two pathways reunite at the prefrontal cortex in the front of the brain, which ultimately controls our attention and decision-making processes.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile the signals travel from the back to the front of the brain, unconscious neural processes attempt to determine how much we ought to focus on this particular stimulus. Your brain takes into account the background signal, i.e., how much does this stimulus stand out in the current context? A brightly colored outfit would draw your attention more at a somber funeral than at a music festival.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTop-down attention is very different. Current evidence suggests that the signals for top-down attention do not original from external stimuli but from within our own brains, particularly the prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex. These two brain regions are where our more advanced neural processes, such as logic, planning, and emotional control, can have a say in where we direct our focus. Top-down attention is still poorly understood compared to bottom-up attention, due to its high level of complexity within the brain.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eImpact of sleep and stress on focus\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"links-cont\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFocus can be modulated by a variety of external factors. As we covered in a previous article, sleep is crucial for the health of our brains and bodies. Recent research has found that sleep also plays a huge role in attention. Study participants perform worse on attentional tasks the longer they go without sleep, and chronic sleep deprivation can have even worse effects. Studies report that the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex become less active with sleep deprivation, making it increasingly difficult to maintain top-down attention. Other studies have found that activity in the visual cortex is also reduced, suggesting impairment of bottom-up attention as well.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSleep deprivation is also correlated with increased activity of the default mode network. This network becomes active when you are awake but not actively focused on anything, i.e., daydreaming. When you are sleep deprived, your brain’s ability to switch from the default mode network to attentional circuits becomes impaired, making it more difficult you to keep your mind from wandering.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStress is another important factor that can impact our ability to focus. Short-term or acute stress generally seems to improve focus. One possible explanation is that a temporary increase in stress hormone levels could signal to your brain that this task particular is important and worthy of our limited attention. (It’s important to note that this may not be true for children, who show worsened focus when in acute stress.) In contrast, long-term or chronic stress has the opposite effect. People experiencing chronic stress have slower response times and worse accuracy on attentional tasks\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","blog_id":19580682297,"author":"Yahav Rubin","user_id":83380732072,"published_at":"2022-08-17T23:30:00-07:00","updated_at":"2024-03-13T05:16:28-07:00","summary_html":"\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAs we’ve discussed, focus is a complex process requiring many different parts of the brain. Despite its complexity, there are many strategies we can employ to improve focus in our everyday lives. Since bottom-up focus is under unconscious control, try to limit distractions that could involuntarily break your focus, such as email notifications or phone calls. To improve top-down focus, prioritize getting enough sleep and maintaining a healthy brain. You can employ acute stress to help you focus in the short-term, but beware of chronic stress, which can have broader brain consequences and may be more difficult to reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e","template_suffix":"main-article","handle":"bottom-up-and-top-down-attention","tags":"Focus","admin_graphql_api_id":"gid:\/\/shopify\/OnlineStoreArticle\/559571370152","image":{"created_at":"2023-06-06T04:57:36-07:00","alt":"Bottom-Up and Top-Down attention","width":560,"height":560,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0140\/9289\/4265\/articles\/Bottom-Up_and_Top-Down_attention.jpg?v=1710331946"}}]}